Measurements of Phase Behavior

(Routine PVT Testing)

Schlumberger Private
1 Initials
Objectives

Understand
• Definition of PVT properties

Schlumberger Private
• Procedures of lab measurements
• Calculation or data processing
• Trend of properties

2 Initials
Contents

• Equipment – PVT system

• Recombination of surface samples

Schlumberger Private
• Constant composition expansion
• Differential liberation
• Separator test
• Constant volume depletion

3 Initials
DBR Phase Behavior Equipment
PVT System
• Pressure: displacement
pump

Schlumberger Private
• Volume: cathetometer
• Temperature: oven

4 Initials
Positive Displacement Pump

Schlumberger Private
5 Initials
PVT Cell and Volume Determination

Schlumberger Private
6 Initials
PVT Samples

• Bottom hole sample

– Preferred

Schlumberger Private
• Well head sample
– Not recommended unless single phase at wellhead
• Surface sample
– Recombination

7 Initials
PVT Testing Sequence
Sample Restoration

Composition

Schlumberger Private
CCE

Gas Condensate
Black Oil
or Volatile Oil
DL CVD

Separator Test Separator Test

Viscosity Viscosity
8 Initials
Recombination of Separator Samples

ƒ For saturated reservoir: saturation pressure is the

reservoir pressure and that is the parameter we

Schlumberger Private
target for recombination.
ƒ For under saturated reservoir: GOR is the target
for recombination.
9 Production data required for recombination: GOR

9 Initials
Recombination Setup

DBR JEFRI
Recombination Cell

Schlumberger Private
Temperature DBR JEFRI
Controlled Sample
Oven Boundary Cylinders

Sep. Sep.
Oil Gas
Pressure Gauge

10 Initials

DBR JEFRI Injection Pump

Recombination of Separator Samples
(Continued)
• Once the separator liquid/gas have been proportioned
together, the mixture is pressurized to a pressure higher
than the estimated (or known) saturation pressure and

Schlumberger Private
agitated, all at the reservoir temperature. Light oil takes
as little as few hours to equilibrate and heavy oil takes
several weeks to equilibrate.

• Once the recombined sample is homogeneous, its

composition is analyzed by single stage flash. Then
compare with the calculated composition from the
separator sample compositions.

11 Initials
Composition of Recombined Sample

Schlumberger Private
12 Initials
Constant Composition Expansion ( CCE)
CME, P-V Relation

„ Saturation pressure

Schlumberger Private
„ Phase volumes
„ Bulk density (2-phase) Masstotal/ Vtotal
„ Single phase compressibility
„ Relative volume Vtotal/Vsaturation

13 Initials
CCE for a Black Oil – An Isothermal Process

Gas

Schlumberger Private
Oil

Oil Oil

Liq Liq Liq Liq Liq

P1 P2 < P1 P3 < P2 P4 < P3 P5 < P4

14 Initials
Phase Diagram (PT)
Medium Oil

1φ L

Schlumberger Private
Pressure

Ps

Ps

2φ VL
90

80 70 60 50

Temperature
15 Initials
Graphical Estimation of Black Oil Bubble
Point Pressure
4500

4000
Psat = 2280.5 psig

Schlumberger Private
Vsat = 65.83 cm3
3500
Pressure (psig)

Single Phase
3000 Two Phase

2500

2000

16 Initials
1500
63 64 65 66 67 68 69
Total Volume (cm3)
Response of Bubble Point on SDS

Schlumberger Private
17 Initials
Black Oil CCE Data Table
Black Oil PVT Study
Constant Composition Expansion @ Tres

Pressure Liquid Relative Liquid Compressibility Y-

(psia) Volume % Volume Density Co Function
3 -6 -1
(%) Vr =Vtot/Vsat (g/cm ) (10 psi ) Value

8000 100.00 0.955 0.729 6.8

7400 100.00 0.959 0.726 7.4

Schlumberger Private
6800 100.00 0.964 0.723 8.1
6200 100.00 0.969 0.719 8.8
5600 100.00 0.974 0.715 9.7
5000 100.00 0.980 0.711 10.5
4400 100.00 0.986 0.706 11.5
3700 100.00 0.995 0.700 12.7
Psat 3300 100.00 1.000 0.697 13.4
3100 96.40 1.020 3.317
2500 84.72 1.105 3.054
1900 70.74 1.264 2.790
1300 53.11 1.610 2.524
700 30.66 2.653 2.248

Psat - P
Vr = a+ b exp(-P/c) P - psia Y=
P(V/Vsat - 1)
18 Initials a= 0.91101367
b= 0.14561416
c= 6693.0791 - d(lnVr)
Co =
Y-Function is only valid for Pressures < Psat dP
Equations for the Relative Volume and Fluid Compressibility are only valid for Pressures > Psat
CCE for Gas Condensate

Gas

Schlumberger Private
Oil Oil

P1 P2 < P1 P3 < P2 P4 < P3 P5 < P4

19 Initials
Phase Diagram (PT)
Gas Condensate

Schlumberger Private
1φ L 1φ G

C
Ps
Pressure

Ps

2φ VL
90

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Ps

20 Initials

Temperature
Gas Condensate CCE Table

Schlumberger Private
21 Initials
Liquid Dropout from a CCE (Gas Condensate)

20

18 ƒ ƒ
ƒ
ƒ ƒ
16
ƒ

Schlumberger Private
14 ƒ
12 ƒ
% Liquid

10 ƒ
ƒ
8

4 ƒ
Cloud seen at ~ 5000 psia
2
ƒ
0 ƒ • • • • •
500 1500 2500 3500 4500 5500 6500
Pressure (psia)

22 Initials
 Differential Liberation (DL)

Designed to simulate a pressure depletion process

„ All gas generated below the bubble point is assumed
to be produced

Schlumberger Private
Measured Data
„ Gas oil ratio (GOR) / Liberated Gas
„ Formation volume factor, Bo
„ Gas properties: MW, density, Z, Bg
„ Liquid properties: density, viscosity

23 Initials
Schematic Representation of a Differential
Liberation Experiment
Gas Off

V4 = V3 = V2 < Vsat

Schlumberger Private
V1 = Vsat

V3 = V2 < Vsat

V5 < V4 < Vsat

V2 < Vsat

P1 = Psat P2 < Psat P2 < Psat P2 < Psat P3 < P2 < Psat
24 Initials
DL Oil Property Table

DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION TEST - LIQUID PHASE PROPERTIES

GOR Data Liquid Data

Schlumberger Private
Pressure Cumulative Produced Solution Gas GOR Calculated Oil Oil Viscosity Ratio
(psia) 1 1 2 3
GOR RS Oil Density FVF Viscosity Oil/Gas
3
(scf/STB) (scf/STB) (g/cm ) (bbl/STB) (mPa-s)

3300 0 824 0.697 1.456 0.38

2500 211 613 0.721 1.363 0.46 22.6
1700 393 431 0.745 1.282 0.57 33.2
1000 536 288 0.766 1.218 0.73 47.9
500 633 191 0.782 1.173 0.93 65.6
15 824 0 0.815 1.036 1.87 171.6

3
Dead Oil Density at STD Conditions (60°F & 15.0 psia) 0.844 g/cm ; 36.1 °API
1
Gas Volume @ STD / Residual Oil @ STD
2
BO, Reservoir Oil Volume @ P,T per Unit Volume of Residual Oil @ STD
3
Gas Viscosity Calculated from Lee et al. correlation

25 Initials
DL Gas Property Table

DIFFERENTIAL LIBERATION TEST - VAPOR PHASE PROPERTIES

Vapor Data Total

Pressure Vapor Vapor Vapor Z Gas Total Two Phase Calculated

Schlumberger Private
(psia) 1 2 3 4 6
Density MW Gravity Factor FVF FVF Co Gas Viscosity
3 3 -6 -1 (mPa-s)
(g/cm ) (g/gmol) (air=1) (ft /scf) (bbl/STB) (10 psi )

3300 - - - - - 1.5 - -
2500 20.390 20.4 0.707 0.875 0.0066 1.6 853 0.0203
1700 20.050 20.1 0.695 0.884 0.0097 1.8 1222 0.0172
1000 20.420 20.4 0.708 0.910 0.0171 2.5 2248 0.0153
500 22.010 22.0 0.763 0.939 0.0352 4.2 5447 0.0142
15.0 49.220 49.2 1.707 0.989 1.2580 136.0 847205 0.0109

1
Vapor Phase MW/MW Air
2
Z=PV/nRT
3
BG, Reservoir Gas Volume @ P,T / Gas Volume @ STD
4
BT , Oil FVF + [(Total liberated gas)* Gas FVF]
5
Co=-1/Bo [(dBo/dP)-BG(dRs/dP)]
6
Lee et al. Correlation (Lee A., Gonzales M.H., Eakin B.E., JPT, 997-1000, Aug., 1966)

26 Initials
GOR Plot

Solution GOR (Rs) as a Function of Pressure

900

800

Schlumberger Private
700
Gas Oil Ratio (scf/STB)

600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Pressure (psia)

27 Initials
Liquid Viscosity Plot

Oil Viscosity as a Function of Pressure

2

Schlumberger Private
1.5
Oil Viscosity (cP)

0.5

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Pressure (psia)

28 Initials
Liquid Density Plot

Oil Density as a Function of Pressure

0.9

Schlumberger Private
0.8
Oil Density (g/ml)

0.7

0.6
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Pressure (psia)

29 Initials
Formation Volume Factor Plot

Bo as a Functions of Pressure
1.5

Schlumberger Private
1.4

1.3
Bo (cf/scf)

1.2

1.1

1
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Pressure (psia)

30 Initials
Constant Volume Depletion (CVD)

Designed to simulate a pressure depletion process –

Volatile oil and gas condensate

Schlumberger Private
„ Only gas is produced below the saturation pressure

Measured Data
„ Produced gas volumes
„ Liquid volume fraction
„ Gas properties: MW, density, Z, Bg
„ Liquid properties: density, viscosity
31 Initials
Constant Volume Depletion for a Gas
Condensate
Gas off

Schlumberger Private
V1 = Vsat

V2 > Vsat

V4 > Vsat
V3 = Vsat
Gas Gas Gas Gas Gas

Oil
Oil
Oil Oil

P1 = Psat P2 < Psat P2 P2 P3 < P2 < Psat

32 Initials
CVD Data Tables for a Gas Condensate

Schlumberger Private
33 Initials
Multi-Stage Separator Test

Simulates the Surface Separation Process

„ In the past several were run to optimize separation
conditions (liquid yield)

Schlumberger Private
Measured Data
„ GOR – total and separator
„ Gas properties, MW, density, Z factor, heating value,
plant liquids, etc.
„ Liquid formation volume factor
„ Liquid properties, density, etc.

34 Initials
SCHEMATIC OF A TWO STAGE SEPARATOR
Gas Standards are:
GOR SCF/Sep BBL T° = 15°C
@ Tr , Pr P° = 1 atm
Gas

Schlumberger Private
G

Oil GOR SCF/Sep BBL

T1 , P1 @T° , P°
G
L

1st Stage T2 , P2 Oil

Separator Conditions
L (STO)

2nd Stage
Feed Well Head
Ambient Conditions
35 Initials
Volumetric and Density Data for a Separator
Test

Schlumberger Private
36 Initials
Quality Assurance

Overall mass balance

Overall mole balance

Schlumberger Private
Individual component molar balance
Equilibrium

37 Initials
 CONSISTENCY CHECK OF COMPOSITIONAL
DATA (Equilibrium)

Schlumberger Private
K - value (yi/xi)

38 Initials
Molecular Weight (g/mol)
Fluid Viscosity

F dv
=µ
Resistance to fluid flow A dy

Schlumberger Private
Newtonian fluid: viscosity invariant with flow rate
Measurement:
– Control flow rate, measure force: capillary viscometer
– Control force, measure flow rate: rolling ball,
electromagnetic viscometer, etc.

39 Initials
Electromagnetic Viscometer

p1
VV

Schlumberger Private
Coils
Piston

40 Initials T = constant
 Summary

Constant composition expansion

Schlumberger Private
Differential liberation
Constant volume depletion
Multi-stage separation test
Viscosity

41 Initials