Foundation Engineering–I [GE-502]
MSc Geotechnical Engineering
Lecture # 1
5-Apr-2018
by
Dr. Muhammad Irfan
Assistant Professor
Civil Engg. Dept. – UET Lahore
Email: [email protected]
Lecture Handouts: https://groups.google.com/d/forum/foundation-i-fall-2017
1
SUGGESTED REFERENCE BOOKS
1- Foundation Analysis and Design
(Joseph E. Bowles)
2- Principles of Foundation Engineering
(Braja M. Das)
3- An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
(Robert D. Holtz & William D. Kovacs)
4- Foundation Design: Principles & Practices
(Donald P. Coduto)
5- Soil Mechanics
(T. William Lamb & Robert V. Whitmann)
2
FOUNDATION TYPES
1. Shallow Foundations Focus of this course
a. D/B ≤ 1 (Terzaghi, 1943); later researchers said D/B
can be up to 3-4.
b. Depth generally less than 3m
2. Deep Foundations
3
TYPES OF FOUNDATION FAILURE
1. Due to excessive settlement Focus of our discussions
2. Due to shear failure in soil
4
Sendai, Japan
(October, 2011)
5
Sendai, Japan
(October, 2011)
Sendai, Japan
(October, 2011)
6
SOIL SETTLEMENT
From decayed fortunes every flatter shrinks,
Men cease to build where the foundation sinks
Pisa Tower, Italy
The total vertical downward deformation at the surface resulting from the
applied load is called settlement. 7
TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(A) Types w.r.t. Permanence
(i) Permanent/Irreversible Settlement
Caused by sliding/rolling of soil
particles under applied stress
Reduction of void ratio
Crushing of soil particles
Consolidation settlement
(ii) Temporary Settlement
Settlement due to elastic
compression of soil
Generally very small in soils
8
TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(B) Types w.r.t. Uniformity
(i) Uniform Settlement
All the points settle by equal
amount
Generally occur under rigid
foundations loaded with uniform
pressure and resting over uniform
soil
Minimal risk to structural stability
Risk to serviceability (eg. utility
lines, etc.)
(ii) Differential Settlement
Different parts of the structure settle
by different magnitude 9
TYPES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
(C) Types w.r.t. Mode of Occurrence
(i) Immediate/Elastic Settlement:
Caused by elastic deformation of dry/moist/saturated soil
No change in moisture content
Occurs immediately after construction
Computed using elasticity theory
Important for Granular soils
(ii) Primary Consolidation Settlement:
Due to expulsion of water from the soil mass
Dissipation of pore pressure => Increase in effective stresses
Important for Inorganic clays
(iii) Secondary Consolidation Settlement:
Volume change due to rearrangement of particles
Occurs at constant effective stress (i.e. no drainage)
Important for Organic soils
Similar to creep in concrete 10
CAUSES OF SOIL SETTLEMENT
CHANGES IN STRESS due to;
1. Applied structural load
i. Excavations
ii. Movement of ground water table
iii. Machine vibrations
iv. Earthquakes
2. Desiccation due to surface drying and/or plant life
3. Changes due to structure of soil (secondary
compression)
4. Mining subsidence
5. Swelling and shrinkage
6. Landslides
11
MAGNITUDE OF SETTLEMENT
CALCULATION
Consolidation Settlement
12
SETTLEMENT CRITERIA
Settlement most often governs the design as allowable
settlement exceeds before qshear exceeds.
Damage level associated with foundation settlement
Architectural damage – cracks in walls, partitions,
etc.
Functional damage – impairment of structural
functionality Serviceability Limit State
Structural damage – reduced strength of structural
members Stress limit state
13
SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(A) Rational Design Approach
Problems?
Expensive analysis
Limited accuracy in all predictions especially settlements &
differential settlement
14
SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Based upon performance analysis of many structures
Provide guidelines for maximum settlement and rotation
Smax = maximum settlement
δ = ∆s = differential settlement (between any two points)
𝛿𝛿
= tan 𝛽𝛽 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷/𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑙𝑙
15
SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Rotation/Angular Distortion Thresholds
𝛿𝛿 1
𝑙𝑙
≥
300 Architectural damage
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝛿𝛿 1
≥ Tilting of high structures become visible
𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
250
~ Serviceability Limit State?
𝛿𝛿 1
𝑙𝑙
≥
150 Structural damage likely
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
~ Stress Limit State?
Practically, serviceability needs to be connected to the functionality of the
building and the tolerable limit
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SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Rotation/Angular Distortion Thresholds
(Lamb & Whitmann;
Fig. 14.8)
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SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Maximum Settlement (Smax) Thresholds
Maximum settlements leading to differential settlements.
Masonry structures 1” – 2”
Framed structures 2” – 4”
Silos, mats 3” – 12”
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SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Maximum
Settlement (Smax)
Thresholds
(Lamb & Whitmann;
Table 14.1)
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SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Correlation Between Maximum Settlement (Smax) and Angular
Distortion (δ/l)
Correlation between angular distortion to maximum settlement based upon 95
buildings. Fifty six (56) out of them were damaged. (Grant et al. (1974))
Architectural damage
threshold ~ Serviceability
Limit State
Serviceability thresholds in common engineering practice
Isolated footings (Square, Strip, etc) Smax = 1” (25.4 mm)
Raft/Mat footings Smax = 2” (50.8 mm)
Empirical Criteria;
Sands ∆s ≈ 2/3 x Smax
Clays ∆s ≈ 1/3 x Smax 20
SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Correlation Between Maximum Settlement (Smax), Differential
Settlement (δ) and Angular Distortion (δ/l)
Verification by Bjerrum (1963) based upon case studies and experiments
21
SETTLEMENT BASED DESIGN
(B) Empirical Design Approach
Can max. differential settlement (δ) be greater than max. total
?
settlement (Smax)
δ Smax
Possible when one part of the structure heaves while the other
settles
Common in tanks on sand
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CASE HISTORY
Partition wall
Vertical crack
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CASE HISTORY
Uplifting (300 mm) of base slab during monsoon
Hydrogeological survey using GPR, seismic refraction survey and infiltrometer
testing conducted to reveal the root cause
Peculiar subsurface profile, and development of excessive hydraulic head below
the tank were the main causes
Remedial measure: provision of dewatering wells around the tank periphery
Shirode, N. P., Birid, K. C., Gandhi, S. R., Nair, R. (2017). Uplift of an Underground Tank in Northern Malabar Region, India,
Vol. 4, Issue 2, p.134-146. doi: 10.4417/IJGCH-04-02-04 24
SETTLEMENT TYPES
Time
Settlement
Si Granular Soils Sc, Sc(s) Cohesive Soils
Consolidation Theory Empirical Correlations
Elasticity Theory
Principally, both types of settlements utilize soil compressibility
Consolidation is however, time dependent
25
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
- General Principles -
Factors influencing settlement (mathematically)
Net applied stress - ∆q
Compressibility of soil - 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆⁄𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿
For clays c = f(t)
i.e. time dependent variation in compressibility
S = ∆q x c x f(B)
Where,
S = settlement [L]
∆q = net load [F/L2]
c = compressibility [L/(F/L2)]
f(B) = size effect [dimensionless]
26
SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
- Soil Compressibility ‘c’ -
S = ∆q x c x f(B)
Determination of soil compressibility “c”
Lab Tests (consolidation test, triaxial test, etc.)
Plate load test
SPT
CPT, etc.
c is influenced by:
Width of the footing (B)
Depth of the footing (Df)
Location of GWT
Type of loading – Static or repeated
Soil type and quality (mainly Modulus)
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SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
- Net Stress ‘∆q’-
S = ∆q x c x f(B)
Net stress acting on soil layer (whose settlement is to be computed), due to
foundation pressure.
Stress Distribution in Soil with Depth
Intensity of stress decreases with depth.
Intensity of stress decreases radially from the point load.
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SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
- Vertical Stress Increase in Soil at a Depth -
Theoretical solutions based upon
theory of elasticity assuming load on
infinite, homogenous, isotropic,
elastic half space.
Why Assume?
Homogenous Uniform throughout. Same properties at every point
Isotropic Identical in all directions; invariant w.r.t. direction
Is soil behavior
Elastic Capable of recovering shape elastic?
Half space A body having infinite lateral extents and depth with
loads applied to its horizontal surface
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SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS
- Vertical Stress Increase in Soil at a Depth -
Use of elastic solutions reasonable?
Is soil behavior
elastic?
‒ We are practically interested in service loads
which are approximately equal to dead loads.
Design Load = (DL x F.S.) + (LL x F.S.)
Service load == DL within elastic zone
‒ Simple and straight forward approach
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SHEAR FAILURE OF FOUNDATION
Shear Failure of Silo Foundation (Tschebotarioff, 1951)
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REFERENCE MATERIAL
Soil Mechanics
T. William Lamb & Robert V. Whitmann
Chapter #14
An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering
Robert D. Holtz & William D. Kovacs
Chapter #10
Grant. R, Christian J., T, and Van Marcke E., H. (1974) “Differential Settlement of
Buildings’’ Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE. 121 (7). pp 521 – 534.
Shirode, N. P., Birid, K. C., Gandhi, S. R., Nair, R. (2017). Uplift of an Underground
Tank in Northern Malabar Region, India, Vol. 4, Issue 2, p.134-146. doi:
10.4417/IJGCH-04-02-04
CONCLUDED
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