KRC SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL NURSING & REVIEW CENTER 1
By: Alex B. Olivar Jr., RN
CHN STUDY BULLETS
DRUG OF CHOICE
Disease Drug of Choice
Tetanus Tetanus immune globulin (TIG), PEN G Na; Diazepam (Valium)
Meningitis Mannitol (Osmotic Diuretic); DEXAMETHASONE (anti-inflammatory);
DILANTIN/ PHENYTOIN (anti-convulsive); PYRETINOL/ ENCEPHABO (CNS
stimulant)
Rabies Vaccines: LYSSAVAC, VERORAB
Immunoglobulins: ERIG OR HRIg
Histoplasmosis Amphothericin B
Malaria Chloroquine, Primaquine
Schistosomiasis Praziquantel
Scabies Eurax/ Crotamiton
Chicken Pox Acyclovir/ Zovirax
Tuberculosis R.I.P.E.S
Pneumonia Cotrimoxazole; Procaine Penicillin
Helminths Mebendazole; Pyrantel Pamoate
Hyperthyroidism PTU (Propylthiouracil), Trapazole
Hypothyroidism Proloid (Thyroglobulin), Synthroid (Levothroxine)
Diabetes Mellitus Insulin, OHA
Bird flu Amantadine, Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
SARS Ribavarin
Pertussis Erythromycin
Diphtheria Diphtheria antitoxin, Pen G, Erythromycin
Amoebiasis Metronidazole
Shigellosis Cotrimoxazole
Typhoid fever Chloramphenicol
Cholera Tetracycline
Measles Vitamin A
German measles Aspirin
Syphilis Penicillin G Benzathine
AIDS Zidovudine (Retrovir)
Chlamydia Azithromycin
Gonorrhea Cefixime
Candidiasis Anti-fungals (Amphoterecin B, Fluconazole) Nystatin – oral thrush
Filariasis Diethylcarbamazine Citrate (DEC) or HETRAZAN
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
KRC SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL NURSING & REVIEW CENTER 2
By: Alex B. Olivar Jr., RN
Disease Diagnostic Test
Tetanus Wound Culture/ Blood exam
Meningitis Lumbar Puncture
Histoplasmosis Histoplasmin Skin Test
Encephalitis EEG
Polio EMG; Muscle Testing, Fecalysis, CSF analysis
Rabies Brain Biopsy (Negri bodies) Fluorescent rabies antibody test
Dengue Platelet count, Tourniquet test (Rumpel lead)
Malaria Malarial smear; QBC (Quantitative Buffy Coat)
Scarlet Dick’s test ; Schultz-Charlton test
Diphtheria Schicks test; Moloney’s test
Pertussis Nasal swab; agar plate, CBC – increase in lymphocytes
Tuberculosis Sputum smear, Mantoux test
Leprosy Slit skin smear
Pinworm Scotch tape swab
Typhoid Widal’s test
HIV/ AIDS ELISA; Western Blot; PCT (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Syphilis Dark field illumination test, Flourescent treponemal antibody absorption test, VDRL
Schistosomiasis Cercum ova precipitin test (COPT), Fecalysis, Kato-katz technique
Filarisis Nocturnal blood examination (NBE), Immunochromatographic test (ICT)
CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Disease Causative Agent
Tetanus Clostridium Tetani
KRC SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL NURSING & REVIEW CENTER 3
By: Alex B. Olivar Jr., RN
Meningococcemia Neisseria Meningitidis
Rabies Rhabdovirus
Poliomyelitis Legio Debilitans (Type 1 Brunhilde); (Type II Lansing); (Type III Leon)
Dengue Fever Arboviruses (Chikunggunya); (Onyong-nyong); (West nile); (Flaviviruses)
(Common in the Phil.) Aedes egypti, Aedes albopictus
Malaria Plasmodium (protozoa) P. falciparum (most fatal) P. vivax, P. malariae; P. ovale,
Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles albimanus
Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti; Briugia malayi
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
Measles Paramyxovirus
German measles Toga virus
Chicken pox Varicella Zoster Virus
Herpes Zoster Herpes Zoster Virus
Scarlet fever Group A Hemolytic Streptococcus
Scabies Sarcoptes Scabiei (itch mite)
Bubonic Plague Yersinia Pestis
Diphtheria Klebs Loeffler
Pertussis Bordetella Pertussis
Tuberculosis Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Typhoid Salmonella Typhi
Cholera Vibrio Cholera
Amoebiasis Entamoeba Hystolitica
Leptospirosis Leptospira spirochete
Schistosomiasis Schistosoma japonicum
Gonorrhea N. Gonorrheae
Syphilis Treponema Pallidum
Chlamydia C. trachomatis. T. Vaginalis
Genital Herpes Herpes Simplex II
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN
Chicken pox (Varicella) Vesico-pastular rash centrifugal in distribution
Cholera Rice watery stool, afebrile
Pertussis Paroxysmal coughing ending with a whoop
PTB Low grade afternoon fever
KRC SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL NURSING & REVIEW CENTER 4
By: Alex B. Olivar Jr., RN
Pneumonia Rusty sputum, high grade fever
Lyme’s Disease Bull’s eye rash – rounded ring rash
Meningitis Nucchal rigidity (Kernig’s sign – inability to extend legs
Brudzinski – flexion of the chin causes
flexion of the lower extremity)
Scarlet fever Pastia lines (strawberry to raspberry tongue
Pemphigus Vulgaris Nikolsky’s sign- separation of the
epidermis once skin is rubbed
Typhoid fever Rose spots on face and abdomen
Dysentery Diarrhea with tenesmus
Measles (Rubeola) Koplik’s Spots – red spots with a
blue base
Leptospirosis Orange eyes, myalgia
Mumps Parotitis
Malaria Severe chilling, stepladder fever
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Butterfly rash in the face
Filariasis Lymphangitis,Lymphadenitis
Tetanus Trismus,Risus sardonicus (sustained spasm of facial muscle)
Measles (Rubeola) Koplic spot
German measles (Rubella) Forscheimer spots and rash
Herpes zoster (Shingles) Clustered vesiculo pastular rashes, unilateral, bandlike distribution
Dengue fever Herman’s sign, thrombocytopenia
Hansen’s disease (Leprosy) Leonine Facies (thickened, lion-like facial skin) Loss of sensation
Diphtheria Pseudomembrane, Bull-neck appearance
Syphilis Chancre – painless, pimple like ulceration
SKIN LESIONS
Skin Lesion Description
Macule a small spot that is not palpable/ elevated and is less than 1 cm in diameter
Patch a large spot that is not palpable/ elevated and that is greater than 1 cm. May arise
through coalescence of macules
Papule small superficial bump (involves epidermis only) that is elevated and that is less than 1
cm
Plaque a large superficial bump (involves epidermis only) that is elevated and greater than 1
KRC SCHOOL OF PRACTICAL NURSING & REVIEW CENTER 5
By: Alex B. Olivar Jr., RN
cm
Nodule a small bump with a significant deep component (involves epidermis and dermis and is
less than 1 cm
Tumor a large bump with a significant deep component and is greater than 1 cm
Vesicle a small fluid-filled bubble that is usually superficial and that is less than 0.5 cm
Bulla large fluid-filled bubble that is superficial or deep and that is greater than 0.5 cm
Pustule pus containing bubble often categorized according to whether or not they are related to
hair follicles
Cyst a sac containing fluid or semi-solid material; ie. Cell or cell products
Scale accumulation or excess shedding of the stratum corneum. Typically present where
there is epidermal inflammation
Excoriation a loss of skin due to scratching or picking
Lichenification an increase in skin lines and creases from chronic rubbing
Maceration raw, wet tissue
Fissure a linear crack in the skin; often very painful
Erosion a superficial open wound with loss of epidermis or mucosa only
Ulcer a deep open wound with partial or complete loss of the epidermis or submucosa
Wheal or hive describes a short lived (less than 24 hours), edematous well circumscribed papule or
plaque seen in urticaria
Burrow a small thread-like curvilinear papule that is virtually pathognomonic of scabies
Comdone small pinpoint lesion, typically reffered to as “whiteheads” or “blackheads”
Atrophy thinning of the epidermal and/ or dermal tissue
Keloid overgrows the original wound boundaries and is chronic in nature
Hypertropic does not over grow the wound boundaries
scar
Fibrosis or describes dermal scarring/ thickening reactions
sclerosis
Milium a small superficial cyst containing keratin ( usually less than 1-2 mm)
