CONCISE BUILDING DICTIONARY C.H. GOPINATHA RAO Price : Rs. 200/-First Edition 31999 Reprint Edition 22015 Note._ As many of the various Acts get amended periodically, some new Acts are being enacted, some Judgments are being reversed by the higher Courts, the reader is advised to ensure the decision he makes are in conformity with the updated versions of the laws and the decisions of the Courts, The information provided in this book have collected from vartous sources. Every effort has been taken to give correct information. However, no responsibility is accepted by the publisher or author, for any errors and omissions and for results of any actions based on the information. Printed at: Jai Ganesh Offset Printers, No. 19, Venkatasamy Lane, Santhome. Chennai - 600 004 Phone: 9840111457ABOUT THE AUTHOR C. H. Gopinatha Rao, a Post ~ graduate in Structural Engineering, Registered Architect, Chartered Engineer, Registered Valuer and an Arbitrator in several disputes including disputes of parties with Statutory Bodies, appointed as 2 Sole Arbitrator in some cases by the Madras High Court. Designed / executed more than 300 buildings which include residential, commercial, schools and steel stockyard. Valued a very large number of properties of different types which include factories, hotels, hospitals, commercial and residential buildings. Delivered lectures as a Guest in various Forums including IIT Madras and contributed articles in different magazines including “The Hindu". Authored 4B books on real estate and housing. His two books have received the Tamil Nadu State Government Awards in 1986 and in 1998. Served as Chairman of Tamil Nadu State Centre of the Institution of Engineers with the purpose of serving the community by educating the common man on all aspects of Housing, he made the activities of the Institution more broad- based. Served as President, Association of Licensed Engineers and Architects; Chairman, Association of Consulting Civil Engineers and Chairman. Indian Concrete Institute. As Founder — Chairman of the Institution of Valuers, Tamil Nadu Zone, served for about 12 years and as National President for one year. Many public issues relating to Building Trade were brought to the attention of the Government for redressal by him and he succeeded party. Served as President, Lions Club of Padi, Founder Secretary, "Citizens Association for Rights and Duties” known as CARD. Served as Assistant Secretary, Indian Institute of Public Administration, Tamil Nadu. His service is utilized by Consumer Forums to get clarification in all aspects of buildings.The Rotary Club of Madras (West) bestowed on him “For the Sake of Honour’ Award for the year 1983 - 1984. Recipient of “Engineer for Excellence” Award for the year 2000 bestowed by Institution of Engineers (India), Tamil Nadu State Centre. Served as Special Consultant for CMDATRF Research Programmed for Chennai 2011 and presented a paper on Value of Land in Chennai Metropolitan area. His services were utilised by DANIDA, Government of Tamil Nadu for developing plans and guidelines for constructing Health Cenires with community support. Served as a member of Selection Committee for recruitment of about 50 Engineers far LIC of India in the ranks of Asst. Engineers up to Deputy Chief Engineers in 1993. Served as a member of Project Evaluation Committee in HUDCO and as a member of Working Group on Urban Development in formulating the Tenth Five ~ Year Plan. “Builders Line’, a popular Tamil monthly magazine bestowed on him with Lifetime Achievement Award for his immense contribution as an Engineer in the construction field in September 2006. Invited to serve as. a Member of Planning and Development Committee, University of Madras in 2007. The 39" Annual Session of the Institution of Valuers held at Kolkatta during December 2007 felicitated him as one of the Renowned Valuer of the country. The Maharashtra Association, Chennai was pleased to present “The Great Maratha Award” for his lifetime achievement on 1.5.2010 The Institution. of Valuers, India awarded him gold medal for his article on"What is GuideLine Value (also known as Circle Rate in some states) and whether the same can be taken as Market Value” published in May, June and July 2013 issues of the Indian Valuer on December 2013Abrasion: The removal of material from the surface of a solid by grinding of rubbing action. Absorption: The process by which a liquid is drawn into and tends to fill permeable pores in a porous body, also the increase in weight of porous solid body resulting from the penetration of a liquid into its permeable pores. Absorption Coefficient: Ratio of sound energy absorbed to the incident sound energy on a material. Acalthus: A thistle like plant wnose harrow and pointed lobed leaves when stylized, form the characteristic decoration of the corinthian and composite orders of columns. Accessory: Any device, associated with the wiring and electrical appliance of an installation, for example, a switch, a fuse, a plug, a socket-outlet, a lamp-holder, or a ceiling rose. Accessory use: Any use of the premises subordinate to the principat use and customarily incidental to the principal use. Ackoff: This referers to the types as evaluative and development, both related to decision in respect of problems commonly met in Jand use planning. Acrylic: A plastic waste painting medium which dries quickly and cleans up easily. Activity rates: Expression of the proportion of the total population or of a particular demographic section of it who are engaged in economically productive activity. AC (Alternating Current): Is a current which alternatively reverses its direction in a circuit in a periodic manner. Acomplete set of these changes is called a Cycle. The number of times the current goes through these changes during each second is called the Frequency of so many cycles per second. Admixture: A material other than water, aggregates and hydraulic cement, used as an Ingredient of concrete or mortar, and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing to modify one or more of the properties of the concrete. Adobe: Unfired bricks, dried in the sun. It is made of clay, water and a bonding material such as gravel. It is a versatile material used for buildings. Advance: It is a part payment of the price, paid to the seller and not to act as a guarantee for the purchasers performance of the contract. Adverse Possession: A person who remains in actual, peaceful, open, continuous and exclusive possession of an immovable property, for a period of 12 years or more, expressly or impliedly in total denial of the tittle of the true owner is deemed to have acquired the ownership of and tittle of the immovable property by adverse possession. Advertising Sign: Any surface or structure with characters, letters or illustrations applied thereto and displayed in any manner whatsoever out of doors for purposes of advertising or to give information regarding or to attract the public to any place, person, public performance, article or merchandise whatsoever, and which surface or structure is attached to, forms part of or is connected with any building, or is fixed to a tree or to the ground or to any pole, screen, fence or hoarding or displayed in space,Aesthetlcs: Indicates a certain imprecise distinction between art and life. Aggregate: Granular material, generally inert, such as natural sand, manufactured sand, gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone, and air-cooled iron blast furnace slag which when bound together into a conglomerated mass by a matrix forms concrete or mortar. AIDA: Analysis of Interconnected Decision Areas: A technique offering a systematic way of analysing complex decision problems with many related elements. Air Change per Hour: The amount of air teakage into or out of a buitding or room in terms of the number of building volumes or room volumes exchanged. Air Gap: The distance between the lowest point of a water infet or feed pipe to an appliance and the spill-over level (or the overflowing level) of the appliance. Air Valve: A valve that releases air from a pipe line automatically without loss of water, or introduces air into a pipe line automatically if the internal pressure becomes fess than that of the atmosphere. Air-Conditioning: The process of treating air so as to control simultaneously its temperature, humidity, purity and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space. Allotment: The act of Allottee i.e. to appropriate to a special purpose or person or the assign shares authoritatively. Allottee: A person to whom an apartment has been allotted, sold or other wise transferred.Alloy: Two or more metals mixed in certain determined proportions while in molten state form an alloy. Alteration: A change from one occupancy to another, or a structural change, such as an addition to the area or height, or the removal of part of a building, or any change to the structure, such as the construction of, cutting into or removal of any wall, partition, Column, beam, joist, floor or other support, or a change to or closing of any required means of ingress or a change to the fixtures or equipment. Altitude: The angular distance of any point of celestial sphere, measured from the horizon, on the great circle passing through the body and the zenith. Ammeter: An instrument for measuring current passing through a conductor (wire), Annealing: A process of softening steel by heating it to a suitable temperature and then cooling slowly, Annuity: Net annual payment in the form of profit for the capital invested in a property or in some other form in investment. Anti-siphonage: The device to preserve the water seal in traps by providing ventilation. Apartment: Any part of a multi stored building which is intended for any type of independent use, say for residence or office or for practice of any profession or for carrying on any occupation, trade or business.Apparatus: Electrical apparatus including all machines, applicances and fittings in which conductors are used or of which they form a part. Approved: Approved by the Authority having jurisdiction. Arcade: A row of arches carried on columns. The outward thrust of each arch balances the next arch in the series. Arch: A structure built to support the weight above an opening. Armature: Portion of a dynamo in which the electric current is induced. Art: Practical Skill, or its apptication guided by principles. Art Appreciation: The introduction of basic principles of visual literacy. Art conservation: A technical study of the ways to preserve and protect art works from physical deterioration. Art theory: The general study of aesthetics Art work: A work of Art. Ashlar: Stone masonry using dressed block of given dimensions having faces perpendicular to each other & laid in courses. Asphalt: A natural or artificial mixture in which bitumen is associated with inert mineral matter. The word ‘Asphalt’ should always be qualified by indication of its origin or nature. Asphalt Emulsion: A combination of asphalt with a small amount of soap-forming compound and water.Asphalt Mastic: An intimate mixture of mineral fillers, well graded sand and/or stone chippings with a hard grade of bitumen, cooked and laid manually by means of wooden float. The mixture settles to a coherent, voidless and impermeable solid or semi- solid mass under normal temperature condition. Asphaltic Cement: Asphaltic bitumen or the product resulting from a mixture of asphalt and flux oils or asphaltic bitumen and flux oils producing a binder having cementing qualities suitable for the manufacture of asphalt pavements. It Is refined asphalt. Asphaltic Concrete: A pre-mix of bitumen (with or without filler), sand, and not less than 30 per cent by weight of mineral aggregate of a size larger than sand. Asphaltic Macadam: A mixture of bitumen (with or without filler) and a mineral aggregate of a size larger than sand. it can be made by the grouting or pre-mixed methods. Assembly Buildings: These shall include any building or part of a building where groups of people congregate or gather for amusements, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes; for example, theatres, motion picture houses, assembly halls, city halls, marriage halls, town halls, auditorium, exhibition halls, museums, skating rinks, gymnasiums, restaurants (also used as assembly halls), places of worship, dance halls, club rooms, passenger stations and terminals of air, surface and other public transportation services, recreation piers and stadia, etc.Attrition: Mutual rubbing or grinding within the mass of mineral fragments under the action of traffic thereby producing an alteration in their shapes and sizes, Authority Having Jurisdiction: The Authority which has been created by a statute and which for the purpose of administering the Code may authorize a committee or an official to acts Automatic fire detecting and alarm system: An arrangement of automatic fire detectors, such as a fuse working at a given temperature, a thermostat or a fluid filled tube or an electronic device, for detecting an outbreak of fire, and sounders and other equipment for automatic transmission and indication of alarm signals without manual intervention. The system also has provision for testing of circuits and, where required for the operation of auxiliary services, Automatic Flushing Cistern: A flushing cistern arranged to discharge its content by siphonage at regular intervals, determined by the rate at which water is fed into the cistern. . Automatle Sprinkler system: An arrangement of piping, sprinklers and connected equipment designed to operate automaticatly by the heat of fire and to discharge water upon that fire and which may also simultaneously give automatic audible alarm. Avallable Head: The head of water available at the point of consideration due to mains pressure or overhead tank or any other source of pressure.Axial Flow Fan: A fan having a casing in which the air enters and leaves the impeller in a direction substantially parallel to its axis, Azimuth(o): The angle measured between meridians passing through the north point and the point in question. Back Fill: Materials used or reused to fill an excavation. Back flow: The flow of water into the distributing pipes of water system from any source or sources other than its intended source. Backflow Prevention Device: Any approved measure or fitting or combination of fittings specifically designed to prevent backflow or back siphonage in a water service. Back SIphonage: The f owing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a piu nbing fitting or vessel into a water supply system due to lowe ° 1g of pressure in such system. Badigeon: A mixture .. plaster and free stone, ground together, used by statuaries to repair defects. Joiners use a mixture of saw dust and glue for similar purposes. Bajri: is a term largely used to denote stone screenings ranging from fine stuff to about 25 mm gauge. Balcony: A horizontal projection, including a hand rail, or balustrade, to serve as passage or sitting out place. Ball Cock: A faucet opened or closed by the fall or rise of a ball floating in the surface of water. Ball flower: A globular motif, often used in concave moldings of English. Gothic architecture,Ball Vaive: A simple non-return valve consisting of a ball resting on a cylindrical seat within a fluid passageway Ballast: Stone or gravel mixture of irregular unscreened sizes which may also contain smaller material. Ballles: Thin round poles usually without bark Baluster: A short piller slender above and bulging below. Balustrade: A row of balusters meant for supporting moving hand rails. Bank: i) An earth slope formed or trimmed to shape. ii) A ridge of earth, stones, etc. naturally existing or specially constructed to guide the flow or prevent overflow in floods. Bar: A metal member used to reinforce concrete. Bar, Deformed: A reinforcing bar with manufactured surface deformations which provide a locking anchorage with surrounding concrete. Bar tracery: Tracery which is composed of thin stone elements. The glass, dominates when bar tracery is used. it gives a more delicate, web-like effect. Barge Board: A board, often decoratively carved, that hangs perpendicular from the projecting edge of a roof gable. Base: The lowest element of a column. The parts are; the astragal, torus, scotia mouldings and a plinth. Base Coat: An intermediate course between the base course and the wearing coat,Base Course: That part of the construction resting upon the sub- grade and through which the load is transmitted to the sub-grade or the supporting soil. A base course is the layer immediately under the wearing surface. Basement or Cellar: The lower storey of a building below or partly below ground level. Basic Module: The fundamental module used in modular co- ordination, the size of which is selected for general application to building & its components. Basic or ultimate stress: The stress which is determined on small clear specimen of timber, in accordance with good practice; and does not take into account the effect of naturally occurring characteristics and other factors. Batching Plant: The mechanical equipment for measuring by weight or volume, two quantities of different ingredients required to make up each complete charge of a mixer, Batten: A piece of sawn timber whose cross-sectional dimensions do not exceed 5 cm. in either direction. Batter: A small inclination from the vertical. Batter Pile (Raker Pile) The pile which fs installed at an angle to the vertical. Battlement: A parapet with alternating openings and raised sections and used on castle towers for defence purposes. Baulk or Balk: A piece of timber whose cross-sectional dimensions exceed Scm in one direction and 20 cm in the other direction. (A baulk or balk is obtained by nearly squaring a log.) 10Bay: The distance between two adjacent trusses. Beam: A structural member usually made of steel, R.C.C., timber etc. used generally in the horizontal position to carry load. Beam Filling: The filling of the gap between the ceiling level and the wall bearing level excluding portions occupied by beams, rafters, etc. Bearer: A beam supported at two or more points and provided for the purpose of carrying other members. Bearing: The support of a beam, or the length (or area) of the beam which rests on its support. Bearing Capacity, Safe: The maximum intensity of loading that the soil will safely carry without risk of shear falture irrespective of any settlement that may occur. Bearing Capacity, Ultimate: The intensity of loading at the base of a foundation which would cause shear faifure of the supporting soil. Bearing Pile: A pile formed in the ground for transmitting the toad of a structure to the soil by the resistance developed at its tip and/or along its surface. It may be formed either vertically or at. an inclination (Batter Pile) and may be required to take uplift pressure, if the pile supports the load primarily by resistance developed at the pipe point or base, it is referred to as "End Bearing Pile"; if support is provided primarily by friction along its surface, it is referred to as “Friction Pile”. "Bearing pressure, allowable: The maximum allowable net loading intensity on the ground in any given case, taking into account the ultimate bearing.capacity, the amount and kind of settlement expected and the ability of the given structure to take up this settlement. It is, therefore, a combined function of both the site conditions and characteristics of particular structure. Bearing Pressure, Safe: The intensity of the loading that the soil will carry without undergoing settlement more than permissible for the structure. Bearing Stratum: The stratum (or formation or bed) which has been chosen as the most economical or suitable to carry the load in question. Bed Block: A block bedded on a wail, column or plier to distribute the pressure from concentrated load. Bed Joint : Horizontal joint in brick work of masonry where one stone presses on another for example, a horizontal joint in a wall or radiating joint between the voussoirs of arch Bedding: A layer of concrete or other suitable material on the trench floor to provide continuous support for the pipes. BEL: Bel is the fundamental division of a logarithmie scale used to express the ratio of two specified or implied quantities, the number of bels denoting such a ratio being the logarithm to the base 10 of this ratio. Bell Mouth: A expanded rounded entrance to a pipe or orfice, 12Bench mark: A relatively fixed point whose level is assumed and used as a datum for levelling. Benched Foundation: (or) Stepped Foundation: A foundation on a sloping bearing stratum, cut In steps to ensure that it shall not slide when concreted and loaded up. Benching: The sloped floor of a manhole or an inspection chamber on both sides and above the top of the channel. Benching: 1. A berm above a ditch. Benching: Sloping surfaces constructed on either side of .channels at the base of a manhole or inspection chamber for the purpose of confining the flow of sewage, avoiding the caccumulation of deposits and providing a safe working platform. , Bend: Length of pipe bent or cast into an angle shape Bending Moment: The total bending effect at any section . of a beam is called the bending moment; it is equal to the ‘ ~ algebraic sum of all the moments to the right of the section (or to the left of the section which amount to the same thing). Every bending moments can be expressed as a force times a distance called the arm. Bevelled siding: Tapered wood siding that overlaps for weather protection, applied horizontally on buildings of frame construction. Bib Tap: A tap with a horizontal inlet and nozzle bent to discharge in a downward direction. 13Binder: (i) Cement, tar, bitumen, gypsum, pastor, lime or similar material used for joining masonry. 2) The clay or silt in hoggin or the cement in rock. 3) or Stirrup: A small diameter steel rod usually about 1/4 or 3/8 in dia used for holding together the main steel in a reinforced concrete beam or column. Binder: Is a term applied to tar or bitumen used for binding toad metal. . Bitumen: A non-crystalline solid or viscous material, having adhesive properties, derived from petroleum either by natural or refinery processes, and substantially soluble in carbon disulphide. Bitumen Cutback: Bitumen which has been blended by a volatile diluent. - Bitumen Emuision: A liquid product in which a substantial amount of bitumen is suspended in a finely divided condition in an aqueous medium. Bitumen Macadam: Consists of bitumen only. Bituminous Cement: A general term for bituminous ‘ materials which bind together adjacent solid substances of a suitable nature. Bituminous Macadam: Bitumen or tar macadam. Black-top Surface: A general term applied to wearing coats or surfaces of roads in which tar or bitumen is used as a binder. 14Bieeding: The exudation of bituminous material on a road surface after construction. It is the property of fresh concrete the water in the mix tends to rise while placing and compacting. Blind Alley: A way or road open at one end only. Blind arcade: A row of decorative arches applied to a wall. Blind arch: An arch applied to a wall. Blinding, Gritting or Dressing: Spreading of stone chips, sand or other fine material on a road surface after application of bituminous material, or to fill the voids or interstices in a water-bound macadam surface. Blindage - the fine material so used. Blister: A raised portion of a surface protruding not more than 1mm above the surface and not greater than 3mm in its greatest dimension. Bloated: Swollen, as certain light weight aggregates as a result of processing. Block ; a) Hollow block (open and closed cavity) A concrete masonry unit withone of the external dimension greater than the corresponding dimension of a brick & having ‘one or more large holes or cavities which either pass through the block. (Open cavity) or do effectively pass through the block (closed cavity) and having the solid matezial between 50% and 75% of the total volume of the block calculated from the-averall dimensions. b) Solid Block: A concrete masonry unit with external dimensions greater than corresponding dimension of a brick 15and having solid material not less than 75% of the total volume of the block calculated from over all dimension,. Block Board: Board having a core made-up of strips of wood, each not exceeding 25mm in width laid separately or glued or otherwise joined to form a slab which is glued between two or more outer veneers with the direction of the grain of the core blocks running at right angles to that of adjacent outer veneers. Blotter: A covering of a suitable material to absorb excess bind or to overcome bleeding. Blown Bitumen: Also known as oxidized bitumen. It is produced by blowing air through molten, steam refined asphaltic bitumen. This process produces a bitumen with comparatively high melting point and lower ductility. Blown bitumen has better weathering properities than steam refined type. Blow-holes: Gas cavities in a casting. Blue Print: A contact print on ferra-prussiate paper of a ° drawing made on transparent paper or linen. It is developed either in water or in a special solution. It has white lines on a blue ground. Because of the dark ground, blue print are how less popular than dyelines in spite of the fact that the print obtained from a taint pencil drawing is much better. Board and batten siding: A wood siding consisting of vertical boards with narrow vertical strips (battens) placed over the joints. Bond: Arrangement of the bricks in successive courses ta tie the brickwork together both longitudinally and transversely; 16the arrangement is usually designed to ensure that no vertical joint of one course is exactly over the one in the next course above or belew it, and there is the greatest possible amount of lap. Bond length: The grip length of a reinforcing bar. Bond Stone: Selected long stone used to hold a wall together transverselly. Bond stress; A shear stress at the surface of a reinforcing bar which prevents relative movement between bar and concrete. It is helped by mechanical bond see adhesion. The allowable bond stress is about one tenth of the concrete’ compressive stress. Booster: A pump or compress/inserted in to a water or compressed - air pipeline near the consumer, so as to increase his pressure. Bored cast In-situ pile: The pile formed within the ground by excavating or boring a hole within it, with or without the use of a temporary casing and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete. When the liner is left permanently it is termed as cased pile and when the casing Is taken out it is termed as uncased pile. In installing a bored pile the sides of the borehole {when it does not stand by itself) are required to be stabilized with the aid of drilling mud of suitable consistency. For marine situations such piles are formed with permanent casing (liner). 7Bored Plle: A pile formed with or without casing by excavating or boring a hole in the ground and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced concrete. Borehole: A hole driven in to the ground to get information about the strata, or for release water pressure by vertical sand drains or to obtain water, oil, gas, salt, or sulphur, occasionally borehole are sunk from the surface to shallow mines to admit water pipes, hydraulic fill, power cables, or fresh air. Boukranion: A carved representation of an ox skull. Box Union: A device for joining two threaded pipes. . Bracket: Small supporting of wood, stone or Plaster, to carry a projecting horizontal, such as a gallery. % Branch a) A special form of vitrified sewer and cast iron pipe used for making connections to a sewer or water main. The various types are called T.Y, T-Y, double Y, and V branches according to their respective shapes. b) Any part of piping system other than a main. Branch Soil Pipe (BSP): A pipe connecting one ormore soit appliances to the main soil pipe. Branch Soll Waste Pipe (BSWP): A pipe connecting one or more soil and waste appliances to the main soil waste pipe {one pipe system). Branch Ventilating Plpe (BVP): A pipe, one end of which is connected to the system adjacent to the trap of an appliance and the other to a main ventilating pipe or a drain-ventilating pipe. It is fitted to prevent loss of water seal from a trap owing 18to partial vacuum, back pressure, or surging caused by alr movement within the pipe system. It also provides ventilation forthe branch waste pipe. Branch Waste Pipe (BWP): A pipe connecting one or more waste appliances to the main waste pipe. Brightness ratio or Contrast The variations or contrast in brightness of the details of a visual task, such as white print on blackboard. Brittleness: Tendency to break or give way under an impact of toad, and is the opposite of toughness. Buckling Lead: The load at which a member or a structures as a whole collapses in service or buckles in a joad test. Bullding: Any structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever materials constructed and every part thereof whether used as human habitation or not and includes foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys plumbing and building services, fixed platforms, verandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part or a building or anything affixed thereto or any wail enclosing or intended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoor display structures: Tents, Shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters, etc. erected for temporary and ceremoniat occasions with the permission of Authority shall not be considered as building. Building Helght Of: The vertical distance measured, in the case of flat roofs, form the average level of the ground around and contiguous to the bullding or as decided by the Authority to the highest point of the building adjacent to the street walls; 19and in the case of pitched roofs, up to the points where the external surface to the outer wall intersects the finished surface of the sloping roof, and in the case of gables facing the toad, the midpoint between the eaves level and the ridge. Architectural features serving no other function except that of decoration shall be excluded for the purpose of measuring heights. Bullding Lime: A lime whose chemical and physical characteristics and methods of processing make it suitable for construction purposes, also known as ‘Construction lime’. Building line: The line upto which the plinth of a building adjoining a street or an extension of a street or as a future street may lawfully extend. It includes the lines prescribed, if any, in any scheme, The building line may change from time to time as decided by the Authority. Bulk Density: The weight of a material (including solid particles and. any contained water) per unit volume including voids. Bulk head: In the area below the display windows at the side walk level in commercial buildings. Bulking: Increase in the buik volume of a quantity of sand in a moist condition over the volume of the same quantity dry or completely inundated. Bulldozer: Is a tractor on the front of which is mounted a curved strong adjustable steel blade which is employed for spreading and levelling by pushing loose excavated material. A 20tree dozer is used for felling trees and a stumper dozer Is used for uprooting stumps. Bunched: Cables are said to be ‘bunched’ when two or more are contained within a single conduit, duct, or groove or, if not enclosed, are not separated from each other. Bureau of Indian standards:- Formally known as Indian standards Institution. ° Business: Any human activity motivated by the hope of profit where by man’s wants for goods and services are supplied which includes commerce in industry. BusIness Building: These shall include any building or part of a building, which is used for transaction of business (other than that covered by mercantile buildings); for keeping of accounts and records for similar purposes; office, banks, professional establishments, court houses, and libraries shall . be classified In this group so far as principal function of these is transaction of public business and the keeping of books and records. Butt Joint: Joint in which two pieces of timber are joined end to end usually across the grain. Sometimes dowels are used in such a manner that half of the dowel is thrust in each piece. Buttress: A mass of masonry, or brick work projecting from, or built against a wall to give more strength. A vertical supporting member built on the exterior of a wall to enable it to resist the outward thrust. 21By-pass Road A road to enable through traffic to avoid congested areas or other obstructions to movement. Cabin: A non-residential enclosure constructed of non-load bearing Portion, _ Cable: A tength of single-insulated conductor (solid or standard), or two or more such conductors, each provided with its own insulation, which are laid up together. The insulated conductor or conductors may or may not be provided with an overall mechanical protective covering. Cable Armoured: A cable provided with a wrapping of metal (usually fn the form of tape or wire) serving as a mechanical protection, Cable, Flexible: A cable containing one or more cores, each formed of a group of wires, the diameters of the cores and of the wires being sufficiently small to afford flexibility. Cable, Lead-covered: A cable provided with a lead sheath for the purpose of excluding moisture from the conductors and insulation thereof; such sheath consisting either of commercially pure lead or, alternatively, of pure lead to which asmall percentage of rare metals has been added for hardening purposes. Cable, Metal-Sheathed: An insulated cable with a metal sheath. Cable, Polythene-insulated: A cable in which the insulation of the conductor or conductors is a polythene compound. Cable, PVC-Insutated- A cable in which the insulation of the conductor is a polyvinyl chloride compound. 22Cable, PVG-sheathed: A cabie in which mechanical protection is provided for the core or cores by a sheath ofa polyvinyl chloride compound. Cable, Tough rubber-sheathed (Cable TRS): An insulated cable consisting of one or more vulcanized insulated cores surrounded by a close-fitting rubber sheath. Cable-Weatherproof: A cable so constructed that when installed in uncovered locations, it will withstand all kinds of weather variations. Call indicator: A visual and audible device in the car to indi¢ate to the attendant the lift landings from which calls have been made. Camber: The convexity given to the curved cross-section of a carriage way, between the crown and the edge of the carriage way; it is the difference in level between the crown and the edge of the carriage way. Campanile: italian name for a bell tower, usually one that. is detached from the main building. Cantilever: A beam which is built in and held down by weight or otherwise securely fixed at one end, and hangs freely at the other, an overhanging beam. in modern structural materials, metals and concrete, the cantilever corresponds to the old bracket of masonry or cast iron or timber. Capacity: The storage capacity of a storage or flushing cistern or a tank when filled up to the water line. Capital: Decorative element that divides a column from the masonry that it supports; 23Capltalised Value: The capital amount required to be paid to receive a periodic payment in the form of net return in perpetuity or for a specified period. Car bodywork: The enclosing bodywork of the lift car which comprises the sides and roof, and is built upon the car platform. Car Frame: The supporting frame or sling to which the platform of the lift car, its safety gear, guide shoes and suspension ropes are attached. Car Platform: The part of the fift car which forms the floor and directly supports the load. Carbon: Either as charcoal or graphite, is a soft brittle substance, easily powdered. Carbon Steels: Ordinary steels. . Carpet: A wearing surfdcing obtained by laying bitumen or tar concrete in two or more coats in a thicknesses of more than 25mm. Carpet Area: The covered area of the usable rooms at any floor ievel (excluding the area of wall). Gartlageway: That portion of the roadway designed and constructed for vehicular traffic. Catch Drain: is a drain provided in the slope of a cutting to intercept the water flowing down the cut slope. Caterpillar track: An endless tread, generally of metal links, running over two or more wheels for the purpose of distributing the wheel loads over a greater area So as to permit of a vehicle so fitted passing over soft or uneven ground. 24Caulked Joint: A spigot and socketjoint in which the jointing material is compacted by means of caulking tool and hammer. Caulking: The process of driving, pouring or forcing lead, oakum, plastic or other material into a joint to make it leak proof. Cavity Wall: A wall comprising two leaves, each leaf being built of masonry units and separated by a cavity and tied together with metal ties or bonding units to ensure that the two leaves act as one structural unit, the space between the leaves being either left as continuous cavity or filled with a non-load bearing insulating and water-proofing material. Cellutar concrete: The material consisting of an inorganic binder (Such as lime or Cement or both) in combination with a finely ground material containing siliceous acid (such as sand), gas generating material (for example, aluminum powder), water & harmless additives (optional); and steam cured under high pressure in actoclaves. - ~ Cement Gun: A compressed-air operated ejector for making pneumatic mortar or gunite. Cement paste: A mixture of cement and water; may be either hardened or un-hardened. - Gensus of population: It is the outstanding government - source of statistics used by land use planners. Centering: A temporary supporting structure to a soffit. Genti: A prefix meaning “one hundredth part of". Central Stone: Key-stone in an arch. 25Centrally planned Building: A buitding in which the sides ~ are of equal length, and the main space symmetrical when bisected laterally and longitudinally. In a centrally planned building open space at the centre is developed around a vertical axis. Centre of gravity: Tiiat point in a body at which it wilt balance If supported. it is the point at whieh the weight acts and is important for all engineers. Structural engineers are interested in the centre of gravity of a number of forces since they try to place all members with their centroids at the centre of gravity of the forces carried. a 5, . Centrifugal Fan: A fan.in which the air leaves. the impeller in a direction substantially at right angles to its axis. Chalr: A bed of concrete or other suitable material on the trench floor to provide a support for the pipes at intervals. Chajja: A sloping or horizontal structural overhang usually provided over openings on external walls to provide protection from sun-and rain, , Channel: The open waterway through which sewage, storm water or other liquid waste flow at the invert of a manhole or an Inspection chamber. Chase: A continuous recess in wall, floor or ceiling for the purpose of holding pipes and conduits. Check: A fine crack in timber members. Check: A separation of fibers extending along the grain which is confined to one face of a piece of wood, _ 28Chipping: The term is generally intended to include uncrushed gravel as well as crushed rock, of a gauge finer than 20mm. Chips: Broken fragments of marble or other minerat aggregate screened to specified sizes. Choir: The area of the church between a transept and main apse. It is the area where the service Is sung and clergy may stand, and the main or high altar is located. Ghowk, Inner: A Chowk enclosed on all sides, Chowk or Courtyard: A space permanently open to the sky, enclosed fully or partially by building and may be at ground Jevel or any other level within or adjacent to a building. Chowk, Outer: Achowk one of whose sides is not enclosed. Chute: A vertical pipe system passing from floor to floor provided with ventilation and inlet openings for receiving refuse from successive floors and ending at the ground floor on the top of,the collecting chambers. Ciborium: A cangpy resting on columns over the altar. Cinder: Well bumt furnace residue which has been fused or sintered into lumps of varying sizes. The same material in a finely powdered form is found to possess some pozzolanic activity. Clreuit: An arrangement of conductor or conductors for the | purpose of conveying energy and forming a system or a branch of a system. 27Clrcult Breaker: A device, capable of making and breaking . the circuit under all conditions, and unless otherwise specified, so designed as to break the current automatically under abnormal conditions. Circult Final, Sub: An outgoing circuit connected to one-way distribution fuseboard and intencied to supply electrical energy at one or more points to current, using appliances without the intervention of a further distribution fuse board other than a one-way’ board. It includes all branches and extensions derived from that particular way in the board. Cireutating Area: itis the floor area of Verandas, balconies, passages and staircases etc; which are used for movement of persons using the building at any floor level. Clstern: A fixed container for water in which the water is at atmospheric pressure. The water is usually supplied through a ball valve. Clay: An aggregate of microscopic and sub-microscopic particles derived from the chemical decomposition and disintegration of rock constituents. It is plastic within a moderate to wide range of water content. Clay, Firm: A clay which at its natural water content can be moulded by substantial pressure with the fingers and can be excavated with a spade. . Clay, Soft: A clay which at its natural water content can be easily moulded with the fingers and readily excavated. 28Clay, Stiff: A clay which at its natural water content cannot be moulded with the fingers and requires a pick or pneumatic spade for its removal. Cleaning:Eye: An access opening having a removable cover to enable obstructions to be cleared by means of a drain rod. Cleat: 1. A piece of timber fixed on principal rafter to secure the purlins, : 2. A piece of wood used as a device to keep the door or window shutter in the open position. Cleat: An insulated incombustible support normally used for insulated cable, Cloister: Part of a monastery; a quadrangte surrounded by covered passages. It connects the domestic parts of the monastery with the church, Cloister Vault: A dome placed over a polygonal base. It is. formed of curved sections that correspond to the parts of the polygon on which it rests. Closed Sign: An advertising sign in which at least more than fifty percent of the area is solid or tightly enclosed or covered. Closer: Part of a brick or other masonry unit such as stone, concrete either manufactured or cut from a whole brick or other masonry unit used to maintain bond. Coal Tar: Is a bye-product in the manufacture of gas from coal. Itis viscous or liquid, resulting initially from the destructive distillation of coal which has been so refined as to be suitable for road work. 29Coarse aggregate: Aggregate most of which is retained on 4.76 mm IS sieve and containing onty so much of finer material as is permitted by the specification. Cobble: A rock fragment between 64 and 256 mm in diameter as applied to coarse aggregate for concrete, the material in the nominat size range 75 to 150 mm. Coffer: The sunken area created between the Sroseine of structural members. Coke: Purer form of coal and contains a majority of carbon, is produced from coal artificially. Coke Oven: A sort of a distiller which heats the coal out of contact with air and produces coke. Cold-Drawing: Method of producing a bar or wire by drawing or stretching mechanically the metal through a die without heating the material, thus reducing its cross-section. This improves physical properties of the metal, increasing tensile strength, yield point, hardness, and resistance to fatigue; gives superior qualities to hot roiled precess. Cold-Rolling: Has about the same effects on the structure and physical properties of steel and most of the non-ferrous metals as cold-drawing, the extent of changes depending upon the amount of reduction in cross-section. Before steel is cold rolled, it must be anneated. Cold-rolling gives clean and smooth finished surface. Cold Twisted Deformed Bar: A bar of steel produced by cold twisting a hot rolled bar and which has lugs, ribs or 30deformations on its’surface in accordance with definitions for deformed bars. Gollar: A pipe fitting in the form of sleeve for jointing the spigot ends of two pipes in the same alignment. Collection Chamber: A compartment situated at the lower end of the chute for collecting and housing the refuse during the period between two successive cleanings. Colonnade: A row of columns carrying arches. Column: A free-standing, upright member, used for a support. Column: An isolated vertica! load bearing member width of which does not exceed four times the thickness. Combustible Material: A material is combustible if it burns or adds heat to a fire when tested for non-combustibility in accordance with good practice. Commerce: The field of Economic activity, concerned with the distribution of goods from the producers to the consumérs and includes all activities which aid or facilitate this distribution such as ware housing, transport, banking and Insurance. Common rafter: A roof member which supports roof baltens and roof covering such as boarding, shelting. Communication Pipe: That part of a service pipe which vests in the water undertakers. It starts at-the water main and terminate at a point which differs according to the circumstances of the case. 34Compaction: The densification of a soil by means of mechanical manipulation. Complete: A pronged plate that forms part of an escalator landing and engages with the celats of the steps at the limits of travel. Components: A building product formed as a distinct unit having specified sizes in three dimensions. Composite Members: Structural members comprising prefabricated structural units of steel, prestressed concrete or reinforced *cofcrete and cast in-situ concrete connected together in such a manner that they act monglithically. Compressio : A force which tends to shorten a member; a push; the opp site of a tension. Compression Wood: Abnormal wood which is formed on the tower sides of branches and inclined stems of coniferous trees. It is darker and harder than normal wood but relatively low in strength for its weight. It can be usually identified by wide eccentric growth rings with abnormally high proportion of growth late wood. Compressive stress: is produced when the forces tend to compress the body or push the particles closer together. Gonerete: An intimate mixture of water, sand, stone, and a binder (nowadays usually portland cement) which hardens to a stone-ike mass. Lime and other concretes were used by the ancient Romans. Concrete Dense: Concrete containing a minimum of voids. 32Conductor, Aerial: Any conductor which is supported by insulators above the ground and is directly exposed to the weather. Note - Four classes of aerial conductors are recognized: a) Bare aerial conductors, b) Covered aerial conductors, c) Insulated aerial conductors, and d) Weatherproof neutral-screened cable. Conductor, Bare: A conductor not covered with insulating material. Conductor, Earthed: A conductor with no provision for its insulation from earth. . Conductors, Insulated: A conductor adequately covered with insulating material of such quality and thickness as to prevent > danger. Conductor or a cable or core: The conducting portion consisting of a single wire or group of wires, assembled together and in contact with each other or connected in parallel. Connections: The junction of a foul water drain, surface water drain with public sewer, cesspool, soak way or other water courses. Connector: A mechanical clamp shrouded in insulating material for connecting the conductor of a cable or of a flexible cord to that of another cable or of another flexible cord. Connector box or Joint box: A box forming a part of wiring installation, provided to contain joints in the conductors of cables of the installation.Connector for portable appllances: A combination of a plug and socket arranged for attachment to a portable electrical appliance or to a flexible cord. Consistency: The relative mobility or ability of freshly mixed concrete or mortar to flow, the usual measurements are slump for concrete and flow for mortar, cement paste or grout. Consolidation: The gradual reduction in volume of a soil mass resulting from an increase in and continued application of compressive stress and is due to the expulsion of water from “the pores. Consolidation: The gradual compression of a cohesive soit due to weight acting on it, which occurs as water is driven out of the voids in the soil. Consalidation only occurs with clays or other soils of low permeability. It is not the same as compaction, which is an artificial mechanical process and generally refers to soils with at least some sand. Construction Joint: The interface .between adjacent concrete pours which are designed to act monolithically in the completed structure, Consultant: A registered architect or chartered civil or structural engineer who acts on behalf of a client. His functions often go very much further than consultation and he, with his staff, provides the complete design of a building. Consulting engineer: A chartered civil or structural engineer who is approached by an architect or client or another engineer for the purpose of designing a structure. The engineer advises his client on the choice of structure, once the structureis chosen, the engineer ceases to advise and begins to draw out a structural scheme which he expands in detail after the clients approval. Consumer: Any person who uses or is supplied water or on whose application such water is supplied by the Authority. Consumers Terminals: The ends of the electrical conductors situated upon any consumer's premises and belonging to him at which the supply of energy is delivered from the service line. Consumers’ Pipe: The portion of service pipe used for supply of water and which is not the property of the Authority. Contaminants; Dusts, fumes, gases, mists, vapours and such other substances present in air as arelikely to be injurious or offensive to the occupants. Continuous beam: A beam of several spans in the same straight line joined together so effectively that a known load on one span will produce an effect on the others which tan be calculated. A continuous beam generally has at least three supports. This sort of continuing is economical and safe where the supports are unlikely to settle, Contract Speed (Lift): The mean of the maximum speeds attained by the lift car in the upward and downward directions with rated load in the fift car. Contractor: The contractor shall mean the individual or firm orcompany, whether incorporated or not, undertaking the works and shall include the legal personal representative or such individual or the persons composing such firm or company, orthe successors of such firm or company and the permitted assigns of such individual or firm or firms or company. Control: The system governing starting, stopping, direction of motion, acceleration, speed and retardation of moving member. Controlled Concrete: The concrete, in which the proportion of aggregates to cement and water are determined by preliminary tests of the materials to be used and the water-cement ratio for concrete of a specified strength is determined by prescribed method, shall be classified as controlled concrete. The minimum quantity of cemenfto be used in controlled concrete for reinforced concrete work shall be not less than 220 kg, per cu. metre of concrete. Conversion: The change of occupancy or premises to any occupancy or use requiring additional occupancy permit. Cooking Alcove: A cooking space having direct access from the main room without any inter-communicating door. Coparcenary: It is akin to joint tendency, but It is constituted, within the family. Coping or weatherlng: The cover applied over or the geometrical form given to a part of structure to enable it to shed rain water. Corbel: A cantilever projecting from the face of a wall to form a bearing. Cord, Flexible: A flexible cable having conductor of small * cross- sectional area. Two flexible cords twisted together are known as twin flexible cord’. 36Core: The inner layers of a composite wood product. Core of a Cable: A single conductor of a cable with its insulation but not including any mechanical protective covering. Corinthian Capital: A capital used originally by the Greeks in a system of supports called the corinthian order. It is decorated with three superimposed rows of carved foliage around the capital. Corner Board: A board used to cover the exposed ends of woed siding. . Cornice: Horizontal ornamental feature projecting from the face of a wall, Corrosion: The gradual removal or waking of the surface of metal by chemical attack, always electrolytics, usually, oxidation. Copper lead, zinc, and aluminium when notin contact with other metals form a thin film of oxide, the patina which protects them from further oxidation. Corrosion, being electrolytic, is helped by an aid like the carbon dioxide of the air dissolved in water, also by the presence of another metal. If zinc or aluminium are in contact with iron through an electrolyte, they are dissolved in. Corrugations: Ripples, waves or undulations which are liable to appear in al! types of road surfaces. Cost: Expenditure to produce a commodity having a value. Coupling: A pipe fitting with inside threads only, used for connecting two pieces of pipe. Course: A layer of bricks including bed mortar. 37Cover: a) Aremovable plate for permitting access to a pipe, fitting, vessel or appliance. b) The vertical distance between the top of the barrel of a burried pipe or other construction and the surface of the ground, Covered Area: Ground area covered by the building immediately above the plinth level. The area covered by the following in the open spaces Is excluded from covered area. a) Garden, rockery, well and well structure, plant nurs- ery, water pool, swimming poof (if uncovered), plat- form round a tree, tank, fountain, bench, chabutra with open top and unenclosed on sides by walls and the like; b) Drainage culvert, conduit, catch-pit, gully pit, cham- ber, gutter and the like; ¢) Compound wall, gate, unstoreyed porch and portico, slide, Swing, uncovered staircase, ramps, areas cov- ered by Chajja and the like; and d) Watchmen's booth, Pump house, garbage shaft, electric cabin or substations, and such other utility structures meant for the services of the building under consideration. Note: For the purpose of this part, covered area equals the plot area minus the area due for open spaces. Cowl: A hood on the top of a vent pipe or soil stack. Cramp: A small piece of metal or the hardest or tough test stone procurable, sunk in mortices and mixed across joints as 38additional ties. The ends of metal cramps are bent at right angles and stone cramps are devetailed. Craze or Crazing: Fine cracks in the glaze. Crazing:; The breaking up of a surface layer through cracking into some irregular shaped areas. Creep: The slow stretching or continuous plastic extension under steady stress (particularly at high temperature). ‘Creteways: A carriageway in which a cement concrete wearing surface is provided for the wheel tracks only. Critteal temperatures” The temperature at which the elements of steel become fluid. Cross: A pipe fitting used for connecting four pipes at right angles, Crass-Connection: A connection between two normally independent pipelines which permits flow from either pipeline into the other. Cross Joint: A vertical joint, normal to the face of the wall. Cross - Joint: A joint other than a bed joint normal to the wall face. Cross-sectional area of masonry unit: Net cross-sectional area of a masonry unit shall be taken as the gross cross-sectional area rhinus the area of cellular space. Gross cross-sectional area of cored units shall be determined to the outside of the coring but cross-sectional area of grooves shail not be deducted from the gross cross-section area to obtain the net cross-sectional area. 39Crossfall: The fall given to the surface of any part of a roadway, at right angles to road length. Crown: The highest point (in cross. section) of a curved road surface, commonly at or near the centre. The level of crown is called road surface level. Crown of Trap: The topmost point of the inside of a trap outlet. Crude oll: Unrefined petroleum. Cube strength: The load per-unit area’ét which a standard cube fails when tested in a specified manner. Curb, Kerb: The stone margin of a side walk. Curing: Maintenance of moisture conditions to promote continued hydration of cement. Curtain Wall: A nonload bearing wall subject to lateral loads. It may be faterally supported by’ vertical or horizontal structural members where necessary. . Customers/Consumers connections: Piping tapped on riser to supply each individual customer/consumer.. Cut: The material excavated to make a cutting. Cut-back: A solution of butimen in a volatile or partly volatile solvent such as kerosene or creosote, Cut-Out: Any appliance for automatically interrupting the transmission of energy through any conductor when the current tises above a pre-determined amount, for example, fusible cut out, 40Cutting: That portion of the site of a road where the formation has been excavated below the ground level. Damp-proof Course: A layer of impervious material laid or inserted in a structure to arrest the permeation of dampness. Damp Situation: A situation in which moisture Is either permanently present or intermittently present to such an extent as to be likely to impair the effectiveness of an installation conforming tq the requirements for ordinary situations. Daylight Area: The superficial area on the working plane illuminated to not less than a specified daylight factor, that is, the area within the relevant contour. Daylight Factor: It Is a measure of the total daylight illumination at a point on a given plane expressed as the ratio {or percentage) which the illumination at the point on the given plane bears to the simultaneous illumination on a horizontal plane due to clear design sky vault, direct sunlight going excluded, Daylight Penetration: The maximum distance to which a given daylight factor contour penetrates into a room. Dead: At or about earth potential or disconnesied from any live system. Dead Knot: A knot in which the layers of annual growth are hot completely inter grown with those of the adjacent wood. It is surrounded by pitch or bark, The encasement may be partial or complete. 41Dead Loads: The self weights of all permanent constructions and installations including the self weights of all walls, partitions, floers and roofs. Decay or Rot: Disintegration of wood tissues caused by fungi (wood destroying) or other micro-organisms. Decibel: Sound levels as measured on a sound level meter with weighting network. Decorative Veneers: Veneers having attractive appearance due to figure, colour, grain, tusture, etc. Dedicated street: American term for a street administered by a local authority. Deep Manhole: A manhole of such depth that an access shaft is required in addition to the working chamber. Access shaft is considerably smaller in plan than the Manhole. Deep well: A well passing through shallow impermeable strata (which may yield water) but drawing its water only from beneath them. Deep well pump: A centrifugal pump which is driven by a long shaft from a surface electric motor, the pump being at the foot of the borehole. Deflection: The elastic movement of loaded parts of a structure. Deflectometer:An instrument for measuring the deflections of structures, usually of beams under load. Deformation: A more general term than deflection, which includes the plastic, non-recoverable movement of a structure. 42Deformed bars: Concrete reinforcement consisting of steel bars with projections or indentations, which increase the mechanical bond between the steel and the concrete. Deformeter: An instrument used in the model analysis of a structure to help in drawing out its influence line. Degree of compaction or Degree of density: The tightness of packing of a soil sample. Degree of saturation: The percentage of the volume of water filled voids to the total volume of voids between the soil grains, Demolition: [t means breaking up. This shall consist of demotishing whole or part of work including all relevant items as specified. Density: The residential density is expressed in terms of the number of dwelling units per hectare. Depreciation: It is the decrease In value of property, machinery or equipment due to wear, tear, decay and obsolescence. Depth of Manhole: The vertical distance from the top of the manhole cover to the outgoing invert of the main drain channel. Derrick: A lifting device which may be hand-operated by one man or worked by several powerful motors. Design: Although design is not drawing, all designs are expressed by drawing to which the builder works. 43Design load: The weight or other force for which a building or part of a building is designed, that is the worse possibie combination of loads. The term is also used in a similar sense by mechanical engineers for air-conditioning plant, and by,other engineers. Designer: An engineer who works in a drawing office and ensures that a structure is safely cafculated but may not himself draw the structural details if this is left to a detailer. Designer-detaller: An engineer who both calculates the sizes of structural members and draws out their details. Detached Building: A building detached on all sides. Detail or Detail. drawing or working drawing: A drawing which has enough detail on it for the contractor to build his work correctly and for the site dimensions to be true to the drawing. Detall paper: Light weight, nearly transparent, cheap drawing paper, used for making a first rough drawing but not normally for printing purposes. 3 Detailer: A draughtsman of any sort (structural, architectural, mechanical, etc.) who works out and draws details of construction, some times under the supervision of a designer, sometimes on his own responsibility. Determining entrance level: This will be the inside floor level at the entrance to the building. : Detour: An alternate circuitous route for traffic going around a closed portion of a road; a temporary route. 44Development: ‘Development’ with grammatical variations means the carrying out of building, engineering, mining or other operations in, or over, or under land or water, or in the use of any building or land and Includes development and layouts and subdivision of any land, and ‘to develop’ shail be constructed accordingly. 3 Development: Carrying out building, Engineering, mining or other operates in, on, over, or under the land (or) the making of any material change in the area of any buildings or other land. Development control: An integral part of the apparition of physical planning. This gives power to a local authority to contro! over all development taking place within its area. Diameter: The nominal internal diameter of pipes and fittings. Diameter of a knot: The maximum distance between two points farthest apart on the periphery of a round knot, on the face of which it becomes vislble. In the case of a spike or splay knot, the maximum width of the knot visible on the face on which it appears shall be taken as its diameter, Differential settlement or relative.setttement: The uneven sinking of different parts of a building. Direct earthing system: A system of earthing in which the parts of an Installation are so earthed as specified but are not connected within the installation to the neutral conductor of the supply system or to earth through the trip coil of an earth leakage circult-breaker. 45Direct solar illumination: The illumination from the sun without taking into account the light from the sky. Direct Tap: A tap which is connected to a supply pipe and is subject to pressure from the water main. Discoloration: A change from the normal colour of the wood which does not impair the strength of the wood, Disconnectors: A device used to open (or close) a circuit when either negligible current is interrupted (or established) or when the significant change in the voltage across the terminals of each of the pole of the disconnectors occurs; in the open position it provides an isolating distance between the terminals of each pole. a Dismantling: It implies carefully separating the parts without damage and removing. This may consist of dismantling one or more parts of the building as specified. Dispersion: A suspension of very fine, often coiloidal particles in a liquid medium. Dieperston Trench: A trench in which open jointed pipes, surrounded by coarse aggregate media and overlaid by fine aggregate, are laid. The effluent from septic tank gets dispersed through the open joints and is absorbed in the surrounding soil. Distance Area or resistance area {for earth electrode only): The area of ground (around an earth electrode) within which a voltage gradient measurable with ordinary commercial instruments exists when the electrode is being tested. 46Distributed load: A design load uniformly distributed along abeam. Distribution fuse-board: An assemblage of parts including, one or more fuses. arranged for the distribution of electrical energy to final sub-circuits. Distribution steel: In a reinforced-concrete slab, the subsidiary reinforcement placed at right angles to the main steel] to hold it in place during concreting and to distribute concentrated loads over a large area of slab. District plan: The comprehensive planning of relatively large areas, usually were change will take place in a piecemeal passion over a long perlod. Door, Centre-opening Sliding: A door which slides horizontally and consists of two or more panels which open from the centre and are usually so interconnected that they move simultaneously. Door, Mid-bar collapsible: A collapsible door with vertical bars mounted between the normal vertical members. Door, Single Slide A single panel door which slides horizontally. Door, Swing: The swinging type single panel door which is opened manually and closed by means of a spring closer when released, Dovetail Joint: A joint at the corer of two pieces in such a way that the notches made in one are fitted exactly into projections of corresponding size and shape made in the other. There are various kinds of dovetail joints for instance, lapped dovetail joint, wedge shaped dovetail joint etc. jointed in a way 47which will tesist withdrawal except in the direction in which it was assembled.. Dowels: Dowels are small sections of metal, stone or pebbles bedded with mortar in corresponding mortices in bed Gr side joint or adjacent stones. Down comer: A wet riser fed from an overhead tank installed on the building. Down-Pipe: Pipe which collects rain water from the roof, from the roofgutters, or from both, and conveys it to a drain, sump or other point of discharge. Downtake Tap: A tap connected to a system of piping not * subject to water pressure from the water main. Dragging: The operation of smoothing out and reshaping irregularities in surface earthwork by means of a drag. Drain: A line of pipes including all fittings and equipment, such as manholes, inspection chambers, traps, gullies and floor traps used for the drainage of a building, or a number of buildings, or yards appropriate to the buildings, within the same cartilage. Drain shall also include open channels al for conveying surface water. as yy Drain pipes: Pipes below ground which remove sewage, waste water or rainwater. Drain rods: Cane rods with threaded brass end fittings which screw together and can be pushed to and fro in a drain to remove a stoppage (rodding) 48Drain Ventilating Pipe (DVP): A pipe installed to provide flow of air to or from a drain to prevent undue concentration of foul air in the drain. The main sail pipe or main waste pipe may serve as drain ventilating pipe wherever their upper portions, which do not receive discharges, are extended to the roof level and let open to air. Drainage: The removal of any liquid by a system constructed for the purpose. Drainage Work: The design and construction of a system of drainage. Dralned shear test or slow test: A shear test or triaxial compression test, applied to a specimen of cohesive soil after completed consolidation under normal load, carried out in drained conditions. Draughtsman: One who prepares drawings for use on a building site or elsewhere. Drawing: The work of a draughtsman, putting on to paper pictorial working instructions, perspective views. Drawing board: A flat soft wood sheet made of several boards edge to edge, measuring about 2 inches more both ways than a standard sheet of drawing paper. Drawing paper: The paper used in drawing offices is generally of three sorts, each of which can be used with pen or pencil, Drawing (of wires): The pulling of round sections or wires through holes (dies) of successively smaller diameters, which elongates lengthwise and proportionately reduces the diameter. 49Dressing of stone: The preparation of surface of stones to obtain plain edges or to obtain stone of required shape and size. . Drift: it is the material picked up, mixed, disintegrated, transported and redeposited by wind, gravitational force and glacier water. Drive pipe: Pipe (1 to 2 inches. dia) driven into the ground by hammer and withdrawn so that the soil within it can be inspected. Drive-way: A way to secure access from a road to private property. Driven Cast In-situ Pile: A pile formed within the ground by driving a casing of permanent or temporary type and subsequently filling in the hole so formed with plain or reinforced concrete. For displacing the subsoil, the casing is installed with a plug or a shoe at the bottom end. When the casing is left permanently, it is termed as cased pile and when the casing is taken out, it is termed as uncased pile. Driven pite: A pile of steel, wood or reinforced concrete which is forced into the ground by blows from a pite hammer. Driven Precast Pile: A pile constructed in concrete (reinforced or prestressed) in a casting yard and subsequently driven in the ground when it has attained sufficient strength. Driving band or pile hoop or pile ring: A steel band filled round the head of a timber pile to prevent brooming. Driving cap: A stee| cap placed over the head of a steel pile to reduce the damage during driving.Drop Connection: A branch drain of which the last Jerigth, of piping of the Incoming drain before connection to the sewer is vertical. Drop Manhole: A manhole installed in a sewer where the elevation of the incoming sewer considerably exceeds that of the outgoing sewer; a vertical waterway outside the manhoie is provided to divert the waste from the upper to the lower level so that it does not fall freely into the manhole except at peak fate of flow. Drop-penetration test; A dynamic penetration test. Drop shait: or open caisson or cylinder caisson: A method of shaft sinking in soft waterlogged ground, consisting of _ bullding up at ground level on a cutting curb, a massive concrete, brick or iron structure big enough to serve as permanent shaft lining. Drum Screen: A screen shaped like a cylinder or cutoff cone, turning on its centre line, Dry density: The weight of dry material in unit volume of a soil sample after drying at 105°C. Dry Joint: A plane of contact between two structures or parts -of @ structure to allow relative movement caused by shrinkdge, expansion or settlement. ‘Dry pack: Concrete or motar which is just damp, used as filling to join up two load-bearing members by ramming it in with @ hammer, ti gives much less shrinkage than fluid grout and can be loaded immediately. 51Dry process: Process in which mixture of cement and aggregates conveyed ‘dry’ through the delivery hose to the nozzle where water is added, Dry Riser: A vertical water main inside a building, not normally connected to a water main or an automatic stationary pump, with an inlet or inlets at street level, through which water can be pumped by fire service pumps to hydrant outlets or hose reels at various floors, Dry weather flow: The flow in a sewer during 24 hours of dry weather, usually equivalent to the water SoA in24 hours. Dubbing out: It shall mean filling in hollows in the surface of wall and roughly levelling up irregular or out of, plumb surfaces prior to rendering. Duct System: A continuous passageway for the transmission of air which, in addition to ducts, may include duct fittings, dampers, plenums, fans and accessory alr handling equipment. Ductility: Is the property of a metat being permanentiy extended or stretched (i.e. drawn Into wires) by a tensile force to a smaller section, before it fractures. Ductility is opposite to brittleness, Ductile thus means able to stretch before it gives way. Ductube:.An inflated tube used for forming cable ducts in concrete. Dummy-joint: A groove cut through the upper half of a concrete slab and filled with a fibrous joint filler. 52Dumper: A rubber-tyred vehicle with two large wheels In” front and wo small ones behind, having a hopper of 2 to 9 cu. yd. capacity over the large wheels. Dumpling: In a large excavation such as a railway cutting or dry dock; a dumpling is a mass of ground with excavation on two or more sides, Jeft untouched until the end of the dig. Itis used as an abutment for timbering the sides of the dig and thus Saves the expense of long, heavy timbers, Dumpy level: A levelling instrument in which the telescope with its level tube is attached rigidly to the vertical spindle, Dusting: A concrete floor whose surface is distintegrating and producing dust. This is due to lack of curing or excessive water in the mix caused by a dirty sand. Dwelling unit/ Tenement: An independent housing unit with separate facilities for living, cooking and sanitary requirements, Dwellings: These shall include any building or part occupled by members of single/multi-family units with independent cooking facilities. These shail also include apartment houses (flats). Dynamic loading: Loads which include impact. Dynamic-pile formulae: Formulae in which the safe load on a pile is calculated from the energy of the hammerblow and the penetration of the pile for each blow, Dynamic strength: Resistance to suddenly applied loads. 53Eamest Money: It is a mode of signifying assent to a contract or sale or the like by giving the vendor a nominal sum as a token that the parties are in the earnest or have made up their minds. It is a part or purchase price when the transaction goes forward, it is forfeited when the transactions falls through by failure of the vendee. Earth Continulty Conductor: The conductor, including any clamp, connecting to the earthing lead or to each other those, parts of an installation which sare required to be earthed. it may be in whole or in part the metal conduit or the metal sheath or armour of the cables, or the special continuity conductor of a cable or flexible cord incorporating such a conductor. Earth Electrode: A metal plate, pipe or other conductor electrically connected to the general mass of the earth. Earth leakage clircult-Breaker System: A system of earthing in which the parts of an installation, specified, to be earthed are so earthed through one or more earth leakage circuit-breakers or relays. Earth pressure: it is a push from retained earth which . varles between two extremes, the minimum, or active earth pressure, which is force from earth tending to overturn a free retaining wall, and the maximum, that Is the passive earth pressure, which is the resistance of an earth surface to deformation by other forces. Earth pressure at rest: The thrust from earth on to a fixed retaining wali. it is intermediate between the active and the passive earth pressures, 54Earth quake: A settlement of part of the earth's surface along a fault plane, that is a crack in the earth's crust. Earth (Electrical): A connection to the general mass of earth by means of an earth electrode. An object is, sald to be ‘earthed’ when it is electrically connected is said to be an earth electrode; and a conductor is sald to be ‘solidly earthed’ when it is electrically connected to an earth electrode without a fuse, switch, circuit- breaker, resistance or impedance in the earth connection. Earthtng Lead: The final conductor by which the connection to the earth electrode is made. Easement: It is a right which the owner or occupier of certain land possesses, as such, for the beneficial enjoyment of that land, to do and continue to do something or to prevent or continue the prevent of something being done, in or upon, or in respect of certain other land not his own. Eave Board: A wooden board fixed to the feet of the common rafter at the eaves. Eaves: The lower edge of the inclined roof. Eccentricity: The distance between the paint of application of a direct load to column or tie and the centroid of the member. Echo: A distinct and clearly discernible reflected sound tecelved at a point within the enclosure when any sound emanates from any part of that enclosure. A quick succession of such echoes is called flutter or flutter echo. Economic Planning: The systematic management of nation’s assets In pursuit of more or less well defined objectives. 55Economic ratlo: A design of a reinforced - concrete beam - is said to have the economic ratio of steel if the concrete and steel are both stressed to the maximum Edging: Bricks (or blocks of concrete or stone) embedded along the edges of a pavement to protect the pavement from damage caused by traffic. Educational Bulldings: These shail include any building used for school, college or day-care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation and which is not covered by assembly buildings. Effective depth: In the design of reinforced - concrete beams and slabs, the depth from the outer face of the compression flange of the concrete to the centre line of the stretched steel. Effective Helght: The height of a wall or column, to be considered for calculating sienderness ratio. Effective helght of a column: In the calculation of slanderness ratio, a value varying from 0.70 x the actual ‘column length for a column fully restrained in position and - direction at both ends to 2x the actual column length for a column fully restrained at one end and free at the other end. Effective Lateral Restraint: Restraint which produces sufficient resistance in a plane perpendicular to the plane of bending to restrain the compression flange of a loaded strut, beam or girder from buckling to either side at the point of application of the restraint. 56Effective Length: The length of a wall to be considered for calculating slenderness ratio. Effective Opening: The minimum cross-sectional area at. the point of water supply, measured or expressed in terms of: a) the diameter of a circle; and b) the diameter of a circle of equivalent cross-sectional area, if the opening is not circular, Effective perceived noise level in decibel, (EPN dB): The number for rating the noise of an individual aircraft flying overhead is the effective perceived noise level in decibels (EPN dB). The effective perceived noise decibel value takes into account the subjectively annoying effects of the noise including pure tones and duration. In principle, it is a kind of time integrated loudness. level. ‘ Effective pressure or Intergranular pressure or effective stress: The pressure in a soil between the points of contact of the soil grains. Effective size: Hazen's definition of an effective size of a " soil is the grain size which is larger than 10% by weight of the soil. Effective span: For calculating the bending moments in beams, the effective span of a beam should be taken to be the length between the centres of the supports, except where the point of application of the reaction is taken as eccentric to the support, then the effective span may be the length between the assumed points of application of the reactions. 57Effective Temperature (ET): An arbitrary index which combines Into a single value the effect of temperature, humidity ,. and air movement on the sensation of warmth ar cold felt by the human body and’ its numerical value is that of the temperature of still saturated air which would induce an identical sensation. Effective Thickness: The thickness of a wall or column to be considered for calculating slenderness ratio. Effective thickness of a wall: In the calculation of slenderness ratio (a) For plain brick or masonry walls it is the actual thickness; (b) For cavity walls it is two thirds of the thickness of the two leaves added together. Efficiency of a pile group: It is the ratio of the actual supporting value of a group of piles to the supporting value arrived at by multiplying the pile resistance of an isolated pile by their number in the group. Efflorescence: A powdery encrustment of salts left -by evaporation. This may be visible on the surface or may be below surface. The later case this is termed as crypto-florescence. Effluents: a) Tank effluent: The superantant liquid discharge from a septic tank. b) Filter effluent: The liquid discharged from a biologicat filter. Ejector: A pump for raising sewage by injecting compressed air into a pipe containing the sewage, on the principle of the air lift pump. 58Elastic: A material is said to be elastic if it expands or contracts by forseeable amounts when It IsSpulled or pushed by known forces, and regains its shape when these forces are released. Elastic constants: The modulus of elasticity, bulk mutuls + the shear modulus and poissons ratio. Elastic Critleal moment: The elastic moment which will initiate yielding or cause buckling. Elastic curve; or deflection curve: The curve showing the deflected shape of the neutral surface of a bent beam. Elastic design: The design of a structure to working stresses which are about half to two thirds of the elastic limit. Elastic fimits The stress beyond which further load causes permanent set. Elastic modute: The elastic constants. Elastic strain: A strain produced by a force acting on a body, which disappears when the force is removed. Elastlcity: is the property of a solid material to retum to its original size and shape on removal of the force, provided the stress (or the force) has not exceeded a certain limit called elastic limit. Elbow: A pipe fitting for connecting a service pipe to awater main. Elbow: A sharp comer in a pipe, mine roadway, etc. Electric shock: Injury due to contact with high-voltage electricity. 59£lectric Sign: An advertising sign detached from a building, and erected or painted on the ground or on any pole, screen, fence or hoarding and visible to the public. Electrode: Generally a conductor leading electric current into an electrolytic cell, furnace, or welding equipment. Electro-osmostis: A ground-water lowering process, used in silts to speed up natural drainage and to produce a flow of water away from an excavation. Elevation: A view of a machine or a structure drawn without perspective as if projected on to a vertical plane. Ellipse of stress: An ellipse which, drawn proportional to the principal stresses in plane at a point, shows the resultant stress at any angle through the point in magnitude and direction. Elongation: Elastic or plastic extension of a structural member, particularly the plastic elongation of a piece under tensile test. Embankment: An earthwork raised above the natural ground by the deposition of material to support construction at a higher level. Eminently Hydraulic Lime: Lime containing some qualities of Silica and Alumina (and/or iron oxide) which are in chemical! combination with some of the Calcium Oxide content. This gives a putty or mortar, which has the property of setting and hardening under water. 60Emulsion: A relatively stable suspension of one or more liquids minutely dispersed through another liquid in which have a particle size equal to that of coarse sand. Emulston: A freely flowing liquid at ordinary temperature in which a substantial amount of bitumen or tar is suspended in a solution of water in a finally divided and stable state. Encaster; or Encastered: Said of a beam which is built in at the ends, that is end fixed, Enchroachment: Intruding on others territory, right etc. Enclosed distribution fuseboard; An enclosure containing bus- bars, with fuses for the purpose of protecting, controlling or connecting more than one outgoing circult, fed from more than one or more incoming circuits. End fixed; Said of the end of a beam which Is so held that it can develop a fixing moment. End span: A span which is a continuous beam or slab only at its interior support and is for this reason often shorter or more heavily reinforced than the interior spans. Equallzing bed! A bed of ballast or concrete on which pipes are laid in the bottom of a trench. Equillbrlum: The state of a body which does not move. Equitibrlum moisture content: The moisture content of a soit in a given environment, at which no moisture movement occurs. 61Equipotential lines: Contours of equa! water pressure in the soil mass round a water-retaining structure such as an earth dam or river bank, Escalator: A power-driven, inclined, continuous stairway used for raising or lowering passengers. Evaporative Alr Cooling: The removat of sensible heat from the air by the adiabatic exchange of heat between air and a water spray or wetted surface. Even and Fair: The terms "even and fair" as referred to finishing of the final plastered surface, shall mean a surface finished with a wooden float. - Excavation: Digging and removing soil or breaking and removing rock. Excavator or Navy: A power-driven digging machine, usually mounted on crawled tracks. It can be used as a crane also. Exchange: When 2 persons mutually transfer the ownership of one thing for the ownership of the another. Executing shape: A large open workshop or yard where steel frames are joined up after fabrication to make sure that they fit before being sent in separate pieces to the site, Exhaust of air: Removal of air from a bullding and its disposal outside by means of a mechanical device, such as a fan. Exit: A passage, channel or means of egress from any building, storey or floor area to a street or other open space of safety. 62Expanded Metal: A metal network, often used as reinforcement in concrete construction, formed by, suitably stamping or cutting sheet metal and stretching it to form open meshes, usually of diamond shape. Expanding cement: A hydraulic cement made from cement clinker, gypsum and blast furnace slag. Expansion bend: A loop in a pipe in which the expansion er contraction due to temperature change can be taken up without danger to the pipe. Expansion bolt: An anchor into a masonry wall or floor consisting of a split malleable - iron cone inserted thin end first into a drilled or cored hole, when the head of the bolt is turned, a nut between the halves of the cone is drawn out and tightens the sides of the cone against the walls of the hole, Expansion Joint: or contraction Joint: A space between two parts of a structure which allows small movements of about half an inch. It may be dry joint. Expansion rollers: Rollers provided at one support of a bridge or truss to allow for thermal movement. The other end is usually fixed. Expending beach: A beach designed to use up the energy of the waves. Exposed Metal: All metal parts of an installation which are easily accessible other than: a) parts separated from live parts by double Insulation;, b)metal name-plates, screw heads, covers, or plates, which are supported on attached or connected to substantial non-conducting material only in such a manner that they do not become alive in the event of failure of insulating of live parts and whose means of fixing do not come in contact with any internal metal; and ©) parts which are separated from live parts by other metal parts which are themselves earthed or have double insutation. €xterlor panel: A panel of a slab of which at least one edge has a discontinuous support. Sometimes called end span. External-Reflected Component (ERC): The ratio (or percentage of that part of the daylight illumination at a point on a given plane which is received by direct reflection from external surfaces as compared to the simultaneous exterior illumination on a horizontal plane from the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky. External Vibrator: A vibrator for concrete placing, fixed to the framework, as opposed to an internai vibrator. Eye: A circular hole in the roof. Face waling or Face piece: A waling across the end of a trench. Faced Wall: A wall In which facing and backing of two different materials are bonded together to ensure common action under load.Facing wall: A concrete, precast or in site lining used instead of timber shelling against the earth face of an excavation, Factor of Safety: It is the ratio of the ultimate load capacity of a pile to the safe load of a pile. Factor of safety (General) The ratio of the highest load which can be put on a member to the highest toad which it can carry without failure. Factor of Safety (With respect to bearing capacity): A factor by which the ultimate bearing capacity (net) must be reduced to arrive at the value of safe bearing capacity (net). Falr Face: A plain concrete finish better than that produced from rough framework. Fair-weather Road: A road that can be used by traffic during dry weather only and not during monsoons, Fall: The gradient of rivers, roads, or railways, described as a fall of so many feet per mile or per thousand feet. False work: Any temporary supports for concrete framework or for an arch. Fascine: A brushwood bundle 9 to 17 ft. long, firmly tied into a cylindrical shape of about 27 in girth. It is used as a protective facing to sea walls or river banks or float a road over waterlogged soil. Fascines: Bundles of grass tied and laid across a sandy track for passing temporary traffic. Fat: Containing an excess of bituminous material. 65Fat Lime: Contains a pure non-hydraulic lime. It may be in auick hydrated or putty form. Fatigue: is the diminishing resistance to fracture caused by continued application of varying or alternating stresses, See under "Reversal of Stresses". Feed Cistern: A storage vessel used for supplying cold water to a hot watter apparatus, cylinder or tanks. Fender: A rope mat or ball, an old rubber tyre, which protects a vessel from impact with a pier. _ Fender Kerb or Wheel Guard: Kerb so placed as to prevent the encroachment of, or to secure the constraint cf wheeled traffic. Fender pile: An upright, generally free standing, wooden pile driven into the ground just clear of a berth. It absorbs some of the impact of vessels and thus protects the berth. Ferro concrete: An obsolescent term for reinforced concrete. Ferro-prussiate paper: Paper treated to take blue prints. After exposure It is washed with water or with a developing solution. Ferrule: A pipe fitting for connecting a service pipe to a water main. Fetch: The free distance which the wind can travel to any point in raising waves, that is the distance from the nearest coast in the direction of the wind. 66Fidter's gear: Lifting tackle for laying large blocks at any angle, used in blockwork below water level. Field drain: Agricultural drains. Fiefd moisture equivalent: The minimum moisture content of which a water drop placed on the smoothed surface of a soil will not be absorbed immediately by the soil but spreads over the surface, giving it a shiny look. Filler : a) Finely divided inert material, such as pulverized lime stone, silica, or colloidal substances sometimes added to Portland cement paint or other materials to reduce shrinkage, improve work ability or act as extended. b) Material used to fill an opening in a form. Filler Any fine mineral powder added to bituminous mixture in the course of manufacture, and which has been ground to such a degree of fineness that not less than 85 per cent by “weight passes a 75 micron sieve. The common fillers are - limestone dust, cement granite dust, slate dust, slag dust, coal dust, china clay and fuller’s earth. Fillerjoist floor or Filler concrete slab: A floor consisting of 6x3 in or small rollad-steel joists spaced at intervals of 11/2 to 21/2 ft. The intervals may be filled with plain or reinforced concrete or hollow tile covered with cement topping. Filter bed: A bacteria bed. Filter block: Hollow vitrified clay blocks which may be salt glazed and are designed to carry a bacteria bed. F'nal grade: Formation level. 67Fine Aggregate: Aggregates most of which passes 4.75 mm IS sieve and containing only so much coarse material as is permitted for various grading zones in the specification. Fine cold asphalt: A wearing course of bitumen and fine aggregate which is spread and compacted, while cold or warm. Fineness modulus: An empirical factor obtained by adding the total percentages of a sample of the aggregate retained on each of a specified series of Sieves, and dividing the sum by 100, Finial: A decorative fitting used at the junction of ridger and hips t6 form a water proof covering and at the top of conical, pyramidal or dome roofs, Fink truss or French or Belgian truss: A common, steel roof stress suitable for spans upto 50ft. Fire Damper: A closure which consists of a normally held open damper installed in an air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly and designed to close automatically in the event of a fire in order to maintain the integrity of fire separation. Fire Exit: A way out leading to an escape route. Fire Hydrant: A device connected to a water main and provided with necessary valve and outlets, to which a fire hose may be attached for discharging water at a high rate for the purpose of extinguishing fires, washing’ down streets, or flushing out the water main, Fire Resistance (Criteria of): Fire resistance Is a property of an element of building construction and is the measure of its ability to satisfy for a stated period some or all of thefollowing criteria; (a) resistance to collapse, (b) resistance to flame penetration, and (c) resistance to excessive temperature rise on the unexposed face, Fire separation; The distance in metres measured from any other building on the site, or from other site, or from the opposite side of a street or other public space to the building for the purpose of preventing the spread of fire. Fire Tower: An enctosed staircase which can only be approached from the various floors through landings or lobbies separated from both the floor areas and the staircase by fire-resisting doors, and open to the outer air. Fire Wall: A fire resistance rated wall, having protected opening, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to at least 1m above the roof. Fish-Joint: A splice where the pieces are jointed butt end to end and are connected by pieces of wood or iron placed on each side and firmly bolted to the pieces jointed, Fish plate: The end of a rail is joined to the next rail in the track by a pair of specially shaped steel plates called fish plates. Fish tall bolt: An anchor bolt with its tail split and cast into concrete or masonry. Fishing: Bolting up fish plates to rails or other members,. Fitting: Anything fitted or fixed in connection with the supply, measurement, control, distribution, utilisation or disposal of water. 69Fitting, Lighting: A device for supporting or containing a lamp or lamps (for example, fluorescent or incandescent) together with any holder, shade, or reflector, for example, a bracket, a pendant with ceiling rose, an electrolier, ora portable unit. Fittings: Coupling, flange, branch, bend, tea, elbow, union, waste with plug, P or S trap with vent, Ferrule, stop tap, bib tap, pillar tap, globe tap, ball vaive, cistern, storage tank, baths, water closets, boller geyser, pumping set with mortar and accessories, meter, hydrant valve and anyother article used in connection with water supply, drainage & sanitation. Fixed beam: A beam with a fixed end. Fixed end: A fixing to an end of a beam or column which can develop without movement, as much bending moment as the moment of resistance of the beam or column. Fixing moment or Fixed end moment: The bending moment at the support of a beam required to fix it in such a way that it * cannot rotate, so that it has a fixed end. Fixture Unit: A quantity in terms of which the load producing effecis on the plumbing system of different kinds. of plumbing fixtures is expressed on some arbitrarily chosen scale. Flagstone: A flat and relatively thin slab of natural or artificial stone for pavements subjected only to foot traffic. Flameproof Enclosure: An enclosure which will withstand without injury any explosion of inflammable gas that may occur within it under practical conditions of operation within the rating of the apparatus (and recognized overloads, if any, associated 70therewith) and will prevent the transmission of flame which may ignite any inflammable gas that may be present in the surrounding atmosphere. Flange: A projecting flat rim on the end of a valve, pipe etc. Flanged Plpe: A pipe provided with flanges so that the ends can be joined together by means of both. Flared column head: A circular column which widens to a cone shape just below the floor slab. Flash: A finely divided residue that results from the combustion of ground or pulversied coal and is transported from boilers by flue gases and collected by cyclone separation or electrostatic precipitation. Flash board: A stop log. Flash point: The lowest temperature at which the vapour of a substance momentarily takes fire but does not continue to burn, under specified conditions of test. flash set: Unusual and inconveniently rapid setting of cement in concrete. Flashing: A strip of impervious material, usually metal used to exclude water from the junction between a roof covering and another part of the structure to prevent leakage. Flat Roof: A roof the pitch of which is 10° or less to the horizontal. Flexible Pavement: Road or airstrip construction with a water proof wearing surface of bituminous material which is 71assumed to have no tensile strength. The load is transferred to the foundation soil by the base course. Float Operated Valve; Ball valves or ball taps and equilibrium valves operated by means of a float. Float Valve: A valve in which the closure to an opening such as plug or gate, is actuated by a float to control the flow in to a tank. : Floating Coat: It shall mean the second coat used in a three-coat work, to bring the rendering coat to a true and even surface before the setting coat is applied. Floor: The lower surface in a storey on which one normally walks in a building. The general term ‘floor’ unless specifically mentioned otherwise shall not refer to a ‘mezzanine floor’. Floor Area: it is the area of the usable rooms at any floor fevel excluding wail thickness. Floor Area Ratio (FAR): The quotient obtained by dividing the total covered area (plinth area) on all floors by the area of the plot: _ Total covered area of all floors FAR Plot-area Fioury soil; A fine-grained soil which looks like clay when wet but is seen to be a powder when dry. Flow table test: A standard test (Slump test) for assessing the stiffness of fresh concrete by measuring Its spread. 72Flush Bend: A bend located at the bottom of low level flushing cistern for the purpose of flushing pedestal type water closet and similar fixture. Flushing clstern: A cistern provided with a device for rapidly discharging the contained water and used in connection with sanitary applicances for the purpose of'clearing the appliance and carrying away its contents into a drain. Fluxing: Is softening hard bitumens or asphalts which are too hard for use, to desired consistency by incorporation of certain oils. (The product is called Flux oil). Fluxing Agent; A substantially non-volatile material (Flux oil) used for reducing the consistency of a bitumen (softening bitumen). Fly off: The removal of rainwater by evaporation, as opposed to run off or cut off. Fly-over: A junction so designed that traffic streams are divided to enable them to pass over or under each other. Follower or long dolly or puncheon or set: A long timber by which the blows of the pile hammer are transmitted to the pile head when it is below the leaders of thus out of reach of the hammer. . Foot way: That part of the road reserved for pedestrians Footing: A spread constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of a wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a larger area. 73Forging: Moulding a hat piece of metal to a different shape by hammering. Form lining: Hardboard or plywood placed next to the concrete in framework to give it a smooth are textured surface. Formation: The surface of the ground irrits final shape and level after completion of earth-work. Formation Width: Is the finished top width of earthwork in fill or cut for receiving the road structure. Itis the "roadway" as already defined. Form (Shutter) : a) That part of a form work which consists of the sheeting and its immediate supporting or stiffening members. b) A temporary structure or mould for the support of concrete while it is setting and gaining sufficient strength to be self- supporting. Foundation: That part of the structure which Is In direct ° ~ contact with and transmitting loads to the ground. Foundation, Raft: A substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or walls in a row or rows transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a continuous slab, with or without depressions or opening. Fox-tall wedging: |s a particular mode of mortising in which the end of the tenon is notched beyond the mortise. Fraction: Soils which have been subjected to a mechanical analysis are described in terms of their weight percentages of each component, the sand, fraction, silt fraction and clay fraction. 74Framework: (Shuttering): Complete system of temporary structure built to contain fresh concrete so as to form it to the required shape and dimensions and to support it until it hardens sufficiently to become self-supporting. Form work includes the surface in contact with the concrete and all Necessary supporting structure. Free haul: The maximum distance which excavated material is transported without extra charge. Free Molsture: Moisture not retained or absorbed by aggregate. Freeze Rall: Horizontal member, mortised or otherwise secured to the stiles of a door, provided just below the freeze pane! usually provided for decorative purposes in the uppermost portion of the door. French chalk: Finely ground talc. French draln: Agricultural drains with the pipe surrounded by filter material like gravel, preferably by a graded filter. French Drain or Rubble Drain: A shallow trench filled with coarse rubble, clinker, or similar material with or without field drain pipes. Frequency: Frequency is the number of vibration per second and the unit is Hertz (Hz). Fresh Alr or Outside Alr: Air of that quality, which meets the criteria and in addition shall be such that the concentration of any contaminant in the air Is limited to within one-tenth the threshold limit value (TLV) of that contaminant. 78Where it is reasonably believed that’ the air of quality is unexpectable as indicated above, sampling and analysis shall be carried out by a competent authority having jurisdiction and if the outside air of the quality specified is not available, filtration and other treatment devices shall be used to bring its quality to or above the levels. Fretting: The !oosening of a wearing surface under the action of traffic or weather, associated with the failure of the binding agent to keep the surface consolidated. Frictional soll: A clean silt or sand or gravel, that is a soil whose shearing strength is mainly decided by the friction between particles. ter Frost Line: The line joining the pointslof greatest depths below ground level up to which the moisture in the soil freezes. Fuse: A device that, by the fusion of one or more of its specially designed and proportioned components, opens the circuit in which itis inserted when the currentinrough it exceeds a@ given value for a sufficient time. The fuse comprises all the parts that the complete device. Fuse-Element: That part of a fuse which is designed to melt and thus open a circuit.. - Fuse-Switch: A composite unit, comprising a switch with the fuse contained In or mounted on the moving member of the switch. Gable: The triangular upper part of a wall at the end of the ridge. Gablet: A small gable. 76Gallery: An intermediate ficor or platform projecting from a wall of an auditorium or a halt providing extra floor area, additional seating accommodation, etc. It shall also include the structures provided for seating in stadia, Gang mould: A mould for casting simultaneously several similar concrete units. , Gantry: A temporary staging for carrying heavy loads such as earth or stones, usually built of square timbers or steel joists. Garage, Private: A building or a portion thereof designed and used for parking of private owned major driven or other vehicles. Garage, Public: A building or portion thereof, other than a private garage, designed or used for repairing, servicing, hiring, selling or storing or parking motor driven or other vehicles. Gas Fitter: An employee of the gas supplying organization. Gasket: A piece of compressible material used to make a joint between two flat surfaces. General Ventilation: Ventilation, either natural or mechanical or both., so as to improve the general environment of the building, as opposed to local exhaust ventilation for contamination control. Gift: Gift is a transfer of certain existing movable or immovable property made voluntarily and without consideration by one person called the donor to another cailed the donee or accepted by or on behalf of the donee. 77Girder: A large beam, originally of wood or iron. It may be a solid or lattice web beam. Girder bridge: A bridge carried by one large beam at each side. Glare: A condition of vision in which there Is discornfort or a reduction in the ability to see significant cbjects or both due toan unsuitable distribution or range of lurhinance or to extreme contrasts In space and time. Globe valve: A water valve consisting of a circular metal disc which is forced on to a seating in the pipe to close the flow or raised from its seating to open the flow. Gollath Crane: A heavy portal frame, usually of about 50 tons capacity, with a crane crab which travels along the beam at the top of the portal. Good will: It is the additional value.possessed by an establishment as compared to other similar estabtishments not so well developed. Goods Lift: A lift designed primarily for the transport of goods, but which may carry a lift attendant or other persons necessary for the unloading and loading of goods. Gow caisson: A device for sinking small shafts through soft clay or silt to prevent excessive loss of ground. Go-devil: A ball of sacking, paper, or other available material which is put in the pump end of the ,pipe ‘line of a concrete pump to clean it at the end of the day's concreting. It is driven through the pipeline by compressed air. 78Grab: An excavating attachment hung from a crane or excavator. Graded aggregate: Aggregate containing selected, proportions of different particle sizes, usually chosen to form aconcrete of maximum density. Graded sand: A sand which contains some coarse, fine and medium sizes. It may be well or badly graded but is nota uniform sand, Grader: A machine provided with an adjustable blade or scraper within the whee! base for shaping the road, subgrade or subsoil by loosening or moving the superficial materials laterally. It is either self-propelled or is toed by a tractor. Guy rope: A rope which stays a mast, shear legs, drick or other temporary structure. Gradient: The fall or rise per unit horizontal length of a pipe, road, railway. Grading: Shaping the ground surface, usually by earth-moving plant such as graders. Grading, Trimming:- The operation of excavating and shaping the surface of earthworks. The final shaping of earthworks. Granolithic: A screed of cement, sand, and gravity chippings floated over concrete floors to give a smooth hard-wearing surface about 11/2 In thick. 79Granotithic Concrete: Concrete made with specially selected aggregate of high hardness, surface texture and particle shape suitable for use as a wearing finish to floors. Graphite: Free or uncombined carbon (preset in cast iron), Gravel: Cohesionless aggregates of rounded, sub-rounded, angular, sub-angular, or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rocks or minerals, 90: percent of the particles of size greater than 2 mm and less than 60 mm. Gravitational water: Water above the standing water level. Gravity dam; A dam which is prevented from overturning by its weight alone. : Gravity Main: The pipeline in which water flows downhill from the impounding reservoir to the service reservoir. Gravity retaining wall: A retaining wall which, like a gravity dam, is prevented from overturning by its own weight alone, not by the weight of any soil which it carries, Gravity-arch dam: A dam which obtains its resistance to the thrust of water both from arch action and from Its own weight. Grease trap: A large house hold gulley for kitchen waste fitted with a metal tray in the bottom, fixed to a handle reaching above water level. Greathed shield: A protection to workmen tunnelling in soft ground. 80Green Belt: It is not a land use planning policy adopted for * zone sake, but as a means to provide for recreation and agriculture and limit their urban expansion. Gribble: A crustacean marine borer. Grillage: An assemblage of timber or steel members placed parallel to each other under a sill to spread the load from sill. Grillage foundation: A foundation for concentrated loads such as columns, consisting usually of two layers of rolled steel joists on top of, and at right angles to each other. Grip length or Bond length: The length of straight, reinforcing bar, expressed in bar diameters, required to anchor the bar in concrete. Grit: Fine small sized sharp-edged stone aggregate or coarse sand used for blinding road surfaces which have received a bituminous dressing. It gives a suggestion of roughness in the stone and of roughness to the work. Grit chamber: A small detritus tank. Gritter: A towed or self-propelled implement which spreads chippings over the surface of a road in surface dressing. Gritting: The operation of spreading smal! broken stones, chippings, or gravel. Gritting material: Small chips for surface dressing or for making a temporary non-skid layer on a road. Grommet: A circular washer made of hemp and red led, inserted on to a fixing bolt on the flange of cast iron tubbing or tunnel lining to make it water tight. 31Ground beam: A reinforced concrete beam at or near round level which acts as a foundation for the walls or floors of the super structure. Ground water: Water contained in the soil or rocks below the standing-water level. Ground water lowering: Lowering the level of the ground water to make an excavation dry to cause the sides of the excavation to stand up. Group Housing: Group or multi-storeyed housing for more than one dwelling unit, where land is owned jointly (as jin the case of co- operative societies or the public agencies, such as local authorities or housing boards etc.) and the construction is undertaken by one Agency/Authority. Group Sign: An advertising sign, detached from a building, and erected or painted on the ground or on any pole, screen, fence or hoarding and visible to the public. Grout: Neat cement slurry or a mix of equal volumes of cement and sand, usually liquid, for pouring into the joints of masonry or injecting into rocks. Grout box: A conical expandedmetal box, cast into concrete, with an anchor plate at the foot through which an anchor bolt passes. Grout curtain: A row of holes drilled downwards under the cut-off wall beneath a dam and are filled with grout at preasure until the fissures in the rocks are filled. Grout or slurry: Neat cement mixed with water to honey-like consistency, it may include pigments if used for grouting jointsof tiled floor. Sandstone dust or any other aggregate shall not- be added. (Pressure grouting in a specialised engineering process). Grouted Macadam: A road built with coarse aggregate in which the volds are filled by pouring in bituminous grout or cement grout. Grouting: The action by which a binder in liquid form (cement, tar, bitumen, etc.) is made to penetrate into Joints, fissures or cracks in concrete work or between blocks, (or road aggregate} under the action of gravity or by applied pressure. Groyne: A wall built out from a river bank or seashore to * check scour. It may be built of pilling, fascines, stone etc. Grub axe: A tool with an adze-like blade for pulling up roots and an axe blade at the other end of the head. Grubbing: Uprooting and removing the stumps and roots of small trees, plants, hedges, etc. from the site of the work. Guage: The transverse spacing between parallel adjacent lines of fasteners. Guard rail: A check rail or a hand rail. Gulde pile: In an excavation supported by sheet piles, a heavy vertical square timber which is driven close to them and carries the horizontal members which first guide, and latter support the sheet piles. It carries to fall earth pressure from the wallings. Guide runner: A runner driven ahead of others to guide ther. 83Guides (Lift): The members used to guide the movement of a lift car or counterweight in a vertical direction. ‘Gullet: A narrow-hench dug to formation tevel in an earth or rock cutting, wide enough to take a track for the wagons which remove the soil. Gulley: A pit in the gutter by the side of a road. Silt is collected in the pit and removed periodically by a gully sucker. Gully Chamber: The chamber built of masonry around a Sully trap, for housing the same. Gully Sucker: A heavy lorry carrying a large tank with a pump for sucking silt out of road gulleys and forcing it into the tank. Gully Trap: A trap provided in a drainage system with a water seal fixed in a suitable position to collect waste water from the scullery, kitchen sink, wash basins, baths and rain water pipes. Gunite: A cement-sand mortar thrown on to formwork or walls or rock by a compressed air ejector which forms a very dense, high strength concrete where the maximum size of aggregate is less than 10mm. Gusset: A plate made of steel, timber, plywood or other material which is nailed or bolted over a member to form or strengthen a joint between them. Gusset plate; A piece of steel plate, usually roughly rectangular or triangular, which connects the members of a truss. xGutter: Any form of roof water channel. Habitable room: A room occupied or designed for occupancy by one or more persons for study, living, sleeping, eating, kitchen, if it is used as a living room, but not Including bathrooms, water closet compartments, laundries, serving and storage pantries, corridors, cellars, attics & spaces that are not used frequently or during extended periods. Half Socket plpe: A subsoil ‘drain socketed In the lower half only. Half-tide cofferdam: A cofferdam in the sea or on estuary which is not built high enough to exclude the water at high tide and therefore needs de-watering after every full tide. Halftrack tractor: A tractor with wheels in front and crawled tracks in the rear. Hand finisher: A tool such as a screed rail for forming a surface of compacted concrete to the right fevel and shape. It may carry a vibrator. Hand rammer: A wooden or metal block raised and dropped by hand for compacting soil or for bedding paving slabs. Hand sprayer: A hand directed spray for spreading road binder, in which the pressure is developed by hand pump or power operated pump. Hanging Leaders: A steel frame hung from a pivot at the top of a crane or excavator jib. It is used to guide a driven pile, on its down ward path. 85Harbour or refuge: A harbour without joading facilities, provided at an inhospitable coastline merely to allow shipping to shelter during storms. Hard Wood: A conventional term used to denote the wood of broad- leaved trees. It has no relationship with the physical properties of hardness or strength. Hardcore; A consolidated layer of broken stone, brick, slag or concrete in sizes of about half a brick, with some proportion of smaller material. Hard-core: Hard lumps of stone, brick, furnace slag, old concrete suitable for filling set ground in a foundation or under road. - Hardening: Process of increasing the hardness of a metal which is done by first heating the metal to a red hot and then suddenly cooling it by quenching in cold water or oil. Hardness: The resistance of a metal to penetration, abrasion or wear. Hardness of a metal can be measured by several instruments. Hardpan: The lower part of the top soit which has been cemented by iron or calcium salts leached from the upper part. Hard-drawn: |s the temper produced in a wire, rod or tube by cold- drawing, Hatching: Drawing parallel lines in sections of buildings or machines to distinguish between different materials. Haunch: The part of an arch near the springing, roughly one quarter of the span, 86Head board: A horizontal board in the roof of a heading which touches the earth above and is carried by head trees at each side. Head tree: A horizontal timber at each side of a rectangular heading, supporting head boards. Head wall: A retaining wall at the end of a culvert or drain. Header: A brick laid with its length across the wall. Heartwood: The inner portion of wood in a tree or a log, which is usually of a darker colour. Heel Rest Bend or Duck-foot Bend: A bend, having a foot formed integrally in its base, used to receive a vertical pipe. Helical reinforcement: Steel rod reinforcement bent into a spiral curve, sometimes used as a binder in columns. Hellograph: An instrument for reflecting the sunlight in flashes so as to make a distant surveying station visible. Hellum diving bell: A diving bell in which the men breathe a helium-oxygen mixture instead of the nitrogen-oxygen mixture which is ordinary air. Heritable: A property or real estate which can devolve upon or descent to the heirs or legal representatives. High Altitudes: Elevations higher than 1500m above mean sea level (MSL). High Rise Building: A building in which a stack effect is created by a fire in which fire fighting can not be carried out from outside with the fire appliances available with the fire 87services. For the purpose of this part, all building more than 15m in height shall be considered as high rise buildings. High Tensile Steels: Steels in which enhanced mechanical properties and increased resistance to corrosion has been obtained by the Incorporation of some alloying elements. Highway: A road where traffic has the right to pass and to which owners of abutting property have access, Highway Authority: The public body in which is vested, or which is the owner of, a highway repairable by the Inhabitants collectively; otherwise the body or persons responsible for the upkeep of the highway. . High-alumina cement: A dark-coloured cement with higher aluminium content than portland cement. It hardens sufficiently for normal loads in 24 hours and gets very hot during this period, so that when large masses of it are needed it must be poured in thin layers, allowing each layer some attack by sulphates and acids and is much mere refractory but costs about twice as much as rapid-hardening cement. . High-early-strength cement: Rapid-hardening cement. Hiley’s formufa: A dynamic-pile formula for the resistance of a pile to driving. Whn S+ Ultimate driving resistance in tons = lo w = weight of drop hammer in tons. h = height of free drop in inches. 88n= efficiency of the blow. s = penetration of pile per blow of hammer. c¢ = temporary elastic compression in inches of the soll, pile, packing and dolly. The safe load on the pile is taken as half the ultimate driving resistance. The formula is fairly reliable in sand but is not recommended for clays. Hindrance: Obstacle Hinge: A point in a structure at which a member can rotate slightly, sufficiently to eliminate all bending moment in the members at the joint. Hip: The outer angie (more than 180°) formed by the inclined ridge between two intersecting roof slope. Hog or camber: Upward bending, that Is a shape which is curved on the upper side, the opposite of sag. A beam may be built with hog to counteract its sag, like many prestressed concrete heams. Hoggin: A well graded gravel containing enough clay binder to be used In its natural form for making roads or paths. Holst: A set of lifting tackle. Adrum driven by a prime mover or electric motor. The drum winds or unwinds a steel rope which passes over a hoisting sheave and raises or lowers a small cage or operates a haulage. Holdfast: A temporary anchorage for guy ropes, consisting of masonry or logs with a weight of earth or other material over it. 89Holding-down bolt: An anchor bolt. Hollow dam: A reinforced-concrete, plainconcrete, or masonry dam in which the thrust of the water is taken on a sloping slab or vault carried by’ a row of regularly spaced buttresses. : Hollow-tile floor or put floor or hollow-block floor: A reinforced concrete floor in which the load-bearing Payf-consists of teebeams reinforced with steel bars in the bottom of the span, ususaily bent up over the support. Between each pair of ribs with this reinforcement, a row of burnt-clay hollow tiles is placed, generally 12 in. wide. These are laid on the shuttering and are later plastered. They reduce the dead load of the : concrete by an amount which varies between 20 and_50 lb per sft. according to the thickness of the pot. Honey combing: Local roughness of the face of a concrete wall caused by the concrete having segregated so badly that there is very little sand to fill the gaps between the stones at this point. Such concrete is weak and should be cut out and rebuilt if the wail is heavily loaded. Hopper: A funnel-shaped storage receptacle, through which material can be measured or periodically discharged. Hooping: Curved reinforcement such as the steel in a circular concrete tank which resists ring tension, Horizontal curve: A curve in plan. Horlzontal Exit: An arrangement which allows alternative egress from a floor area to another floor at or near the same 90level in an adjoining building or an adjoining part of the same building with adequate fire separation. Horizontal Pipe: Any pipe or fitting which makes an angle of more than 45° with the vertical. Hot Water Tank: A vessel for storing hot water under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. . House: A building or a part of a building having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase etc. used or recognised as a separate unit. House hold: A group of persons who commonly live together and would take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevented any of them from doing so. Howe truss: A roof truss used in spans upto 80ft. It has steel verticals and timber (or timber and steel) horizontal members & sloping members, but it may also be entirely of steel. Humidification: The process whereby the absolute - humidity of the air in a building is maintained at a higher level than that of outside alr or at level higher than that which would prevail naturally. Humldity, Absolute: The weight of water vapour per unit volume. Humidity, Relative: The ratio of the partial pressure or density of the water vapour in the air to the saturated pressure or density respectively of water vapour at the same temperature. 91Humus: Dark brown fertile material in topscil, largely rotting vegetation, a useless foundation material. Hunching: Concrete bedding with additionat concrete at the side of the pipe. Hurdle work: Osiers(laths) interlaced with vertical sticks to make a low fence on a river bank which encourages sitting or discourages scour. Hydrated Lime: The lime containing small quantities of silica and alumina (with or without iron oxide) which are in chemical combination with some of the calcium oxide content giving a putty or mortar which has the property of settipe and hardening under water. Hydraulic dredger: A section dredger. Hydraulic ejector: A pipe for removing sand, mud or small gravel from the working chamber of a pneumatic caisson. Hydraulic excavation: Excavation by giants delivering ajet or water at high velocity against an earth or gravel bank and breaking it up. Hydraulic Fill: Embankment material carried by water in flumes or pipe lines. Hydraulic fill dam: An embankment or dam built up from waterborne clay, sand, and gravel carried through a pipeline or flume. Hydraulic Hydrated Lime: The dry product obtained by the hydration of hydraulic or semi-hydraulic lime in such a way as to permit the hydration of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide 92(if present) but leaving the hydraulic constituents unhydrated to enable the development of hydraulic properties. Hydrology: The study of the earth's water, of snow, ground water, evaporation, run off and so on. Hydro-electric scheme: A project or completed structure for generating water pawer, including the building of a dam, the diversion tunnels or channels, spill ways, power station, intake structures, penstocks and any roads, bridges, houses, irrigation works, villages & cement works which may be required. Hygroscopic Moisture: Moisture which is contained in an airdried soil but evaporates if the soil is dried at - 105°C Ignition point: (Burning point) The temperature at which the vapour of a substance takes fire and continues to burn, under specified. conditions of test. Illumination: At a point on a surface, the ratio of the liminous ffux incident on an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration to the area of the element. Immovable Property: This includes land, benefits to arise out of land and things attached to earth or permanently fasten to anything attached to earth, as per the general clauses act. As per the registration act, immovable property includes land, buildings, hereditary allowances, rights to ways, lights, ferris, fisheries. or any other benefit arise out of land and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything 93which is attached to earth, but not standing timber, growing crops nor grass. impregnation: The soaking of wood with creosote, zinc chloride, mercuric chloride, or other preservatives. Incements: Difference between two homologous dimensions of components of successive sizes. indenting: The leaving of recesses into which future work can be bonded. Indicated Horse-Power: (IMP) is the power developed at the cylinder, as registered on the indicator diagram. industrial Buildings: These shall include any building or a part of a building or structure, in which products or materials of various kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled or processed like assembly plants, power plants, refineries, gas plants, mitls, dairies, factories, workshops, etc. Industrial complex analysis: The linkages of one particular industry or industry group, such as steel works. It-traces the linkages to other sectors of the areas economy through analysis of inputs and outputs. Industries: Extracting of raw materials or the transformation by manufacture into finished product. Inertia: The property in a beam section of resisting bending, dependent only on the shape and size of the section. Inflammable: A material capable of being easily ignited. ingots: Castings of uniform sizes and shapes made of molten steel for subsequent rolling, forging ar processing. 94Inlet Hopper: A receptacle fitting for receiving refuse from each floor and dropping it into the chute. Inside Location: Position in buildings in which timber remains continuously dry or protected from weather. Inspection chamber: A water tight chamber constructed in any house drainage system which takes wastes from gully traps and disposes off to manhole with access for inspection and maintenance. Installation (Electrical); All the electrical wiring, accessories, fittings, consuming devices, control and protective gear, and other apparatus associated with the wiring situated in any premises in which electricity is supplied or is to be supplied through any one service connection to consumer(s). Institutional Buildings: These shall include any building or a part thereof, which is used for purposes such as medical or other treatment in case of persons suffering from physical and mental illness, disease or infirmity; care of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of the inmates is restricted. Institutional buildings ordinarily provide sleeping accommodation for the occupants. it includes hospitals, sanitoria, custodial institutions or penal institutions like jails, prisons and reformatories. Insulated: Insulated shall mean separated from adjacent conducting material or protected from personal contact by a non- sonducting substance or an air space, in. either case offering permanently sufficient resistance to the passage of 95current or to disruptive discharges through or over the surface of the substance or space, to obviate danger or shock or injurious leakage of current. Insulation, Double: a) Of a conductor: A conductor is said to have double insulation when insulating materia! intervenes not only between the conductor and its surrounding envelop (if a cable) or immediate support (if bare) but also between the envelope or support and earth, b) Of an appliance: An appliance having accessible metal parts is doubly insulated when protective insulation is provided in addition to the normal functional insulation in order to protect against electric shock in case of breakdown of the functional insulation. Insulation (Electrical): Suitable non-conducting material, enclosing, surrounding or supporting a conductor. ~ Intensity: Intensity at a point is the average rate at which sound energy is transmitted through a unit area around the point and perpendicular to the direction of propagation of sound. Interceptor Manhole (Interceptor Chamber): A manhole incorporating an intercepting trap and providing means of access thereto and equipped with a fresh air inlet on the upstream side of the trap. Internal Reflected Component (IRC); The ratio (or percentage) of that part of the daylight illumination at a point in a given plane which is received by direct reflection or inter-reflection from the internal surfaces as referred to the 96simultaneous exterior Illumination on a horizontal plane due to ‘the entire hemisphere of an unobstructed clear design sky. Invert: The lowest point of the interior of a sewer or drain at any cross-section. In a manhole chamber, the channel in the floor of the chamber which carries the flow of sewage through the manhole. Invert level: The level of the lowest part of the invert; the level by which the elevation and slope of a drain, sewer, or channel is defined; tron: Pure iron is a soft,-malleable and ductile metal to which carbon is added to make It useful for engineering purposes. Island: A central or subsidiary area in a carriageway at road Junctions, shaped and placed so as to constrain and control traffic movement. 1SO 9000: It is a series of international standards for quality management and quality assurance systems. It is a series of standards, updated continuously. which provides guideline for selecting appropriate standard from 9001 and 9002. jumper: A heavy steel bar with a chisel or drill worked either - by hand or by means of a hammer, used in making blasting holes in rock. Jetty: A deck carried usually on piles at the water's edge and used as a landing stage. Jib crane: A crane with a jib, as apposed to overhead travelling cranes, transporter cranes which usually have none. 97Jig A shackle or coupling for joining tubs. Joggle: In blockwork or masonry walls, a recess on one block which fits a projection on another block, or which forms, with a similar recess on the other block, a cavity into which mortar is poured, making a cement joggle. Joint: A prepared connection for jointing adjacent pieces of wood, veneer, etc. Joint: A junction of masonry units. Jolst: A beam directly supporting floor, ceiling or roof of a structure. Junction Pipe: A pipe incorporating one or more branches. Kankar: The impure earthly stone rich in concretions and nodules of calcium carbonate. Knot: A branch base or limb embedded in the tree or timber by natural growth. Knot Hole: A hole left as a result of the removal of a knot. Lacing: Light metal members fixed to two channels or four angle sections to form a composite strut or beam. Lacing: Horizontal or inclined members which hold together in position props or other vertical supports. Lagging:. Narrow timbers fixed to a shaped frame for forming curved surfaces. Lagging: Material used for thermal or acoustic insulation. 98Laitance: A scum of cement concrete or over troweled mortar. It is weaker than the rest of the concreted should be cut away and covered with a pure cement wash before laying more concrete on it. Lake Asphalt: An asphait which as found in nature is in a condition of flow or fluidity. Landing Call Push (Lift): A push button fitted at a lift landing, either for calling the lift car or for actuating the call indicator. Landing Door (Lift): The hinged or sliding portion of a lift well enciosure, controlling access to a lift car at a lift landing. Lateral Support: A support which enables a masonry element to resist lateral load and/or restrains tateral deflection of a masonry element at the point of support. Lay-by: The local widening of a carriageway to enable vehicles to draw off the road for temporary parking or stoppage without obstruction to traffic flow. Lead, Haul, Rum: The distance over which excavated material is transported (or carried) for use as filling or to a bank. Leaf: Inner or outer section of a cavity wall. Lean: The opposite to "Fat". Containing a deficiency of bituminous material or conversely, containing an excess of aggregate. Lease: It is a transfer of right to enjoy such property made for certain ‘time expressed or implied .or in perpectueity consideration of a price paid or promised or of money, a shareof cops, service or any other thing of value to be rendered periodically or on specified occasions transferrer by the transferre who accepts transfer on such terms. Ledge or Tand: A shelf like projection, supported in any manner whatsoever, except by means of vertical supports within a room itself but not having projection wider than one metre. Levelling Course: A course placed for the purpose of shaping old surface to proper cross section to receive a subsequent surface course. Licensed Plumber: A person licensed under the provisions of this code. Licensed / Architect / Engineer / Structural Engineer / Supervisor / Town Planner: A qualified architect / engineer ,’ structural engineer / Supervisor / Town planner who has been licensed by the Authority.; Lift: (Civil): When pouring a concrete column or wall, the height shuttered at one time is one lift. In buildings it is one storey height, Lift: An appliance designed io transport persons or materials between two or more tevels in a vertical or substantially vertical direction by means of a guided car platform. . Lift Car: The toactcarrying unit with its floor or platform, car frame and enclosing bodywork, 100Lift Landing: That portion of a building or structure used for the reception and discharge of passengers or goods or both into or from a lift car. _Lft Machine: The part of the lift equipment comprising motor{s) and the contro! gear therewith, reduction gear (if any), brake(s) and winding drum or sheave, by which the lift car is raised or lowered. Lift Pit: The space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing served. Lift Well: The unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the vertical movement of the lift car(s) and any counter- weight(s), including the lift pit and the space for top clearance. Lift Well Enclosure: Any structure which separates the lift well from its surroundings. Lifting Beam: A beam, mounted immediately below the machine room ceiling, to which lifting tackle can be fixed for raising parts of the lift machine. Light Output Ratlo: The ratio of the flux emitted from the luminaire to that emitted from the lamp(s) (nominal luminous flux). It is expressed In percent. Lime: A general term which includes the various chemical and physical forms of quicktime, hydrated lime and hydraulic lime commonly obtained by calcination and/or calcination and hydration, from lime stone or other catcarious materials. Lime Putty: A wet plastic paste consisting of hydrated lime and free water. 101Linked Switch: Switches linked together ‘igchaisaiy) so as to operate simultaneously or in definite sequence. Liquid Seal: Term used to indicate that the material used for dressing is in a liquid form and does not require to be heated. Live or Alive: Efectrically charged so as to have a potential different from that of earth. Load Bearing Wall: A wail designed to carry an imposed vertical load in addition to its own weight. Load Factor: The numberial factor by which the working load is to be multiplied to obtain an appropriate ultimate load. _ Loam: A roughly equal mixture of sand, clay and silt. Local: The word ‘local’ when used with reference to ” material/article shall mean the best of its kind available and used in the locality (i.e. within a distance of 25 km from the boundary of the site of work) Local plan: A general term for any plan adopted by local planning authority, part or on of an area already subject to an approved structure plan. Local Exhaust Ventilation: Ventilation effected by exhaust of air through an exhaust appliance, such as a hood with or without fan located as closely as possible to the point at which - contaminants are released, so as to capture effectively the contaminants and convey them through ducts to a safe point of discharge. 102Location: Location is generally referred to as exact place where a timber is used in building. Locations, industrial: Locations where tools and machinery requiring electrical wiring are installed for manufacture or repair. Locations, Non-Industrial: Locations other than industrial locations, and shall include residences, offices, shops, showrooms, stores and similar premises requiring electrical wiring for lighting, or similar purpose. Locking Stone: Key stone in an arch. Locksplit (Dagbel): A narrow continuous V shaped cut made in the ground surface along a defined line of demarcation. Loess: Silty clay formed by the action of water. : Loft: An intermediary floor between two floors on a residual space in a pitched roof, above normal floor level with a maximum height of 1.5m & which is constructed or adopted for storage purposes. Loop Road: A route formed by a road or a series of roads to avoid an obstruction or provide an alternative way for traffic. Loudness: Loudness is the sensation produced in the human ear and it depends on the intensity of sound and also its frequency. Lumen (fm): SI unit of luminous flux. The luminous flux emitted within unit solid angle (one steradian) by a point source having a uniform intensity of one candela. 103Luminance: (At a point of surface in a given direction) (Brightness) - The quotient of the luminous intensity in the given direction of an infinitesimal element of the surface containing the point under consideration by the orthogonally projected area of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction. The unit is candela per square metre (ed/m”). Luminous Flux (©): The quantity characteristic of radiant flux which expresses its capacity to produce visual sensation evaluated according to the values of relative luminous efficiency for the light adapted eye: a) Effective Luminous Flux (@p) - Total luminous flux which reaches the working plane. b) Nominal Luminous Flux (®o) - Total [uminous flux of the light sources in the interior. Main beam: A beam which bears directly on to a column or wall, not on to another beam. Main Soil Plpe: (MSP) A pipe connecting one or more branch waste soil pipes to the drain. Malh Soll Waste Pipe: (MSWP) A pipe connecting one or more branch soil waste pipes to the drain. Main Ventilating Pipe (MVP): A pipe which receives a humber of branch ventilating pipes. . Maln Waste Pipe (MWP): A pipe connecting one or more branch waste pipes to the drain. Malin (Water Main): A pipe laid by the water undertakers for the purpose of giving a general supply of water as distinctfrom a supply to individual consumers and includes any . apparatus used in connection with such a pipe. Maintenance Factor (d): The ratio of the average illuminance on the working plane after a certain period of use of a lighting installation to the average illuminance obtained under the same conditions for a new installation. Make-up Air: Outside air supplied into a building to replace the air. Make-up Ground: Refuse, excavated soil or rack deposited for the purpose of filling a depression or raising a site above the natural surface level of the ground. Malleability: Properly of being peramently expanded or flattened into sheets without fracture when rolled or hammered {usually cold). The more malleable the metal, the thinner the sheets into which'it can be formed. . Manhole: An opening by which a man may enter or leave a drain, a sewer or other closed structure for inspection, cleaning ~ and other maintenance operations, fitted with a suitable cover. Map: A drawing of part of earth's surface Marble: It is a metamorphic rock which contains mostly lime and silica. Masonry: An assemblage of masonry units properly bonded together with mortar. Masonry Unit: Individual units which are bonded together with the help of mortar to form a masonry element such as wall, column, pier, buttress, etc. 105Matrlx: The binding constituent of the top layer of the tile which is chiefly portland cement, either plain or mixed, with pigments. Mechanical Ventilation: Supply of outside air either by positive ventilation or by infiltration by reducing of pressure inside due to exhaust of air, or by a combination of positives ventilation and exhaust of air. Mercantile Building: These shalt include any building or a part of a building which is used as shops, stores, market for display and sale of merchandize either wholesale or retail. Office, storage and service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandize and located in the same building shall be included under this group. Meridian: It is the great circle passing through the zenith and poles for a given point of observation. Metallurgy: Art of extracting metals from their ores and thelr subsequent adaptation for use for engineering purposes after refining. Mezzanine Floor: An intermediate floor, between two floors, above ground level, accessible only from the fower floor. Mild Steel: Steel of low carban content. Milling: Different operations such as rolling, drawing, forging, pressing are called milling. The milling operations improve the quality of steel and make it more ductile. Mitred Joint: A joint, between two members at an angle which bisects the joining angle usually the joining faces are cut at 45° to forma right angie. 106Modular, Co-ordination: Dimensional _ co-ordination employing the basic module ora multimodule. The purpose is to reduce the variety of component sizes produced, and to allow the building designer greater flexibility in the arrangement of components. Modular Grid: A rectangular co-ordinate reference system in which the distance between consecutive lines is the basic module or a multimodule. This multimodule may differ for each of the two dimensions of the grid. Modules: A unit of size used in dimensional co-ordination. Modulus of rupture: The breaking stress of a castiron or wooden or mass concrete rectangular beam, calculated on assumptions that the tensile strains in the beam aré equal to the compressive strains at equal distances from the neutral axis. Mohr’s circle of stress: A graphical construction which enables the stresses in across section oriented at any direction to be easily determined if the principal strokes are known. Moisture content: The weight of water in a soil mass divided by the weight of the solids and multiplied by 100. Moisture movement: A property which causes a material to increase in length when its moisture content increases most of these materials also shrink when their moisture content falls. Moment of Inertia: About a line in the plane of a section, is equal to the products of all the elementary areas times their distances squared from the line. 107Moment of resistance: The couple produced by the internal forces in a bent beam when it is bent to the highest allowable stress. It is the highest bending moment which the beam can carry without allowable stresses being exceeded. Mortgage: A transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced or to be advanged by way of loan an existing or future dept or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to a pecuniary liability. Mortar: A mixture of cement, lime putty, and.sand in proportions by volume. about 1:4:6 or 1:2:9 for laying bricks or stones. . Mortise and Tenon Joint: A joint in which the reduced end (tenon) of one member fits into the corresponding slot (mortise) in another member. Mould: A soft vegetative growth that forms on wood in damp, Stagnant atmésphere, It is the least harmful type of fungus, usually confined to the surface of the wood. Mountain: Small horizontal or vertical dividing bars within the basic frame work of a window, or door sub-dividing and supporting the glass panes or panels of doors. : Mud: A mixture of soil and water in a fluid or weakly solid state. ‘ Mud Phuska: Roof finish with soil mixed with binding and reinforcing ingredients. Multimodule: A module whose size is a selected multiple of the basic module. : 108Multiple Earthed Neutral System: A system of earthing in which the parts of an installation specified to be earthed are connected to the general mass of earth and, in addition, are connected within the installation to the neutral conductor of the supply system. Multi-Under-Reamed Pile: An underreamed pile having more than ene bulb. The piles having two bulbs may be called double under reamed piles. Mushroom Construction: Reinforced concrete solid slabs carried by columns which may be flared at the top but are not joined by beams. The siabs may be thickened round the columns with drops. Nationa! Bullding Code: A single document in which the information containing various Indian standards is woven into a pattern of continuity to make the whole document a progent continuous volume. National Highway: Roads classified as such by an Authority. National highways are the most important roads connecting capital cities of different states. Natural Bed: The planes of stratification that occurs in a sedimentary rock. Natural scale: A drawing made to equal vertical and horizontal scales is said to be to natural scale. Natural Ventilation: Supply of outside air into a building through window or other openings due to wind outside and convection effects arising from temperature or vapour pressure differences (or both) between inside and outside of the building. 109Negative Skin Friction: Negative skin friction is the force developed through the friction between the pile and the soit in. such a direction as to increase the loading on the pile, generally due to drag of a consolidating soft layer around the pile resting on a stiffer bearing stratum such that the surrounding soil settles more than the pile. Network planning: Development of alternative transport networks for the selected land use plan. Neutral axis: or neutral surface or plane: In a beam bent downwards, the fine or surface of zero stress, below which all fibres. are stressed In tension and above which they are compressed, Neutral or Neutral Conductor: Includes the neutral conductor of a three-phase four-wire system, the conductor of a single-phase or dc installation which is earthed by supply undertaking (or otherwise at the source of the supply), and the middle wire or common return conductor of a three-wire de or single-phase ac system. Nipple: A tubular pipe fitting usually threaded on both ends and less than 300mm long used for connecting pipes or fittings. Noise: Noise is the sensation produced in the human ear and it depends on the intensity of sound and also its frequency. Noise Exposure Forecast (NEF): The noise exposure forecast at any location is the summation of the noise levels In EPN GB from all aircraft types, on all runways, suitably weighted for the number of operations during day time and night time. 110Non-Service Latrine: Other than ‘service latrine’. North and South Points: The point in the respective directions where the meridian cuts the horizon. Oakum: Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it water proof. Occupancy or Use Group: The principal occupancy for which a building or a part of a building is used or intended to be used; far the purpose of classification of a building according to occupancy, on occupancy shall be deemed to include the subsidiary occupancies which are contingent upon It. Occupation: A job which is common in many firms and areas. Occupier: Occupier includes any person for the time being, paying or liable to pay rent or any position of rent of the building in respect of which the word is used, or compensation or premium on account of the occupation of such building and also arent free tenant, but does not include a lodger, and the words ‘occupy’ & ‘occupation’ do not refer to the lodger. An owner living in or otherwise using his own building shall be deemed to be the occupier thereof. Octave-Band Nolse Levels: Noise is usually measured in groups of frequencies. A convenient grouping is in octave-bands, such that the highest frequency in the band is double the lowest frequency, The centre frequency of each octave band is usually specified. The internationally preferred centre frequencies for noise measurements are 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 Hz. nt‘Office Buildings: The Buildings primarily to be used as an office or for office purposes; ‘office purposes’ include the purpose of administration, clerical work, handling money, telephone and telegraph operating, and operating computers, calculating machines, ‘clerical work’ includes writing, book-keeping, sorting papers, typing, filing, duplicating, punching cards or tapes, drawing of matter for publication and the editorial preparation and which is not covered by assembly buildings. ‘Ohm's Law: The fundamental law in electric circuit theory which states that the current through any circuit element is proportional to the voltage across it. ‘One Pipe System: In this a single soil waste pipe conveys both soil and waste directly to the building drain. ‘Open Sign: An advertising sign in which atleast fifty percent of the enclosed area is uncovered or open to the transmission of wind. . Open Space: An area, forming an integral part of the plot, left open to the sky. ‘Open Space, Front: An open space across the front of a plot between the building line and the front boundary of the plot. ‘Open Space, Rear: An open space across the rear of plot between the rear of the building and the rear boundary of the plot. 12Open Space, Side: An open space across the side of the plot between the side of the building and the side boundary of the plot. Operation: The method of actuating the control. Overhead Beams (Lift): The members, usually of steel, which immediately support the lift equipment at the top of the lift well. Optimum Molsture Content: That moisture content at which a specified amount of compaction will produce the maximum dry density in a soil; itis expressed as a percentage by weight of the dry soil. Ordinary portland cement: A cement made by heating clinker in a kiln a slurry of clay and crushed limestone. Ordnance Bench Maric A levelling bench mark at a level shown on their maps. Ordnance datum: The levelling datum for the Government agency responsible for mapping. Ores: Surface or underground deposits of metals which are In combination with earthy impurities and have to be obtained by quarrying or mining, and from which metals re extracted. Orthotrople: A description of the elastic properties of any material which, like wood, has pronounced differences of strength in two or more directions at right angles to each other. Osmotic Pressure: The pressure in osmosis exerted by a solvent when its entry through the skin into the more concentrated solution is prevented. 118Outside Location: Position in buildings in which timbers are occasionally subjected to wetting and drying as in the case of open sheds and outdoor exposed structures. Owner: The person who receives the rent for the usé of the land or building or would be entitled to do so if it were let out. It also includes: a) An agent or trustee who receives such rent on behalf of the owner ° b) A receiver, executor or administrator or a manager appointed by any court of competent jurisdiction to have the charge of, or to exercise the rights of the owner. c) An agent or trustee who receives the rent of or is entrusted with or is concerned with any building devoted to religious or charitable purposes and d) A mortgage in possession. Packaged Alr-Conditloner: An encased assembly as a sell-contained unit primarily for floor mounting, designed to provide free delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space, room or zone (conditioned space). It includes a prime source of refrigeration for cooling and dehumidification and means for the circulation and cleaning of air, with or without external air distribution dusting. It may also include means fer heating, humldifying or ventilating air. These machines are equipped with a water-cooled or air-cooled condenser. For the purpose of this definition, the unit for which the air-cooled condenser is built as separate package 114for remote fleld installation and interconnection shall also be considered as a packaged air-conditioner. Paltet: A flat timber or metal plate on which precast concrete units are cast and handled until they have hardened. Panel Wall: An exterior non-load bearing wall in framed construction, wholly supported at each storey but subjected to lateral loads. : Panels: Regular patterns of the parquet floor having large areas and laid in symmetrical designs. Pantograph: Rods connected like a parallelogram, used for copying a drawing to the same or any other scale. Parabola: The shape made by cutting a cone parallel to one edge. It is also the curve of the bending moment diagram for a uniformly distributed load on a simply supported beam. Parapet: A solid or pierced guard wall for fiat stone terrace or balcony (or a bridge) or carb wall at the lower part of a pitched roof which is explored to atmosphere on face back & top. Parking Space: An area enclosed or unenclosed, covered or open, sufficient in size to part vehicles, together with a driveway connecting the parking space with a street or alley and permitting ingress or egress of the vehicles. Particle: Distinct particle or fraction of wood or other wooden material produced mechanically for use as the aggregate for making a particle board. This may be in the form of fake, granule, shaving, splinter and sllver. 146Particle Board: A board manufactured from particles of wood or other wooden materials like flakes, granules, sharings, slivers, splinter agglomerated, formed and pressed together by use of an organic binder together with one or more of the agents, such as heat, pressure, moisture and a catalyst. Partition: An interior non-load bearing barrier, one storey or part-storey in height. Passenger Lift: A lift designed for the transport of passengers. Passive earth pressure: or passive resistance: The resistance of avertical earth face to deformation by a horizontal force. Pavement: Is the hard crust placed on the soil formation after the completion of the earth work. Paving: Separate blocks or units (usually stone, cement concrete or wood blocks) fitted closely together over a road to serve aS a surface. Pavior or street mason: A craftsman who cuts, dresses and lays paving flags, stones, steps, kerb stones and channels on a foundation of mortar or sand and ashes, grouting between them with mortar. Peat: A fibrous mass of organic matter in various stages of decomposition generally dark brown to black in cofour and of spongy consistency. Perlod of Supply: The period of the day or night during which water supply is made available to the consumer. 116Peripheral Field: It is the rest of the visual field which enables the observer to be aware of the special framework surrounding the object seen. Permanent way: The ralls, sleepers, and ballast lald for a railway. Permeability: The rate of diffusion of a gas or liquid under pressure through a soil. Permissible Stress: The basic stress as modified by modification factors according to defects, location and particulars of design. Permit: A permission or authorization in writing by the Authority to carry out work regulated by the code, Perpend: An alignment of crossjoints which can be checked with a plumb line. Pert: Programme evaluation and Review technique. Involves a graphical representation of the inter relationship among the elements of a project and arithmetical procedure which identifies relative importance of each element in the overall schedule. Petroleum or oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons which may be a pale mobile liquid or dark viscous mass. Photo-elastlelty: A technique for examining by model analysis the distribution of stresses in unusual shapes under load. Physical Planning: Physical design of some thing which already exists or might exist in the future and their Hi7representation in a geographical or special issue of actual physical structures. Picking: The loosening of the top surface of a road by pick axes or similar tools. Pickling: Removing scale from stee! by immersion in a diluted acid bath, Pier: A thickened section forming integral part of the wall placed at intervals along the wall primarily to increase the stiffness of the wall or to carry a vertical concentrated load. Pig Iron: Is the raw iron obtained after heating iron ores in blast furnaces, and which is further refined to obtain useful irons. . : Pillar: Pillar is a detached masonry support which can be rectangular, circular, elliptical etc. In case of rectangular pillar, the breadth shall not exceed three times the thickness and thickness itself shail not exceed more than thrice the length of brick. Pilot: A small flame which is utilized to ignite the gas at the main burner(s). Pinhole: A hole in the body, less than 1.5mm, In Its maximum dimension. Pipe System: The system to be adopted will depend on the type and planning of the building in which it is to be installed. Pipe Work: Any installation of piping with Its fittings. Pitch Pocket: Accumulation of resin between growth rings of coniferous wood as seen on the crass section. 18Pitch (Electrical): Pitch is the frequency sensation as perceived by a human ear. Pitch is defined as that aspect of auditory sensation in terms of which sounds may be arranged ona scale extending from ‘tow’ to ‘high’ as on a musical scale. Pitched Roof: A roof of which the pitch is greater than 10 deg. to the horizontaf - a sloping roof. There are various types of pitched roof. Placing plant: Plant for placing wet concrete in pasition. Plane frame: A frame in which the centre lines of all the members are in the same vertical plane. Plane of rupture: The plane along which retained earth is imagined to fail when a wall is being designed to retain it. Planimeter: An instrument which shows automatically the area of a plane surface whose perimeter has been traced out by its moving arm. Plank: A piece of sawn timber whose thickness does not exceed 5 cm. but the width exceeds 5 cm. Plans: The plans (design drawings) shall show the complete design with sizes, sections, and the relative locations of the various mernbers. Floor levels, column centres, and offsets shall be dimensioned. Plans shall be drawn to a scale large enough to convey the information adequently. Plans shalt indicate the type of construction to be employed; and shall be supplemented by such data on the assumed loads, shears, moments and axial forces to be resisted by all members and their connections, as may be required for the proper preparation of shop drawings. Any special precaution to be taken in the 119erection of structure from the design consideration, the same shall also be indicated in the drawing. Plastering: The term plastering shall cover all types of rough or fair finished plastering, rendering, floating and setting coats, screed etc. in mud, lime, cement lime, cement sand, lime flash or cement flash. Plasticity: Is the opposite quality of elasticity. A perfectly plastic material is a material which does not return to its original shape when the toading causing deformation is removed. Modelling clay and lead are examples of plastic materials. Plastieizer: An admixture in mortar or concrete. Plenum: An air compartment or chamber to which one or more ducts are connected and which forms part of an air distribution system. Plinth: The portion of a structure between the surface of the surrounding ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground. Plinth Area: The built up covered area measured at that floor level of the basement or of any storey. Plot Ratlos: The relationship between a building and its site, Plug: A device carrying three metallic contacts in the form of pins, intended for engagement with corresponding socket contacts and arranged for attachment to a flexible cord or cable. Plum: A large random shaped stone embedded into freshly placed mass concrete. 120Plumb bob: A weight hanging on a string called a plumb line to show the direction of the vertical, Plumbing: a) The pipes, fixtures and other apparatus inside a building for bringing in the water supply and removing the liquid and water borne wastes. b) The installation of the foregoing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus. Plumbing System: The plumbing system shall include the water supply and distribution pipes; plumbing fittings and traps; soil, waste, vent pipes and anti-siphonage pipes; building drains and building sewers including their respective connections, devices and appurtenances within the property lines of the premises; and water-treating or water-using equipment. Plywood: A board formed of three or more layers of veneers cemented or glued together, usually with the grain of adjacent veneers running at right angles to each other. Point: A point shall consist of the branch wiring from the branch distribution board, together with a switch as required, as far as and including the ceiling rose or socket-outlet or Suitable termination. A three-pin socket-outlet point shall include, in addition, the connecting wire or cable from the earth pin to the earth stud of the branch distribution board. Poisson’s Ratio: When an elastic material is subjected to an axial stress in the direction of longitudinal axis of the member; the member is deformed not only in the direction of the axial stress but also in the transverse direction. the 124transverse contraction is proportional to the longitudinal extension and the ratio between the two is called Poisson’s ratio. Poisson’s ratio for steel is 0.30, and for concrete 0.15(av.). Young's modulus, shear modulus and Poisson’s ratio are called “Elastic Constants”. Polished Surface: Surfaces having a high glass finish. Pollshing of stones shall be done by rubbing them with suitable abrasive, wetting the surface where necessary with water. Porch: A covered surface supported on pillars or otherwise for the purpose of pedestrian or vehicular approach to a building, Positive ventilation: The supply of outside air by means of @ mechanical device, such as a fan. Post: A general term for timber used in an upright position in building, fencing or other structural work. Potable Water: Water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary and domestic purposes, and meets the requirements of the Health Authority having jurisdiction. Pot-holes: Marked local depressions in a surface layer, roughly circular in plan, arising from the wearing away of material by traffic or by some other agent. Pozzolana: An essentially siliceous material which while in itself possessing no cernentitious properties will in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react with calcium 122hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. Prefabricate: To fabricate componerits or assembled units prior to basic module, Prefabricated building: The completely assembled and erected building, of which the structural parts consist of prefabricated Individual units or assemblies using ordinary or controlled materials, including service facilities and in which the service equipment may be either prefabricated or constructed in site. Premises: Premises shall include passages, buildings and lands of any tenure, whether open or enclosed, whether built on or not, and whether public or private in respect of which a water rate or charge is payable to the Authority or for which an application is made for supply of water. Pressure Regulator: A device designed to lower. the pressure of gas coming from the distribution main and to maintain it practically constant downstream. This normal operation pressure shall be practically in all cases that of the gas appliances used. Prime Coat: The initial application of a binder to’ an absorbent highway surface prior to the construction of a wearing coat. Primer: A binder of iow viscosity which on application to a surface, other than a blacktop surface, is compietely absorbed. Its purpose is to water-proof the existing surface and 123