REVISED SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR A FOUR-YEAR

B.E. DEGREE COURSE IN BIO-TECHNOLOGY

I & II SEMESTERS SUBJECTS ARE COMMON TO ALL THE BRANCHES IN ENGINEERING

(AS PER THE VTU REGULATIONS) W.E.F SEPTEMBER 2010

III SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F. SEPTEMBER 2011

Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Code Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. lab) Theory / IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10MAT-31 Mathematics – III Maths 04 100 25 125
2 10BT-32 Introduction to Unit BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
Operations
3 10BT-33 Human Physiology BT 04 100 25 125
4 10BT-34 Biochemistry BT 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-35 Microbiology BT 04 100 25 125
6 10BT-36 Cell Biology & BT 04 100 25 125
Genetics
7 10BTL37 Biochemistry Lab BT 03 50 25 75
8 10BTL38 Unit Operations Lab BT/ChE/ 03 50 25 75
ME

IV SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F. FEBRUARY 2012

Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Code Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. lab) Theory/ IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10BT-41 Biostatistics and BT 04 100 25 125
Biomodeling
2 10BT-42 Biochemical BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
Thermodynamics ME
3 10BT-43 Structural Biology BT 04 100 25 125
4 10BT-44 Molecular Biology BT 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-45 Basics of Computer BT/CSE/ 04 100 25 125
Applications ISE/MCA
6 10BT-46 Bioprocess Principles BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
& Calculations
7 10BTL47 Cell & Molecular BT 03 50 25 75
Biology Lab
8 10BTL48 Microbiology Lab BT 03 50 25 75

1
 V SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F. SEPTEMBER 2012
Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. Code lab) Theory/ IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10BT-51 Management and BT/MBA 04 100 25 125
Entrepreneurship /ME/IEM
2 10BT-52 Biokinetics & BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
Bioreaction Engg.
3 10BT-53 Biosensors & BT/IT/ 04 100 25 125
Bioinstrumentation ML/BM
4 10BT-54 Immunotechnology BT 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-55 Genetic Engg. & BT 04 100 25 125
Applications
6 10BT-56 Bioinformatics BT 04 100 25 125
7 10BT-L57 Genetic Engineering BT 03 50 25 75
and Immunotechnology
Lab
8 10BT-L58 Bioinformatics Lab BT 03 50 25 75

VI SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F FEBRUARY 2013

Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. Code lab) Theory/ IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10BT-61 Bioprocess Control & BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
Automation
2 10BT-62 Clinical & Pharmaceutical BT 04 100 25 125
Biotechnology
3 10BT-63 Enzyme Technology & BT 04 100 25 125
Biotransformation
4 10BT-64 Genomics and Proteomics BT 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-65 Bioprocess Equipment BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
Design & CAED ME
6 10BT-66 Elective – A BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
ME/CSE
7 10BT-L67 Bioprocess Control & BT/ChE 03 50 25 75
Automation Lab
8 10BT-L68 Biokinetics & Enzyme BT 03 50 25 75
Technology Lab

Elective A :
10BT-661 Animal BT
10BT-662 Plant BT
10BT-663 Microbial BT
10BT-664 Perl Programming
10BT-665 Transport Phenomena

2
 VII SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F. SEPTEMBER 2013
Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Code Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. lab) Theory/ IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10BT-71 Economics & Plant BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
Design
2 10BT-72 Upstream Process BT 04 100 25 125
Technology
3 10BT-73 Downstream Process BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
Technology
4 10BT-74 Food Biotechnology BT 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-75 Elective – B BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
CSE/ISE
6 10BT-76 Elective – C BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
CSE/ISE
7 10BT-L77 Upstream processing BT 03 50 25 75
Lab
8 10BT-L78 Downstream BT/ChE 03 50 25 75
processing Lab

Elective B : Elective C :
10BT-751 Aqua Culture & Marine BT 10BT-761 Biochips & Micro array Technology
10BT-752 Dairy BT 10BT-762 Biomaterials
10BT-753 Forensic Science 10BT-763 Health Diagnostics
10BT-754 Data structures with C 10BT-764 Fundamentals of OS & DBMS
10BT-755 Bioreactor Design Concepts 10BT-765 CAD & MATLAB

VIII SEMESTER B. E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY W.E.F FEBRUARY 2014

Teaching Teaching Examination Scheme
Sl. Subject Code Title Dept. (Theory / (Max. Marks)
No. lab) Theory/ IA Total
(Hrs/Week) Practical
1 10BT-81 Project Management BT/MBA 04 100 25 125
& IPR /ME/IEM
2 10BT-82 Bioethics & Biosafety BT 04 100 25 125
3 10BT-83 Elective – D BT/ChE/ 04 100 25 125
BM
4 10BT-84 Elective – E BT/ChE 04 100 25 125
5 10BT-85 Project Work BT 15 100 100 200
6 10BT-86 Seminar BT 09 --- 50 50

Elective D : Elective E :
10BT-831 Nano Bio-Technology 10BT-841 Environmental BT
10BT-832 Lab to Industrial Scaling 10BT-842 Metabolic Engineering
10BT-833 Protein Engg & Insilico Drug Design 10BT-843 Medical Informatics
10BT-834 Biomedical Instrumentation 10BT-844 Tissue Engineering
10BT-835 Bimolecular Engineering 10BT-845 Facilitation, Validation & QC
3
CONTENTS OF SYLLABI
FOR THE
III & IV SEMESTERS
OF
B.E. BIO-TECHNOLOGY

(Revised Version)

Dec 2009

4
 MATHEMATICS III
Subject code : 10MAT-31 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

(COMMON TO ALL U.G. COURSES UNDER VTU –

SYLLABUS TO BE PROVIDED BY VTU)

INTRODUCTION TO UNIT OPERATIONS

Subject code : 10BT-32 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A

UNIT 1: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

Units, Dimensions, Basic and Derived units, Dimensional homogeneity, Dimensionless
numbers, Rayleigh method, Buckingham’s pi theorem, Similitude, Geometric,
Kinematics and Dynamic criteria. 04 Hours
UNIT 2: BASICS OF FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid definition and classification (Types of fluids – Newtonian and Non Newtonian);
Pressure measurement; Types of flow - laminar and Turbulent; Reynolds number; Basic
equations of fluid flow - Continuity equation and Bernoulli equation; Flow through
circular and non circular conduits - Hagen Poiseuille equation; Flow past immersed
bodies – Kozney-Karmen equation; Flow through stagnant fluids – Settling and
sedimentation. Conceptual numericals. 10 Hours
UNIT 3: FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Flow measurements – Orifice meter, Venturimeter, Rotameter. Pumps, Energy
calculations, Centrifugal & Reciprocating pumps, Characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: MECHANICAL OPERATIONS
Size reduction and Sieve analysis ; Sedimentation – Equipments; Mixing – types of
mixers, power number, power consumption in mixing operation; Filtration – constant rate
and constant pressure filtration, filtration equipments. Conceptual numericals.
06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5: CONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER

Modes of heat transfer ; Conduction – steady state heat conduction through uni-layer and
multilayer walls; Insulation – types, critical thickness of insulation. 04 HOURS
UNIT 6: CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER
Forced and Natural convection; Condensation – film wise and drop wise ; Thermal death
kinetics; Heat transfer equipments – double pipe heat exchanger, shell and tube heat
exchanger. Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 7: BASICS OF MASS TRANSFER
Modes of mass transfer; Diffusion - Fick’s law of diffusion. Measurement of diffusivity,
Mass transfer coefficients and their correlations 05 Hours
UNIT 8: MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS

5
Distillation – Methods of distillation, distillation of binary mixtures using McCabe Thiele
method; Extraction. Conceptual numericals. 09 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Unit operations in Chemical Engineering by McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C (McGraw-Hill)
Transport Process Principles and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall of India by
Christie Geankoplis
Introduction to chemical Engineering by Badger and Banchero (T M H Publication)
Unit Operations in Food Processing (1983) II Ed. By Earle R L, Pergamon Press.
Fluid Mechanics by K L Kumar.
Mechanics of fluids by B.S. Massey.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey J.E. and Oillis K (McGraw Hill)
Principles of Unit Operations by Alan S Foust, L.A. Wenzel, C.W. Clump, L. Maus, and
L.B. Anderson (John Wiley & Sons)
Chemical Engineering by Coulson and Richardson. Vols I & II.
Chemical Engineers Hand Book by Perry (McGraw Hill Publications)
Process Heat Transfer by Kern, McGraw Hill
Heat Transfer by J P Holman, McGraw Hill International Ed.
Mass Transfer Operations by Robert E. Treybal.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be framed. Eight main questions will be
set (four from each part), out of which five full questions (considering at least two from
each part) to be answered.

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Subject code : 10BT-33 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: SKELETAL & MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Cartilage and bone; Comparison between cartilage and bone; Functions of skeletal
system; Joints; Muscles of limb movement. Principal types of muscles; General
properties of muscles; Mechanism of muscle contraction and relaxation, Red and white
muscle fibers. 07 Hours
UNIT 2: CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Structure, Composition and functions of blood. Blood Groups and Rh factor. Immunity
and antibody formation. Heart and Blood vessels, Arterial and Venous system. Properties
of Heart Muscle. Action of Heart and Heart Beat. Blood Pressure. Lymph and Lymphatic
system. 06 Hours
UNIT 3: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Overview of digestive system, functional anatomy of digestive system: mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, the stomach the small and large intestine. Digestive glands, Enzymes;
Physiology of Digestion and Absorption. Energy requirements of the body. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Introduction; structure of respiratory organs; Mechanism of breathing; Pulmonary air
volumes, Gas exchange in the lungs; respiratory adjustments in exercise, Artificial

6
respiration; Kinds of respiration; Transport of respiratory gases in the blood; Cellular
respiration; Respiratory quotient; Some respiratory disorders; Control of respiration.
07
Hours
PART B
UNIT 5: EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Methods of excretion; Physiological processes involved in excretion; Kidneys; Anatomy
and physiology, Nephron and its structure. Functions of nephron; Nephron physiology
and mechanism of urine formation; Regulation of urine formation; Osmoregulation by
kidney. 06 Hours
UNIT 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM
Introduction; Role of nervous system; Generalized neuron; Morphological types of
neurons; Physiological or functional types of neurons; Main properties of nervous tissue;
Stimulus; Mode of action of nerves; Conduction of nerve impulses; Reflex action;
Central nervous system; The brain; The spinal cord; Peripheral nervous system and
reflux activity. Special senses: tounge, smell, eye, hearing and balance. 10 Hours
UNIT 7: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Introduction; Endocrine systems of vertebrates; Pituitary gland; Thyroid gland;
Parathyroid gland; Pancreas; Adrenal or suprarenal glands; Sex glands; Gastrointestinal
mucosa; Thymus gland; Pineal gland; Summary of different endocrine glands; their
hormones and influence; Summary of the effect of hyper secretion and hyposecretion of
some important endocrine glands; 06 Hours
UNIT 8: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Physiology of male and female reproduction systems, invitro fertilization, fertility in
males and females, factors influencing fertility, test tube baby, sperm count, preservation
of sperms. 04 Hours

TEXTBOOK:
Ross & Wilson’s Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness – by Anne Waugh and
Allison Grant, 9th Edition, Churchill Livingstone Publications.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb, Pearson Education
Concise Medical Physiology- by Sujit K. Chaudhuri, 5th Edition, New Central Book
Agency Pvt. Ltd.
Essentials of Medical Physiology - by K. Sembulingam and Prema Sembulingam, 3rd
Edition, Jaypee Publications.
Text book of Human Physiology by Chakraborthy & Ghosh.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

BIOCHEMISTRY
Subject code : 10BT-34 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS

7
Types of chemical reactions, pH, buffers and their properties, concentration of solutions.
Stereo chemistry of carbon compounds. 04 Hours
UNIT 2: INTRODUCTION TO BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrates, fats and lipids, structure and properties of phospholipids, glycolipids,
steroids, amino acids and proteins. Biologically important peptides, purines, pyrimidines,
nucleic Acids- DNA and RNA. 06 Hours
UNIT 3: PRINCIPLES OF BIOENERGETICS
Energy, energy flow cycle, energy conversion. Structure and properties of ATP. High
energy compounds, Thermodynamic considerations, Coupling reactions of ATP and NDP
(Nucleotide di phosphate); photosynthesis, ancillary Pigments, Photosystems PS I & II;
08 Hours
UNIT 4: TRANSPORT MECHANISM
Biological membranes: structure, permeability, properties, passive transport and active
transport, facilitated transport, energy requirement, mechanism of Na + / K+, glucose and
amino acid transport. Organization of transport activity in cell. Action Potentials. Role of
transport in signal transduction processes. 08 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5: CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM

Glycolysis –metabolism. Aerobic and anaerobic pathway and regulation, TCA cycle,
NADPH Cycle, Calvin Cycle, Glyoxylate cycle, Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Electron
transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation, energetics, energy balance sheet, oxidative
stress. Gluconeogenesis –regulation of gluconeogenesis. Biosynthesis of polysaccharides.
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism. 10 Hours
UNIT 6: LIPID METABOLISM
Biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, glycolipids, biodegradation of
fatty acids. Disorders of Lipid metabolism. 05 Hours
UNIT 7: AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Biosynthesis of amino acids starting from acetyl CoA (with reference to oxaloacetate
family). Biodegradation of amino acids, deamination, transamination and urea cycle.
Disorders of amino acid metabolism. 06 Hours
UNIT 8: NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM
Biosynthesis, biodegradation and regulation of Purines, pyrimidines and nucleic acids.
Disorders of nucleic acid metabolism. 05 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Principles of Biochemistry by Albert Lehninger (CBS publishers)
Biochemistry by Nelson and Cox (Palgrave Macmilan, Freeman Edn.) 4th Edition
Principles of Biochemistry by Lubert Stryer (Freeman Int. Edition)
Biochemistry by Mathews, Vanholde & Arhen, Pearson Education.
Biochemistry by Garett & Grisham (Thompson Learning).
Bioenergetics by L Eruster
REFERENCE BOOKS
Biochemistry by Voet & Voet (Wiley New York)
Biochemistry by Trehan. K (New Age International)
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology by Elliot, William H. (OUP)
Biochemistry of cell signaling by Helmreich (OUP)
Bioorganic Chemistry by Hermann Dugas, Spinger
Biochemistry by U Sathyanarayana
8
Bioenergetics and its thermodynamics foundations by Lars Garby and Poul S Larsen

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

MICROBIOLOGY
Subject code : 10BT-35 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
The Scope of Microbiology, History of Microbiology, Microbial diversity and
Taxonomy, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Types of Microorganisms, Bacteria, Viruses,
Fungi, Protozoa. 04 Hours
UNIT 2 : MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Bright-Field Microscopy, Dark-Field Microscopy, Phase-Contrast Microscopy,
fluorescence Microscopy, Electron Microscopy. 04 Hours
UNIT 3: MICROORGANISMS
The morphology and fine structure of Bacteria, Cultivation of Bacteria, Media and types
of media Nutritional requirements, Reproduction and Growth, Factors affecting growth,
Measurement of growth, Pure culture and cultural characteristics. 04 Hours
Structure, Classification, Modes of Reproduction and growth of Algae, fungi, protozoa
and viruses. 04 Hours
UNIT 4 : MICROBIAL TECHNIQUES
Pure culture Techniques (streak-plate, spread plate, pour plate), Staining of
Microorganisms (Simple staining, differential staining), types of stains, theories of
staining, Enumeration of Microorganisms (Direct Microscopic Count, by Pour plate
technique, Streak plate, membrane filtration, Electronic Methods, etc), Characterization:
Biochemical tests and 16-s rRNA homology studies. 10 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5: CONTROL OF MICROORGANISMS

Control of Microorganisms by physical methods (heat, filtration, radiation), Control by
chemical methods (phenol & phenolic compounds, Alcohols, Halogens, Dyes,
Detergents, Aldehydes, Heavy metals, etc), Antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic
agents. 05 Hours
UNIT 6 : MICROBIAL METABOLISM
Aerobic and anaerobic growth, Metabolic pathways, Primary and Secondary Metabolism.
05 Hours
UNIT 7: MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY
Common diseases caused by Microbes such as Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Typhoid, Diarrhea,
Pneumonia, AIDS, Polio, Rabies, Ameobiosis, Malaria. 08 Hours
UNIT 8: ENVIRONMENTAL & INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Microbiology of soil, Biofertilizers, Aquatic Microbiology, Microbiology of Domestic
water and waste water. Microbes in Bioremediation. 04 Hours
9
Traditional microbial processes using yeasts and bacteria, Microbes as source of protein,
Microbial Insecticides, Enzymes from microbes, r-DNA technology & useful products
from microbes. 04 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
General Microbiology by Stainer, Ingraham and Wheeler (Mac-Milian Pub)
Microbiology by Pelczar, Chan and Krig (W C Brown Pub)
Introductory Microbiology by Heritage (Cambridge Low Price Edition)
Microbiology – and Introduction by Tortora, Funke and Case (Pearson Education)
Brock’s Biology of Microorganisms
REFERENCE BOOKS
Fundamentals of Biotechnology by Paule Proe (V C H Pub)
TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY by Ananthanarayana & Paniker’s, Orient 
Longman Pvt. Ltd., 7th Edition
Principles of Fementation Technology by Stanbury and Whitaker (Pergman Press)
Industrial Microbiology by Presscot and Dunn
Fundamental principles of Bacteriology by Salle.
Microbial diversity by T Sathyanarayana & B N Johri
Methods in Microbiology vol 6A, by J.R.Norris & D.W.Ribbons
Biotechnological Applications of Microbes, Edited by Ajit Verma, IK Intl. Pub. House
(2005)
Microbes: Health & Environment Edited by Ajit Verma, IK Intl. Pub. House (2006)
Fundamentals of Microbiology and Immunology  by  Ajit Kumar Bannerjee  2006  
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

CELL BIOLOGY & GENETICS

Subject code : 10BT-36 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: CYTOSKELETON
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, Plant and animal cells, Principles of membrane
organization. Cytosketal elements, Microtubules: structure & functions, shaping of the
cells and mechanical support. Microfilaments: structure & functions. Strcuture of
intermediate filaments. Cytoplasmic microtrabecular system (lattice). Covalent
modifications of cytosketal proteins. Cytoskeletal architechture. 08 Hours
UNIT 2: CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Types of cell functions, cell division, Mitosis and Meosis. Structure of cytolplasm,
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosome, Golgi bodies, Lysosomes. Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Peroxisomes, Chloroplast and Vacuoles. Cell to cell integration, Cell locomotion
(Ameoboid, Flagella, Cillar). 08 Hours
UNIT 3: INTRODUCTION TO HAEMOTOLOGY: Hemopioesis, Erthropoiesis,
Leucopoiesis, Components of blood plasma cell (R B C, W B C, Platelets). 04 Hours
UNIT 4: GROWTH FACTORS: Structure, Mechanism, Action of receptors (cytosolic,
Nuclear, Membrane bound receptors) Autocrine, paracrine, Endocrine models, Action,

10
Characterization of receptors. Plant growth factors and hormones - Auxins, Gibberlins,
Cytokinins and others. Stoichiometry of cell growth and product formation. 06 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5: INTRODUCTION TO GENETICS: Nature of genetic material, DNA

replication, Mendelian Laws of inheritance, monohybrid and dihybrid inheritance, law of
segregation & independent assortment, Gene interactions, supplementary genes - Comb
patterns in fowls, Complementary genes - Flower colour in sweet peas, Epistasis-
Inhibitory and coloured genes in fowls, simple problems. Identification of genetic
material, classical experiments- Hershey & Chase, Avery, McLeod etc., Multiple alleles
and groups antigens. 08 Hours
UNIT 6: CHROMOSOMES STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION: Chromosome,
Centrosome, telomere, Chemical composition of chromatin, structural organization of
nucleosomes, heterochromatin. Polytene and lamp-brush chromosomes, human
chromosomes. 06 Hours
UNIT 7: SEX CHROMOSOMES AND INHERITED DISEASES: The organ of
heredity, chromosomes, morphology, classification. Sex determination in plants, animals
XX-XY, XX-XO, ZW-ZZ, ZO-ZZ types in animals. Chromosomal disorders. Sex linked
inheritance molecular diseases, hemoglobinopathies. Disorders of coagulation, Colour
blindness, hemophilia, Non-disjunction as a proof of chromosomal theory of inheritance,
Linkage, crossing over. Chromosomal maps, interference coincidence. 08 Hours
UNIT 8: POPULATION GENETICS: Introduction, Gene frequency, and equilibrium
estimation, changes in gene frequency, inbreeding and heterosis, genetic structure of
population, speciation and evolution, prospects for the control of human evolution.
Spontaneous and induced mutations, Eugenics. Pedigree analysis. 04 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Cell Biology by Kimbal (Willey Pub)
Cell Biology by S C Rastogi (New Age International Pub)
Genetics by Monroe W Strickberger (Macmillan Pub. Newyork)
Principles of Genetics by Gardener, Simmons and Slustad.
Principles of Gene manipulation and Genomics by Primrose (OUP)
Genetics W Strick by Monroe, Macmillan Pub
REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Cell Biology by Darnell, and Baltimore (Freeman Pub)
Molecular Aspects of Cell Biology by Garret and Grisham
Genetics by Good enough
Genes and Genomes by M Singer, and P Berg Blackwell (Scientific Pub)
Developmental Genetics by Gurbachan s & Miglani (I K Intl).
Problems on Genetics, Molecular Genetics and Evolutionary Genetics  by  Pranab Kr.
Banerjee  2006 
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
Subject code : 10BTL-37 I.A Marks : 25

11
Hrs./Week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03
Exam Marks : 50
1. pH measurements, volume / weight measurements, concentration units, sensitivity
Specificity, precision, accuracy, preparation of buffers of constant strength.
2. Titration of amino acids with acids & bases.
3. Qualitative tests for carbohydrate and lipids.
4. Qualitative tests for amino acids and proteins.
5. Estimation of blood sugar by Folin method.
6. Estimation of blood sugar by O-toluene method.
7. Estimation of inorganic phosphate by Fiske-Subbarao method.
8. Estimation of amino acid by ninhydrin method.
9. Estimation of total cholesterol from Serum.
10. Determination of Saponification value of lipids.
11. Determination of Iodine value of lipid.
12. Determination of acetyl value of a lipid.
13. Estimation of urea by diacetyl monooxime method.
14. Estimation of iron from hemoglobin.
15. Error Analysis.

REFERENCE BOOKS
Modern Experimental Biochemistry by Rodney Boyer (Pearson Education)
Practical Biochemistry by Cole
Practical Biochemistry by Keith Wilson
Physiology of Biochemistry by Hawks
Practical Biochemistry by Pattabhiraman
Experimental Biochemistry by Beedu Sashidhar Rao and Vijay Deshpande (I.K.Intl)
Lab Math by Dany Spencer Adams, IK Intl. Pub. House (2004)
Lab Ref by Jaine Roskams & Linda Rodgers, IK Intl. Pub. House (2004)
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
Students must perform at least 12 of the above experiments, out of which two will be
questioned for conduction during lab exams.

UNIT OPERATIONS LABORATORY

Sub. Code : 10BTL-38 IA Marks : 25

Hrs/Week : 03 Exams Hrs : 03
Exam Marks : 50
1. Friction in circular and non circular pipes.
2. Flow rate measurement using orificemeter / Venturimeter / Rotameter.
3. Determination of minimum thickener area using Batch sedimentation tests.
4. Constant pressure / constant rate filtration using leaf filter.
5. Verification of Stoke’s law in Free/Hindered Settling.
6. Determination of screen effectiveness and sieve analysis.
7. Critical thickness of insulation.
8. Vertical condenser / Horizontal condenser.
9. Heat transfer in packed bed.
10. Diffusion of organic vapors in air.
11. Simple Distillation.
12. Steam Distillation.
12
 13. Liquid Extraction.
14. Study of pump Characteristics.
15. Drying Characteristics.
16. Adsorption studies.

REFERENCE BOOKS
Unit operations in Chemical Engineering by McCabe W.L. and Smith J.C (McGraw-Hill)
Principles of Unit Operations by Goenkloplis (P H I Publication)
Introduction to chemical Engineering by Badger and Banchero (T M H Publication)
Unit Operations in Food Processing (1983) II Ed. By Earle R L, Pergamon Press.
Fluid Mechanics by K L Kumar.
Mechanics of fluids by B.S. Massey.
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey J.E. and Oillis K (McGraw Hill)
Principles of Unit Operations by Alan S Foust, L.A. Wenzel, C.W. Clump, L. Maus, and
L.B. Anderson (John Wiley & Sons)
Chemical Engineering by Coulson and Richardson. Vols I & II.
Chemical Engineers Hand Book by Perry (McGraw Hill Publications)
Process Heat Transfer by Kern, McGraw Hill
Heat Transfer by J P Holman, McGraw Hill International Ed.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
Students must perform at least 12 of the above experiments, out of which two will be
questioned for conduction during lab exams.

13
 IV SEMESTER

BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOMODELING

Subject code : 10BT-41 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Scope of biostatistics, definition, data collection, presentation of data, graphs, charts
(scale diagram, histogram, frequency polygon, frequency curve, logarithmic curves).
Sampling & selection bias, probability sampling, random sampling, sampling designs.
Descriptive statistics: Measure of central tendency (arithmetic mean, geometric mean,
harmonic mean, median, quartiles, mode); Measure of dispersion (range, quartile
deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation, coefficient of variation). 10 Hours
UNIT 2: BI-VARIATE DISTRIBUTION
Correlation and regression analysis (simple and linear) curve fitting (linear, non-linear
and exponential). 04 Hours
UNIT 3: PROBABILITY
Axioms, models, conditional probability, Bayes rule, Genetic Applications of Probability,
Hardy - Weinberg law, Wahlund's Principle, Forensic probability determination,
Likelihood of paternity, Estimation of probabilities for multi-locus/multi-allele finger
print systems. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Discrete probability distributions - Binomial, Poisson, geometric – derivations. Central
limit theorem. Continuous probability distribution – normal, exponential, gamma
distributions, beta and Weibull distributions, T & F distributions. 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5: STATISTICAL INFERENCE
Estimation theory and testing of hypothesis, point estimation, interval estimation, sample
size determination, simultaneous confidence intervals, parametric and non-parametric
distributions (T-test, F-test, Chi Squared distribution, goodness of fit test) analysis of
variance (one-way and two-way classifications). Case studies of statistical designs of
biological experiments (RCBD, RBD). 10 Hours
UNIT 6: DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Sample surveys, comparisons groups and randomization, random assignments, single and
double blind experiments, blocking and extraneous variables, limitations of experiments.
04 Hours
UNIT 7: CASE STUDIES:
Statistical tools for setting in process acceptance criteria; T-Test based approach for
confirming human antibody response to therapeutic drug; Population statistics for cases
related to cigarette smoking, Lung cancer, endangered plants species, epidemics etc.
04
Hours
UNIT 8: BIOMODELING
Microbial Growth in a Chemostat , Growth Equations of Microbial populations, Models
of Commensalisms, Mutualism, Predation and Mutation. Volterra’s Model for n
Interacting Species. Basic Models for Inheritance, Selection and Mutation Models,
Genetic Inbreeding Models. 08 Hours
14
TEXT BOOKS
Principles of Biostatistics by Marcello Pagano & Kimberlee Gauvreu (Thompson
Learning)
Introduction to Biostatistics by Ronadd N Forthofer and Eun Sul Lee (Academic Press)
Statistical methods in Biology by Norman T J Bailey (Cambridge Press)
Mathematical Models in Biology and Medicine by J.N.Kapur
Introduction to Biostatistics by Ipsen, Feigl & Bancroff.
Basic Biostatistics & its Applications  by Animesh K Datta  (2006)
REFERENCE BOOKS
Introduction to Mathematical Biology by S I Rubinow (John Wiley)
An Intrduction to Biostatistics by P.S.S.Sundar Rao and J.Richard (Prentice Hall of India)
Probability and statistics for engineers by Miller, Freund and Johnson
Fundamentals of Biostatistics by Veer Bala Rastogi (Ane Books India)
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

BIOCHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS
Subject code : 10BT-42 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS
System, Surrounding & Processes, Closed and Open systems, State and Properties,
Intensive & Extensive Properties, State and Path functions, Equilibrium state and Phase
rule, Zeroth law of Thermodynamics, Heat reservoir and Heat engines, Reversible and
Irreversible processes. 04 Hours
UNIT 2: LAWS OF THEMODYNAMICS
General statement of First law of Thermodynamics, First law for Cyclic Process, Non-
Flow Process, Flow process, Heat capacity. General statements of the second law,
Concept of entropy, The Carnot principle, Calculation of entropy changes, Clausius
inequality, Entropy and Irreversibility, Third law of Thermodynamics. 10 Hours
UNIT 3: PVT BEHAVIOUR: PVT behaviour of pure fluids, equations of state and
ideal gas law, Processes involving ideal gas law: Constant volume, constant pressure
constant temperature, adiabatic and polytrophic processes. Equations of state for real
gases: Van-der Waals equation, Redlich- Kwong equation, Peng- Robison equation, virial
equation. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: COMPRESSIBILITY CHARTS
Principles of corresponding states, Generalized compressibility charts. Heat effects
accompanying Chemical reactions. Standard heat of reaction, formation, combustion,
Hess's law of constant heat summation, effect of temperature on standard heat of reaction.
06
Hours
15
 PART B

UNIT 5: PROPERTIES OF PURE FLUIDS

Reference properties, energy properties, Derived properties, Work function, Gibbs free
energy, Relationships among thermodynamic Properties: Exact differential equations,
fundamental property relations, Maxwell's equations, Clapeyron equations, Entropy heat
capacity relations, modified equations for internal energy (U) & enthalpy (H), Effect of
temperature on U, H & Entropy (S), Relationships between Cp & Cv, Gibbs- Helmholtz
equation. Fugacity: Fugacity, Fugacity coefficient, effect of temperature and pressure on
fugacity, Determination of fugacity of pure gases, Fugacities of solids and liquids,
Activity: Effect of temperature and pressure on activity. Departure functions and
generalized charts, thermodynamic diagrams. 10 Hours
UNIT 6: PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
Partial molar properties, chemical potential, fugacity in solutions, Henry's law and dilute
solutions, Activity in solutions, Activity coefficients, Gibbs - Duhem equation, Property
changes of mixing, excess properties. 04 Hours
UNIT 7: PHASE EQUILIBRIA
Criteria of phase Equilibria, criterion of stability, Duhem's theorem, Vapour-Liquid
Equilibria, VLE in ideal solutions, Non-Ideal solutions, VLE at low pressures, VLE at
high pressures, Consistency test for VLE data, calculation of activity coefficients using
Gibbs - Duhem equation, Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium diagrams. Liquid phase reactions,
heterogeneous bioreaction equilibria, phase rule for reacting systems. 06 Hours
UNIT 8: BIOCHEMICAL ENERGETICS
Coupled reactions and energy rise compounds, Reaction Stoichiometry, criteria of
biochemical reaction equilibrium, equilibrium constant and standard free energy change,
effect of temperature, pressure on equilibrium constants and other- factors affecting
equilibrium conversion, liquid phase reactions, heterogeneous bioreaction equilibria,
phase rule for reacting systems. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Introduction to Chemical Engineering thermodynamics by Smith & Vanness (MGH)
Biochemical Calculations, I.H.Segel (John Wiley & Sons)
REFERENCE BOOKS
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by Y.V.C. Rao (New Age International)
A Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by K.V. Narayanan (PHI)
Engineering Thermodynamics by Spading and Cole (ELBS)
Engineering Thermodynamics by Jones J.B. Hawkins (John Wiley)
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY
Subject code : 10BT-43 I.A Marks : 25

16
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Levels of molecular organization, structure of water, electrolytes, Chirality of Biological
molecules; Brief discussions on: Amino acids, Nucleic acids, Adenylates, Carbohydrates,
Lipids, Cofactors, Vitamins, and Hormones. 02 Hours
UNIT 2: STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
Composition and primary structures of proteins, Conformational analysis and forces that
determine protein structures, geometries, potential energy calculations, phi, psi, omega
angles, Ramachandran or steric contour diagram, allowed chi angles of side chains in
proteins, hydrogen bonding, disulphide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, alpha helices,
beta sheets, helix to coil transition, general features and thermodynamic aspects of
protein folding, folding kinetics, protein-ligand interactions, Scatchard plot, co-operative
interactions, allosteric effects, Hill constant; Relationship between the primary,
secondary, and tertiary structure of proteins. Antibodies and antigens, fibrous proteins
(structure of collagen, keratin). Quaternary structures - dimers, homo & hetero dimers,
trimers, tetramers; Protein folds, structural families and classes, multifunctional domains
(qualitative examples) 12 Hours
UNIT 3: STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS
General characteristics of nucleic acid structures (A, T, G, C, U), geometries, glycosidic
bond, rotational isomers. Stabilizing ordered forms of DNA (A, B and Z), base pairing
types, base stacking, tertiary structure of DNA and preferred torsion angles, Intra-
molecular interactions. Melting of the DNA double helix (Hyperchromicity), Interaction
with small ions. Ribose puckering and Tertiary structure of tRNA. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: STRUCTURE OF BIOMEMBRANES
Structure and conformational properties of cell membranes, Singer and Nicholson model,
integral proteins in membranes, conformational variations during ion transport,
monitoring membrane potentials, Signal transduction and molecular reception
(qualitative). 06 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5: BIOPHYSICAL TECHNIQUES

Rayleigh scattering, ultra centrifugation, viscometry. Electron microscopy, STM, AFM,
luminescence (fluorescence & phosphorescence), Calorimetry, DSC, Mass spectrometry,
LC-MS, MALDI-TOF, Voltage Clamp and Patch Clamp (measurements of membrane
potentials). 10 Hours
UNIT 6: SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
X-ray Spectroscopy : structure determination via single crystal diffraction, fibre
diffraction; Neutron diffraction. XAFS. NMR spectroscopy (structure determination).
Optical Activity, CD, UV, IR, Laser Raman, ESR/EPR. 10 Hours
UNIT 7: BIOMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS
Association of macromolecules, supramolecular interactions, protein-protein interactions,
protein-nucleic acid interactions, lipid/membrane-protein interactions. 03 Hours
UNIT 8: MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
Molecular mechanics and dynamics, theoretical principles and its importance towards
insilico simulations, results of molecular dynamics calculations and their implications to
biological function. 03 Hours

17
TEXT BOOKS
Biophysical Chemistry by Cantor R., and Schimmel P.R
Physical Biochemistry by David Freifelder (N H Freeman and Company)
Biophysical Principles of Structure & Function by Fred M. Snell & Sidney Shulman
Introduction to Protein Structure by Carl Branden and John Tooze. (Garland Publishing)
Proteins – Structure & Molecular Properties by Creighton
Physical Chemistry: Principles and Applications in Biological Sciences by Tinoco and
others (Prentice Hall, 4th Ed).
REFERENCE BOOKS
Biophysics – An Introduction by Cotterill , Wiley Student Edition
Foundations of Biophysics by A.L. Stanford.
Principles of protein structure by G Schulz and R H Schrimer (Springer Verlag)
Principles of nucleic acid structure by Sanger (Springer Verlag)
Introduction to Protein Science by Arthur M Lesk (OUP)
Biological Spectroscopy by J. D. Campbell and R. A.Dwek
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Subject code : 10BT-44 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Chromosomal theory of heredity, genes and their location. Information flow in
biological systems: central dogma, updated central dogma. Structures and forms of
nucleic acids – DNA and RNA. 04 Hours
UNIT 2: REPLICATION
Replication of DNA, structure and function of DNA polymerases, models of replications
in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, mechanism of DNA replication, DNA damage & Repair.
07
Hours
UNIT 3: TRANSCRIPTION
Bacterial RNA polymerase, structure and function of RNA polymerases (prokaryotes &
eukaryotes), eukaryotic RNA polymerases, mechanism of transcription in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes, transcription factors, post-transcriptional processing, transcription
inhibitors. 07 Hours
UNIT 4: TRANSLATION
Mechanism of translation, activation of amino acid initiation, elongation and termination
of protein synthesis. Post translational modification and protein targeting, protein
splicing. Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis, codon usage,
inhibitors of transcription and translation. 08 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5: GENE EXPRESSION IN PROKARYOTES

18
Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes: Operon model, gal, lac, trp Operons;
positive versus negative regulation. 07 Hours
UNIT 6: GENE EXPRESSION IN EUKARYOTES
Regulation of eukaryotic gene expression, transcriptional control, homeobox in the
control of developments in insects and vertebrates. 07 Hours
UNIT 7: GENETIC RECOMBINATION
Genetic recombination in bacteria and viruses, site specific recombination, transposons
and insertion sequences; Retroviruses. 06 Hours
UNIT 8: MUTATION & GENE MAPPING
Mutation, Role of recombination and transposition in evolution; gene mapping
techniques. Oncogenes. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Essentials of Molecular Biology by David Freifelder Narosa Pub. House.
Molecular Biology by Freifielder.
Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts et al
Principles of Gene manipulation and Genomics by Primrose (OUP)
Molecular Biology of the Gene by James D Watson et al. (Pearson Education).
REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Cell Biology by Darnell J Lodish & H Baltimore, Freeman Pub.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology by William H Elliot and Daphane C Elliot (OUP)
Current protocols in molecular biology (Greena Publishing Associates)
Methods in enzymology by Berger S.L. & Kimmel A.R. (Vol.152, Academic Press)
Cellular & Biochemical Science by G. Tripathi
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

19
 BASICS OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Subject code : 10BT-45 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1: BASICS OF LINUX

Introduction to Linux, basic commands, working with files, file attributes, installing
programs using rpm, working with basic editors sed, awk and vi, using the shell, pipes,
aliases, wildcards, checking processes, killing processes, basic decision making
statements: if...then.... else...if - test - while...do...done - until...do...done -
for...in...do...done - case...in...esac - select...in...do., basic regular expressions, using grep
command, string search applications using regular expressions. 05 Hours
UNIT 2: BASICS OF XML
Structured and unstructured data, XML fundamentals, XML documents and XML files,
elements and character tags, attributes, XML names, CDATA sections, XML
declarations, DTD, element declarations, attribute declarations, namespaces,
programming applications of XML; General features of NCBI’s Molecular biology data
model, BioXML, NeuroML, Chemical Markup Languages (CML), Microarray
ML(MAML), RiboML and SBML. 07 Hours
UNIT 3: BASICS OF INTERNET
Internet Addresses, Internet Protocol, Transport layer, Upper layer protocols, Internet
access and applications. Overview of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and HTTP
(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol); Web servers, Web access, Security, WWW (World Wide
Web) proxies, HTML technology and applications with examples related to
biotechnological fields. Novell’s WWW service, applications on the Web, search engines
on topics of biotechnological relevance, legal and ethical issues. 07 Hours
UNIT 4: BASICS OF DATABASES
Introduction to flat files, DBMS and RDBMS, E-R relationship, Introduction to SQL,
basic commands, using SQL in MS Access, creating and modifying tables, joining tables,
simple queries using SQL, inner join, outer joins, data sorting, filters. 07 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5: APPLICATIONS-1
Writing a C program using numerical analysis technique towards solving the differential
equations, applications of differential equations to biotechnology (such as finding the
thermal death kinetics of microorganisms, holding time for sterilization, estimating the
length of the lag phase, calculation of specific growth rate, doubling time, and substrate-
to-cell yield coefficient, etc). 07 Hours
UNIT 6: APPLICATIONS-2
Write a C++ Program to find the optimum pH and temperature for maximum enzyme
activity, to derive the column height needed to achieve the specified degree of conversion
in a fluidized-bed biofilm reactor, to find the optimal dilution rate for maximum cell
productivity, etc. Usage of NCBI’s C++ tool kit to demonstrate certain features of
sequence analysis. 07 Hours
UNIT 7: BASICS OF ONTOLOGIES
Overview of ontologies, gene ontologies, Open biological ontologies (OBO), TAMBIS
ontology, cell cycle ontology, GeneX ontology. Building ontology, ontology
development tools (protégé 2000, GKB editor, OilEd). Ontology integration, applications

20
of bio-ontologies. Different kinds of data formats (CSV and tabbed formats for general
file representation, data cleaning, flat file) 07 Hours
UNIT 8: MATLAB
Introduction to MATLAB, features of MATLAB toolbox, Introduction to EXCEL,
EXCEL spread sheets utilities, and operations; Usage of MATLAB and EXCEL towards
biostatistical applications, usage of toolboxes towards biochemical applications.05 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Linux: the complete reference by Richard Peterson, McGraw Hill, 1998
Internet: The complete reference by Margaret Levine Young, Tata McGraw Hill, 1999.
C Programming by E Balaguruswamy.
A first course in database systems (2nd Ed.)Jeffrey. D. Ullman and Jennifer. D. Widon
HTML and XML for beginners: Michael Morrison, Microsoft Press, 2001
REFERENCE BOOKS
SAMS teach SQL in 10mins: Ben Forta, 3rd Edition
Beginning XML: David Hunter, 3rd Edition.
Introducing UNIX and LINUX, Ane books, India.
SQL Simplified: Learn to read and write SQL: Cecelia. L. Allison (Aug 2003)
SQL queries for mere mortals: A hands-on guide to data manipulation in SQL: Michael J.
Hernandez and John. L. Viescas (2000)
A study in Ontology: Peter Simons, Oxford Press.
Essential MATLAB for Scientists and Engineers, Arnold / Wiley, NY
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

BIOPROCESS PRINCIPLES AND CALCULATIONS

Subject code : 10BT46 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1: UNITS AND DIMENSIONS
Fundamental and derived quantities, inter-conversion of units from one system to another
(FPS, CGS, MKS, SI). 02 Hours
UNIT 2: BASIC CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
Concept of mole and Molecule, Composition of mixtures of Solids, liquids and gases.
Composition of mixtures and solutions- Percentage by weight, mole and Volume;
Normality, Morality, Molality, and ppm, pH and pK Buffer Calculations. 04 Hours
UNIT 3: MATERIAL BALANCE WITHOUT CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
Material balances in Distillation, Absorption, Extraction, Crystallization, Psychrometry,
Drying, Mixing and Evaporation Operations, Material balances involving bypass, recycle
and purge. 12 Hours
UNIT 4: MATERIAL BALANCE INVOLVING CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Principles of Stoichiometry, Definitions of limiting and excess reactants, fractions and
percentage conversion, yield and percentage yield, Selectivity and related problems.

21
Fuels and Combustion: Ultimate and proximate analyses of fuels; calculations involving
Excess air and Air-fuel ratio. 08 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5: ENERGY BALANCE
General energy balance equation for steady state. Thermo physics and Thermo chemistry:
Heat capacity, estimation of heat capacity for solids, liquids, gases and their mixtures.
Enthalpy, Standard Heat of formation, standard heat of reaction, Standard heat of
combustion and calorific value, Calculation of Delta(H R) at elevated temperature.
Biochemical equilibrium constants and conversions. 10 Hours
UNIT 6: BIOPROCESS PRINCIPLES
Historical development of bioprocess technology; An overview of traditional and
modern applications of biotechnological processes; Bioprocess principles and operations,
Role of a bioprocess engineer in the biotechnology industry, outline of an integrated
bioprocess and the various (upstream and downstream) unit operations involved in
bioprocesses. 05 Hours
UNIT 7: PROCESS FLOW SHEETS
Generalized process flow sheets. Comparison of Process flow sheets and unit operations
in chemical and bioprocess industries; General material balance equation for steady and
unsteady states with a typical examples. 05 Hours
UNIT 8: STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOPROCESS
Introduction, definitions and determination of specific growth rate and yield.
Stiochiometry of microbial growth and product formation. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Principles of Biochemistry by David L. Nelson (Editors), 4 th edition, W.H. freeman and
company New York 2005.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline Doran (2005)
Biochemical Engg. Fundamentals by J E Bailey & D. F. Ollis (McGraw Hill)
Biochemical Calculations by I.H.Segel (John Wiley & Sons, NewYork)
REFERENCE BOOKS
Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering by David Himmelblau, PHI
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi (Prentice Hall)
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four
from each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part)
to be answered.

CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB

Subject code : 10BTL-47 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03
Exam Marks : 50
1. Study of divisional stages in Mitosis.
2. Study of divisional stages in Meiosis.
3. Study of Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes
4. Isolation of plant protoplasts by enzymatic method

22
 5. Chemical fusion of plant protoplasts (PEG, Calcium)
6. Isolation of plasmid DNA from E.coli
7. Isolation of genomic DNA (plant / microbial sources)
8. Agarose gel electrophoresis and quantification of nucleic acids (colorimetric,
ethidium bromide dot blot and standard DNA marker)
9. Plasmid gene mapping in E.coli
10. Restriction mapping/digestion of genomic DNA
11. Transformation of E.coli cells
12. Selection of recombinants (Blue-white screening)
13. Tns 5 induced mutagenesis in E.coli
14. Study of conjugation in E.coli
15. SDS PAGE
16. PCR (Demo experiment)

TEXT BOOKS
Looking at Chromosomes by Darlington & Wiley.
Essentials of Molecular Biology by David Freifelder Narosa Pub. House.
Molecular Biology by Freifielder.
Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts et al
Principles of Gene manipulation and Genomics by Primrose (OUP)
Molecular Biology of the Gene by James D Watson et al. (Pearson Education).
REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Cell Biology by Darnell J Lodish & H Baltimore, Freeman Pub.
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology by William H Elliot and Daphane C Elliot (OUP)
Current protocols in molecular biology (Greena Publishing Associates)
Methods in enzymology by Berger S.L. & Kimmel A.R. (Vol.152, Academic Press)
Cellular & Biochemical Science by G. Tripathi
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
Students must perform at least 12 of the above experiments, out of which two will be
questioned for conduction during lab exams.

MICROBIOLOGY LAB
Subject code : 10BTL-48 I.A Marks : 25
Hrs./Week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03
Exam Marks : 50
1. Aseptic techniques
2. Cleaning of glassware
3. Media preparation, plugging and sterilization
4. Sterilization indicators
5. Handling and care of microscopes (dry and oil immersion lens)
6. Examination of microorganisms from hand, nail and tooth scrapings.
7. Isolation of bacteria from soil, yeast from jaggery, and mould from pepper/rotten fruit)
8. Isolation of bacteria by serial dilution, pour plate and streak plate techniques
9. Enumeration of total count (haemocytometer) and viable count of bacteria
10. Morphology of bacteria, yeasts and moulds
11. Identification of bacteria by size, shape, Gram reaction and biochemical tests,
IMViC tests.
12. Growth curve of bacteria.
23
 13. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of a bacteria.
14. Microscopic observation of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.
15. Testing the potable water and soft-drinks for presence of coli forms.
16. Bioburden testing
REFERENCE BOOKS
Cell Biology by Kimbal (Willey Pub)
Cell Biology by S C Rastogi (New Age International Pub)
Molecular Cell Biology by Darnell, and Baltimore (Freeman Pub)
Molecular Aspects of Cell Biology by Garret and Grisham
General Microbiology by Stainer, Ingraham and Wheeler (Mac-Milian Pub)
Microbiology by Pelczar, Chan and Krig (W C Brown Pub)
Introductory Microbiology by Heritage (Cambridge Low Price Edition)
Industrial Microbiology by Prescott and Dunn
A Text Book of Microbiology    by    P. Chakraborty    2005   
Fundamentals of Microbiology and Immunology  by  Ajit Kumar Bannerjee  2006 
Lab Math by Dany Spencer Adams, IK Intl. Pub. House (2004)
Lab Ref by Jaine Roskams & Linda Rodgers, IK Intl. Pub. House (2004)
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
Students must perform at least 12 of the above experiments, out of which two will be
questioned for conduction during lab exams.

V SEMESTER

MANAGEMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Sub. Code : 10BT-51 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

(COMMON TO ALL U.G. COURSES UNDER VTU –

SYLLABUS TO BE PROVIDED BY VTU)

BIOKINETICS & BIOREACTION ENGINEERING

Sub. Code : 10BT-52 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Law of mass action and rate equation, definitions and examples of elementary and non-
elementary reactions, theories of reaction rate and temperature dependency, analysis of
experimental reactor data: evaluation of rate equation, integral and differential analysis for
constant volume system. Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOCHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA
Equilibrium in chemically reactive systems (single and multiple reactions), evaluation of reaction
equilibrium constant, concentration/conversion data, effect of temperature on equilibrium –
derivation of G vs. T relation, application of above concepts to biochemical systems. Conceptual
numericals. 04 Hours
UNIT 3. BIOREACTORS
24
Design equations for homogeneous system: batch, stirred tank and tubular flow reactor, size
comparison of reactor systems, combination reactor systems. Optimization of output and yield
problems, Qualitative design for consecutive, parallel and mixed reactions and recycle. Factors
affecting choice of reactors: optimum yield, conversion, selectivity and reactivity. Conceptual
numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. NON-IDEAL BIOREACTORS
Non-ideal reactors, residence time distribution studies, pulse and step input response of reactors,
RTD’s for CSTR and PFR, calculations of conversions for First order reactions, tanks in series
and dispersion models. Conceptual numericals 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. ENZYME KINETICS
Enzyme active site, types of enzyme specificities, enzyme kinetics, initial velocity studies,
formation of ES complex, derivation of Michaelis-Menton equation, definition of Km and Vmax,
Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-Hofstee plots. Units of enzyme activity, Enzyme inhibition:
competitive, uncompetitive and non-competitive; Regulations – allosteric and feed back
regulation. Conceptual numericals. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. KINETICS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCT FORMATION
Phases of cell growth in batch cultures; simple unstructured kinetic models for microbial growth
- Monod model; Growth of Filamentous Organisms. Growth associated (primary) and non-
growth associated (secondary) product formation kinetics; Leudeking-Piret models; substrate and
product inhibition on cell growth and product formation; Conceptual numericals. 05 Hours
UNIT 7. METABOLIC STOICHIOMETRY AND ENERGETICS
Stoichiometry of cell Growth and Product Formation- elemental balances, degrees of reduction
of substrate and biomass; available-electron balances; yield coefficients of biomass and product
formation; maintenance coefficients. Energetic analysis of microbial growth and product
formation - oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures; thermodynamic
efficiency of growth. Conceptual numericals. 05 Hours
UNIT 8. MEDIA DESIGN AND STERILIZATION
Medium requirements for fermentation processes- Carbon, nitrogen, minerals, vitamins and other
complex nutrients; oxygen requirements; Medium formulation for optimal growth and product
formation - examples of simple and complex media; Thermal death kinetics of microorganisms;
Batch and continuous heat – Sterilization of Liquid media; Filter sterilization of liquid media
07
Hours
TEXT BOOKS
Chemical Reaction Engineering by Levenspiel O., John Wiley, 3rd Edition, 2006.
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering by Fogler, H.S., Prentice Hall, 1986.
Bioprocess Engineering by Shuler and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism by Paul F Cook & W W Cleland, Garland Science, 2007
REFERENCE BOOKS
Bioprocess Engineering by Aiba, Humprey & Millis, Academic Press
Biochemical Engineering, James Lee, 1992.
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis, McGraw Hill (2nd Ed.) 1986.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline M. Doran, 1995. London.
Principles of Biochemistry by Leninger A.L., II Edition, 1993.
Enzyme Kinetics by Plowman, McGraw Hill, 1972.
Chemical Engineering Kinetics by Smith J.M., McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, New Delhi,1981.
Wolf R. Vieth, Bioprocess Engineering – Kinetics, Mass Transport, Reactors and Gene
Expression. A Wiley – Interscience Publication, 1992.
25
Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design by Forment G F and Bischoff K B., John Wiley, 1979.
Biocatalytic Membrane Reactor by Drioli, Taylor & Francis, 2005
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
BIOINSTRUMENTATION & BIOSENSORS
Sub. Code : 10BT-53 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Electrical quantities and units; functional elements of an instrumentation system; static and
dynamic characteristics; principles of analog and digital meters; CRO, energy meters, time and
frequency meters; multimeters. Transducers: Classification, resistive strain gages, RTD, LVDT,
Peizoelectric transducers, electromagnetic transducers, optical transducers, transducers for
biomedical applications. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
The terminology of medical instrumentation, a review of medical and physiological signals,
Principles of EEG, ECG and EMG, PC based Instrumentation, Microcontroller based
Instrumentation, Case study on advanced instrumentation design in Cardiac Mapping.
Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. CARDIAC AND VASCULAR SYSTEM
Overview of cardiovascular system, Types of blood pressure sensors, Lumped parameter
modeling of a catheter-sensor system, Heart sounds, Cardiac catheterization, Indirect
measurement of blood pressure, Measuring blood flow rate, Measuring blood volume,
Pacemakers, Defibrillators, Cardiac-assist devices, Replacement heart valves – related
instrumentation of equipments involved and sensors. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Modeling the respiratory system, Measuring gas flow rate, Measuring lung volume, Tests of
respiratory mechanics, Measuring gas concentration, Tests of gas transport, Ventilators,
Anesthesia machines, Heart-Lung machine – related instrumentation of equipments involved and
sensors. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS

pH meters, Radiometric Devices, Fluorescence Spectrophotometers, Chromatology
(chromatographic techniques – GC & HPLC), Electrophoresis, and Lab on a chip - related
instrumentation, Validation, Commissioning and Maintenance of all the above equipments.
Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. ASSAY TECHNOLOGIES AND DETECTION METHODS
Introduction; Bioassay Design and Implementation; Radiometric Assays; Scintillation Proximity
Assays; Types of fluorescence measurements and instrumentation; Reporter gene Assay
applications; Bio-analytical Applications. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
Introduction to Automation, types, LERT classification system, components of a robot, softwares
used in robotics, Barcode technology, objectives, decoding, symbologies used, barcode reader
(pen-type, laser type, CCD camera and camera based readers). Conceptual numericals

26
 04
Hours
UNIT 8. BIOSENSORS
Introduction to Biosensors: Concepts and applications. Biosensors for personal diabetes
management. Microfabricated Sensors and the Commercial Development of Biosensors.
Electrochemical sensors, Chemical fibrosensors, Ion-selective FETs, Noninvasive blood-gas
monitoring, Blood-glucose sensors. Noninvasive Biosensors in Clinical Analysis. Applications
of Biosensor-based instruments to the bioprocess industry. Application  of  Biosensors to
environmental samples. Introduction to Biochips and their application to genomics. BIAcore -
an optical Biosensor. Conceptual numericals. 10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Bioinstrumentation and Biosensors by Donald L Wise, Marcel Dekker Inc. 1991
BIOSENSORS by COOPER JM (2004). Oxford Publications.
Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation – R. S. Khandpur, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2003.
Biosensors and their applications by Yang Victor C & Ngo That T. 2000.
Biosensors – An introduction by Eggins Brain R. 1997.
Advances in Laboratory Automation-Robotics by J.R. Strimaitis and J.N. Little, Zymark
Corporation, MA 1991.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Automation technologies for genome characterization, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1997.
Transducers and Instrumentation by Murthy D V S. Prentice Hall, 1995
High Throughput Screening, Edited by John. P. Devlin. Published by Marcel Dekker. (1998)
Commercial Biosensors by  Graham Ramsay,   John Wiley & Son, INC. (1998)
Introduction to bioanalytical sensors by Alice J Cunningham Newyrok, John Wiley, 1988.
Applied biosensors by Doland L Wise (1989).
Encyclopedia of Medical devices and Instrumentation – J G Webster – John Wiley 1999
Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology – J J Carr, J M Brown, Prentice Hall. 1998.
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering by J Enderle, S Blanchard & J Bronzino, Elsevier, 2005.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY
Sub. Code : 10BT-54 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1.THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Introduction, cells and organs of the immune system, Primary and secondary Lymphoid organs,
antigens, antibodies and their structure, types of immune responses; anatomy of immune
response. Classification of immune system - innate and adaptive immunity. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. HUMORAL-IMMUNITY
B-lymphocytes and their activation; structure and function of immunoglobulins; immunoglobulin
classes and subclasses, idiotypes and anti-idiotypic antibodies, genetic control of antibody
production, production of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY

27
Thymus derived lymphocytes (T cells) - their ontogeny and types, MHC Complex, antigen
presenting cells (APC), mechanisms of T cell activation, macrophages, dendritic cells,
langerhans cells, mechanism of phagocytosis, Antigen processing and presentation. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. IMMUNE REGULATION AND TOLERANCE
Complement activation and types and their biological functions, cytokines and their role in
immune response, immunotolerance, Hypersensitivity its types and treatment. 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. IMMUNOLOGICAL DISORDER
Autoimmune disorders and types, pathogenic mechanisms, treatment, experimental models of
auto immune disease, primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders, mechanism of AIDS,
rheumatoid arthritis and allergies. 06 Hours

UNIT 6. TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY

Immunological basis of graft, types of transplantation, mechanism of graft rejection, role of HLA
in graft rejection, tissue typing, immunosuppression and immunosuppressive drugs, tumor
specific antigens. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
Vaccines and their types, production of recombinant-DNA vaccines. Catalytic antibodies,
application of PCR technology to produce antibodies, immunotherapy with genetically
engineered antibodies. Brief mention about stem cells and applications to immunology.
06
Hours
UNIT 8. IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
Antigen antibody interaction – Precipitation reactions, Agglutination reactions, Blood typing, A,
B, ABO & Rh, principles and applications of ELISA, Radio Immuno Assay (RIA), western blot
analysis, immuno-electrophoresis, Immunofluorescence, chemiluminescence assay, FACS.
08 Hours
TEXT BOOKS
Immunology – an Introduction by Tizard, Thomson 2004.
Immunology by J Kuby, WH Freeman, 2003.
Immunology & Immunotechnology by Ashim K Chakravarthy, Oxford University Press, 2006.
Immundiagnostics by S C Rastogi, New Age International, 1996.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Essential Immunology by Roitt I. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford,1991.
Molecular Immunology By Benjamini E. 2002
Immunology A short course by Benjamini E. and Leskowitz S. Wiley Liss, NY, 1991.
The Immune System by Peter Parham, Garland Science, 2005
Understanding Immunology by Peter Wood, Pearson Education, II edition, 2006
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
GENETIC ENGINEERING & APPLICATIONS
Sub. Code : 10BT-55 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

28
 PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Role of genes within cells, genetic code, genetic elements that control gene expression, method
of creating recombinant DNA molecules, vectors in recombinant DNA technology, biology and
salient features of vectors, types of vectors – plasmids, cosmids, phages and viruses. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. ENZYMES IN GENETIC ENGINEERING
Introduction. Restriction Endonculeases - Exo & exdo nucleases, classification, mode of action.
Enzymes in modification - Polynucleotide phosphorylase, DNase, Methylases, phosphatases,
polynucleotide Kinase, Ligases, RNase and their mechansim of action. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION AND AMPLIFICATION
Methods of nucleic acid detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its applications,
variations in PCR and applications, methods of nucleic acid hybridization, probe and target
sequences, Southern and Northern hybridization techniques, nucleic acid mutagenesis in vivo and
in vitro. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. CONSTRUCTION OF DNA LIBRARIES
Isolation and purification of nucleic acids, quantification, storage, Isolation of plasmids,
Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, screening and preservation. 06 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES

Gene transfer techniques in plants, animals and microbes – Transformation, electroporation,
microprojectile system, liposome mediated transfer, gene gun etc. Agrobacterium-mediated gene
transfer in plants – Ti plasmid: structure and functions, Ti plasmid based vectors - advantages.
Chloroplast transformation. 08 Hours
UNIT 6. TRANSGENIC SCIENCE AND GENETIC IMPROVEMENT
Transgenic science in plant improvement, biopharming – plants as bioreactors, transgenic crops
for increased yield, resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Techniques of gene mapping in plants. Marker-assisted selection and breeding for improvement.
Transgenic science for animal improvement, biopharming - animals as bioreactors for
recombinant proteins, Gene mapping in farm animals. Marker-assisted selection and genetic
improvement of livestock. 08 Hours
UNIT 7. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Microbial biotechnology - Genetic manipulation, engineering microbes for the production of
antibiotics, enzymes, Insulin, growth hormones, monoclonal antibodies, clearing oil spills.
06
Hours
UNIT 8. GENE THERAPY
Introduction. Methods of Gene therapy. Gene targeting and silencing. Gene therapy in the
treatment of cancer, SCID, muscular dystrophy, respiratory disease (emphysema), cystic fibrosis,
etc., Challenges in gene therapy. Future of gene therapy. 04 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Introduction to Genetic Engineering by Nicholl. Cambridge Low Price Edition, 2006.
Principles of gene manipulation - An introduction to genetic engineering, Old R.W., Primrose
S.B., Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
From Genetics to Gene Therapy – the molecular pathology of human disease by David S
Latchman, BIOS scientific publishers, 1994.
Genes VIII by Benjamin Lewis. Oxford University & Cell Press, 2007.
DNA Science by David A Micklos, Greg A Freyer and Dvaid A Crotty, I K International, 2003.
29
REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Practices by Channarayappa, 2006, University Press.
Genetic Engineering Vol. 1-4 (Williamson Edition).
Recombinant DNA by Watson et al., 1983.
Vectors by Rodriguer and Denhardt, 1987.
Current protocols in molecular biology, Greena Publishing Associates, NY, 1988.
Berger S.L. Kimmel A.R. Methods in enzymology, Vol.152, Academic Press, 1987.
Molecular cloning Volumes I, II and III. Sambrook J et al (2000). Cold Spring Harbor lab Press.

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
BIOINFORMATICS
Sub. Code : 10BT-56 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. DATABASES & TOOLS
Introduction to Bioinformatics, Need for informatics tools and exercises, Bioinformatics
resources: NCBI, EBI, ExPASy, RCSB. Significance of databases towards informatics projects.
Primary and Secondary Databases. GenBank, DDBJ, EMBL, PIR, Uniprot-KB, SWISS-PROT,
TrEMBL, UniParc. Format of databases, Gene bank flat file. Protein Data Bank (PDB) flat file;
FASTA Format, PIR Format; Structure file formats, PDBSUM, PDBLite, MMDB, SCOP, Pfam,
ProDOM; Database of structure viewers. Specialized databases: NCBI, Pubmed, OMIM,
Medical databases, KEGG, EST databases; Genome databases at NCBI, EBI, TIGR, SANGER.
Overview of other popular tools for various bioinformatics exercises. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT AND DATABASE SEARCHES
Introduction, The evolutionary basis of sequence alignment, the Modular Nature of proteins,
Optional Alignment Methods, Substitution scores, substitution matrices, PAM, BLOSUM, Gap
penalties, Statistical significance of Alignments, Database similarity searching, FASTA, BLAST,
Low-Complexity Regions, Repetitive Elements. Practical Aspect of Multiple Sequence
Alignment, Progressive Alignment Methods, CLUSTALW, Motifs and Patterns, PROSITE,
3DPSSM. MeMe, PSI-BLAST, PHI-BLAST, PRATT, Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), and
Threading methods. Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Introduction to Phylogenetic analysis, rooted and unrooted trees, Elements of phylogenetic
Models, Phylogenetic Data Analysis: Alignment, Substitution Model Building, Tree Building,
and Tree Evaluation, Building the Data Model (Alignment), Determining the Substitution Model,
Tree - Building Methods, Searching for Trees, Rooting Trees, Evaluating Trees and Data,
Phylogenetic softwares (CLUSTALW, PHYLIP etc), Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. PREDICTIVE METHODS
Predictive Methods using Nucleotide sequences: Framework, Masking repetitive DNA,
Database searches, Codon Bias Detection, Detecting Functional Sites in the DNA (promoters,
transcription factor binding sites, translation initiation sites), Integrated Gene Parsing, finding
RNA Genes, Web based tools (GENSCAN, GRAIL, GENEFINDER).
Predictive Methods using Protein sequences: Protein Identity based on composition, Physical
properties Based on sequence, secondary structure and folding classes, specialized structures or

30
features, tertiary structure. Related web based software (JPRED, PROSEC, NNPREDICT,
SOPMA, DSSP, STRIDE) 06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. PLASMID MAPPING AND PRIMER DESIGN

Restriction mapping, Utilities, DNA strider, MacVector and OMIGA, gene construction KIT,
Vector NTI, Web based tools (MAP, REBASE); Primer design – need for tools, Primer design
programs and software (PRIME3). Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. GENOME BIOINFORMATICS
Sequencing methods, Bioinformatics tools and automation in Genome Sequencing, analysis of
raw genome sequence data, Utility of EST database in sequencing, Bioinformatics in detection of
Polymorphisms, SNPs and their relevance, Bioinformatics tools in microarray data analysis.
Tools for comparative genomics: BLAST2, AVID, Vista, MUMmer, COG, VOG. Qualitative
discussions on Machine Learning Tools. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. MOLECULAR MODELING & VIZUALIZATION
Scope and applications of insilico modeling in modern biology. Comparative modeling,
Constructing an initial model, refining the model, manipulating the model; molecular
superposition and structural alignment, concept of energy minimization, different types of
interactions and formulation of force fields. Basic MD algorithm, its limitations, treatment of
long range forces. Structure Visualization and Graphical representation of molecular structures:
small molecules (low molecular weight – peptides, nucleotides, disaccharides, simple drugs
molecules) and macromolecules (high molecular weight molecules - proteins, DNA, RNA,
membranes). Usages of visualization software available in public domain like VMD, Rasmol,
Pymol, SpdbViewer, Chime, Cn3D. Rotameric Structures of Proteins (Conformational
Flexibility), Canonical DNA Forms (DNA Sequence Effects). Systematic methods of exploring
conformational space. 08 Hours
UNIT 8. INSILICO DRUG DESIGN
Molecular modeling in drug discovery, deriving bioactive conformations, molecular docking,
quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), deriving the Pharmacophoric Pattern,
Receptor Mapping, Estimating Biological Activities, Ligand - Receptor Interactions: Docking,
Calculation of Molecular Properties, Energy Calculations (no derivation). Conceptual
numericals. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
BIOINFORMATICS by Andreas D Baxevanis. Wiley Interscience, 1998.
BIOINFORMATICS: by David W Mount, cold spring harbor, 2001.
Introduction to Bioinformatics by Arthur Lesk, Oxford Publications, 2006.
Structural Bioinformatics by Philip E Bourne, 2007.
BIOINFORMATICS: Stuart M Brown, NYU Medical Center, NY USA. 2000.
DISCOVERING GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS BY A M CAMPBELL & L J HEYER,
PEARSON EDUCATION, 2007
Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics by D E Krane & M L Raymer, Pearson, 2006.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Computational methods for macromolecular sequence analysis: R F Doolittle. Acad. Press, 1996.
Computational methods in Molecular Biology. S.L.Salzberg, D B Searls, S Kasif, Elsevier, 1998.
BIOINFORMATICS – METHODS AND APPLICATIONS: GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS AND DRUG
DISCOVERY BY S C RASTOGI, N MENDIRATTA & P RASTOGI, PHI, 2006
The molecular modeling perspective in drug design by N Claude Cohen, 1996, Academic Press
Analytical Tools for DNA, Genes & Genomes: by Arseni Markoff, New Age, 2007.
Introduction to Bioinformatics by ANNA TRAMONTANO (2007) TAYLOR & FRANCIS
31
BIOINFORMATICS by Des Higgins & Willie Taylor (2005) Oxford.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

GENETIC ENGINEERING & IMMUNOTECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

Sub. Code : 10BTL-57 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50

1. Preparation of DNA for PCR applications- Isolation, purity & quantification

2. Introduction to PCR – working of PCR equipment, programming, preparation of reagents
and buffers
3. Primer designing using softwares
4. Gene/ DNA amplification by random/ specific primers
5. Southern hybridization
6. Gene Transformation
7. Agglutination Technique: Blood group identification
8. Bacterial Agglutination Technique-Widal test (Tube / slide agglutination)
9. Ouchterlony Double Diffusion (ODD) and Radial Immunodiffusion (RID)
10. ELISA
11.Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis (CCIEP)
12. Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP)
13. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis (RIEP)
14. Western blot
15. Separation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Principles of gene manipulation - An introduction to genetic engineering, Old R.W., Primrose
S.B., Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.
Genetic Engineering Vol. 1-4 (Williamson Edition)
Immunology & Immunotechnology by Ashim K Chakravarthy, Oxford University Press, 2006.
Immundiagnostics by S C Rastogi, New Age International.
Genes VIII by Benjamin Lewis. Oxford University & Cell Press, 2007.
Current protocols in molecular biology, Greena Publishing Associates, NY, 1988.
Berger S.L. Kimmel A.R. Methods in enzymology, Vol.152, Academic Press, 1987.
DNA Science by David A Micklos, Greg A Freyer and David A Crotty, I K International, 2003.
Molecular cloning Volumes I, II and III. Sambrook J et al (2000). Cold Spring Harbor lab Press.
Introduction to Genetic engineering by Sandhya Nair

BIOINFORMATICS LABORATORY
Sub. Code : 10BTL-58 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50
1. Bibliographic search from PUBMED, SCIRUS, MEDMINER
2. Sequence retrieval from Nucleic acid and Protein databases.

32
3. Sequence (FASTA and BLAST) searches – Retrieval of homologs, paralogs, orthologs, and
xenologs
4. Pair wise comparison of sequences – Analysis of parameters affecting alignment.
5. Multiple alignments of sequences and pattern determination using PROSITE
6. Evolutionary studies / Phylogenetic analysis – Analysis of parameters affecting trees.
7. Identification of functional sites in Genes / Genomes.
8. Secondary structure prediction of proteins and comparison with PDB.
9. Restriction mapping: Analysis of maps for suitable molecular biology experiment.
10. Primer Design: Factors affecting primer design.
11. PDB structure retrieval and visualization: Analysis of homologous structures.
12. Comparative Modeling of homologous sequences and validation of modeled structures.
13. Determination of ligand-protein interactions using SPDBV/ LIGPLOT
14. Superposition of structures – Calculation of RMSD.
15. Docking studies – Analysis of substrate / ligand binding using homologous structures.
16. Derivation of pharmacophore patterns for selective ligands.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
BIOINFORMATICS by Andreas D Boxevanis. Wiley Interscience, 1998.
BIOINFORMATICS by David W Mount, cold spring harbor, 2001.
BIOINFORMATICS: A biologists guide to biocomputing and the internet. Stuart M Brown,
NYU Medical Center, NY USA. 2000.
Analytical Tools for DNA, Genes & Genomes: by Arseni Markoff, New Age, 2007.
DISCOVERING GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS BY A M CAMPBELL & L J HEYER,
PEARSON EDUCATION, 2007
Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics by D E Krane & M L Raymer, Pearson, 2006.
Computational methods in Molecular Biology. S.L.Salzberg, D B Searls, S Kasif, Elsevier, 1998.
BIOINFORMATICS – METHODS AND APPLICATIONS: GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS AND DRUG
DISCOVERY BY S C RASTOGI, N MENDIRATTA & P RASTOGI, PHI, 2006
Introduction to Bioinformatics by Arthur Lesk, Oxford Publications, 2006.
Structural Bioinformatics by Philip E Bourne, 2007.

33
 VI SEMESTER

BIOPROCESS CONTROL & AUTOMATION

Sub. Code : 10BT-61 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1: INSTRUMENTATION
Instrumentation - principles, Introduction to flow, pressure, temperature and liquid level
measurements, measurement of important physico-chemical and biochemical parameters,
methods of on-line and off-line biomass estimation, flow injection analysis for measurement of
substrates, products and other metabolites. 08 Hours
UNIT 2: FIRST ORDER SYSTEMS
Process characteristics, Laplace transforms, first order systems – examples, mercury in glass
thermometer, liquid level system, linearization, response of first order system for step, pulse,
impulse and sinusoidal changes in input, conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 3: FIRST ORDER SYSTEMS IN SERIES
Interacting and non-interacting systems and their dynamic response to step, pulse and impulse
inputs; conceptual numericals. 04Hours
UNIT 4: SECOND ORDER SYSTEMS
Second order systems with transfer functions (spring-damper, control valve, U-tube manometer),
response of second order system to step, pulse / impulse and sinusoidal input – Overdamped,
underdamped and critically damped condition of second order system, transportation lag.
08
Hours
PART B

UNIT 5: CONTROLLERS AND FINAL CONTROL ELEMENTS

Actuators, Positioners, Valve body, Valve plugs, Characteristics of final control elements,
controllers – two position control, proportional control, derivative control, integral control, P-I
(proportional-integral) control, P-D (proportional- derivative) control, P-I-D (proportional-
integral-derivative) control, conceptual numericals. 05 Hours
UNIT 6: CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS
Block diagrams for servo and regulatory problems. Transient response of first and second order
processes for set point changes and load changes with proportional and PI controllers, conceptual
numericals. 05 hours
UNIT 7: CONTROLLER DESIGN AND STABILITY
Criteria for stability, Routh test; Root locus (basics), Introduction to frequency response, Bode
criteria for stability, Nyquist criteria; Conceptual numericals. 10 Hours
UNIT 8: BIOPROCESSES DYNAMICS AND CONTROL
Dynamics and control of bioreactors & sterilizers. On-line data analysis for state and parameter
estimation techniques for biochemical processes. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Process System analysis and Control by Donald R Coughanowr, 2nd Edition,. McGraw-Hill, 1991
Chemical Process Control by George Stephanopoulos, Prentice-Hall of India, 1999.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Process dynamics and control by D E Seborg, T F Edger, John Wiley, 1989

34
Process Control by Wayne C. Bequette, Pearson Education Asia.
Essentials of Process Control, Luyben and Luyben.
Process Modeling, Simulation and Control, William Luyben.
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis, Mcgraw Hill (2nd Ed.). 1986.
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline M. Doran, 1995.
Wankat P.C. Rate controlled separations, Elsevier, 1990.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

CLINICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Sub. Code : 10BT-62 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1. DRUG MANUFACTURE AND FORMULATION

Introduction to pharma industry, Biotechnology and Drug design, Basic concepts and
applications, composition, preparation, physicochemical considerations in manufacture of
current biotech products & herbal medicines. Quality control, storage and stability of biotech
products. Concept & testing of preformulations & their parameters. Tablets: compressed,
granulation, coatings, pills, capsules. Parental preparations, herbal extracts, Oral liquids,
Ointments. 7 Hours

UNIT 2. DRUG METABOLISM

Evolution of Drug Metabolism Phase I Metabolism (microsomal oxidation, hydroxylation,
dealkylation) Phase II Metabolism (Drug conjugation pathway) CYP Families.
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of protein based drugs. Basic concepts, mechanism of
action of toxins, biotransformation of toxins & their clearance from the body; Toxic
intermediates 7 Hours

UNIT 3. ANALYSIS OF PHARMACEUTICALS

Validation techniques for pharmaceutical industries, Pilot Plant, Scale-Up Techniques.
Analytical methods and tests for various drugs & packaging techniques- Glass containers, plastic
containers, film wrapper, bottle seals; Quality assurance and control. 6 Hours

UNIT 4. PHARMACOTHERAPY
Classification of drugs based on therapeutic actions using suitable examples Special emphasis on
Vitamins, cold remedies, laxatives, analgesics, non-steroidal contraceptives, external antiseptics,
antacids, antibiotics, biologicals, herbal products. Pharmacotherapy of migraine, Alzheimers,
cancer, TB, diabetes and male sexual dysfuntion. Hormone replacement therapy. Advances and
promises of Gene Therapy in combating diseases wherein cure presently unknown. 6 Hours

PART-B

UNIT 5. CLINICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

35
The philosophy behind and organization of clinical research. Disease target identification and
selection, receptor-based approaches, agonists, antagonists, enzyme inhibitors, Pre-clinical
development to support testing in humans: In vitro and in vivo testing of new compounds,
Relationship between animal and human pharmacology. Safety testing – acute, sub acute
toxicology, immunotoxicology. Concepts of pharmacovigilance. 7 Hours

UNIT 6. BIOTHERAPY
Biotherapeutics: Clinical importance of Therapeutic Proteins: Therapeutic Antibodies and
Enzymes; Hormones and Growth Factors used as therapeutics (erythropoietin & insulin as
examples). Interferons, Interleukins and additional Regulatory Factors. Preservation and clinical
use of blood and blood components, principles and safety guide lines for blood transfusion.
Advanced Sustained Release, Advanced drug Delivery Systems: Liposomes and Nanoparticles,
biodegradable drug delivery system (hydrogel based). 8 Hours

UNIT 7. STEM CELLS IN HEALTH CARE

Introduction to Stem Cell Biology, Fate Mapping of Stem Cells, Brief introduction into the
different types of stem cells. Use of stem cells in therapy of neurological, hematopoetic, hepatic,
pancreatic disorders. Applications of epidermal stem cell in Tissue engineering. Hematopoietic
Stem Cells, Classification and clinical manifestations of hematopoietic stem cell disorders.
6
Hours
UNIT 8. CLINICAL RESEARCH
General principles and guide to data sources, types of epidemiology study designs, ecological
(correlation) studies, case reports, prevalence surveys or cross-sectional studies, case control
studies, Clinical trials-informed consent, Placebo Responses, Clinical Registries. Clinical
Research Institutes, Data Management, Clinical Research from Pharmaceutical Industry
Perspective. 5 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Gary Walsh. (2002): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Principles and Practice of Clinical Research by J. I. Gallin and F. P. Ognibene, 2nd Edition,
Elsevier Publication, 2007
Hematology, William J. Williams, Ernest Beutler, Allan JU. Erslev, Marshall A. Lichtman.
Stem Cell Biology by Marshak, 2001, Cold Spring Harbour Symposium Pulblications.
Current Trends in Pharmacology by Arunabha Ray & Kavitha Gulati, IK Intl, 2007.
An Introduction to Synthetic Drugs (1980) by Singh & Rangnekar, Himalaya publishing House.
Biopharmaceuticals, Biochemistry and Biotechnology by Gary Walsh, Wiley Pub. II Edn, 2003.
Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by Foye.
Industrial Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by Heinrich Klefenz, Wiley-VCH edition.
Biopharmaceutical Drug Design and Development by S Wu-Pong, Y Rojanasakul, and J
Robinson.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by K Sambamurthy & Ashutosh Kar, New Age, 2006.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by S P Vyas and V K Dixit, CBS Publishers, 2007
REFERENCE BOOKS
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (2004) 9th Edition by Bartram G. Katzung, Mc Graw Hill
The Theory & Practice of Industrial Pharmacy (1987) 3 rd Edition by Leon Lachman, Herbert A.
Lieberman & Joseph & Kanig, Vergese Publishing House Bombay
Enzyme Technologies for pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications by Herbert A Kirst,
Wu-Kuang Yeh, Milton J.
Developmental Biology, 6th Edition, by Scott F. Gilbert.
36
Current Trends in Pharmacology by Arunabha Ray & Kavitha Gulati, IK Intl, 2007.
Developmental Biology, 6th Edition, Scott F. Gilbert.
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 3rd Edition, Bruce Alberts, Dennis Bray, Julian Lewis, Martin
Raff, Keith Roberts, James D. Watson.
Text book of Medical Biochemistry by R L Nath, New Age, 2002.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology by K Sambamurthy & Ashutosh Kar, New Age, 2006.
Basic & Clinical Pharmacology (2004) 9th Edition by Bartram G. Katzung, Mc Graw Hill

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

ENZYME TECHNOLOGY & BIOTRANSFORMATION

Sub. Code : 10BT-63 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to enzymes, Classification, Sources, Mechanism of enzyme action. Strategies of
purification of enzymes, criteria of purity, molecular weight determination and characterization
of enzymes. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOCATALYSTS
Advantages of enzymes vs chemical catalysts, Isolated Enzymes versus whole cell systems,
enzymes in fermentation, Biocatalytic Application, Enzyme catalysis (Acid-base, Covalent,
Metal ion catalysis, Substrate strain & entropy effects) Mechanism of coenzymes ( NAD/NADP,
FAD/FADH2, PLP, Coenzyme A, TPP, Biotin) 08 Hours
UNIT 3. ENZYMES OF BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Acetylcholinesterase, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE Inhibitors, HMG Co A
reductase inhibitors, pseudocholinesterase, 5'-nucleotidase (5NT), glucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GPD), CKisoforms, immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) and chymotrypsin;
amylase isoenzymes, 06 Hours
UNIT 4. ENZYMATIC TECHNIQUES
Enzyme and isoenzyme measurement methods with two examples (fixed incubation and kinetic
methods); Methods for investigating the kinetics of Enzyme catalysed reactions – Initial velocity
studies, rapid-reaction techniques. Standardization and optimization methods, stability of
enzymes. 06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES

Techniques of enzyme immobilization; kinetics of immobilized enzymes, effect of solute,
partition & diffusion on the kinetics of immobilized enzymes, design and configuration of
immobilized enzyme reactors; applications of immobilized enzyme technology, Economic
argument for immobilization. 08 Hours
UNIT 6. ENZYMATIC TRANSFORMATION
Reaction engineering for enzyme-catalyzed biotransformations. Catalytic antibodies.
Biocatalysts from extreme Thermophilic and Hyperthermophilic microorganisms
(extremozymes). Peptide Synthesis. The design and construction of novel enzymes, artificial

37
enzymes, Biotransformation of drugs (hydroxylation of Steroids), Host Guest Complexation
chemistry, enzyme design using steroid templates. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Importance of enzymes in diagnostics, Enzyme pattern in diseases like Myocardial infarctions
(SGOT, SGPT & LDH). Isoenzymes (CK, LD, ALP). Use of isozymes as markers in cancer and
other diseases. Enzymes in immunoassay techniques. Therapeutic enzymes. Inborn errors of
metabolism. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Enzymes used in detergents, use of proteases in food, leather and wool industries; methods
involved in production of glucose syrup from starch (using starch hydrolyzing enzymes),
production of maltose and sucrose, glucose from cellulose, uses of lactase in dairy industry,
glucose oxidase and catalase in food industry; Restriction enzymes and DNA ligases. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Fundaments of Enzymology by Nicholas C Price and Stevens Oxford Press. (1999).
Enzymes – Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical Chemistry By Trevor Palmer.
Biotransformations in organic synthesis By Faber.
Enzymes in Industry: Production and Applications, W. Gerhartz (1990), VCH Publishers, NY
Enzyme Technology by M.F. Chaplin and C. Bucke, CUP, Cambridge, 1990
REFERENCE BOOKS
Enzyme Technology by Messing.
Purifying Proteins for Proteomics by Richard J Simpson, IK International, 2004
Proteins and Proteomics by Richard J Simpson, IK International, 2003
Enzymes: Dixon and Webb. IRL Press.
Principles of Enzymology for technological Applications (1993): Butterworth Heinemann Ltd.
Oxford.
Biocatalyst for Industry: J.S. Dordrick (1991), Plenum press, New york.
Enzymes in Industry:   Production and Applications,  W. Gerhartz (1990), VCH Publishers, NY.
Principles of Enzymology for technological Applications (1993):  Butterworth Heinemann Ltd.
Oxford.
Fundaments of Enzymology by Prices and Stevens Oxford Press. (1999).
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS
Sub. Code : 10BT-64 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Genes and Proteins, Polymorphisms – types of polymorphism, genome sequences and database
subscriptions, discovery of new genes and their function. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. SEQUENCING & GENOME PROJECTS
Early sequencing efforts. Methods of preparing genomic DNA for sequencing, DNA sequence
analysis methods, Sanger Dideoxy method, Fluorescence method, shot-gun approach. Genome
projects on E.coli., Arabidopsis and rice; Human genome project and the genetic map. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. GENOMICS
38
Gene variation and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), Expressed sequenced tags (ESTs),
Gene-disease association, diagnostic genes and drug targets, genotyping tools - DNA Chips,
diagnostic assays, diagnostic services; comparative genomics. Functional genomic studies with
model systems such as Drosophila, Yeast or C. elegans. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. GENOME MANAGEMENT IN EUKARYOTES
Cell differentiation and gene regulation. Inheritance pattern in eukaryotes, Mutations,
organization of eukaryotic genome within the nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria. Regulation
of transcription, transcription factors and the co-ordination of gene expression, translation and
post-translational modification in eukaryotes. Interference RNA, RNA silencing, SiRNA:
Applications in Functional genomics, Medicine and Gene Knockdown. 08 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. STRUCTURAL GENOMICS
C-Values of genomes. General architecture of prokarytoc and eukaryotic genome. Organization of
mitochondrial and chloroplast genome. 04 Hours
UNIT 6. GENOME ANALYSIS
Genetic and physical maps: Breeding requirements for mapping. Molecular markers - RFLP,
RAPD, AFLP, microsatellites and SNPs. Methods of molecular mapping, Marker assisted
selection. Map-based cloning, T-DNA and transposon tagging. Differential display via RT-PCR.
Micro-array in functional genomics. Bioinformatics analysis – clustering methods. Approaches
to Physical mapping, FISH - DNA amplification markers; Telomerase as molecular markers.
Genome mapping approaches for microorganisms. 07 Hours
UNIT 7. PROTEOMICS
Introduction to proteins, Methods of protein isolation, purification, quantification, Large scale
preparation of proteins and peptides, Merrifield Synthesis of peptides, use of peptides as probes.
Proteomics databases, proteins as drugs; Proteome functional information, two hybrid interaction
screens. 05 Hours
UNIT 8. PROTEOME ANALYSIS
Mass-spec based analysis of protein expression and post-translational modifications. "Protein
Chip" - interactions and detection techniques. Methods of measurement of mRNA expression,
DNA array hybridization, Non-DNA array hybridization, Two dimensional PAGE for proteome
analysis, Image analysis of 2D gels, High throughput proteome analysis by stable isotope
labeling, Automation in proteomics, Applications of proteome analysis to drug development and
toxicology, Phage antibodies as tools for proteomics, Glycoanalysis in proteomics, Proteomics as
tool for plant genetics and plant breeding. 10 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Introduction to Genomics by Arthur M Lesk, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Plant Genome Analysis. Edited by Peter M Gresshoff, CRC Press.
Genetic Analysis – Principles, Scope and Objectives by JRS Finchman, Blackwell Science,
1994.
DISCOVERING GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS BY A M CAMPBELL & L J HEYER,
PEARSON EDUCATION, 2007
Protein Arrays, Biochips and Proteomics by J S Albala & I Humprey-Smith, CRC Press, 2003
Genomics & Proteomics by Sabesan, Ane Books, 2007
Purifying Proteins for Proteomics by Richard J Simpson, IK International, 2004
Proteins and Proteomics by Richard J Simpson, IK International, 2003
REFERENCE BOOKS
Biocomputing Informatics and the Genome Projects by Smith D.W., Academic Press,1993.
Genes VIII by Benjamin Lewis. Oxford University & Cell Press, 2007.
39
BIOINFORMATICS – METHODS AND APPLICATIONS: GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS AND DRUG
DISCOVERY BY S C RASTOGI, N MENDIRATTA & P RASTOGI, PHI, 2006
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
BIOPROCESS EQUIPMENT DESIGN & CAED
Sub. Code : 10BT-65 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 04

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN

a) Types of joints (welded)
b) Types of pipe fittings
c) Types of valves- ball and safety

UNIT 2: PROCESS EQUIPMENTS DESIGN USING CAED

Detailed process and mechanical design of the following equipments
a) Agitated and jacketed vessels
b) Fermentor vessels
c) Shell and tube exchangers

TEXT BOOKS
Process equipment design, M V Joshi.
Unfired pressure vessel I S Code 2825
Shell and tube heat exchanger specifications, I S Code 4503
Chemical engineers hand book, Perry and Green.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Process equipment and mechanical aspect, V C Bhattacharya.
Mechanical equipment design, Brownell and Young
Fermentation and biochemical engineering hand book. (1983), Principles, process design and
equipment. H C Vogel, Noyes.
Chemical Engineering, Coulson and Richardson, Vol. 6, 1993.
Equipment design by Atkins.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
Two main questions to be set, out of which one full question to be answered

ELECTIVE A

ANIMAL BT
Sub. Code : 10BT-661 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION

40
History and development of animal tissue culture. Equipment and materials (culture vessels, CO 2
incubator, inverted microscope, cell counters). Principles of sterile techniques. Sources of
tissues, types of tissues - epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve and blood. Introduction to
balanced salt solutions. Cell culture media - components of the medium, physical, chemical and
metabolic functions of media. Role of serum and supplements, serum-free media, features and
specifications of MEM, DMEM, RPMI and Ham’s medium. Role of antibiotics in media.
08 Hours
UNIT 2. TECHNIQUES
Measurement of cell number - hemocytometer, coulter counter. Measurement of cell viability
and cytotoxicity. Dye exclusion and inclusion tests, colonigenic assay, macromolecular
estimation, MTT based assay. Measuring parameters of growth – growth curves, PDT, Plating
efficiency and factors influencing growth. 05 Hours
UNIT 3. CELL LINES
Primary culture – Mechanical and enzymatic mode of desegregation, establishment of primary
culture. Subculture - passage number, split ratio, seeding efficiency, criteria for subculture. Cell
lines - definite and continuous cell lines, characterization, authentication, maintenance and
preservation of cell lines. Contamination - bacterial, viral, fungal and mycoplasma
contaminations, detection and control, cell transformation – normal v/s. transformed cells,
growth characteristics of transformed cells. Viral and chemical-mediated methods of cell
immortalization. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. CELL CULTURE
Scale-up of animal cell culture – Factors to be considered. Scale-up of suspension cultures -
Batch reactor, continuous culture, perfusion systems. Scale-up of monolayer cultures – roller
bottles, Nunc cell factory, microcarrier cultures, organotypic culture, matrices, factors affecting
culture and perspectives. 05 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. INVITRO FERTILIZATION & CLONING

Conventional methods of animal improvement, predominantly selective breeding and cross-
breeding. Embryo biotechniques for augumentation of reproductive efficiency and faster
multiplication of superior germ plasm. Super ovulation Oestrus synchronization. Embryo
collection, evaluation and transfer. Invitro maturation of oocytes. Invitro fertilisation and embryo
culture. Embryo preservation. Micro manipulation and cloning. Artificial insemination,
preparation of foster mother, surgical and non-surgical methods of embryo transfer, donor and
recipient aftercare. Cloning - concept of nuclear transfer, nuclear reprogramming and creation of
Dolly. Stem cells - embryonic and adult stem cells, plasticity and concept of regenerative
medicine. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. HUMAN GENOME
Human genome - complexicity of the genome, outlines of human genome project, human disease
genes. Molecular biological techniques for rapid diagnosis of genetic diseases. Chemical
carcinogenesis, transfection, oncogenes and antioncogenes. Cryo preservation and transport of
animal germ plasm   (i.e. semen, ovum and embryos). Genetherapy - ex vivo and in vivo gene
therapy methods, applications. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. TRANSGENICS
Tansgenic animals - retroviral, microinjection, and engineered embryonic stem cell method of
transgenesis. Application of transgenic animals - biopharming, disease models, functional
knockouts. 04 Hours
UNIT 8. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Application of animal cell culture - Vaccine production, specialized cell types. Concepts of
tissue engineering - skin, liver, kidney, bladder and heart. Principles and species suitable for
41
aquaculture (Indian major carps and prawns). Genetic status of culture stocks. Chromosome
manipulations - Production of all male and sterile populations, Hypophysation in fishes and
prawns. Pearl culture - pearl producing mollusks, rearing of oysters, nucleation for pearl
formation and harvesting of pearls. Probiotics and their significance in aquaculture. Molecular
tools for the identification of diseases in aquatic species. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Culture of Animal Cells, (3rd Edn) R Ian Fredhney. Wiley-Liss
Animal Cell Biotechnology, 1990- Spier, RE and Griffith, JB Academic Press, London
Animal Biotechnology by  Murray Moo-Young  (1989), Pergamon Press, Oxford
Animal Cell Technology, Principles and practices, 1987, Butter, M Oxford press
Molecular Biotechnology  by  Primrose.
An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology by MICHAEL WINK (2006), WILEY.
Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Practices by Channarayappa, 2006, University Press.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Methods in Cell Biology, Vol. 57, Animal Cell Culture Methods Ed. JP Mather and D Bames.
Academic Press
Fish and Fisheries India VG Jhingram
Living resources for Biotechnology, Animal cells  by  A. Doyle, R. Hay and B.E.  Kirsop 
(1990), Cambridge University Press.
Animal Cell Culture – Practical Approach, Ed. John RW. Masters, Oxford
Animal Cell Culture Techniques Ed Martin Clynes, Springer
Cell Culture Lab Fax. Eds. M Butler & M Dawson, Bios Scientific Publications Ltd. Oxford
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
PLANT BT
Sub. Code : 10BT-662 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction to cell and tissue culture. Tissue culture media (composition and preparation).
Organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis. Embyo culture. Androgenesis and gynogenesis.
Endosperm culture. Protoplast culture and selection of cybrids. Cryopreservation. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. PLANT GENETIC ENGINEERING
Induction to Plant Genetic Engineering: Types of plant vectors and their use - Particle
bombardment, electroporation, microinjection. Agrobacterium mediated transformation –
Technique and applications. Ti and Ri-plasmids as vectors. Screening and selection of
transformants – PCR and hybridization methods. Viruses as a tool to delivery foreign DNA.
Transformation of monoctos. Mechanism of transgene interaction - Transgene stability and gene
silencing. Generation and maintenance of transgenic plants. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. PLANTS FOR BIOTIC STRESSES
Introduction to biotic stresses, types. Application of plant transformation – bt genes, Structure
and function of Cry proteins – mechanism of action, critical evaluation. Non-bt like protease
inhibitors, alpha amylase inhibitor, Transgenic technology for development of virus, bacterial
and fungal resistance plants. 06 Hours

42
UNIT 4. IMPROVEMENT OF VARIETIES
Abiotic stress – Introduction to drought and salinity stresses, transgenic strategies for
development of drought resistant plants, case studies. Post-harvest losses, long shelf life of fruits
and flowers, use of ACC synthase, polygalacturanase, ACC oxidase, male sterile lines, barstar
and barnase systems. Herbicide resistance - phosphoinothricin, glyphosate, atrazine; insect
resistance. Biosafety regulations and evaluation of transgenics contained conditions. Implications
of gene patents. 06 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. MOLECULAR FARMING AND APPLICATIONS

Plant metabolic engineering and industrial products: Molecular farming for the production of
industrial enzymes, biodegradable plastics, polyhydroxybutyrate, antibodies, edible vaccines.
Metabolic engineering of plants for the production of fatty acids, industrial oils, flavonoids etc.,
Engineering of carotenoid and provitamin biosynthetic pathways. 06 Hours

UNIT 6. NITROGEN FIXATION AND APPLICATIONS

Nitrogen fixation and biofertilizers - Diazotrophic microorganisms, nitrogen fixation genes. Two
component regulatory mechanisms. Transfer of nif genes and nod genes – structure, function and
role in nodulation; Hydrogenase - Hydrogen metabolism. Genetic engineering of hydrogenase
genes. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. SIGNAL TRANSUCTION IN PLANTS
Signal transduction in plants: Mechanism, plant hormone signaling, transduction, light
perception and signaling network in higher plants, calcium signaling, sphingolipids in plant
singling, other molecules. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. ALGAL TECHNOLOGIES
Blue-green algae and Azolla - Identification of elite species and mass production for practical
application. Mycorrhizae - importance in agriculture and forestry. Algae as a source of food,
feed, single cell protein, biofertilizers; industrial uses of algae. Mass cultivation of commercially
valuable marine macroalgae for agar agar, alginates and other products of commerce and their
uses. Mass cultivation of microalgae as a source of protein and feed. 08 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Plant Cell Culture  :  A Practical Approach  by  R.A. Dixon  & Gonzales,  IRL Press.
Plant biotechnology in Agriculture by K.  Lindsey and M.G.K. Jones (1990), Prentice hall, New
Jersey.
Plant Biotechnology 1994, Prakash and Perk, Oxford & IBH Publishers Co.
J Hammond, P McGarvey and V Yusibov (Eds): Plant Biotechnology. Springer Verlag, 2000.
HS Chawla: Biotechnology in Crop Improvement. Intl Book Distributing Company, 1998.
Biodegradation and Detoxification of Environmental Pollutants – Chakrabarthy AM.
RJ Henry: Practical Application of Plant Molecular Biology. Chapman and Hall 1997.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Practices by Channarayappa, 2006, University Press.
Plant Tissue Culture:  Applications and Limitations by S.S. Bhojwani  (1990), Elsevier,
Amsterdam.
TJ Fu, G Singh and WR Curtis (Eds): Plant Cell and Tissue Culture for the Production of Food
Ingredients. Kluwer Academic Press, 1999.
Biotechnology in Agriculture , MS Swamynathan, McMillian India Ltd.
Gene Transfer to Plants 1995 Polyykus I and Spongernberg, G.Ed. Springer Scam.
Genetic Engineering with Plant Viruses, 1992 T Michael, A Wilson and JW Davis, CRC Press.
43
Molecular Approaches to Crop Improvement 1991. Dennis Liwelly Eds.
Plant Cell and Tissue Culture- A Laboratory mannual 1994. Reinert J and Yeoman MM,
Springer.
Plant Tissue Culture by Sathyanarayana BN (2007) IK INTL PUBLISHERS
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
MICROBIAL BT
Sub. Code : 10BT-663 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART - A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Study of Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes, Classification and Identification of Microorganisms,
classification and identification of fungi. 02 Hours
UNIT 2. MICROBIAL PROCESS ENGINEERING
Introduction to microbial process development. Analysis of experimental data. Design &
optimization of fermentation media. Kinetics of cell growth. Sterilization of air and media.
Modes of cell culture. Bioreactor systems including utilities. Mass transfer in Microbial
processes. Scale - up of microbial processes. Instrumentation and control of process parameters.
08
Hours
UNIT 3. MICROBIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
a) In Bacteria
Genetic Transfer in bacteria, Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction, cloning techniques,
polymerase chain reaction, expression of cloned Genes, Recovery and purification of expressed
proteins. 03 Hours
b) In Yeast
Introduction of DNA into yeast cells, yeast cloning vectors, expression of foreign genes in yeast,
expression of foreign gene products in secreted form. 03 Hours
UNIT 4. INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY
Industrial production of Vitamins, Antibiotics, organic acids and hormones. Impact of
Biotechnology on vaccine development; sub unit vaccines, fragments of antigen sub unit as
synthetic peptide vaccines. Bacillus thuringinesis, Sphaericus, Popilliae, Baculoviruses
Production of Microbial enzymes, strain, medium, fermentation processes. Large scale
application of Microbial enzymes - starch processing, textile designing, detergents, cheese
industry, production of glucose isomerase. 10 Hours

PART – B
UNIT 5. MICROBIAL BY PRODUCTS
.Bacterial Polysaccharides – structure & role in nature xanthan Gum - structure, production &
Biosynthesis polyesters. Saccharification & fermentation. Organic synthesis & Degradation of
microbial byproducts, microbial transformation of steroids & sterols. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
Contamination in air, water and soil, Waster water microbiology, Microbiological Degradation
of xenobiotics. 02 Hours
UNIT 7. BIOREMEDIATION AND BIOLEACHING

44
Uses of Bacteria in Bioremediation – Biodegradation of hydrocarbons, Granular sludge consortia
for bioremediation, crude oil degradation by bacteria, Immobilization of microbes for
bioremediation, Methanotrophs, PCB dechlorination, Genetic engineering of microbes for
bioremediation. Phytoremediation – plants capable of assimilating heavy metals. Studies of
Pyrite Dissolution in Pachuca Tanks and Depression of Pyrite Flotation by Bacteria, Factors
affecting Microbial Coal Solubilization, Sulfur Leaching by Thermophilic Microbes of Coal
Particles Varying in size, Microbiological Production of Ferric Ion for Heap and Dump
Leaching, New Bacteriophage which infects Acidophilic, Heterotrophic Bacteria from Acidic
Mining Environments, Treatment of Coal Mine Drainage with Constructed Wetlands. 12 Hours
UNIT 8. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY
Microbial spoilage of food and its control; food preservatives; fermented foods; single cell
protein (SCP) and single cell oil (SCO); food borne infections and their control. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Fundamentals of Biotechnology. Edited by Paule Prave, Uwe Faust, Wolfgang Sitting and Dieter
A Sukatsch. VCH Publishers.
Principles of fermentation Technology, P.F. Stanbury and A. Whitaker, Pergamon Press, 1984.
Alexander N Glazer, Hiroshi Nikaido by Microbial Biotechnology, W H Freeman & Company
Newyork.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Microbiology by Bernard Davis & Renato Dulbecco, Lippincott Company, Philadelphia.
Principle of Microbe  &  Cell Cultivation  (1975),  SJ  Prit, Blackwell Scientific co.).
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
PERL PROGRAMMING
Sub. Code : 10BT-664 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
An overview of Perl: Getting started, interpreted vs compiled source code, documentation in
perl, statement blocks, ASCII and Unicode, Escape sequences, whitespaces, numerical data type,
strings in perl, alternative delimiters, conversion between numbers and strings, Arithmetical
operators, bitwise operators, Boolean operators, string operators, string comparison, operator
precedence, variables, modifying a variable, autoincrement and autodecrement operators,
multiple assignments, scoping, special variables, regular expression variables, input/ output
variables, filehandle / format variables, error variables and system variables variable
interpolation. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. LISTS, ARRAYS AND HASHES
Introduction to lists, simple lists, complex lists, accessing list values, list slices, ranges,
combining ranges and slices, arrays, assigning arrays, scalar vs list context, adding elements to
an array, accessing single and multiple elements from an array, running through arrays, array
functions (pop, push, shift, unshift, and sort); Introduction to Hashes, creating a hash, working
with hash values, adding, changing and taking values from a hash, accessing multiple values.
06 Hours
UNIT 3. LOOPS AND DECISIONS

45
Introduction, Changing Array Size, Interacting Over an Array by Reference, Extracting Unique
Elements from a List, Computing Union, Intersection, or Difference of Unique Lists, Appending
One Array to Another, Reversing an Array, Processing Multiple Elements of an Array, Finding
All Elements in an Array Matching Certain Criteria, Sorting an Array Numerically. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. REGULAR EXPRESSION
Introduction to regular expressions, patterns, interpolation, escaping special characters, anchors,
character classes, word boundaries, posix and Unicode classes, detecting repeating words, well-
defined repetition, back reference variables, match operator, substitution operator and
transliteration operator, binding operators, meta-characters, changing delimiters, modifiers,
usage of split and join keywords, inline comments and modifiers, grouping and alternation,
grouping with back references. 06 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. FILES AND REFERENCES
Introduction to Filehandle, STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR file handles, reading lines, creating
filters, line separator, reading paragraphs, reading entire files, writing to files, writing on a file
handle, accessing filehandle, writing binary data, selecting a filehandle, buffering, file
permissions, opening pipes, piping in, piping out, file tests, reading directories and globbing,
introduction to references, lifecycle of a reference, anonymous reference, dereferencing,
reference modification, array and hash referencing, reference counting and destruction.
08 Hours
UNIT 6. SUBROUTINES AND MODULES
Introduction to subroutines, difference between subroutines and modules, defining subroutines,
order of declaration, subroutines for calculations, return values, caching, context, subroutine
prototypes, scope, global variables, lexical variables, runtime scope, aliases, passing references ,
arrays, hashes and filehandles to a subroutine, modules, usage of keywords do, require and use,
changing @INC, package hierarchies, exporters, standard modules in perl. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. RUNNING AND DEBUGGING PERL
Examining syntax errors, runaway strings, brackets around conditions, missing semicolons,
braces, commas and barewords. Diagnostic modules, use warnings, scope of warnings, use strict,
strict on variables, references, subroutines, use diagnostics, perl command line switches, usage of
–e, -n, -p, -c, -I, -M, -s, -I, @INC, -a, -F and –T switches, Debugging techniques, usage of print,
comments, context, scope and precedence in debugging, Defensive programming. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. BIOPERL
Overview, Bioperl Objects, Brief descriptions (Seq, PrimarySeq, LocatableSeq, RelSegment,
LiveSeq, LargeSeq, RichSeq, SeqWithQuality, SeqI), Location objects, Interface objects and
implementation objects, Representing large sequences (LargeSeq), Representing changing
sequences (LiveSeq), Using Bioperl: Accessing sequence data from local and remote databases,
Accessing remote databases (Bio::DB::GenBank, etc), Indexing and accessing local databases
Bio::Index::*, bp_index.pl, bp_fetch.pl, Bio::DB::*), Transforming sequence files (SeqIO),
Transforming alignment files (AlignIO); 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Simon Cozens, Peter Wainwrigth, Beginning Perl, Wrox press, 1st edition , 2000.
Tom Christiansen and Nathan Torkinton, Perl cook book, O’Reilly & Associates, USA, 1998.
Programming Perl (III edition) by Larry Wall, Tom Christiansen, Jon Orwant, 2000.
Learning Perl (III edition) by Randal L, Schwartz, Tom Phoenix, 2001.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Perl by Example by Ellie Quigley Prentice Hall.
Perl in a Nutshell by O’Reilley.
Perl: The programmer Companion by Nigel Chapman, Wiley.
46
BioPerl by O’Reilly & Associates.
Bioperl from Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics by James Tisdall.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Sub. Code : 10BT-665 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1. MOMENTUM TRANSFER AND OVERALL BALANCES

Fluid Statics, General molecular transport equations for momentum, heat and mass transfer,
Viscosity of fluids, Overall balances: mass balance/continuity equation, energy balance,
momentum balance, shell momentum balance and velocity distribution in laminar flow, design
equation for laminar and turbulent flow in pipes, compressible flow of gases. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. MOMENTUM TRANSFER – PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
Flow past immersed objects, packed and fluidized beds, Non-Newtonian fluids, Differential
equations of continuity, momentum transfer (motion), use of these equations, other solution
methods for differential equation of motion, boundary layer flow and turbulence, dimensional
analysis in momentum transfer. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. STEADY STATE HEAT TRANFER
Mechanisms of heat transfer, conduction – through solids in series, steady state conduction and
shape factors, Forced convection - heat transfer inside pipes, heat transfer outside various
geometries, natural convection heat transfer, boiling and condensation, heat exchangers,
radiation heat transfer (basic and advanced), heat transfer to non-Newtonian fluids, special heat
transfer coefficients, dimensional analysis in heat transfer, numerical methods for steady state
heat transfer in two dimensions. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
Derivation of basic equation, simplified case for systems with negligible internal resistance,
unsteady state heat transfer in various geometries, finite difference methods, chilling and
freezing of food and biological materials, differential equation of energy change, boundary layer
flow and turbulence in heat transfer. 06 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. MASS TRANSFER
Mass transfer and diffusion, molecular diffusion in gases, liquids, biological solutions and gels,
and solids, numerical methods for steady state molecular diffusion in two dimensions. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. UNSTEADY STATE AND CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER
Unsteady state diffusion, convective mass transfer coefficients, for various geometries, mass
transfer to suspensions of small particle, molecular diffusion plus convection and chemical
reaction, diffusion of gases in porous solids and capillaries, numerical methods for unsteady state
molecular diffusion, dimensional analysis in mass transfer, boundary layer flow and turbulence
in heat transfer. 09 Hours
UNIT 7. SEPARATION PROCESSES-1
Evaporation, Drying, Humidification, Absorption, Distillation. 05 Hours
UNIT 8. SEPARATION PROCESSES-2

47
Adsorption, Ion Exchange, Leaching, Crystallization, Membrane processes, Settling,
Centrifugation and Size Reduction. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOK
Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles, C. J. Geankoplis, 4th Edition
Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, Bennett and Myers
Introduction to Transport Phenomena, William J. Thomson, PHI
Transport Phenomena, Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot, 2nd Edition, JWI
Fundamentals of momentum, heat and mass transfer, Welty, Wicks and Wilson.
Fundamentals of FLUID MECHANICS by SAWHNEY GS (2008) IK Publishers.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Unit Operations of Chemical Engg. by McCabe & Smith (M G H Publications)
Principles of Unit Operations in Chemical Engg. by Geonklopins.
Fluid Mechanics by K L Kumar.
Mechanics of fluids by B.S. Massey.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

BIOPROCESS CONTROL & AUTOMATION LAB

Sub. Code : 10BTL-67 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50
1. Characteristics of Transducers (Temperature).
2. Characteristics of Transducers (Pressure).
3. Characteristics of Transducers (Flow).
4. Measurement of OD and DO for microbial cultures
5. Dynamics of First order system (mercury thermometer) for step input and impulse input.
6. Non-interacting system responses to step / pulse input
7. Interacting System responses to step / pulse input
8. Temperature controller – responses to set point / load change
9. pH controller – responses to set point / load change
10. Tuning of Flow controller (ZN and CC methods) and responses of tuned P, PI and PID
controllers
11. Tuning of Pressure controller (ZN and CC methods) and responses of tuned P, PI and PID
controllers
12. Control of DO (dissolved oxygen level)
13. Control of Agitation (to monitor DO since they are interlinked)

TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

Process System analysis and Control by Donald R Coughanowr, 2nd Edition,. McGraw-Hill, 1991
Chemical Process Control by George Stephanopoulos, Prentice-Hall of India
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline M. Doran, 1995.

48
Wolf R. Vieth, Bioprocess Engineering – Kinetics, Mass Transport, Reactors and Gene
Expression. A Wiley - Interscience Publication, 1992.

BIOKINETICS & ENZYME TECHNOLOGY LAB

Sub. Code : 10BTL-68 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50
1. Batch Growth Kinetics.
2. Mixed Flow Reactor Analysis.
3. Plug Flow Reactor Analysis.
4. Batch Reactor Analysis
5. RTD in PFR
6. RTD in MFR
7. Isolation of enzymes( alpha-amylase from sweet potato or saliva, urease from horse gram or
kidney gram, acid phosphotase from sweet potato)
8. Determination of Enzyme activity and Specific activity.
9. Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity (Km & Vmax determination)
10. Effect of pH on enzyme activity
11. Effect of temperature on enzyme activity
12. Effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity
13. Effect if solvents on enzyme activity
14. Enzyme Immobilization Techniques and Kinetics.

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis, Mcgraw Hill (2nd Ed.). 1986.
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Wolf R. Vieth, Bioprocess Engineering – Kinetics, Mass Transport, Reactors and Gene
Expression. A Wiley – Interscience Publication, 1992.
Smith J.M. Chemical Engineering Kinetics, McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, New Delhi,1981.
Carbery J A. Chemical and Catalytic Reactor Engineering, McGraw Hill, 1976.
Enzymes in Industry:   Production and Applications :   W. Gerhartz (1990), VCH Publishers,
New York.
Enzyme Technology by M.F. Chaplin and C. Bucke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1990.
Enzymes:   Dixon and Webb. IRL Press.
Principles of Enzymology for technological Applications (1993):  B Heinemann Ltd. Oxford.

49
 VII SEMESTER

ECONOMICS & PLANT DESIGN

Sub. Code : 10BT-71 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1: PROCESS DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Design project procedure, design information from the literature and other sources of
information, flow diagrams, preliminary design, comparison of different processes, firm process
design, equipment design and specialization, scale up in design, safety factors specifications,
materials of construction. 06 Hours
UNIT 2: GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Marketability of the product, availability of technology, raw materials, human resources, land
and utilities, site characteristics, plant location, plant layout, plant operation and control, utilities,
structural design, storage, materials handling, materials and fabrication selection, optimum
design and design strategy. Waste disposal, govt. regulations and other legal restrictions,
community factors.safety and hazard control measures. 08 Hours
UNIT 3: CAPITAL INVESTMENTS
Fixed capital investments including land, building, equipment and utilities, installation costs,
(including equipment, instrumentation, piping, electrical installation and other utilities), working
capital investments. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: MANUFACTURING COSTS AND PLANT OVERHEADS
Manufacturing Costs: Direct Production costs (including raw materials, human resources,
maintenance and repair, operating supplies, power and other utilities, royalities, etc.), fixed
charges (including depreciation, taxes, insurance, rental costs etc.). Plant Overheads:
Administration, safety and other auxiliary services, payroll overheads, warehouse and storage
facilities etc. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5: COST ANALYSIS AND TIME VALUE OF MONEY

Cost Analysis: Factors involved in project cost estimation, methods employed for the estimation
of the capital investment. Estimation of working capital. Time value of money and equivalence.
Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 6: DEPRECIATION AND TAXES
Depreciation calculation methods. Equivalence after Taxes. Cost comparison after taxes.
Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours
UNIT 7: PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS
Methods for the evaluation of profitability. Return on original investment, interest rate of return,
accounting for uncertainty and variations and future developments. Replacement and Alternative
Investments. Opportunity costs. Conceptual numericals. 08 Hours
UNIT 8: FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND REPORTS
Financial statements. Cash flow diagrams. Break-even analysis. Design Report: Types of reports.
Organization of report. Conceptual numericals. 04 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Peters and Timmerhaus, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, McGraw Hill
4th edition, 1989.
50
REFERENCE BOOKS
Rudd and Watson, Strategy of Process Engineering, Wiley, 1987.
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline M. Doran, 1995.
Backhurst, J.R And Harker, J. H - Process Plant Design, Heieman Educational Books, (1973).
Coulson J.M. and Richardson J.F Chemical Engineering Vol. VI (An introduction to Chemical
Engineering Design) Pergamon Press, 1993.
Joshi M.V - Process Equipment Design 3rd Edn MacMillan India Ltd 1981.
Plant Process Simulation by B V Babu, Oxford University Press.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
UPSTREAM PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Sub. Code : 10BT-72 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. PLANT CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Plant Cell Culture: Introduction, Requirements, Techniques, Media Constituents, Media
Selection. Cellular Totipotency, Practical Applications of Cellular totipotency.. Organogenic
differentiation, Cyto-differentiation. Somatic Embryogenesis, Factors Affecting Somatic
embryogenesis - Induction, development and Maturation of Somatic embryos, Large scale
Production of somatic Embryos, Synthetic Seeds. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. HAPLOIDS AND TRIPLOID PRODUCTION
Androgenesis and gynogeneis - Techniques for production of haploids, diploidization,
production of double haploids, Applications. Triploids production - Endosperm culture and
Applications. 04 Hours
UNIT 3. IN VITRO SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION
Secondary metabolite production – Basic strategies, factors affecting secondary metabolite
production, specialized strategies. Bioreactor & Bioprocess consideration in plant secondary
metabolite production: Designing of bioreactors, Immobilization strategies, biotransformation,
hairy-root culture. 06 Hours
UNIT4. ANIMAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Sterilization of equipments and apparatus. Media for culturing animal cells and tissues; Natural
and synthetic media. Preparation, sterilization and storage of Media. Short-term lymphocyte
culture, Fibroblast cultures from chick embryo. Development and maintenance of cell lines.
08
Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. HYBRIDOMA TECHNOLOGY
Hybridoma and monoclonal antibody production. In vitro culture of oocytes/embryos.
Cell/embryo cryopreservation. Stem cell isolation and culture. Bioreactors considerations for
animal cell cultures – Production of Monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. MICROBIAL CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES
Sterilization, media preparation and Culture maintenance. Isolation of pure-colonies. Bacterial
titre estimation. Growth curve. Culture characterization. Auxotroph culture. Biochemical
characterization. Antibiotic sensitivity. Bacterial recombination, replica plating technique.
51
 06 Hours
UNIT 7. FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY
Introduction. Instrumentation. Optimization of fermentation process - physiological and genetic
strategies. Production of primary metabolites. Production of secondary metabolites. Strategies to
optimize product yield. Long, medium and short term storage of microbial products. Antibiotic
production. Search and discovery of novel microbial secondary metabolites. Improvement of
existing Classes. Microbiology of brewing. 08 Hours
UNIT 8. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Use of microbes in industrial waste treatment. Nutrient cycling and Microbial Metal Mining.
Utilizing genetically engineered organism for bioprocessing – Strategies and applications.
06
Hours
TEXT BOOKS
Plant Cell Culture  :  A Practical Approach  by  R.A. Dixon  & Gonzales,  IRL Press.
Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture by John H. Dodds & Lorin W. Robert.
Plant tissue Culture :  Theory and Practice by S.S. Bhojwani and M.K. Razdan (1996) Elsevier,
Amsterdam
Animal Biotechnology by  Murray Moo-Young  (1989), Pergamon Press, Oxford
Principles of fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury and A. Whitaker, Pergamon Press, 1984.
Microbial Biotechnology by Alexander N Glazer, Hiroshi Nikaido, W H Freeman & Company
Newyork.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Plant Tissue Culture by SATHYANARAYANA BN (2007) IK Intl. Publishers
Plant Molecular biology  by  D. Grierson  &  S.N.  Covey Blackie, London.
Animal Cell biotechnology  by R.E.  Spier and  J.B. Griffiths  (1988), Academic press.
Living resources for Biotechnology, Animal cells  by  A. Doyle, R. Hay and B.E.  Kirsop 
(1990), cambridge University Press.
Fermentation & Enzyme Technology by D.I.C. wang et.al., Wiley Eastern 1979.
Principle of Microbe  &  Cell Cultivation  (1975),  SJ  Prit, Blackwell Scientific co.
Animal cell culture Techniques by Ian Freshney.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
DOWNSTREAM PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Sub. Code : 10BT-73 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Role and importance of downstream processing in biotechnological processes. Problems and
requirements of byproduct purification. Economics of downstream processing in Biotechnology.
Cost cutting strategies, Characteristics of biological mixtures, Process design criteria for various
classes of byproducts (high volume, low value products and low volume, high value products),
Physico-chemical basis of different bio-separation processes. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. PRIMARY SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

52
Cell disruption methods for intracellular products, removal of insolubles, biomass (and
particulate debris) separation techniques; flocculation and sedimentation, Centrifugation (ultra
and differential) and filtration methods. 07 Hours
UNIT 3. PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
Principle and Applications of Electrophoresis - their types, Types of staining, Iso-electric
focusing, ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay). 05 Hours
UNIT 4. PRODUCT SEPARATION TECHNIQUES - CLASSICAL
Distillation, Liquid - liquid extraction, Absorption and Adsorption, Evaporation. 10 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES

Membrane – based separations theory; Design and configuration of membrane separation
equipment; Solute polarization and cake formation in membrane ultra filtration – causes,
consequences and control techniques; Applications: Use of membrane diffusion as a tool for
separating and characterizing naturally occurring polymers; enzyme processing using ultra
filtration membranes; separation by solvent membranes; reverse osmosis. 08 Hours
UNIT 6. ENRICHMENT OPERATIONS
Precipitation methods with salts, organic solvents, and polymers, extractive separations. Aqueous
two-phase extraction, supercritical extraction; In situ product removal / integrated bio-
processing. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. PRODUCT RESOLUTION / FRACTIONATION
Adsorptive chromatographic separation processes, Electrophoretic separations, hybrid separation
technologies, Dialysis; Crystallization. 04 Hours
UNIT 8. PRODUCT RECOVERY - CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Partition chromatography - Single dimensional (Both Ascending and Descending) and two
dimensional chromatography - Thin layer chromatography, Gas liquid Chromatography,
Adsorption Chromatography: Adsorption column chromatography and TLC. Ion Exchange
Chromatography: cation Exchange and anion Exchange chromatography. Gel Filtration
Chromatography, Hydrophobic interaction chromatography, Affinity Chromatography, High
Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) – analytical and preparative
10 Hours
TEXT BOOKS
Bioseparation – Downstream processing for biotechnology by Belter P.A., Cussier E. and Wei
Shan Hu., Wiley Interscience Pub, 1988.
Separation Processes in Biotechnology by Asenjo J. and Dekker M, 1993.
Bioseparations by Belter P.A. and Cussier E., Wiley, 1985.
Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology - BIOTOL Series,VCH,1990
Fermentation & Enzyme Technology by D.I.C. Wang et.al., Wiley Eastern 1979.
Purifying Proteins for Proteomics by Richard J Simpson, IK International, 2004
BIOSEPARATIONS: Science and Engineering by ROGER G HARRISON (2006), Oxford
Publications.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Rate controlled separations by Wankat P.C., Elsevier, 1990
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Wolf R. Vieth, Bioprocess Engineering – Kinetics, Mass Transport, Reactors and Gene
Expression. A Wiley – Interscience Publication, 1992.
Enzymes in Industry:   Production and Applications :   W. Gerhartz (1990), VCH Publishers,
New York.
Enzyme Technology by M.F. Chaplin and C. Bucke, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
53
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY
Sub. Code : 10BT-74 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. FOOD SCIENCE
Introduction, constituents of food, colloidal systems in food, stability of colloidal systems, types
of food starches, soluble fibres (pectins, gums, mucilages), protein rich foods, popular fats and
oils in foods, factors leading to rancidity and reversion, prevention of rancidity, commercial uses
of fats and oils. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC PARAMETERS OF FOODS
Minerals in foods. Aroma compounds in foods, Food flavours, Browning reactions; Food
additives: Vitamins, amino acids, minerals. Aroma substance flavour enhancers (monosodium
glutamate, nucleotides). Sugar substitutes (sorbitol. Sweeteners-saccharin, cyclamate). Food
colours. Anti-nutritional factors and Food contaminants. Chemical changes during processing of
volatile compounds. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. FOOD INDUSTRY
Characteristics of Food Industry. Food manufacturing & processing: Objectives of food
processing, effect of processing on food constituents, methods of evaluation of food, proximate
analysis of food constituents, Nutritional value, labelling of constituents [soya foods, organic
foods, dietary foods (for individuals, for specific groups), nutritional food supplements]. Food
packaging, edible films. Factors influencing food product development: marketing, and
promotional strategies, Market Place, ecologically sustainable production; Risks and benefits of
food industry. 08 Hours
UNIT 4: BIOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Applications of Biotechnology to food industry, impact on nutritional quality, Nutraceuticals,
flavonoids, antioxidants, vitamins in food industry; utilization of enzymes (hydrolases and
lipases), applications of immobilized enzymes in food industry, economic aspects, enzyme
generation of flavor and aroma compounds, flavor lipid modifications. Tissue Culture
techniques, microbial transformations, regulatory and social aspects of BT. 08 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. MICROORGANISMS IN FOODS

Primary Sources of microorganisms found in Foods Synopsis of Common Food-borne bacteria,
genera of Molds, genera of Yeasts. Microbial spoilage of vegetables, fruits, fresh and processed
meats, poultry, and seafood. 04 Hours
UNIT 6. DETECTION OF MICROORGANISMS
Culture, Microscopic and Sampling Methods; SPC, Membrane Filters, Microscope colony
Counts, Agar Droplets, Dry Films, Most probable Numbers (MPN), Dye-reduction, Roll Tubes,
Direct Microscopic Count  (DMC), Microbiological Examination of surfaces, Air Sampling,

54
Metabolically Injured Organisms, Enumeration and detection of food-borne organisms.
06
Hours
UNIT 7. FOOD PRESERVATION
Food Preservation using irradiation: Characteristics of Radiations of Interest in Food
Preservation, Principles Underlying the Destruction of Microorganisms by Irradiation,
Processing of Foods for Irradiation, Application of Radiation. Legal Status of Food Irradiation,
Effect of Irradiation on Food constituents; Food Preservation with Low Temperatures, Food
Preservation with High Temperatures, Preservation of Foods by Drying. 06 hours
UNIT 8. FOOD TECHNOLOGY
Properties of fluid foods, Measurement of rhelogical parameters, properties of granular food and
powders; properties of solids foods. Measurement of food texture. Thermal properties of frozen
foods. Prediction of freezing rates: Qualitative explanation via Plank’s equation, Neumann
problem and Tao solution. Food freezing equipments: Air blast freezers, Plate freezers and
immersion freezers. Food dehydration: Estimation of drying time, constant rate period and
falling rate period dehydration. Equipments: fixed tray dehydration, cabinet drying, tunnel
drying. Freeze Dehydration, calculation of drying times, Industrial freeze drying. Equipments
related to pulping, Fruit juice extraction, Dehulling, and distillation. Conceptual numericals. 10
Hours

TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

Modern Food Micro-Biology by  James M.Jay, (2005), CBS Publishers.
Food Science & Nutrition, by Suneta Roady, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Food biotechnology by kalidas shetty et al, crc press, 2005
Food Science and Food BT by Gustavo F and Lopez. CRC Press
Food Biotechnology by J Polak, J Tramper and S Bielecki, Elsevier.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

ELECTIVE B

AQUA CULTURE & MARINE BT

Sub. Code : 10BT-74 I.A Marks : 25

Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1. AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT

Major physical and chemical factors (light, temperature, gases, nutrients). Aquatic biota:
phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, periphyton, macrophytes, fish and other animals.
Production & Nutrient dynamics in lakes, rivers, estuaries and wetlands. Eutrophication and
water pollution: monitoring and control conservation and management of lakes, rivers and
wetlands. Importance of coastal aquaculture - design and construction of aqua farms, Criteria for

55
selecting cultivable species. Culture systems – extensive, semi intensive and intensive culture
practices. 07 Hours
UNIT 2 AQUA CULTURE
Classification and Characteristics of  Arthropoda.  Crustacean  characteristic key to Myanmar's
Economically Important species of  Prawns  and Shrimps, General   biology,   embryology,
morphology, anatomy and organ systems of – (a) Shrimp and Prawn, (b) Finfish, (c) Marine and
freshwater fish. Preparation,   culture   and utilization of live food organisms, phytoplankton
zooplankton   cultures,   Biology   of  brine shrimp Artemia, quality evaluation of Cyst, hatching
and utilization, culture and cyst production. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. AQUACULTURE ENGINEERING
Principles   and   criteria   for   site   selection; multi-design, layout plan for   prawn, shrimp and
fish hatchery; design, lay-out plan and pond  construction  for  grow- out  production,  design and
construction of feed mill and installation of machineries. 04 Hours
UNIT 4. TECHNIQUES
Chromosome manipulation in aquaculture - hybridization, ploidy induction, gynogenesis,
androgenesis and sex reversal in commercially important fishes. Application of microbial
biotechnology in culture ponds, bioaugmentation, bioremediation, nutrient cycling, and bio-
fertilization. Probiotics – Immunostimulants. Tools for disease diagnosis in cultivable organisms
- Enzyme immuno assays - Dot immunobinding assay - Western blotting - Latex agglutination
test - Monoclonal antibodies - DNA based diagnosis. Cryopreservation techniques. 07 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Biological Oceanography: The division of the marine environment – benthing, pelagic, batuyal,
littoral. Ocean waters as biological environment. Distribution and population of plants and
animals. Marine ecology and fisheries potential. Effects of pollution on marine life. Geological
and geophysical Oceanography: Geophysical and geological processes. Ocean basin rocks and
sediments. Beach and beach processes, littoral sediment transports. Coastal erosion-causes and
protection. Resources of the ocean-renewable and non-renewable. 05 Hours
UNIT 6: MARINE MICROBIOLOGY
Biology of micro-organisms used in genetic engineering (Escherichia coil, Rhizobium sp.,
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, phage lambda, Nostoc, Spirulina,
Aspergillus, Pencillium and Streptomyces). Methods of studying the marine micro-organisms-
collection, enumeration, isolation, culture & identification based on morphological,
physiological and biochemical characteristics. Preservation of marine microbes, culture
collection centres (ATCC, IMTECH, etc.). Microbial nutrition and nitrogen fixation. Seafood
microbiology - fish & human pathogens. Indicator of Pollution - faecai coliforms - Prevention &
control. 08 Hours
UNIT 7: MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY
Physical, Chemical and Biological aspects of marine life. Air – Sea interaction – Green house
gases (CO2 and Methane). Marine pollution-major pollutants (heavymetal, pesticide, oil, thermal,
radioactive, plastics, litter and microbial). Biological indicators and accumulators: Protein as
biomarkers, Biosensors and biochips. Biodegradation and Bioremediation. Separation,
purification and bioremoval of pollutants. Biofouling - Biofilm formation Antifouling and Anti
boring treatments. Corrosion Process and control of marine structures. Biosafety - special
characteristics of marine environment that bear on biosafety. Ethical and moral issues - food
health, and environmental safety concerns. 08 Hours
UNIT 8: MARINE PHARMACOLOGY
Terms and definitions. Medicinal compounds from marine flora and fauna - marine toxins –
antiviral, antimicrobial. Extraction of crude drugs, screening, isolation, purification and
56
structural characterization of bioactive compounds. Formulation of drugs and Drug designing:
Pharmacological evaluation – routes of drug administration – absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion of drugs. 05 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Recent advances in Marine Biotechnology. Vol. 4. Fingerman, M. 2000.
Marine Biotechnology by David J.Attaway et al., 1993.
Aquaculture, Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Aquatic Microbiology, Rheinhemer, G., 1980. Johnwiley & Sons, pp. 235.
Aquatic microbiology. An ecological approach. Ford, T.E., 1993. Blackwell scientific
publications, London, 518 pp.
Fish Biotechnology by Ranga & Shammi, 2003.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Krichman, D.L., 2000. Microbial ecology of the oceans. Wiley – liss, New york, 542 pp.
Kenneth, C. Highnam and Leonard Hill, 1969. The comparative endocrinology of the
invertebrates. Edward Arnold Ltd.
Aquaculture, farming and husbandry and fresh and marine organisms. Wiley lnterscience, NY.
Iverson, E.S. 1976. Farming the edge of the sea. Fishing News Ltd. London.
Kenneth, B.D., 2000. Environmental impacts of Aquaculture. CRC. pp. 214.
Morries H. Baslow, 1969. Marine Pharmacology. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
Molecular Ecology by JOANNA FREELAND (2005), Wiley.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

DAIRY BT
Sub. Code : 10BT-752 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1. DAIRY INDUSTRY

Overview of dairy industry, Characteristics of dairy Industry. Manufacturing & processing of
dairy products, effect of processing on constituents and methods of evaluation of dairy products.
02
hours
UNIT 1. DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY
Microbial quality of milk produced under organized versus unorganized milk sector in India and
comparison with developed countries; Morphological and biochemical characteristics of
important groups of milk microbes and their classification i.e. psychrotrophs, mesophiles,
thermodurics, and thermophiles. Impact of various stages like milking, chilling, storage and
transportation on microbial quality of milk with special reference to psychrotrophic organisms;
Direct and indirect rapid technique for assessment of microbial quality of milk. Milk as a vehicle
of pathogens; Food infection, intoxication and toxic infection caused by milk borne pathogens.
Microbiological changes in bulk refrigerated raw milk; Mastitis milk: organisms causing
mastitis, detection of somatic cell count (SCC). Role of microorganisms in spoilage of milk;
souring, curdling, bitty cream, proteolysis, lipolysis; abnormal flavors and discoloration.
Significance of antimicrobial substances naturally present in milk.
10 hours
57
UNIT 2. DAIRY BIOTECHNOLOGY
Genetic engineering of bacteria and animals intended for dairy-based products: DNA cloning.
protoplast fusion & cell culture methods for trait improvement with instances cited. Enzymes in
dairy industry & production by whole cell immobilization. Biotechnology of dairy effluent
treatment. Ethical issues relating to genetic modification of dairy microbes & milk-yielding
animals. 04 hours
UNIT 3. DAIRY ENGINEERING
Sanitization: Materials and sanitary features of the dairy equipment. Sanitary pipes and fittings,
standard glass piping, plastic tubing, fittings and gaskets, installation, care and maintenance of
pipes & fittings. Description and maintenance of can washers, bottle washers.
Homogenization: Classification, single stage and two stage homogenizer pumps, power
requirements, care and maintenance of homogenizers, aseptic homogenizers.
Pasteurization: Batch, flash and continuous (HTST) pasteurizers, Flow diversion valve,
Pasteurizer control, Care and maintenance of pasteurizers.
Filling Operation: Principles and working of different types of bottle filters and capping
machine, pouch filling machine (Pre-pack and aseptic filling bulk handling system, care and
maintenance.
10 hours
PART B

UNIT 5. DAIRY PROCESS ENGINEERING

Evaporation: Basic principles of evaporators, Different types of evaporators used in dairy
industry, Calculation of heat transfer area and water requirement of condensers, Care and
maintenance of evaporators.
Drying: Introduction to principle of drying, Equilibrium moisture constant, bound and unbound
moisture, Rate of drying- constant and falling rate, Effect of Shrinkage, Classification of dryers-
spray and drum dryers, spray drying, etc., air heating systems, Atomization and feeding systems.
Fluidization: Mechanisms of fluidization characteristics of gas-fluidization systems, application
of fluidization in drying.
Membrane Processing: Ultra filtration, Reverse Osmosis and electro dialysis in dairy processing,
membrane construction & maintenance for electro-dialysis & ultra-filtration, effect of milk
constituents on operation. 08 hours
UNIT 6. DAIRY PLANT DESIGN AND LAYOUT
Introduction of Dairy Plant design and layout. Type of dairies, perishable nature of milk,
reception flexibility. Classification of dairy plants, selection of site for location. General points
of considerations for designing dairy plant, floor plant types of layouts, service accommodation,
single or multilevel design. Arrangement of different sections in dairy, Arrangement of
equipment, milk piping, material handling in dairies. Drains and drain layout for small and large
dairies. Ventilation, fly control, mold prevention, illumination in dairy plants. 06 hours
UNIT 7. QUALITY AND SAFETY MONITORING IN DAIRY INDUSTRY
Current awareness on quality and safety of dairy foods; consumer awareness and their demands
for safe foods; role of Codex Alimentations Commission (CAC) in harmonization of
international standards; quality (ISO 9001:2000) and food safety (HACCP) system and their
application during milk production and processing. National and international food regulatory
standards; BIS, PFA, ICMSF, IDF etc., their role in the formulation of standards for controlling
the quality and safety of dairy foods. Good Hygiene Practices (GHP). Quality of water and
environmental hygiene in dairy plant; treatment and disposal of waste water and effluents.
08 hours
UNIT 8. BY PRODUCTS TECHNOLOGY

58
Status, availability and utilization of dairy by-products in India and abroad, associated economic
and pollution problems. Physico chemical characteristics of whey, butter milk and ghee residue;
by-products from skim milk such as Casein; Whey processing & utilization of products generated
from whey. 04 hours

TEXT BOOKS
Diary Science & Technology Handbook (Vols 1-3). Ed by Hui, Y.H, Wiley Publishers
Diary Microbiology Handbook (3rd Ed). Robinson, R.K., Wiley Publishers
REFERENCE BOOKS
Comprehensive Biotechnology (Vol 6)- Ed N.C Gautam- Shree Pblns.
General Microbiology ( Vol 2)– Powar & Daginawala- Himalaya Publishers
Milk composition, production & biotechnology (Biotechnology in Agriculture Series 18)-CABI
Publishers
Handbook of Farm, Dairy & Food Machinery - Myer Kutz- Andrew Publishers.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

FORENSIC SCIENCE
Sub. Code : 10BT-753 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART - A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction, Definition and Scope, History and Development of Forensic science, Legal
procedures and use of court. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. CRIME LAB
Organization of a crime Laboratory services of the crime laboratory, Basic services provided by
full service crime laboratories, Physical Science unit, Biological unit, Firearms unit, Document
Examination unit. [Function and duties performs by each unit and lab] 06 Hours
UNIT 3. FORENSIC ANALYSIS
Analysis of Physical evidence, Expert unit men, specially trained evidence collection technician,
Analytical technician. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. FORENSIC BIOLOGY
Forensic Pathology : Rigor mortis, Lovor mortis, Algor mortis. Forensic Anthropology, Forensic
Entomology, Forensic Psychiatry, Forensic Odontology, Foresnsic Engineering, DNA Analysis,
Dactyloscopy, Fenerprints : Classification and patterns. 08 Hours

PART - B

UNIT 5. FORENSIC DIGITAL IMAGING

Introduction , Digital cameras and forensic imaging, Uses of digital imaging, Maintaining chain
of control with digital images, digital videos, scanners, presenting pictures in courtroom,
Detecting compression and forgeries and Maintaining Records. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. APPLIED FORENSIC STATISTICS
Probability population and sampler, weight of evidence and the Bayesian likelihood ratio,
Transfer evidence application of statistics to particular areas of forensic science, Knowledge
base systems, Quality base of system. 08 Hours
59
UNIT 7. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
General concepts and tools, Arithmetic and logical operation, Developing an algorithm to solve
problem, Modularization, Function and procedures, Arrays, File processing , Reports and
control breaks, Processing the date. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. ETHICS IN FORENSICS
The importance of professional ethics to science practitioners, Development of a code of conduct
and code of ethics for forensic science, Application of codes and ethics, How ethical
requirement, impact the daily work of a forensic scientist, ethical dilemmas and their resolution.
06
Hours
TEXT BOOK
Criminalistics : An Introduction to Forensic Science by Richard Saperstein, (Prentice Hall, 2001)
REFERENCE BOOK
Principles of Forensic Medicine, by Apurba Nandy, New central book agency (p) Ltd.

QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
DATA STRUCTURES WITH C
Sub. Code : 10BT-754 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1:
Pointers: Concepts, Pointer variables, Accessing variables through pointers, Pointer declaration
and definition, Initialization of pointer variables, Pointers and functions, Pointer to pointers,
Compatibility, Lvalue and Rvalue, Arrays and pointers, Pointer arithmetic and arrays, Passing an
array to a function, Understanding complex declarations, Memory allocation functions, Array of
pointers. 07 Hours
UNIT 2:
Strings: String concepts, C strings, String I/O functions, Array of strings, String manipulation
function, Memory formatting. 02 Hours
Derived types -Enumerated, Structure, and Union: The type definition, Enumerated types,
Structure, Accessing structures, Complex structures, Array of structures, Structures and
functions, Unions
03 Hours
Binary Files: Classification of Files, Using Binary Files, Standard Library Functions for Files
02
Hours
UNIT 3:
The Stack: Definition and Examples, Representing Stacks in C, An Example – Infix, Postfix, and
Prefix 06 Hours
UNIT 4:
Recursion: Recursive Definition and Processes, Recursion in C, Writing Recursive Programs,
Simulating Recursion, Efficiency of Recursion. 04 Hours
Queues: The Queue and its Sequential Representation 02 Hours
60
 PART – B
UNIT 5:
Lists: Linked Lists, Lists in C, An Example – Simulation using Linked Lists. 07 Hours
UNIT 6:
Lists contd.: Other List Structures 06 Hours
UNIT 7:
10. Trees: Binary Trees, Binary Tree Representations. 06 Hours
UNIT 8:
Trees contd.: Representing Lists as Binary Trees, Trees and their applications 07 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Computer Science A Structured Programming Approach Using C, Second Edition, Behrouz A.
Forouzan and Richard F. Gilberg, Thomson, 2003
(Chapter 9.1 to 9.9, Chapter 10.1 to 10.6, Chapter 11.1 to 11.6, Chapter 12.1 to 12.8, Chapter
13.1 to 13.3).
Data Structure using C, Aaron M. Tenenbaum, Yedidyah Langsam & Moshe J. Augenstein,
Pearson Education/PHI, 2006. (Chapter 2, 3, 4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5).
REFERENCE BOOKS
C & Data Structures by Muniswamy V.V (2007), IK PUBLISHERS.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
BIOREACTOR DESIGN CONCEPTS
Sub. Code : 10BT-755 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF REACTOR DESIGN

Kinetics: Definitions of rate, Microbial growth and product formation kinetics, Thermal death
kinetics of microorganisms, Heterogeneous reaction kinetics, Enzyme kinetics, Multiple
reactions – series, parallel and mixed. Basic Design Equations/ Mole Balances: Batch, Fed Batch
and Repetitive Batch Reactors, Continuous: Stirred tank and tubular flow reactors (including
recycle) size comparison of reactors. 10 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOREACTOR REQUIREMENTS
Fermentation Process – General requirements; Basic design and construction of fermenters and
its ancillaries; Material of construction, Vessel geometry, Bearing assemblies, Motor drives,
Aseptic seals; Flow measuring devices, Valves, Agitator and Sparger Design, Sensors. Factors
affecting choice, optimum yield and conversion, selectivity and reactivity, Bioprocess and
bioreactor design considerations for plant and animal cell cultures. Medium requirements for
fermentation processes – examples of simple and complex media; Design and usage of
commercial media for industrial fermentations; Effect of media on reactor design. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTORS AND HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTS
Stoichiometry of Cell growth and Product formation – Elemental balances, available- electron
balances, degrees of reduction; yield coefficients of biomass and product formation; maintenance
of coefficients; oxygen consumption and heat evolution in aerobic cultures. Conceptual
numericals. Non-isothermal homogeneous reactor systems. Adiabatic reactors, batch and
61
continuous reactors, optimum temperature progression. Batch and continuous heat – sterilization
of Liquid media; Filter sterilization of liquids. Conceptual numericals. 04 Hours
UNIT 4. MASS TRANSFER EFFECTS
External mass transfer limitations, correlations for stirred tank, packed bed and fluidized bed
reactors. Internal mass transfer limitations, correlations for stirred tank, packed bed and fluidized
bed reactors. Combined effect of heat and mass transfer effects Mass transfer in heterogeneous
biochemical reaction systems; Oxygen transfer in submerged fermentation processes; Oxygen
uptake rates and determination of oxygen transfer coefficients (kLa); role of aeration and
agitation in oxygen transfer. Heat transfer processes in biological systems. Conceptual
numericals. 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. NON-IDEAL REACTORS
Non-ideal reactors, residence time, distribution studies, pulse and step input response of reactors,
RTD’s for CSTR and PFR, calculations of conversions for I and II order reactions, tanks in series
and dispersion models. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. DESIGN OF PACKED BED REACTORS
1D model of packed bed, 2D model of packed bed, Design of Immobilized enzyme packed bed
reactor. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. DESIGN OF FERMENTORS
Process and mechanical design of fermenters, volume, sparger, agitator – type, size and motor
power, heat transfer calculations for coil and jacket, sterilization system. 08 Hours
UNIT 8. NOVEL BIOREACTORS DESIGN
Fluidized bed reactors, Slurry Reactors, Air lift & Loop reactors, Packed bed and Hollow fiber
membrane bioreactors, Bioreactors for waste treatment processes; Scale-up of bioreactors, SSF
bioreactors. Conceptual numericals. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Principles of Biochemistry by Leninger A.L., II Edition, 1993.
Contemporary Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism by Daniel L. Purich, Melvin I. Simon, John N.
Abelson, 2000.
Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals by Bailey and Ollis, McGraw Hill (2nd Ed.). 1986.
Bioprocess Engineering by Shule and Kargi Prentice Hall, 1992.
Bioprocess Engineering Principles by Pauline M. Doran, 1995.
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering by Fogler, H.S., Prentice Hall, 1986.
Chemical Reaction Engineering by Levenspiel O., John Wiley, 2nd Edition, London, 1972.
Chemical Engineering Kinetics by Smith J.M., McGraw Hill, 3rd Edition, New Delhi,1981.
Biocatalytic Membrane Reactor by Drioli, Taylor & Francis, 2005
REFERENCE BOOKS
Wolf R. Vieth, Bioprocess Engineering – Kinetics, Mass Transport, Reactors and Gene
Expression. A Wiley – Interscience Publication, 1992.
Chemical Kinetic Methods: Principles of relaxation techniques by Kalidas C. New Age
International.
Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design by Forment G F and Bischoff K B., John Wiley, 1979.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN

62
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

63
 ELECTIVE C

BIOCHIPS & MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY

Sub. Code : 10BT-761 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION
Basics of Biochips and Microarray technology, Historical Development. 02 Hours
UNIT 2. CONSTRUCTION
Flow chart for construction of an micro array, Preparation of the sample, Microarray labels,
Preparation of the Micro array, Microarray robotics, Hybridization (Microarray
scanners/headers), related instrumentation. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. TYPESOF MICROARRAYS
DNA microarrays, oligonucleotide, CDNA and genomic micrarrays, tissue chip, RNA chip,
Protein chip, Glyco chips, Integrated biochip system, Megaclone technology for fluid
microarrays, SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy]-based microarrays. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. DATA ANALYSIS
Automation of microarray and biosensor technologies, Biochip versus gel-based methods.
Evaluation of conventional microarray technology, Electrical detection method for microarray,
types of Micro array data, Bioinformatics tools for microarray data analysis. 08 Hours

PART B
5. BIOCHIPS IN HEALTH CARE
Molecular Diagnostics, Pharmacogenomics, application of microarray technology in drug
discovery development and drug delivery. Biochips as neural prostheses. Use of Microarray in
genetic disease monitoring. 08 Hours
6. OTHER APPLICATIONS
Use of microarrays in population genetic and epidemiology, use of microarrays on forensics,
DNA chip technology for water quality management, Bioagent chip, Applicatin of microarray in
the agro industry limitation of biochip technology. 06 Hours
7. COMMERCIAL ASPECTS OF BIOCHIP TECHNOLOGY
Markets for biochip technologies, Commercial support for the development of biochips,
Government support for biochip development, Business strategies, Patent issues. 06 Hours
8. DNA COMPUTING
Introduction, Junctions, other shapes, Biochips and large-scale structures, Discussion of
Robinson and Kallenbach, Methods for designing DNA shapes, DNA cube, Computing with
DNA, Electrical analogies for biological circuits, Challenges, Future Trends. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Biochips and Microarrays -- Technology and Commercial Potential Published by : Informa
Global Pharmaceuticals and Health Care
Protein Arrays, Biochips and Proteomics by J S Albala & I Humprey-Smith, CRC Press, 2003
REFERENCE BOOKS
DNA Arrays: Technology and Experimental Strategies (2002), Grigorenko, E.V (ed), CRC
Press.
Microarray Analysis (2002) Mark Schena; J. Wiley & Sons (ed.,New York)
Microarray for Integrative Genomics by Kohane, MIT, 2004.
Microarray Gene Expression data Analysis by Causton, BLK, 2004.
64
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
BIOMATERIALS
Sub. Code : 10BT-762 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Introduction, Historical developments, construction materials, impact of biomaterials, strength of
biological tissues, performance of implants, tissue response to implants, interfacial phenomena,
safety and efficacy testing. Structure and Properties of Materials: Atomic and molecular bonds,
crystal structure of solids, phase changes, crystal imperfections, non-crystalline solids, surface
properties, mechanical properties of materials, thermal treatments, surface improvements,
sterilization. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. METALS & CERAMICS
Introduction, Stainless steels, Cobalt-Chromium alloys, Titanium based alloys, Nitinol, other
metals, metallic Corrosion, biological tolerance of implant metals, Carbons, Alumina, Yttria
stabilized zirconia, surface reactive ceramics, resorbable ceramics, composites, analysis of
ceramic surfaces 06 Hours
UNIT 3. SYNTHETIC POLYMERS
Polymers in biomedical use, polyethylene and polypropylene, perfluorinated polymers, acrylic
polymers, hydrogels, polyurethanes, polyamides, biodegradable synthetic polymers, silicone
rubber, plasma polymerization, micro-organisms in polymeric implants, polymer sterilization.
06
Hours
UNIT 4. BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Definition, Wound healing process-bone healing, tendon healing. Material response: Function
and Degradation of materials in vivo. Host response: Tissue response to biomaterials , Effects of
wear particles. Testing of implants: Methods of test for biological performance- In vitro implant
tests, In vivo implant test methods. Qualification of implant materials. 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. BIOPOLYMERS
Polymers as biomaterials, microstructure, mechanical properties – effects of environment on
elastic moduli, yield strength and fracture strengths, sterilization and disinfections of polymeric
materials. Biocompatibility of polymers, polymers as biomaterials, heparin and heparin-like
polysaccharides, proteoglycans, structure and biological activities of native sulfated
glycosaminoglycans, chemically modified glycosaminoglycans, heparin like substances from
nonglycosaminoglycan polysaccharides and microbial glycosaminoglycan, surface immobilized
heparins. 08 Hours

UNIT 6. MEDICAL DEVICES

Polyurethane elastomers, applications of polymers in medicine and surgery. Skin graft polymers,
biodegradable polymers in drug delivery and drug carrier systems. Properties of implant
materials, metals and alloys, polymers, ceramics and composites, qualification of implant
materials, goal of clinical trials, design and conclusion of clinical trials. 06 Hours
65
UNIT 7. CARDIOVASCULAR BIOMATERIALS
Tissue properties of blood vessels, Treatments of atherosclerosis; Biomechanical design issues
pertaining to stents, balloon angioplasty, and pacemakers. Soft Tissue Reconstruction; Natural
and Synthetic. Wound healing. Tissue ingrowths: Stability; Biofixation, Foreign Body response,
Soft implants. Case Studies. Tissue Engineering: Current issues and Future Directions. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. REGULATORY ISSUES
Review of Cell and Tissue Structure and their Functions. Functional Requirements of
Biomaterials and Tissue Replacements. Synthetic Biomaterials: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics,
Gels, Hybrids, Sterilization Technology. Foreign Body Response, Biocompatibility and Wound
Healing. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Biomaterials Science : An Introduction to materials in medicine by Buddy D Ratner. Academic
Press (1996).
Polymeric Biomaterials by Severian Dumitriu (1994).
Material Science by Smith, McGraw Hill.
Material Science and Engineering by V Raghavan, Prentice Hall, 1985.
Biomaterials by Sujata V. Bhat, Narosa Publishing House, 2002
Biomaterials, Medical Devices and Tissue Engineering: An Integrated Approach by Frederick H
Silver, Chapman and Hall publications 1994.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Advanced Catalysts and Nanostructures Materials, William R Moser, Academic Press.
J B Park , "Biomaterials - Science and Engineering", Plenum Press , 1984
Jonathan Black, " Biological Performance of materials", Marcel Decker, 1981
Piskin and A S Hoffmann," Polymeric Biomaterials(Eds)", Martinus Nijhoff
"Biomaterials" by Lawrence Stark & GyanAgarwal ,
L. Hench & E. C. Ethridge, " Biomaterials - An Interfacial approach"
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
HEALTH DIAGNOSTICS
Sub. Code : 10BT-763 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Biochemical disorders, Immune disorders, Infectious diseases, Parasitic diseases, Genetic
disorders chromosomal disorders, single cell disorders and complex traits. Chromosomal
disorders : autosomal; sex chromosomal; karyotype analysis. 03 Hours
UNIT 2. DNA BASED DIAGNOSTICS
G-banding, in situ hybridization (FISH and on-FISH), and comparative genomic, hybridization
(CGH). Cancer cytogenetics: spectral karyotyping. DNA diagnostics: PCR based diagnostics;
ligation chain reaction, Southern blot diagnostics, array-based diagnostics, DNA sequencing,
genetic profiling, single nucleotide polymorphism. Haemoglobinopathies. Neuro developmental
disorders. Neuro degenerative disorders. Dynamic mutations. G-banded chromosomal
preparations for detection of autosomes of autosomal/sex chromosomal disorders. (translocation,
deletion, Down’s syndrome, Klumefelter syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, etc.) FISH for
66
detections of: translocations, inversions (using appropriate probes) (e.g., chro 9-22 translocation;
X-Y translocation). PCR bases diagnosis (e.g. fragile-X syndrome; SRY in sex chromosomal
anomalies). Southern blot-based diagnosis (e.g. trinucleoide expansions in fragile-X syndrome,
SCA, etc.) DNA sequencing of representative clones to detect mutation(s), PCR-SSCP to detect
mutations (e.g., sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), SNP analysis for known SNPs. PAGE: band
detection of enzyme variants. 15 Hours
UNIT 3. BIOCHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS
Inborn errors of metabolism, haemoglobinopathies, mucopolysaccharidoses, lipidoses, lipid
profiles, HDL, LDL, Glycogen storage disorders, amyloidosis. 03 Hours
UNIT 4. CELL BASED DIAGNOSTICS:
Antibody markers, CD Markers, FACS, HLA typing, Bioassays. 04 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. IMMUNODIAGNOSTICS
Introduction, Antigen-Antibody Reactions, Conjugation Techniques, Antibody Production,
Enzymes and Signal Amplification Systems, Separation and Solid-Phase Systems, Case studies
related to bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Diagnosis of infectious diseases, respiratory
diseases (influenza, etc.) Viral diseases-HIV etc., bacterial diseases, enteric diseases, parasitic
diseases and mycobacterium diseases. Phage display, immunoarrays, FACs. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. IMAGING DIAGNOSTICS
Imaging Techniques (Basic Concepts), Invasive and Non-Invasive, Electrocardiography (ECG),
Uses of ECG, Electroencephalography (EEG), Use of EEG, Computerized Tomography (CT),
Uses of CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), uses of MRI, Ultrasound Imaging (US), Uses
of Ultrasound, Planning and Organization of Imaging Services in Hospital, Introduction,
Planning, Physical Facilities, Layout, Organization, Organization and Staffing, Records, Policies,
Radiation Protection. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
Immunoassay Classification and Commercial Technologies, Assay Development, Evaluation,
and Validation, Reagent Formulations and Shelf Life Evaluation, Data Analysis, Documentation,
Registration, and Diagnostics Start-Ups. 03 Hours
UNIT 8. BIOSENSORS
Concepts and applications, Biosensors for personal diabetes management, Noninvasive
Biosensors in Clinical Analysis, Introduction to Biochips and their application in Health.
03 Hours
TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS:
Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, Carl A. Burtis, Edward R. Ashwood, Harcourt, Brace &
Company Aisa Pvt. Ltd.
Commercial Biosensors: Graham Ramsay, John Wiley & Son, INC. (1998).
Essentials of Diagnostic Microbiology, Lisa Anne Shimeld.
Diagnostic Microbiology, Balley & Scott’s.
Tietz Text book of Clinical Biochemistry, Burtis & Ashwood.
The Science of Laboratory Diagnosis, Crocker Burnett.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
FUNDAMENTALS OF OS & DBMS
Sub. Code : 10BT-764 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

67
Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100
PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
What is O.S, Von-Neumann architechture, Supercomputers, Mainframe systems, Desktop
system, Multiprocessor systems, Distributor systems, Clustered systems, Real time systems,
Hand held systems, Future migration, Computing environment, System components, OS
services, System calls, System programs, system structure, OS design and implementation,
microkernels, virtual machines. 06 Hours
UNIT 2. PROCESS MANAGEMENT
Process concept, process state, process control block, process scheduling, snail diagrams,
schedulers, creation and removal of a process, interprocess communication, models for IPC,
independent and cooperating processes, threads, overview, multithreading, applications, critical
selection problem, Semaphores, deadlocks and starvation. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. STORAGE MANAGEMENT
Memory management, dynamic loading and linking, overlays, logical vs physical address space,
memory management unit, swapping, contigous allocation, fragmentation, paging, page table,
segmentation, virtual memory, demand paging, thrashing file system, interface-file concept,
directory implementation . 06 Hours
UNIT 4. LINUX AND WIN NT
Linux: Design principles, Kernel modules, process management, scheduling, memory
management systems, input and output, inter-process communication.
WinNT: Design principles, system components, environmental subsystems, file system,
networking and programming interface. 08 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. DESIGN OF DBMS
Introduction to DBMS, terminology, Systems Development Life Cycle, terms of reference,
feasibility report, data flow diagrams, addition of data sources, identification of individual
processes, inputs and outputs, system boundaries, Entity-Relationship modeling, examples,
database creation using MS Access, designing tables using Access, Data Integrity,
Normalization, relationships between tables, comparing E-R design with Normalization design,
Inclusion of new requirements from feasibility report, documentation, amending primary keys
and database tables, Practical examples. 08 Hours

UNIT 6. DATA DICTIONARY AND QUERY DESIGN

Data dictionary, criteria, compiling a list of field names, entry sequence for the table data,
entering, sorting and filtering of data in a table, introduction to queries, identifying field names,
selection criteria and sort order in a query, calculations in queries, modifying a query, creating a
query using design view and wizard in MS Access. 08 Hours
UNIT 7. REPORTING, TESTING AND DOCUMENTATION
Introduction to reporting, dataflow diagram based reporting and table based reporting, form
creation using wizard, entering and searching records in a form, modifying forms and reports,
Introduction to testing, types (unit testing, system testing, integration testing, interface testing,
performance testing and user testing), test data, executing and error reporting, introduction to
documentation, areas of documentation. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. SETTING UP THE DATA AND HOUSEKEEPING
Approaches to set up data (parallel, bigbang, phased and pilot implementation), working data,
data entry methods to the database (systems screen, external source), introduction to
housekeeping, regular backups, archiving old data, maintaining security in a database. 04 Hours
68
TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS
Mastering Database Design by Helen Holding, Macmillan publications, 1999.
Operating system concept by Silberschatz, peterhalvin and Greg Gague, VI edition, John Wiley,
2003.
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS by P S GILL(2008), IK Publishers.
Linux: the complete reference by Richard Peterson, McGraw Hill, 1998
Operating System – A concept based approach by D Dhamdene, Tata McGraw Hill, 2002.
The complete reference-By Coach and loney
A Beginners guide- By Abbey and corney
Database System-Elmasri and Navathe.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
CAD & MATLAB
Sub. Code : 10BT-765 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1. FLUID FLOW SYSTEMS

CAD of fluid flow system: Flow of Newtonian fluids in pipes. Pressure drop in compressible
flow. Flow of non-Newtonian fluids in pipes. Pipe network calculations. Two phase flow system.
06 Hours
UNIT 2. HEAT TRANSFER SYSTEMS
CAD of heat transfer equipment: Shell and tube exchangers without phase change. Condensers,
Reboilers. Furnaces. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. MASS TRANSFER SYSTEMS
CAD of mass transfer equipment: Distillation, gas absorption and liquid extraction.06 Hours

UNIT 4. REACTOR SYSTEMS

CAD of chemical Reactors: Chemical reaction equilibrium analysis of rate data, ideal reactor
models. Non-ideality in chemical reaction. Performance analysis using residence time
distribution. Temperature effects in homogeneous reactors. Heterogeneous systems. Fluidized
bed reactors. 08 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. MATLAB
Introduction to Matlab Environment, basics, matlab sessions, creating an array of numbers,
printing simple plots, creating, saving and executing a script file, function file, working with files
and directories. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. INTERACTIVE COMPUTING
Matrices and vectors, indexing, matrix manipulation, creating vectors, arithmetic, relational, and
logical operations, elementary mathematical functions, matrix functions, character strings,
vectorization, inline functions, anonymous functions, built-in functions and online help, saving
and loading data, plotting simple graphs. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. PROGRAMMING IN MATLAB

69
Script files, function files, executing a function, subfunctions, compiled functions, profiler,
global variables, loops, branches and control flow, interactive input, recursion, multidimensional
matrices, structures, cells, publishing reports. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. APPLICATIONS
Solving a linear system, Gaussian elimination, finding eigenvectors and eigenvalues, matrix
factorizations, polynomial curvefitting, least squares curvefitting, nonlinear fits, interpolation,
data analysis and statistics, numerical integration, a first order linear ODE, specifying tolerance,
the ODE suite, roots of polynomials, 2D plotting, options, overlay plots, 3D plotting, rotate view,
mesh and surface plots, vector field, subplots for multiple graphs, saving and printing graphs.
08
Hours
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Chemical Process Computation by Raghu Raman, Elsevier Scientific Publishers, London, 1987.
Fundamentals and Modelling of Separation Process by C.D. Holland, Prentice Hall, Inc. New
Jercey, 1975.
Catalytic Reactor Design by Orhan, Tarhan McGraw Hill, 1983,
Chemical Engineering, Vol. 6 by Sinnot, pergamon Press, 1993.
Getting started with MATLAB 7, Rudrapratap, Oxford University Press.
Essential MATLAB for Scientists and Engineers, Arnold / Wiley, NY
A HANDBOOK ON TECHNIQUE LAB MATLAB BASED EXPERIMENTS by MISHRA .K
K (2007) IK Publishers
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

UPSTREAM BIOPROCESSING LABORATORY

Sub. Code : 10BTL-77 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50
1) Callus Induction Techniques – Carrot/Beet root/ or any other material
2) Development of suspension culture from callus
3) Induction of Secondary metabolite – Anthocyanin
4) Estimation of Lycopene from tomato fruits
5) Estimation of Anthocyanin from leaf /callus tissue
6) Estimation of DNA (by DPA method)
7) Estimation of unknown protein by Lowry’s method.
8) Development of inocula; lag time effect
9) Shake flask studies; Comparison of yield in synthetic and complex media (Bacteria/Yest)
10) Fed batch culture – Penicillin production and Assessment of yield
11) Preparation of the fermenter
12) Production of Ethanol in fermenter - Study of growth, product formation kinetics, end
substrate utilization

TEXT / REFERENCE BOOKS

Plant Molecular biology  by  D. Grierson  &  S.N.  Covey Blackie, London.
Plant Cell Culture  :  A Practical Approach  by  R.A. Dixon  & Gonzales,  IRL Press.
Experiments in Plant Tissue Culture by John H. Dodds & Lorin W. Robert.
70
Plant tissue Culture :  Theory and Practice by S.S. Bhojwani and M.K. Razdan (1996) Elsevier,
Amsterdam
Principles of fermentation Technology by P.F. Stanbury and A. Whitaker, Pergamon Press, 1984.
Microbial Biotechnology by Alexander N Glazer, Hiroshi Nikaido, W H Freeman & Company
Newyork.
Animal Cell biotechnology  by R.E.  Spier and  J.B. Griffiths  (1988), Academic press.
Living resources for Biotechnology, Animal cells  by  A. Doyle, R. Hay and B.E.  Kirsop 
(1990), cambridge University Press, cambridge.
Animal Biotechnology by  Murray Moo-Young  (1989), Pergamon Press, Oxford
Fermentation & Enzyme Technology by D.I.C. wang et.al., Wiley Eastern 1979.
Principle of Microbe  &  Cell Cultivation  (1975),  SJ  Prit, Blackwell Scientific co.
Animal cell culture Techniques by Ian Freshney

DOWNSTREAM BIOPROCESSING LABORATORY

Sub. Code : 10BTL-78 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 03 Exam Hrs. : 03

Exam Marks : 50
1. Cell disruption techniques.
2. Solid-liquid separation methods: Filtration.
3. Solid-liquid separation methods: Sedimentation.
4. Solid-liquid separation methods: Centrifugation.
5. Product enrichment operations: Precipitation – (NH4)2 SO4 fractionation of a protein.
6. Product enrichment operations: Two – phase aqueous extraction.
7. Product drying techniques.
8. Staining Techniques (Coomassie Blue & Silver).
8. Separation of Amino acids / Carbohydrates by TLC.
9. Characterization of protein by Western blotting
10. Estimation of % of ethanol from fermented broth.
11. Estimation of Citric acid from fermented broth.
12. Separation of proteins by molecular sieving / SDS PAGE.
13. Analysis of biomolecules by HPLC / GC (using standard spectra).
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Protein Purification by Scopes R.K., IRL Press,1993.
Rate controlled separations by Wankat P.C., Elsevier, 1990
Bioseparations by Belter P.A. and Cussier E., Wiley, 1985.
Product Recovery in Bioprocess Technology - BIOTOL Series, VCH, 1990
Separation processes in Biotechnology by Asenjo J. and Dekker M. 1993
BIOSEPARATION S: SCIENCE & ENGINEERING BY ROGER G HARRISON, PAUL TODD, SCOTT R
RUDGE, DEMETRI P PETRIDES, OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2006

71
 VIII SEMESTER

PROJECT MANAGEMENT & IPR

Sub. Code : 10BT-81 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION 
Definitions, network planning techniques, benefits and limitations of network planning, project
reporting, case studies. 02 Hours
UNIT 2. PROJECT PLANNING 
Planning procedures, developing a network planning diagram, project evaluation and review
techniques. Developing the project schedule: scheduling procedure, timing estimates, manual
timing calculations, optional start and finish times, tabulating the schedule, setting up the
calendar schedule, constructing the bar chart time, schedule. Monitoring and controlling the
project: constructing the progress schedule constructing the summary bar chart, constructing the
project status report,  status reporting using the milestone approach. Scheduling and Controlling
Project Costs: Developing the Project Cost Schedule Monitoring Project Costs. Cost Minimizing:
Time/Cost Trade-Offs,   Planning Personnel/Labor Requirements, Need for Planning
Personnel/Labor,  Planning Personnel Requirements,  Early Start Scheduling. 12 Hours
UNIT 3. ROLE OF THE COMPUTER 
Software Packages,  features of a Project Management Package, 
Background  Planning the Project  Scheduling the Project, Monitoring the Project Schedule,
Controlling Project Costs,  Planning for Labor and Personnel,  Using the Computer for Planning
and Scheduling. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 
Background  developing a plan of action,  conducting the audit,  preparing the feasibility report, 
obtaining management approval,  planning and scheduling project implementation,  procuring,
installing, and trying out the equipments,  designing and constructing the site 06 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. IPR
Introduction to IPR, Concept of Property, Mar’x theory on Property, Constitutional aspects of
Intellectual property. Basic principles of Patent laws: Historical background in UK, US and
India. Basis for IP protection. Criteria for patentability: Novelty, Utility, and Inventive step, Non
obviousness, Non patentable invention. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. CONVENTIONS & AGREEMENTS
Paris convention (1883), Berne convention for protection of literary and artistic works (1886),
Patent Corporation Treaty (PCT), Madrid agreement (1891) and protocols of relative agreement
1989). Rome convention (1961) on the protection of performances, producers of phonograms
and Broadcasting organization, TRIPS agreement (1994), WIPO performance and phonograms
Treaty (WPPT, 1996). 06 Hours

UNIT 7. PATENT LAWS & BT

Objectives, Evolution of Biotechnology, Application of Biotechnology, Commercial potential of
BT invention, R & D investments, Rationale and applications. Concept of Novelty and Inventive
step in BT, Micro organisms and BT inventions, Moral issues in patenting BT invention.
72
Substantiation of Patent laws & international agreements related to pharma, microbial,
environmental, agricultural and informatics sectors via classical case studies. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
Introduction, Justification for plant variety protection, International position, UPOV, 1961, 1978,
1991 guidelines, Plant variety protection in India. Justification for geographical indications,
Multi-lateral treaties. Concept of Traditional knowledge, stake holders, issues concerning
traditional knowledge, Bioprospecting & Biopyracy – ways to tackle, Protectability of traditional
knowledge under existing IP framework, need for sui-generis regime, Traditional knowledge on
the International arena, Traditional knowledge at WTO and National level, Traditional
knowledge digital library. 08 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
The Law & Strategy of Biotechnology Patents, Sibley Kenneth.
Intellectual Property by Bently, Lionel : Oxford University Press, 2001
Cases and Materials on Intellectual Property by Cornish, W R, 3rd Ed., 1999
Project Management by Sahni, Ane Books, 2007.
Project Management by Elsevier, 2007.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Gopalakrishnan, N S, Intellectual Property and Criminal Law, Bangalore: National Law School
of India Univeristy, 1994
Intellectual Property Law by Tina Gart and Linda Fazzani, London: McMillan Publishing Co.,
1997
Intellectual Property Rights in the WTO and developing contry by Watal Jayashree, Oxford
University Press, 2001.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

BIOETHICS & BIOSAFETY

Sub. Code : 10BT-82 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A

UNIT 1. BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

Introduction to science, technology and society, biotechnology and social responsibility, public
acceptance issues in biotechnology, issues of access, ownership, monopoly, traditional
knowledge, biodiversity, benefit sharing, environmental sustainability, public vs. private
funding, biotechnology in international relations, globalization and development divide. Public
acceptance issues for biotechnology: Case studies/experiences from developing and developed
countries.  Biotechnology and hunger: Challenges for the Indian Biotechnological research and
industries.  08 Hours
UNIT 2. LEGAL ISSUES
The legal and socioeconomic impacts of biotechnology, Public education of the processes of
biotechnology involved in generating new forms of life for informed decision making – with
case studies. 04 Hours
UNIT 3. BIOETHICS

73
Legality, morality and ethics, the principles of bioethics: autonomy, human rights, beneficence,
privacy, justice, equity etc. The expanding scope of ethics from biomedical practice to
biotechnology, ethical conflicts in biotechnology - interference with nature, fear of unknown,
unequal distribution of risks and benefits of biotechnology, bioethics vs. business ethics, ethical
dimensions of IPR, technology transfer and other global biotech issues. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. BIOSAFETY CONCEPTS AND ISSUES
Rational vs. subjective perceptions of risks and benefits, relationship between risk, hazard,
exposure and safeguards, biotechnology and biosafety concerns at the level of individuals,
institutions, society, region, country and the world. The Cartagena protocol on biosafety. 
Biosafety management: Key to the environmentally responsible use of biotechnology.  Ethical
implications of biotechnological products and techniques.  Social and ethical implications of
biological weapons. 08 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. BIOSAFETY IN THE LABORATORY

Laboratory associated infections and other hazards, assessment of biological hazards and levels
of biosafety, prudent biosafety practices in the laboratory/ institution. 04 Hours
UNIT 6. REGULATIONS
Biosafety assessment procedures in India and abroad. International dimensions in biosafety:
Catagena protocol on biosafety, bioterrorism and convention on biological weapons. Biosafety
regulations and national and international guidelines with regard to rDNA technology,
transgenic science, GM crops, etc. Experimental protocol approvals, levels of containment.
Guidelines for research in transgenic plants. Good manufacturing practice and Good lab
practices (GMP and GLP). 08 Hours
UNIT 7. FOOD SAFETY
The GM-food debate and biosafety assessment procedures for biotech foods & related products,
including transgenic food crops, case studies of relevance. Environmental aspects of biotech
applications. Use of genetically modified organisms and their release in environment. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. AGRI & PHARMA SECTOR
Plant breeder’s rights. Legal implications, Biodiversity and farmers rights. Recombinant
organisms and transgenic crops, case studies of relevance. Biosafety assessment of
pharmaceutical products such as drugs/vaccines etc. Biosafety issues in Clinical Trials.08 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Biotechnology and Safety Assessment by Thomas, J.A., Fuch, R.L. (2002), Academic Press.
Biological safety Principles and practices) by Fleming, D.A., Hunt, D.L., (2000). ASM Press.
Biotechnology - A comprehensive treatise. Legal economic and ethical dimensions VCH.
Bioethics by Ben Mepham, Oxford University Press, 2005.
Bioethics & Biosafety by R Rallapalli & Geetha Bali, APH Publication, 2007
REFERENCE BOOKS
BIOETHICS & BIOSAFTEY by SATEESH MK (2008), IK Publishers
Sassaon A. Biotechnologies and development. UNESCO Publications,1988.
Sasson A. Biotechnologies in developing countries, UNESCO Publishers,1993.
Intellectual Property Rights on Biotechnology by Singh K. BCIL, New Delhi.
WTO and International Trade by M B Rao. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
IPR in Agricultural Biotechnology by Erbisch F H and Maredia K M. Orient Longman Ltd.
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, January 2000.
Biological Warfare in the 21st century, by M.R. Dano, Brassies London, 1994.
Safety Considerations for Biotechnology, Paris, OECD, 1992 and latest publications.
74
Biosafety Management by P.L. Traynor, Virginia polytechnic Institute Publication, 2000.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
ELECTIVE D

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
Sub. Code : 10BT-831 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
A Brief History of the Super Small, Definition of nanotechnology, Nanobiotechnology;
Discussions on nanofabrication, Bottom-Up versus Top-Down; Nanolithography,
Microelectronic fabrication, Structure-property relationships in materials, biomolecule-surface
interactions. Fabrication in Hard Materials: Silicon and glass materials for nano- and
microfabrication, Fabrication in Soft Materials: Hydrogels/PDMS/other polymers and base
materials for nano- and microfabricated devices. Valuing Nanobiotechnology. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. NANOMATERIALS AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION
Buckyballs, Nanotubes, Fullerenes, Carriers, Dendrimers, Nanoparticles, Membranes / Matrices,
Nanoshells, Quantum Dot, Nanocrystals, hybrid biological/inorganic devices, Scanning
tunneling microscopy, Atomic force microscopy, DNA microarrays. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. BIONANOMATERIALS
Function and application of DNA based nanostructures. In-vitro laboratory tests on the
interaction of nanoparticles with cells. Assessment of the toxic effects of nanoparticles based on
in-vitro laboratory tests. Identification of pathogenic organisms by magnetic nanoparticle-based
techniques. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. NANODIAGNOSTICS
Diagnostics and Sensors, Rapid Ex-Vivo Diagnostics, Nanosensors as Diagnostics,
Nanotherapeutics. Nanofabricated devices to separate and interrogate DNA, Interrogation of
immune and neuronal cell activities through micro- and nanotechnology based tools and devices.
06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. DRUG DISCOVERY AND DRUG DELIVERY

Drug Discovery Using Nanocrystals, Drug Discovery Using Resonance Light Scattering (RLS)
Technology. Benefits of Nano-Imaging Agents, Nanosensors in Drug Discovery, Drug Delivery
using Nanobiosensors, Drug Delivery Applications, Bioavailability, Suistained and targeted
release, Nanorobots, Benefits of Nano-Drug Delivery. Drug Delivery, Health Risks, and
Challenges, Targeting. Drug Delivery Revenues. Use of microneedles and nanoparticles for local
highly controlled drug delivery. 08Hours
UNIT 6. MICROFLUIDICS
Laminar flow, Hagen-Pouiselle eqn, basic fluid ideas, Special considerations of flow in small
channels, mixing, microvalves & micropumps, Approaches toward combining living cells,
microfluidics and ‘the body’ on a chip, Chemotaxis, cell motility. Case Studies in Microfluidic
Devices. 06 Hours
UNIT 7. BioMEMS – INTRODUCTION
75
Introduction and Overview, Biosignal Transduction Mechanisms: Electromagnetic Transducers
Mechanical Transducers, Chemical Transducers, Optical Transducers – Sensing and Actuating
mechanisms (for all types). 06 Hours
UNIT 8. BioMEMS – APPLICATIONS
Case Studies in Biomagnetic Sensors, , Applications of optical and chemical transducers.
Ultimate Limits of Fabrication and Measurement, Recent Developments in BioMEMS.
06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Biological molecules in Nanotechnology by Stephen Lee and Lynn M Savage
Nanobiotechnology Protocols, Rosenthal, Sandra J and Wright, David W., Humana Press,
2005.
Nanotechnology, Richard Booker and Earl Boysen (Eds), Wiley dreamtech 2005 edition
Nanotechnology – Basic Science & Emerging Technologies, Chapman & Hall/CRC 2002
Nanotechnology, Gregory Timp (Ed), Spring 1998
REFERENCE BOOKS
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGY & MEDICINE by TUAN VO-DINH, Taylor Francis.
NANOTECHNOLOGY By M. KARKARE (2008), IK Intl. Publishers.
Unbounding the future by K Eric Drexler
Nanotechnology – A gentle Introduction to the Next Big Idea, Mark Ratner and Daniel
Ratner, Pearson Education 2005
Transducers and instrumentation, D.V.S. Murthy, Prentice Hall of Inida.
Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation Ed. 3.,Geddes (L.A.) & Baker (L.E)
Biochip Technology, Jing chung & Larry J. Kricka harwood academic publishers, 2001.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

LAB TO INDUSTRIAL SCALING

Sub. Code : 10BT-832 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Fermentation as a Biochemical process, Microbial biomass, Enzymes, Metabolites recombinant
products. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. INDUSTRIALLY IMPORTANT MICROBES
Isolation of industrially important microorganisms preservation of microbes, Strain development
by various methods, Isolation of mutants and recombinants, application of continuous, batch and
fed batch culture. 08 Hours
UNIT 3. RAW MATERIALS AND STERILIZATION
Selection of typical raw materials, Different media for fermentation, Optimization of media,
Different sterilization methods – batch sterilization, continuous sterilization, filter sterilization,
Oxygen requirement. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. PREPARATION OF INOCULUM
Inoculum preparation from laboratory scale to pilot scale and large scale fermentation,
maintenance of aseptic condition. 06 Hours
PART B
76
UNIT 5. DESIGN OF FERMENTERS
Basic structure of fermenter body construction. Description of different parts of fermenter
aseptic conditions. Different types of fermenters. 05 Hours
UNIT 6. PROCESS CONTROL
Instruments involved in the fermentation, control of pressure, temperature, flow rate, agitation,
stirring, foaming. Online analysis for measurement of physico chemical and biochemical
parameters. Method of online and off line bio mass estimation. Flow injection analysis for
measurement of substrates products and other metabolites, computer based data acquisition.
08 Hours
UNIT 7. AREATION AND AGITATION
Supply of oxygen, fluid rheology, factors affecting aeration and agitation. Scale up and scale
down of aeration and agitation. 05 Hours
UNIT 8. INDUSTRIAL OPERATIONS
Recovery and purification of products, Use of filtration and centrifugation, cell disruption,
chemical methods, extraction, chromatographs methods, drying and crystallization, membrane
process. Effluent treatment: Disposal methods, treatment process, aerobic and anaerobic
treatment, byproducts. Economic aspects: Fermentation as a unit process, economy of
fermentation, market potential. Legalization of products like antibiotics and recombinants.
08 Hours
TEXT BOOKS
P.F. Stanbury, A Whitkar and S.J. Hall (1997) “Principles of Fermentation Technology” (Aditya
Book, New Delhi)
Banks. G.T. (1996) “Enzymes and fermentation”
REFERENCE BOOKS
Bailey and Ollis “Biochemical Engineering” McGraw Hill Publisher.
Shuler and Kargi “Bioprocess Engineering” Prentice Hall.
Perlman. D (Ed) “Fermentation advances” Aca press New York
Reed. G (Ed) “Industrial Microbiology” McMillan London
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

PROTEIN ENGINEERING AND INSILICO DRUG DESIGN

Sub. Code : 10BT-833 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
Overview of protein structure, PDB, structure based classification, databases, visualization tools,
structure alignment, domain architecture databases, protein-ligand interactions. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. PROTEIN STRUCTURE PREDICTION
Primary structure and its determination, secondary structure prediction and determination of
motifs, profiles, patterns, fingerprints, super secondary structures, protein folding pathways,
tertiary structure, quaternary structure, methods to determine tertiary and quaternary structure,
post translational modification. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. PROTEIN ENGINEERING AND DESIGN

77
Methods of protein isolation, purification and quantification; large scale synthesis of engineered
proteins, design and synthesis of peptides; methods of detection and analysis of proteins. Protein
database analysis, methods to alter primary structure of proteins, examples of engineered
proteins, protein design, principles and examples. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. MOLECULAR MODELING
Constructing an Initial Model, Refining the Model, Manipulating the Model, Visualization.
Structure Generation or Retrieval, Structure Visualization, Conformation Generation, Deriving
Bioactive Conformations, Molecule Superposition and Alignment, Deriving the Pharmacophoric
Pattern, Receptor Mapping, Estimating Biological Activities, Molecular Interactions: Docking,
Calculation of Molecular Properties, Energy Calculations (no derivation), Examples of Small
Molecular Modeling Work, Nicotinic Ligands, Sigma Ligands, Antimalarial Agents. 10 Hours

PART B
UNIT 5. INSILICO DRUG DESIGN
Generation of Rational Approaches in Drug Design, Molecular Modeling: The Second
Generation, Conceptual Frame and Methodology of Molecular Modeling, The Field Currently
Covered, Importance of the "Bioactive Conformation", Molecular Mimicry and Structural
Similarities, Molecular Mimicry, Structural Similarities and Superimposition Techniques,
Rational Drug Design and Chemical Intuition, An Important Key and the Role of the Molecular
Model, Limitations of Chemical Intuition Major Milestones and Future Perspectives. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. COMPUTER ASSISTED NEW LEAD DESIGN
Introduction, Basic Concepts, Molecular Recognition by Receptor and Ligand Design, Active
Conformation, Approaches to Discover New Functions, Approaches to the Cases with known
and unknown receptor structure. 04 Hours
UNIT 7. DOCKING METHODS
Program GREEN Grid: Three - Dimensional Description of Binding Site Environment and
Energy Calculation, Automatic Docking Method, Three-Dimensional Database Search
Approaches, Automated Structure Construction Methods, Structure Construction Methods with
known Three-Dimensional Structure of the Receptor, Structure Construction in the case of
Unknown Receptor Structure. Points for Consideration in Structure Construction Methods,
Handling of X-Ray Structures of Proteins, Future Perspectives. Other web based programs
available for molecular modeling, molecular docking and energy minimization techniques –
Scope and limitations, interpretation of results. 08 Hours
UNIT 8. COMPUTER - ASSISTED DRUG DISCOVERY
The Drug Development Process, Introduction, The Discovery and Development Process, New
Lead Discovery Strategies, Composition of Drug Discovery Teams, The Practice of Computer-
Assisted Drug Discovery (CADD), Current Practice of CADD in the pharmaceutical Industry,
Management Structures of CADD Groups, Contributions and Achievements of CADD Groups,
Limitations of CADD Support, Inherent Limitations of CADD Support, State of Current
Computational Models, Software and Hardware Constraints. 08 Hours

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Moody P.C.E. and A.J. Wilkinson Protein Engineering, IRL Press, Oxford,1990.
Creighton T.E. Proteins, Freeman W.H. Second Edn,1993.
PROTEIN STRUCTURE 2 e/d by CREIGHTON (2004), Oxford.
Branden C. and Tooze R. Introduction of protein structure, Garland,1993.
The molecular modeling perspective in drug design by N Claude Cohen, 1996, Academic Press.
Bioinformatics Methods & Applications: Genomics, Proteomics & Drug Discovery, S C Rastogi,
N Mendiratta & P Rastogi, PHI, 2006

78
 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
Sub. Code : 10BT-834 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Sources of Biomedical signals, Basic medical instrumentation system, Performance requirements
of medical instrumentation systems, PC based medical instruments, General constraints in design
of medical instrumentation systems. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOELECTRIC SIGNALS AND ELECTRODE
Origin of bioelectric signals, Recording electrodes, - Electrode-tissue interface, metal electrolyte
interface, electrolyte - skin interface, Polarization, Skin contact impedance, Silver – silver
chloride electrodes, Electrodes for ECG, EEG, EMG, Electrical conductivity of electrode jellies
and creams, Microelectrode. Patient Safety: Electrode shock hazards, Leakage currents.
08 Hours
UNIT 3. ECG & EEG
Electrical activity of heart, Genesis & characteristics of Electrocardiogram (ECG), Block
diagram description of an Electrocardiograph, ECG Lead Systems, Multichannel ECG machine
Genesis of Electroencephalogram (EEG), Block diagram description of an
Electroencephalograph, 10-20 Electrode system, Computerized analysis of EEG. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. CARDIAC PACEMAKERS AND DEFIBRILLATORS
Need for Cardiac pacemaker, External pacemaker, Implantable pacemaker, Programmable
pacemakers, DC defibrillator, AC defibrillator and Implantable Defibrillator. 06 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

Bedside monitors, Central Monitoring System, Measurement of Heart rate - Average heart rate
meter, Instantaneous heart rate meter, (Cardio tachometer), Measurement of Pulse Rate, Blood
pressure measurement - direct and indirect method, Rheographic method, Oscillometric method,
Ultrasonic Doppler shift method, Measurements of Respiration rate - Thermistor method,
impedance puenmography, CO2 method, and Apnea detector. Blood flow meters:
Electromagnetic and its types, Ultrasonic, NMR, Laser Doppler. Blood gas analyzers: Blood pH
measurement, Measurement of Blood pCO2, pO2. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. PHYSIOLOGICAL TRANSDUCERS
Introduction, classification, performance characteristics of transducers-static and dynamic
transducers, Displacement, position and motion transducers, Pressure transducer, Transducers for
body temperature measurement, Optical Fiber sensor and Biosensor 04 Hours
UNIT 7. RECORDING SYSTEMS
Basic recoding system, general considerations for signal conditioners, preamplifiers-
instrumentation amplifier, isolation amplifier, ink jet recorder, potentiometric recorder, thermal
array recorder and electrostatic recorder. 04 Hours
UNIT 8. ANALYSIS
a) Cardiac output measurement: Indicator dilution method, Dye dilution method, Thermal
dilution techniques, Measurement of Continuous cardiac output derived from the aortic pressure
waveform, Impedance technique. 04 Hours
b) Pulmonary function analysis: Pulmonary function measurement, Spirometry,
Puemotachometer, Measurement of Volume, Nitrogen washout technique. 04 Hours

79
TEXTBOOKS
Hand book of Biomedical Instrumentation – R. S. Khandpur, 2nd Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 2003.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering by J Enderle, S Blanchard & J Bronzino, Elsevier, 2005.
Encyclopedia of Medical devices and Instrumentation – J G Webster – John Wiley 1999
Principals of applied Biomedical instrumentation – John Wiley and sons
Introduction to Biomedical equipment technology – Joseph J Carr, John M Brown Prentice hall
4th Edition.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING
Sub. Code : 10BT-835 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1: THERMODYNAMICS
Volumetric and thermodynamic properties of fluids; equations of state; heat effects; ideal and
non-ideal mixtures; fugacities and activity coefficients; vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid phase
equilibrium; solubility of gases and solids in liquids; chemical reaction equilibrium. 06 Hours
UNIT 2: BIOMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS
Thermodynamics of biomolecular interactions, noncovalent forces underlying bioenergetics:
hydrogen bonding, van der Waals, hydrophobic effect, water in context of molecular recognition
biomolecular stability. Case studies: Stability and energetics of Antibody-Antigen; Streptavidin-
Biotin. 06 Hours
UNIT 3: ENZYME KINETICS
Enzymes as Biological Catalysts, Enzyme Activation, Unireactant Enzymes, Multi-site and
Allosteric Enzymes, Simple Inhibition, Multiple Inhibition Models, Multi-Reactant Systems, pH
and Temperature Effects. Reaction kinetics and enzyme energetics for the case of Catalytic
Antibodies. 06 Hours
UNIT 4: BIOENERGETICS
Energetics of Biological Systems, Molecular Recognition. Concepts of Free Energy, Enthalpy
and Entropy in the living cell, Biochemical Reactions, Metabolic Cycles, ATP Synthesis
(Respiration and Photosynthesis), Membrane Ion Gradients (ATP and Ion Gradients), Protein
Folding, Protein-Nucleic Acid interactions. Rheology of DNA. Protein misfolding and disease.
08 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5: BIODESIGN
Rational Biotherapeutic Design: molecular modeling, computational approaches to predicting
energetics, Case study: PeptidoMimetic therapeutics. Directed Evolution for Biotherapeutic
Design: random mutagenesis approaches and techniques, phage display and selection techniques,
combinatorial approaches and techniques. Case study: Antibody Engineering, enzyme
engineering, phage display. 08 Hours
UNIT 6: CELULAR WARFARE
Receptor-mediated recognition in immune system surveillance, macrophage-B-Cell
collaboration, T-Cell and natural killer cell function, vaccines. Case studies: Engineered T-Cell
80
Therapeutics, Vaccines.
05 Hours
UNIT 7 BIOREACTION NETWORKS
Control of Metabolic Pathways, Metabolic Engineering (Metabolic Flux Analysis, Metabolic
Control Analyisis), Metabolic Simulations, Systems Biology approaches. 05 Hours
UNIT 8: APPLICATIONS
Biodegradable materials, Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biopolymers:
heparin and heparin-like polysaccharides, proteoglycans, chemically modified
glycosaminoglycans. Design and production of biomaterials as biosensors. Nanoscale biosensors.
08 Hours
TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Molecular Cell Biology by H. Lodisch et al W.H.Freeman and Co., 2004
Enzyme Kinetics, by I.H.Segal Wiley Interscience, 1993
Comphrehensive Enzyme Kinetics by V. Leskovac Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003
Thermodynamics and Kinetics For the Biological Sciences By G.G. Hammes, Wiley
Interscience, 2000.

ELECTIVE E

ENVIRONMENTAL BT
Sub. Code : 10BT-841 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. MICROORGANISMS
Overview of microorganisms, Microbial flora of soil, growth, ecological adaptations, interactions
among soil microorganisms, biogeochemical role of soil microorganisms. 02 Hours
UNIT 2. BIOACCUMULATION OF TOXICANTS
Characteristics of Xenobiotics, Relationship of Bioaccumulation with Chemical Structure,
Ecophysiology of Bioaccumulation, Process of toxicants uptake, Factors affecting
bioaccumulation, measurement of bioaccumulation. 04 Hours
UNIT 3. BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER
Waste water characteristics, Waste water treatment, unit operations, design and modeling of
activated - sludge process, Microbial Process for wastewater treatment, BOD, COD, Secondary
treatment, Microbial removal of phosphorous and Nitrogen, Nutrient removal by Biomass
production. Industrial waste treatment opportunities for reverse osmosis and ultra filtrationl.
Wastewater treatment of food processing industries like sugar factories, vegetable oil industries,
potato processing industries, dairy industries, beverages industries, dairy industry and distilleries.
10
Hours
UNIT 4. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Basic aspects, general composition of urban solid wastes, aerobic treatment, anerobic treatment,
biogass generation; Solid waste management through Biotechnological processes involving
Hazardous wastes, Biomedical wastes, Dairy wastes, Pulp industry wastes, Textile industry
wastes, leather industry wastes and pharmaceutical industry wastes, petroleum wastes treatment.
10 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. BIOFUELS

81
Renewable and non-renewable resources. Conventional fuels and their environmental impacts.
Animal oils. Modern fuels and their environmental impacts. Biotechnological inputs in
producing good quality natural fibres. Plant sources like Jetropha, Pongamia etc. Waste as an
energy core, energy recovery systems for urban waste, technology evaluation, concept of
gasification of wastes with molten salt to produce low-BTU gas; pipeline gas from solid wastes
by syngas recycling process; conversion of feedlot wastes into pipeline gas; fuels and chemicals
from crops, production of oil from wood waste, fuels from wood waste, methanol production
from organic wastes. 10 Hours
UNIT 6. BIOLEACHING & BIOMINING
Microbes in Bioleaching, Metal Recovery, Microbial recovery of phosphate, microbial extraction
of petroleum, microbial production of fuels. 04 Hours
UNIT 7. BIOFERTILIZERS
Biofertilizers Nitrogen fixing microorganisms enrich the soil with assimilable nitrogen. Major
contaminants of air, water and soil, Biomonitors of environment (Bioindicators), Bioremediation
using microbes, Phytoremediation, Treatment of distillery effluents, Biofilms. 06 Hours

UNIT 8. BIOTECHNOLOGY IN BIOIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Value of biodiversity, threats to biodiversity, Biosphere reserves and Ecosystem Conservation,
Approaches to Bioresource conservation programme, Biotechnological processes for bioresource
assessment, BT in ex situ conservation of Biodiversity, BT and its role in utilization of
Biodiversity, International initiatives for biodiversity management. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Environmental Biotechnology by Foster C.F., John ware D.A., Ellis Horwood Limited,1987.
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY by INDU SHEKHAR THAKUR (2006), IK
Publishers.
Industrial Microbiology  : L.E. Casida, Willey  Eastern  Ltd., 1989.
Industrial Microbiology  :  Prescott &  Dunn, CBS Publishers, 1987.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Fuels from Waste by Larry Anderson and David A Tillman. Academic Press, 1977.
Bioprocess Technology-  fundamentals and applications,  S O  Enfors  & L Hagstrom
(1992), RIT,  Stockholm.
Comprehensive Biotechnology Vol.  1- 4 :  M.Y.  Young (Eds.), Pergamon Press.
Biotechnology,  Economic  & Social Aspects :  E.J.  Dasilva, C Ratledge  & A Sasson,
Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge.
Environmental Biotechnology by Pradipta Kumar Mahopatra.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
METABOLIC ENGINEERING
Sub. Code : 10BT-842 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Basic concept of metabolic engineering overview of metabolism. Different models for cellular
reactions, Mutation, mutagens mutation in metabolic studies. 04 Hours
UNIT 2. METABOLIC REGULATION
82
An overview of Cellular Metabolism, Transport Processes, Passive Transport, Facilitated
Diffusion, Active Transport, Fueling Reactions, Glycolysis, Fermentative Pathways, TCA Cycle
and Oxidative Phosphorylation, Anaplerotic Pathways, Catabolism of Fats, Organic Acids, and
Amino Acids, Biosynthetic Reaction, Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Biosynthesis of Nucleic
Acids, Fatty Acids, and Other Building Blocks, Polymerization, Growth Energetics. 10 Hours
UNIT 3. UNIT 3. METABOLIC FLUX
Metabolic flux analysis and its application, Methods for experimental determination of
metabolic flux by isotope dilution method. 04 Hours
UNIT 4. APPLICATIONS OF METABOLIC FLUX ANALYSIS
Amino Acid Production by Glutamic Acid Bacteria, Biochemistry and Regulation of Glutamic
Acid Bacteria, Calculation of Theoretical Yields, Metabolic Flux Analysis of Lysine
Biosynthetic Network in C. glutamicum, Metabolic Flux Analysis of Specific Deletion Mutants
of C. glutamicum, Metabolic Fluxes in Mammalian Cell Cultures, Determination of Intracellular
Fluxes, Validation of Flux Estimates by 13 C Labeling Studies, Application of Flux Analysis to
the Design of Cell Culture Media. 08 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. REGULATION OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS

Regulation of Enzymatic Activity, Overview of Enzyme Kinetics, Simple Reversible Inhibition
Systems, Irreversible Inhibition, Allosteric Enzymes: Cooperativity, Regulation of Enzyme
Concentration, Control of Transcription Initiation, Control of Translation, Global Control:
Regulation at the Whole Cell Level, Regulation of Metabolic Networks, Branch Point
Classification, Coupled Reactions and the Role of Global Currency Metabolites. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. METABOLIC ENGINEERING IN PRACTICE
Enhancement of Product Yield and Productivity, Ethanol, Amino Acids, Solvents, Extension of
Substrate Range, Metabolic Engineering of Pentose Metabolism for Ethanol Production,
Cellulose-Hemicellulose Depolymerization, Lactose and Whey Utilization, Sucrose Utilization,
Starch Degrading Microorganisms, Extension of Product Spectrum and Novel Products,
Antibiotics, Polyketides, Vitamins, Biopolymers, Biological Pigments, Hydrogen, Pentoses:
Xylitol, Improvement of Cellular Properties, Alteration of Nitrogen Metabolism, Enhanced
Oxygen Utilization, Prevention of Overflow Metabolism, Alteration of Substrate Uptake,
Maintenance of Genetic Stability, Xenobiotic Degradation, Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs),
Benzene, Toluene, P-Xylene Mixtures (BTX). 10 Hours
UNIT 7. BIOSYNTHESIS OF METABOLITES
Primary metabolites: Alteration of feed back regulation, limiting of accumulation of end
products, resistant mutants. Secondary metabolites: Precursor effects, prophage, idiophase
relationship, enzyme induction, feedback repression, catabolic repression, Important groups of
secondary metabolic enzymes, phosphotransferase, ligases oxido reductases, oxygenases,
carboxylases. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. BIOCONVERSIONS
Advantages of bioconverstions, specificity, yields. Factors important to bioconversions
regulation of enzyme synthesis, permeability co metabolism, convertion of insoluble substrates.
04
Hours
TEXT BOOKS
Metabolic Engineering – Principles and Methodologies by Gregory N. Stephanopoulos, Aristos
A. Aristidou, Jens Nielsen
P.F. Stanbury and A. Whitkar. Principle of Fermentation Technology, Pergammon press
Johnson and Thrins – Scaleup Methods in Chemical Engineering
83
REFERENCE BOOKS
M.L. Shuler and Kargi “Bioprocess Engineering basic concepts”
A.C. Bowden and M.L. Cardens “control of metabolic process” Plenum Publisher.
Wang D I C Cooney C I Demain, A L “Fermentation and enzyme Technology” John Willey
T. Roberts “Metabolism of Agrochemicals in Plants” Willey Int.
Zubey. G “Biochemistry” McMillan publications.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
MEDICAL INFORMATICS
Sub. Code : 10BT-843 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Aim and scope, historical perspectives, concepts and activities in medical informatics, definition
of medical informatics, online learning, introduction to the application of information
technology to integrated hospital information systems and patient-specific information; nursing,
radiology, pathology, and pharmacy services, Future trends, research in medical informatics,
training and opportunities in medical informatics. 07 Hours
UNIT 2. HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Hospital Management and Information Systems (HMIS), its need, benefits, capabilities,
development, functional areas. Modules forming HMIS, HMIS and Internet, Pre-requisites for
HMIS, why HMIS fails, health information system, disaster management plans, advantages of
HMIS. Study of picture archival & communication systems (PACS), PACS Administrator,
PACS Technology overview, PACS Administration: The Business Perspective. 06 Hours
UNIT 3. PATIENT DATA MODULES
Structuring medical records to carry out functions like admissions, discharges, treatment history
etc. Central Registration Module, OPD / Consultant Clinic / Polyclinic Module, Indoor Ward
Module, Patient Care Module, Procedure Module, Diet Planning Module, MLC Register
Module. Medical Examination, Account Billing, 07 Hours
UNIT 4. ELECTRONIC HEALTH RECORDS
Pathology Laboratory Module, Blood Bank Module, Operation Theatre Module, Medical Stores
Module, Pharmacy Module, Inventory Module, Radiology Module, Medical Records Index
Module, Administration Module, Personal Registration Module, Employee Information Module,
Financial modules, Health & Family Welfare, Medical Research, Communication, General
Information. 06 Hours
PART B

UNIT 5. KNOWLEDGE BASED EXPERT SYSTEMS

AI, expert systems, materials and methods, applications of ES, Introduction to computer based
patient record, development tools, intranet, CPR in radiology, legal security and private issues,
application service providers. Critical medical issues: security, confidentiality, privacy, accuracy
and access. 06 Hours
UNIT 6. COMPUTER ASSISTED MEDICAL EDUCATION
Computer Assisted Medical Education & Surgery (CAME), Education software, Tele-education,
Tele-mentoring, CAPE, patient counselling software. Limitation of conventional surgery,
computer assisted surgery (CAS), 3D navigation system, intra-operative imaging for 3D
84
navigation system, merits and demerits of CAS. Computer support collaborative learning,
Future of Computer Aidede Learning (CAL). 07 Hours
UNIT 7. SURGICAL SIMULATION AND VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT
Need, technology, volume image data file, human resources, interface and applications. Virtual
environment (VE), technology, applications of VE, advantages of simulators and after effects of
VE participation. Millirobotics for remote surgery, Telesurgery, and endoscopy 05 Hours

UNIT 8. TELEMEDICINE
History and advances in telemedicine, Benefits of telemedicine, Communication infrastructure
for telemedicine - LAN and WAN technology. Satellite communication. Mobile hand held
devices, Internet technology and telemedicine using world wide web (www). Video and audio
conferencing. Medical information storage and management for telemedicine- patient
information medical history, test reports, medical images diagnosis and treatment. Hospital
information-Doctors, paramedics, facilities available. Pharmaceutical information, Security and
confidentially of medical records and access control, Cyber laws related to telemedicine,
Telemedicine access to health care services, health education and self care. 08 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Medical Informatics, a Primer by, Mohan Bansal, TMH publications
Medical Informatics: Computer applications in health care and biomedicine by E.H.Shortliffe, G.
Wiederhold, L.E.Perreault and L.M.Fagan, Springer Verlag, 2000
Handbook of Medical Informatics by J.H.Van Bemmel, Stanford University Press.
Biomedical Information Technology by David D Feng, Elseview, 2007.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.
TISSUE ENGINEERING
Sub. Code : 10BT-844 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1: CELL AND TISSUE BIOLOGY
Introduction to cell – biology and biochemistry. Tissue development and organization. Stem cells
(embryonic), Stem cells (adult). Introduction to cell adhesion, Adhesion Receptors in Tissue
Structures, Cell Adhesion to Biomaterials, Measurement of Cell Adhesion, Effect of Biomaterial
on Physiological Behavior. Introduction to cell migration, Characteristics of Mammalian Cell
Migration, Regulation of Cell Movement, Cell Migration Assays, Mathematical Models for Cell
Migration and Tissue Growth. 08 Hours
UNIT 2. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Introduction, ECM and Functional Integration of Implanted Materials, Basement Membranes and
Focal Adhesions, Focal Adhesions as Signaling Complexes, ECM and Skeletal Tissues, Sources
of ECM for Tissue Engineering Applications, Properties of ECM , Mining the ECM for
Functional Motifs, Summary of Functions of ECM Molecules, Polymeric Materials and their
Surface Modification, Formation of Gradient Structures, Delivery of Growth Factors. 08 Hours

UNIT 3. BIOMATERIALS
85
Introduction to synthetic polymers, Biodegradable materials vs permanent materials, Natural
biopolymers and hydrogels, Mechanical properties of biomaterials, Surface modification and
characterization of polymers, Immune response to biomaterials, In vitro
assessment/biocompatibility/protein adsorption. Polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering
applications. 06 Hours
UNIT 4. DRUG AND GROWTH FACTOR DELIVERY
Drug delivery, Mechanisms of Drug Delivery, Protein-Drug Properties, Drug Delivery in Tissue
Engineering, Introduction to growth factors, Polymer scaffold delivery systems, Polymer
hydrogel delivery systems, Polymer microsphere technology. 04 Hours

PART B

UNIT 5. TISSUE ENGINEERING BIOREACTORS

Introduction, Most common Bioreactors in Tissue Engineering, Cell Seeding in Bioreactors,
Bioreactor Applications in Functional Tissues, Design Considerations, Challenges in Bioreactor
Technologies. 08 Hours
UNIT 6. SCAFFOLD DESIGN AND FABRICATION
Tissue Biomechanics, Scaffold design and fabrication, Natural Polymers for Scaffold
Fabrication, Synthetic Polymers for Scaffold Fabrication, Scaffold Design Properties.
06 Hours
UNIT 7. CLINICAL IMPLEMENTATION
Tissue Engineering of Skin, Bone Tissue Engineering, Cartilage Tissue Engineering, Neuronal
Tissue Engineering, Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering, Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering
(tendon/ligament/muscle), Adipose Tissue Engineering. 06 Hours
UNIT 8. THE REGULATION OF ENGINEERED TISSUES
Introduction, FDA Regulation, Regulation of Pharmaceutical / Medical Human Tissue Products
in Europe, Regulation of Pharmaceutical / Medical Human Tissue Products in Japan, Other
considerations Relevant to Engineered Tissues. 06 Hours

TEXT BOOKS
Tissue Engineering by John P. Fisher, A G Mikos & Joseph D. Bronzino, CRC Press, 2007.
Methods of Tissue Engineering by Anthony Atala & P Lanza, Academic Press Elsevier 2006.
Biocatalytic Membrane Reactor by Drioli, Taylor & Francis, 2005
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

FACILITATION, VALIDATION & QC

Sub. Code : 10BT-845 I.A Marks : 25
Hours/week : 04 Exam Hrs. : 03

Total Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

PART A
UNIT 1. INTRODUCTION
Validation and Regulatory Affairs in Bio (Pharmaceutical) Manufacturing: An Introduction to
FDA Operations & Industry Compliance Regulations, The Fundamentals of Regulatory
Compliance with respect to Good Clinical Practice (GCP), Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
& Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). An Introduction to the Basic Concepts of Process Validation
& how it Differs from Qualification (IQ, OQ & PQ) Procedures, A Review of Prospective,
86
Concurrent, Retrospective Validation & Revalidation including the use of Statistical Process
Control (SPC) Techniques. 08 Hours

UNIT 2. PLANNING
ISO 9000 Series & International Harmonization & their effect upon GMP's, Planning &
Managing a Validation Program including Change Control, Scale-Up and Post-Approval
Changes (SUPAC), PAI & Technology Transfer Issues. 04 Hours
UNIT 3. VALIDATION
Validation of Water & Thermal Systems, including HVAC Facilities & Cleaning Validation.
Validation of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) & Aseptic Processes. Validation of Non-
Sterile Processes (used in the manufacture of Solids, Liquids, & Semisolid Dosage Forms).
Overview of method evolution, FDA and ICH guidelines, Development and validation, Basic
statistical concepts, Outliers, Specificity: sample preparation, Specificity: separations,
Specificity: detectors, Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, Limits of detection (LOD) and
quantification (LOQ), Minimum detectable amount (MDA), Sample stability and method
robustness, Window diagrams, System suitability, Statistical process control for HPLC,
Sustainable validation, Troubleshooting out-of-control systems, Case studies. 08 Hours
UNIT 4. GAMP
Medical Device, In-Vitro Diagnostics & Packaging Validation Issues, Validation of Analytical
Methods, Computerized & Automated Systems under 21 CFR Part 11 & the Influence of Good
Automated Manufacturing Practice (GAMP); The FDA's Approach to GMP Inspections of
Pharmaceutical Companies. 06 Hours
PART B
UNIT 5. STANDARDS
Introduction, ISO 9000 Series of Standards, Management Responsibility, Quality System,
Contract Review, Design Control, Document and Data Control, Preservation and Delivery,
Control of Quality Records, Internal Quality Audits, Training, Servicing, Statistical Techniques,
ISO-9001-2000, Scope, Normative Reference, Terms and Definitions, Quality Management,
System, Documents Requirements, Management's Responsibility, Resource Management,
Infrastructure, Product Realization, Measurement, Analysis and Improvement, ISO-14001 -
Environmental Management Systems. 05 Hours
UNIT 5. IMPLEMENATION
Quality System, Contract Review, Design Control, Document and Data Control, Purchasing,
Control of Customer Supplied Product, Product Identification and Traceability, Process Control,
Inspection and Testing, Final Inspection and Testing, Control of Inspection, Measuring and Test
Equipment, Inspection and Test Status, Control of Nonconforming Product, Corrective and
Preventive Action, Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation and Delivery, Control of Quality
Records, Internal Quality Audits, Training, Servicing, Statistical Techniques. 05 Hours
UNIT 7. QUALITY
Terminology Relating to Quality, Quality Requirement, Customer Satisfaction, Capability;
Terms Relating to Management, Management System, Quality Management System, Quality
Policy, Quality Objectives, Quality Planning, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Quality
Improvement, Continual Improvement, Effectiveness, Efficiency; Relating to Process and
Product, Process, Product, Procedure; Terms relating to Characteristics, Quality Characteristics;
Terms Relating to Conformity, Non-Conformity, Defect, Preventive Action, Corrective Action,
Correction, Rework, Repair, Scrap, Concession, Deviation Permit, Release; Terms Relating to
Documentation, Information, Document, Specification, Quality Manual, Quality Plan, Record;
Terms Relating of Examination, Objective Evidence, Inspection, Test, Metrological
Confirmation. 08 Hours
87
UNIT 8. QUALITY MANAGEMENT
The development of regulatory requirements for validation, The V model and Life Cycle model
approach to validation and documentation, Risk Analysis Techniques: Impact Assessment;
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), Validation Master Plans, Commissioning and
Qualification, Process Validation, Routine validation and revalidation, Contamination Control,
Risk Management in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Solid Dose Manufacture Principles and
Practices, Liquid and Cream Manufacture Principles and Practices, Good Laboratory Practices
(for Non-Clinical Laboratories), Computer Systems Validation Principles and Practices, Good
Aseptic Practices and Sterile Products, Clinical Trials Quality Assurance Management, GxP and
Quality Auditing Practices, Pharmaceutical Engineering – Facility, Equipment and Process
Design, Fundamentals of Process Analytical Technology, Quality and Continuous Improvement
in the Pharmaceutical Industry. 08 Hours

TEXT/REFERENCE BOOKS
Pharmaceutical Process Validation, 3rd Edition, Edited by Robert Nash and Alfred Wachter, Marcel
Dekker, 2003
Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharmaceuticals: A Plan for Total Quality Control From Manufacturer
to Consumer, Sidney J. Willig, Marcel Dekker, 5th Ed., 2000, 723 pp.,
Validation of Pharmaceutical Processes: Sterile Products, Frederick J. Carlton (Ed.) and James Agalloco
(Ed.), Marcel Dekker, 2nd Ed., 1998.
Validation Standard Operating Procedures: A Step by Step Guide for Achieving Compliance in the
Pharmaceutical, Medical Device, and Biotech Industries, Syed Imtiaz Haider, Saint Lucie Press, 2002,
496.
Pharmaceutical Equipment Validation: The Ultimate Qualification Handbook, Phillip A. Cloud,
Interpharm Press, 1998.
Commissioning and Qualification, ISPE Pharmaceutical Engineering Baseline Guides Series, 2001.
QUESTION PAPER PATTERN
For every 6-7 Hours of teaching One Question to be Set. Eight questions to be set (four from
each part) out of which five full questions (considering at least two from each part) to be
answered.

88
89