‘METHOD oAsPET-oTT0-sAUER MODERN PERSIAN CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR READING LESSONS, ENGLISH-PERSIAN VOCABULARY >D PERSIAN LETTERS ELDER JULIUS GROOS,PRINTED IN GERMANY Preface. Persian, tho Tea ast, hs long been fd important. of Oriental languagee, Unforttnetsly Thowover, to. most Englishmen wo havo. spent any atalligible to tho natives of Persia, any ame Tittle anthovity laving i nea KP. fond, azis in Thombay, that he wae almoet if not. quit Batdh and othe cl sian authors have. become absolete and a by others in the modern language as spoken in Persia itselt Tt was if'w forugner, having. discovered some f world in which Wnglish was sill spoken by the and with the pronunciation of tht distant doy, bad Toarnt the lmguago from thein And then tried 10 con verse with the English people of tosiay. His conver: sition would seom at once stilied and vulgar, and 1 ould, amuse everyone with whom ho came tn ‘Tho Civil aid Military authorities i Bnglancl 1nd India now, howevor, sean t0 have begun to grasp he fact that’ Indian Persian is somowhat. ike What the French of Stratford atte Bowo' was in oldon time nd to feel ability of fawonring the stndy of the Ianguage ax netually spoken in Persia itself Luv order, posibly, to aesat in the attainment of this object, ihe Pybhshcr of Gas Series of Unsrecerae Gramaare(the Gaepey-OttoSunee Methodhae dane me Hadents and will not ‘be found unworthy of plas among the many excellent Handbooks ou other lane The aim of this Volume is to provide the Student ‘with a thoroughly practical aud np-o-date Introduction to the study of the Modem Persian Language, There fore everything obsolete has, whenever it could not proftably omitted, been ‘admitied “only in atch & manner a2 to shew clearly the changes which have warn tho student-ageinst axing too sntiqaated. words he langungy orettion with’ all clases of the Bor the taske which 1 have been gavited to undertake Tam much indebted to Aqa Miran Awaduiah of Ise at every matter of importance. My duy ¢o the Rey, C. H. Stilema Ay the Sueretary of the C. M.S. Porsia Mission, for his great iindness in going carefully through the MS. ofthis Grammar with ane, and for the many ‘The dango of th ig wall Hastated by the navatve "th Panjth an Then happened te teas Handi ie hotar' ities native serv ‘in! He dowitees "manny a dis mare caaly gined thal v yaloble suggestions he hay mae, Coming fom ach ‘careful and acouraia stadont of the language es he he Reading Leawns rabjoined atthe end of {his book arm taken jn part fom the Saf Jat tnd in-part from the Joomnal of the late Shah's Tied Visit to Hurope, ‘he former book is yell kuown, i India expocialy; bat its style is somewhat antiquated and uot « fow of the words wed in it are now ob cleta. ‘have therefore hat it rewritten by Mia Asadwllzh, with tho object of bringing its style a Phraseology into. complete accord Sith the beat no fn standard. ‘The fest sinteon Stories are given a6 Exerciser in the Geazomar iat, in the usted print ing type; and. the reat, to tho end of Stock. Bd, fro Htlographed in the Nash charakter in the ead ing lessons.’ The style in which the Shih Journal to havo nov ooome the model for such compositions Nasia'ly character. Until the Student can Yead thes Extracts freely, he shonld not attampe t9 read tt Persian Letters contained in Appendix ®. The shits fot hand in which they are for the most part written is somewhat dificult % decipher, and tho Key thoud hero be etrefly conralted ty tho learner, Ju onder {0 fost his success in solving’ tho cnigmas which will plontfaly ‘present, themeelves in tke port of i fouree of study. Those Letters ate n_seloction from variety of the handwriting has been carefully repreducod, bat the neoesity of vbliterating certain ‘oper names ete, lus produsel some erasares hare and Alero in them, for which the reader's indulgence. ix requested. It will he noticed. that the Heading Les fons are paged. as ir usual in Persian books, and Begin at chovind of the Velamo Tie uanscotary’ to add. ta the bulk of this volume by appending « Persin-lnglish. Vooubulary, 1S Palners Smaller Persian English Dictionary wil spply all thatthe oginner will wayne, "Tho deI “te « ago my obligations Iusaitats, Rorbey snd Dr. Rosen's Persian Gram ored 9 dior fvom them whenever iteration adopted is an oxae fe seulent, without any with the Pensa nes a to learn fore, beginning 12 toad: i which experience us fitable. ‘The Porsian snd pro or the passages be observed ition from the the histor ian Ver Tndex. lost Pat, Sieve Tesenn foun and ijectines nuit Fourth Lomm Fssona Prot Sth Lesson: He i Tenth Lemon: The Verb in General Active Vl ‘fom the Toot (Imperslivg. on" ‘welfth Laseon Phe Verb nin ‘Acasie’ m0; Defective, Inapérmanat Seventeenth Lanson! Regular Arai Nowns aad’ Aeetive $31vur jute Lemon: Arabi Broken Porat Puan Resta fatten? YORE Gr the Regular Arabic mpoonda: Use of Teich g = 2 a gular Verb Si Irregular VerbsIntroduction. § 1. ‘Tho Persian Language is writien from right o loft. Its Alphabet consists oF the 28 Arable lecoes With the addition of four others required. to express soumds (P, 0h, & g) not recognised in Classical Asnbie — in all'32.' Those with the Tranvcription of each osed in this Grammar arn given in tho fellowing Table. As in Baga |e = tan Tug. « | chin chairs eae Scotch ainda alas a Kalian r Bag. = Freachj in jouand notead of being pat 2 raced dao aber 10 distinction bee toad, exoape ounced m, tho 4 in hi fay wiiton 5, old notice thet) each Tetter The epparent diversity 0 to the facts that (1) mest ‘sdlonrish ia it most ease ade ment aud partly to shew that i ends the word. Tn most Ambie MSS, the dot of the inal nin is placod not in the middle but at the right hand ‘corner ‘of tho letter. This is sometimes the cise with the dots of final cand 4 also, Hence it ix clear ‘hat even those leitery have sally only one form exch The only letters which have no final flourish ato 1 2 ++, All but the two last of theia nine letters inca pt in the Shikdsioh or braéen hand) of being united with the lotier which may immediately follow in the same wor § 5. Thore are saversl. different, varieties of the Persian character, ‘The most important of thes he Nasth, the Nasty, and the Shibttoh and ot those are ted in lithograph while the third is-a sunning hand eoumonly sed sn letter-writing. Bat they age all more wrritke of the haracter given in the Table above, Too much attention cannot be paid to the ac sition of m correct pronunciation, his i peck more importance that is even grammatical adee All the letters in the Tablo are considered unde, dhoogh in practice we may say. th are often ised as vowels. They. are vor, never ‘alled such, ut ato known ue th ltrs, becanso their soamid so readily. mele int of the vowel which imumedintely precedes them, § 5. The sound of most of tho letters is xxl ciently indicated i the ‘Table, th ne farther elucidation, Ali? has properly the sound of the smooth drendhing in Greok, 4c: the sound of the hina dent wll fad a Khowledge of all Saws Ein4 ‘Promunaton of consonante tame sound initial Alif, the strongly guttural (da, politeness, rds they is almost always silent; when such is the aso & dot ie placed under the © in transeription, x Khynd. ‘sll, but 252, Khad, ‘helmet. Yo (a) ia ‘when it bogins « syllable, stn ale strotly speak mg g when it ends the syllable (ude § 10). Ia lightly pronounced and may oven, be omitted, a= le at fn, Bat shold hey flow fama, a Ae a place’, the second syllable. bogine with hamedh and 3 gt i promonneed. § 6 Te and Tv (c and 1) havo one end the sam mand in Persian, which is that of the Talian f, formed ‘lacing the port of the tongue sigainst tho point of the upper teeth, and not egainst the gum 8 in English. Dat (2) is 0 soft d formed in a similar mam ner, 8, Sin, and Sid (2. .- 2) are ju Persinn pro rouaced just like the English » in ol. ‘hoy never ‘dope the # sound which the English » has at tho end of words, He and He (¢ aud ,) sre in Persian pro nounced alike, ae the A in hare, but « at the end Pronunciation of vowel 5 Word is not pronounced ater fateh (§ 7), except in (dab), ‘ten’ and iw ensos in which the fale is asad by contraction inslond of elf ae <5 mth for, th he moon’; af sah for oe, sah,‘ ing’ Nor in the pronounced in Ii who’, “hat ay chi, what ‘iy tree, w iy “a, hough i isn «ih ‘goody Bal, a8, x86, Ze (553 G1) havo all alike in Porian the sound of #, RE (,) is pronounced more decidedly Seon Bagi bet ant SO a Pena ge Mord ao 24 (lah), for example, must not bo pro ounced Fagin, an Englishmen have a tendency prozousce suck words, @hainand Qu? (E and.) ate fZuttrals and recorble bard g snd roqectively, but fre formed far beck in the mouth by imovemsht. of the sends and coat. Great care ehouid bo taken fot to confound thei with the ordinary 9. and fh are and <5 in Persian, "he lati: two lotions we lion ditingsted’ fom, des costae ea Pe Printing, he secon. stroke of the oF being uoually gtd, bat in jromtnciation thoy. are carefully 1, Vowels 57. In all languages there are three original short vowel sounds, %, 1, 8, which when Ieugehoned become 2, i, 11s heatd in Italian. In Persion the three shore vowels aze sepresented hy the signs fick 1 Idroh (ry atid gammeh(—-) respectively, and these are shortened forms of the woak letters tnd , The long sounds of the same three vowels are Mlenoted by writing after each short vowel its corre sponding weak letter, as csl%, disht, “he had, 2-5) ‘at, tho ie, co ist, ‘ewenty’. The signs for the short vowels aro hardly ever actually inserted in Persian, except when ead nacomery to ntnguish Dewees words that might otherwise bo confounded with one mother, as gf mud; ‘a seal’, mil, ‘kindness, Riven jn uch insiances their insertion is optional, ns the8 Pronnacation af vor ‘Prowensation of vowels reader is supposed to know the meaning from th ide, Mae Reo ONE Pa an fontext and tobe able. to. supply the short vowels D ¢ from his knowledgo of the languag ‘ anywhere except at nine abloy (where, t0 shew ‘ox Simplo vowel fale, Shaitén, ‘Satan’ (Slt), and w fow other words, mostly Arabi Ee ‘The enbjoined diagram shews all the 7), the two toll fet syllablo of <-{ Abmad, Jel a'mil, or the last in Talon 6 UB syllable of <2 bindah (in Tefahir the last fie in y iy. ue it AE words ending im + ie thus pranonnced, but in Shirk than bist which ths fat in euch oases is prouownced & hence in thi paaas ‘ exact transe Wf Wot we shall write snch words bind a) (2) When oe ® syllable containing the fatich is open (ie. does nob tion) W ithe, soe resting ( epee) roncrally pronounced HES end in a consonant) suid a queen’, (8) Tn ound GEM few words when wo consonants, as in attor sound $MM 35 5,4 Tash, Yast, eopecially when the lnvter. of siea to thal 228,0%0 Hs rs as 5S gar (an, impolite word denoting a ‘3 Zoronstsiai!), 3B aur, ‘a grave’, ‘+ sar, ‘patione’i 0 goer rule faheh ins the send of te Bog Be as Seen the tl soma of ete Foal iilele i ouch words a8 Reawven, region, who | cal heaw'n, regyn. Ie this be nok borne ia ae edcats premiciton, wil s0oad_ery Hinge fo © Persian, and will be extremely unpleasant nd inoorrect, (The, usual English may of writing cummorn CO imarband — shows how fatheh Ta the Arabic worde 154 sms, E15 sta, gory raham’, Jig} Tabac, iM (Divine) es cial Abram, Jy ie Gh than writen in Arabic tpl, one of the fate is pro om hee tenn ante Reale ackion ae a The i oi cry Sake Waly! Baap, Sng Mi § 14. Kaorch hae generally the sound of short tin ‘ie, But (1) when immediately followed by c+ OF gy us Ji4), #'tnff (Pronoun sod inl), ¢\g6\ ihtindn (px. altindn): (2) when. coming: between two words, as in edi c[S Willd é pads (pe ssrumes tho’ sound of in 3g Yor,‘ seal (pronounced mil), ef ming ‘a beliover, “belioving, (pronounced minim), Thing the same sound at the and of all Arsbic words where it is pronounced by the Pervans at all, as , the himeh some times seans to have tho sound of y) a8 S526, Thich 4 nak, ‘the servant's house, but 16 now eon dared rather better 20t to write the homeo in such ass, At ono timo the knack bad to be written, Bab {had then its proper sound, or the words "were frowounced Udneh ndubor. Bat an the, pronunciation {ies'now changed and the ‘unwritien y Grept ia, Per- sang rarely write the Admach between such words. I ig however, inserted in this Grammar for the eon: Wonience of the student.1, The aovent never falls on any syllable farther ‘than the thied from the end (antepennltimate), except in such instances as thove in which Rule 4 neceati ‘Sin) 4 queen stanat (eshl) Kingdon’; but mi-nomiyand (ssl) ‘they she 2. When tates this: as, mailed «word contains » vowel before. two consoiants or before & faddida (§ 21) letter — which She ame thing, — thst vowel ad he socal ex Sept when a long vowel (other than. in euch instanoes scPhco mentioned in Ble 8) occurs in the same word Seater to the end, in which cago the said long vowel takes the accent: Bg tndch ‘avant (ealp), tho could, afarinindch (cs, 5), ‘Creator’, mie béfer (2), ‘victorious, mentazir (ica) ‘expecta va} 'a slave 5) ‘Lord; but, farmild The’ appondad termination (ced vc Be Ca) wick Arata in tune o¢Goase aud tere (ote 6 6, 0), 3) andr (1) onde pace of the a ets Senta a nt take th acest nba ey corlain long, vowels or oot: Bg. af CM Sty Blaed (250) hey gavel (3) 96 ie bolt, fn (3), iy rom (4) bad gave, hitdbashan (hs inal (c-2.21), “it is yweet. But when - followed! Wil is added with the meaning ‘the ... who’, ‘the which’, § 4, the -) often has the accent, especially wien the’ definite article iu English is empbatio; ai Ista ki dram (¢.126;,45) ‘the book which T havel 4. "The particles smi bi, a, profixed to tenses of the Verb formed from the rast (Lesion. XT, tae he accent? when prefixed to tenses formed from the Infinitive (Lesson X.) nono of then except ya takes the accent, but me always does: Eg. miavarand: (Gos) they bring’, miatihom (22) 1 give’, Uehid Acct, 1B (aa) ‘givo ve, li-vau (5-), ‘go thou’, maton, (5) ido not, ndshon (c6) ‘Ao not thou’: mifarmil, (25.512) “he was commending’, mi-gftand (sis) ‘they were saying’, W-rdft (<3,). ‘ho went bat nd-iformd, he was not commanding’, ndmiraftand, (43.3) ‘they were not going’ wea ot sms nt covered by the pricing alg eb romsd ila ge ats oreo as aaa ‘the one which is nearest to tho’ end: E. gy agthandd (scat) ashi (125) ‘a ing, pashan (Slats) ‘kings’, ath (ql), ‘Books’, bar Aid (ig) wickedness’, nibar (,5:), "etter, nilarin 3) ‘host. ‘This rule does not holdin reference to Darlicies, adverbs, oto, a8 dy amo dj, hija, bla, Taicpase nrc ech fev ethas) nate Set compounds of har, ‘every’: a0. also” in nik, “good, fad words ending’in'n generally: aa yt, nf 6. Tn compotnd words the ascent of tho lattor of the two prevail: E. g” alpme-neh (et house, shibatdeh (.\pe4+) ‘gentl-bort,,pabiemdnpa Gare) ofetelder minghr (i) ‘exon fioner, Porbri (52,) ‘hirytaced’, carly (lee) ‘quadruped! ao 7 In words of more than two syllables secon- dary accent in often heard s well av tho one above ‘entionod, ns ella, match, mvinfagr, Dut this does hot require any explanation.” In quostions and slo in emphotic aaertions the pinco of the accent is also often changed, ax in all languages eauing Exercise.Neuse 9nd adjectives 15 Arabic nouns and adjectives only. These will be dealt with in Part IL Persian ‘nonns which from thei tesning denote fomales are from a grainmatical posnt of view treated exactly like all other nous, In most Instanoes the word the two sexes Fem Pian, son, ator, daughter See Pe Mier Da i pnbele! bind Mas Fam. tcbod ki sfarmiid, di i Sal Bris cock nalgis aie cafe bik Khdush-y i When this is not the case the distinction ia cs sual oe note animale and. thove which avian bh i $00. All xbedermations have alo. disappesesd dik dusdin edi in Modern Persian, both in Nouns and Proneuge: First Par athe Niminative, when itis the Olject of & Verb Of fellows proposition, $9 epeak of ie ae: to the Objective cas Th this we follow the analogy of the a French anguage, to which inthis anc medy other First Lesson. respecte the ors age frost a grammatical aE 2 Wha aan fie Newitaative f Address, it may $90. The Persian, lke all a have the Interjoction a, “Oy prefixed, ot long. & Tod Persian langvoge, however iy ost 7 i ind see fone ronsideration der, as for he grammatical Whe 8 noun is the Object of a Ver, it may in fonetractions borrowed trom the Arable, which affeat eee ae Nouns and Adjectives.16 00 feeor weet when the noun iv governed bya propos Gin, snd cannot therfore beStaid to form tho’ Ob $81. The Plural of all Nouns io. th ‘This appli sodern Arabio words to. purely igh Ar one frequently retain their own peculiar plural 1, Lesson RVIL—XIX}. In writing also tho termination he muy be and froquently is, attached withows distinction to all noms #0 form the plural. But elogant writers sill Consider the old Tole of Classical Portian Grammar Worthy of some dogres of attention. This is, that oun denoting ereatures with life form their plural by edding without life by adding sha to the singular. in conversation, however, tho tse OP -@n fue a mark of the Plaral is very limited § 92. Adjectives undergo no change for gonda for case, nor for number when they are used in co! hnexion ‘with nouns or a2 the prodicate in a sentence When aed as substantiver, they ‘heir plana in the same way ae do nous, ‘The iy termination then sane fern ha may denote, thinge soa, ied, “good things 5, 8 cron, ‘great pale! wceptions vide Laston TL § 96). tho adjective folows its noun and iv united with it by the fadfeh! or particle =i; as, murda & th, jgood met Iara, “big books $35, The Verb generally comes last in a son ence, Nouns denoting inanimate objects generally aqhite the verb to be in the singular, oven whon tho foun is in the plural, Conversely, non of multitade he ij, vide Leas Th Nos and adjtves " require the verb to be in the plural even when the ts isin she snr. 3 : being snpplied im auother way (ide § 41 Midar javin ast. Baridar buat st, Khyahar Koil ast. Mand ea 2an nik and Dake Bes plcar nist. An pfear Khafli khrub ast. Béchoheh dar va tiddar Gnja. and? fnja ofetand “Bidar "ye midar va Pisa ya ibjs histand,Pitardn afk and e laanke Mord {alk fnje ash Pisar | busting javk 14 flfichi¥e as lard i-pir fnjs bud, Saves idan ieabin -inja ah ba Tevoral’" eg. ei maf,ig old and the boy is young (lichik). The brother and ution anor ge pda ncn sth, pda aed tay eine natand, hal Pincht buxig and bani Sécond Lesson, : oo soul and is immodiaaly followed by = word or ax and good men’ (Note that in Persian in such phrasee inicprand, “they. sxe ‘Nouns and adjectives, 19 ‘he ‘and is omitted end the ipffak comes between the toro adjectives). After a and i (\- and y-) this insere ted y is written 4,* but after «7 ot «= (which iy practically @ vowsl-ending, a8 the . is not pronoun, ced) the y is sometimes represented by Aimee wud sometimes not written af all, though alvvays pronoun ced; af patda OF pstisn, badly chin? eee. OF ic, Ench yi Ripa. (Vide § 19). The oxphonic y ih newer inserted before at, is, but the vowel of Uhat word is often omitted, as hijtot (<5) for Maj ast (ci) In conversation too the y is not generally insoried ofore and, ‘they ure, though it ie very froquently-and correctly written, af aula" Shere ara they? the alif of the and (.) thon falling out. Tn the erlect of vorbs the y is not inserted, as dmadd-am, afteh~ and. § 9. The four nouns danithe, a tree, plant, sth, ‘a sin’, chishm, Pan eye, aidan, “4 word, i writing generally have theit plurals tn -am, thotgh not in ordinary conversation. In writing, the words {1m Arabic wordé which end in (3) A/dm 18 thy ‘imac is written in Pesan (hich le not slag TB cass), he is Ino! inserted bat uly the deh at vse hd), or -2\sL2 Cadana 4 Iatt,t relgis autbortee egret) of Isim. The former toed of writing tthe olde, Hat the ater method iz now permissible, Whe tow ov adjettive (Arabi) ands Sn, -#) nods llowed by the ‘E90, the ie changed into | (2) and the then nse = ge Wale, bat Sh! gra (tes tan thee cain” 1 the nou nding tn cb a Proper name, this & nc allow babu th effh te sapronntd by hace aa ge ak) Jess (yng (Maat), "Mowe: at fo (Mies ay “Thu Prophet Mss". Noto that in thi avo the wif tat vt (or pvt iwseh) over tha ected, au in fae kau 1 In eich words even when they ace aot followed hy2 esos 2 cari) “eyebrow, gig, ‘gras, dior ‘constellation’, Thay’ also take “any probably’ Becanse regarded. as Gpincts, —'bst with Sere words the -tn. is realy Gheolete nb the present tans Sn poe § 86. In the written style (and che same ral Goaing in'- and denoting animate beings ‘change the. 2) vofore adding. ie vias fereaeae = cndagin (fom 2 Bind ‘a Sa fended in # inthe single which fo 9 beiore the vowel @ ikation both he should be (eg al $27. Adjectives form the \Comparstive by ade dingtar, end. the 7 edding tein fo the Positive: as, Miu “ieood, belie, ft buy bats The Supenativ . he Comparative har a the genera ta fall the. specie ‘one of the mort of Per ule all Cardinal nombs onus aud adjectives, a ‘sa mura, ast, man: hud shay? which person? Superlatives, ordinals, andthe adjectives hig cman Aigar. ‘other’, tht,’ ‘good’, ‘aja, “wondorfl, ne lend ‘some, several, and a fow others inay precede, theit noun or follow it. (But when eland means "how many? it must precede its ‘noun, as it is thou an interrogative). When the adjective precedes the non it does not take izifeh, when it follows the noun the ‘edfeh ts required, Heh, ‘all i regarded oa «not, requires trjeh aficr it as hiseh of mardumin, ‘all (of) ‘men’: but if regarded ws an adjective it doos'not bake felfeh, a3 hémnch mardumi, ‘all mae § 89. Whon an adjective is the Predicate in a sentence it does not takes ipifok boone it; as ah adn Bhpuahott and, "those women are fa § 40. The Zajeh is merely the ehortened torm of the Avestio yo, ‘who, whioh’ (6§ 208, 209). When it comes between two nous it is translated by ‘of, as ‘ual midar, “he book of the mother’ — ‘the mothers Vouk, "Such’ a sontence as ‘This book is that man's ‘this house ie thet woman's’ is cendered “by” in bdo das tim tan mds, in Bich as Zn & kn son hin {he older litorry style, But by nite mud fs mad (st, bn Adnch mid tat ithe modera language (Gnd moans 'property: a the spokes inagaage 1 ofS Ta answering a question contesy denéads that 2 portion of the words of the queen should be taal gain end ‘ot "hat » mero afirmative, er aogatioe Hep shouldbe given Eg. ah t-mire gle ‘Dido, ‘en (Aid you) sce my Bore's hat SA tt aida, "Noy Bir, T dd not ee bie Words, 1 i hd Chat very, tho sane Hemin er ee same iat What sor of? or) thou a, ite, i2» lowe ea nse oat eee hee SS ae ae Fes cm fn Srnfand, & aheop Peer” | eee tea ‘hare n'a Col, od eet bul at mcans merely. ta i wo"dtaie verter whl Fees ree seco ot aes tess) aa Noung and adjective 8 re ashi anit Gee ae ei man cee oe aa ee SE Fogel ati be Sa Sei slabr dat’ ktchehhd“y-and Crm dar bh sistand, Asbhé -y-i kha dae sak Midend, Dikhter i NGohil:fojet? Khatey fajt alot, dav shir aste Gt fandhé va. givhé dar an rain bisyar histend, Dar Khinehhé -j-f shabe Kadi girbeh va. stg bad. KGje ‘a? Dar bigh i hinch im. Chih nau! bigh art? Bagh Piehyab ast, érama fichik ash ‘ranaaion 4 Tn thie land are (a) many horses, cows, shoop, rules and asa (hove and, ot0). That dog came ost this house, The cities of that land were many. The trother came. slong with the sister. Give a book to the brother of the maidgervant. ‘Tho ebildren'y mane servant came from the city. What sor. of a hare that? ‘This kind of garden is very good The sea is lage thon, he nd ho ty sels tha he Kil. The villogo is large, tho town ix larger, bt the i lagen of all (fom ally Al the men and vromen of that large village cane to the aquare of the ‘iy. Whero aro thote hotties? They are tn rach end such @ vill Conversation ution note Digest bashes M44? Dye boh B42 vy Dimaldfn fs obth hls aut? fig ashy dost halt stg Aya) dtyboay§ alin san bie All bea fond ou Ya 1S tase sagen Dat ote tie ie er el sthole word ets on th oe i2 0 8 (yy hic giobeh knchtktar ast Klis, her girbelt ag bar sag ees Wachivtae" ate “hath Sega basig sletand uy |e an cohen ay NEG a thd Sadia ncysnads “VE aarp paatars of dan ib a ag Third Lesson. Use of -rid (1) and 4 (w+). AL. Artie, Thore is no definite Article in Bor tain’ instances by the use of the affixes (\) ra and ) Ra is « pospsion, the only one in ordinary use in modor Persian. In'Pablavi Yt meunt ‘or the, see of, and in this reso i ill existe in the strengthened form becrt-yi, or, for the sake of; which ie « prep tion, ta has ita original meaning’ not only noid Persian writings bot lao in the word shina, why’ for what?) which ia a common ase. BA also means io}, aod may’ bo sill uaod in thie’ souse in writing, ths taking tho place of bis as rt gaftm, ‘Leaid Nim’; tia db ddan, “E gave him a book. But this we Of -r:to denote the Latin Dative ean handy be Said to exist in ordinary conversation at the present timo. Te fhe madern mage the rope wat f= ie denote 3, especialy” wien the direct objeot is dginite." Hance “7a fe sttathed to the direct objoot of the verb when the direct object, () is e noun which in English has. the definite! are ticle; soy dsb-rt fn dun, ‘eae the oreo (2) sg oper name ofa person’ or place; ae, Zadrénra diam, Hew Tehran's (@) iw noun qualia by’ om, fof se sla “tanonatire sete (6 30's ‘udsra giriftam, "took that Book; (A) 18 un adjective used ast noun and preceded Hy’ tho detnite article im English; 0s, hud niktnord nigh fdarad, God. an ob (dah), ‘ton’, a slightly. varied form of those from 1 to 9. Instead of the Persian ordinal for fret’ the equivalent Arsbie ordinal J3\ (deal) is used but for 21", Sie oto. the regular Persian form 1 yilun) ie alone in use. The ordinals are formed ftom the cardinals hy fixing -1im, aa will be scon in the table. Notice, However, the slight irregulariey in the Nametate 3% ay of writing the ordinals for ‘second’, hind, thin. loth; also the spelling of the words for 0, 108, 200, 100, 800, Jn ordinary conversation instand of lg (Chakdr) char in suid. (ijl) is promonnced hija, or even Nadah chai is pronoxnesd era fda i prow fiadah and the valgar but very ‘usual. pronumeletion f pnadah and shdnedsh is piincdah and huadah olde 8 $5 Jin). S0 also piinsad is eaid. not unftenuantly for ing: also shualah Tor sieiah,‘thistoon [rr] Seay eendco word iin borrowed from’ Europ ges to. expres 10,008) (Nota that thn. Per wing. tak aid burke fe iro’, Ausir, ‘a thoasanel, ial ‘ht‘and tn. wher, hd nafor bitch shin, “hundred Peteons were slain’; hear hase Slam hah "honsanda thoastnde of worlds. exist. (The last sontenee it more modern style: would be written thus) —— obandi ounert, Ea § 50. The Arabic Cardinals and Ordinals, ospe cially the units, ure occasionally used in Persian; but it is unnecessary wo give the Cardinale, as they are used only with Arabic words, ay <5! jot} (dma itch), “the four Gospel, — in Persian si char In. Tse Ordinals ‘are more commonly used, being often employed with the names of kings instead fhe Persian Ordinal: as Yaadiird + gi) Yazdijird the Seeond’. Tn aatabering the heads of a couse ote. they aro also seed in an edverbial form with the Arabie oiwe-teruization { (pronounced tn) appended, a yan) ‘eoondls’, Thece ordinals ate she — sidis — b oad 7 aS eee shir — tts? — gimin — ipa ge gues 1, ‘Once, ‘owiehe! our ima’, oy are tenoelatd. by gk tar, ya daoh gk mera tay Aide, a8 ade, Dlr | tom, Be soem a ‘eat “e second tes “a third time or iho second i) tha i) fo. hh soon oe er gait: gar birch cr Br 4 lpr, ‘another ine. Sul a'plaie ao ve tines six mike thity’ in expres Uy gelcsege Con ech tt af the word $325, Saved, Toscmnee, being understood @ ba, Fracis, Sonn ofthe wotds denoiing & tions are Persian, but most of thom ars Arabics They stu toed in the following manner One hate nik a, One third, uly of One fourth rab! One fh. kgs an} yak Mhumas ace One sixth. igs shish yak sudsOne seventh c ub One ninth sé nuh yak tas 0 One tenth, as dah yak. ‘nabs yi Tho word nim is not nsed in comnting, nigf having now taken its place, Alt tnd writ sik yak (both Persian words) for ‘One tind, yet 0 xprie ‘two thirds’ it ix not permitted to ih sab one must sty Tho same applies to. the ther fracto > eighths, pan) Amn; “threo fotthe, sik ru; ‘seven wont § 58. Tule. Aftor all jnvely Persian Cardinale ta : Pes B ‘two horses I those wo subject in sentence, the verb is sometime ingles, sometimes. in the plaral: as, mardi ra di par bid, ‘to a certain tan there ware (was) two sons! (a certain man ‘had il gistind gurteNod, thoes Wanded. shea As‘ general rule the plural verb in such ig used with words denoting persmat. ie it used with words denoting enimals, bat it is nob orrvetly used rogurding. inanimate things, (though this usage is gradually fing ite way into the modern Ianguage § D4, In conversation tho word nafar ((porson) ia asually inserted betwoon the numeral” and & word Dinch of {a is similstly teed with all other ‘words; ag Ak neh jing, “en cup. Tn writing, is racly used in such constructions, bu’ the other words af. ‘in tiore precise waitten style other expressions ate ase, somewhat like our English ‘ive head of attles ua Ban) sinir fil iva elephants’ (inn — ‘at’ ort (arrthch) tt, we guns? (dere, dm Tih a's ah, “hoe horse’: (rus = ‘head’ dah ded sndali, Yeon chaise (dad = ‘tamber)- omer 39 Ah dast Tia ‘eo site of clothe’: (ast — und In gud cid (gb "a vingle. cout: (paul — igor Wek forcind kash,‘ ship’: arin? — “bt ‘hak jd ty oes bots Gil = "vole, Sich stbeh ting (Bamehin, “etx vies (owords ie hafthalgch anpishtor,‘snven rings (hlgeh — Sink In reference to howser in logal documents the word ‘ab (gat) is used; as, a bab Khia, “two houses. Bat in oninary qpoceh oF waiting das (and) takes the place of bab, and do dave ke said § 55. Tn such phrasoe a2 ‘a glass of water, a pivot of bread, the Persisn follows the German idiom by omitting the ‘oP as, gat shia a, ak rch nin (cin Glas Wasser: cin’ Stik Trt.) Words, fe a ant a Tad age wine otalr+ Hapa Hs Face Sing anata ie eta ot Etta lay, oe indeh, having carried off her, » brothers. % Sree | re ne BT ep (oi on, Geek Sc Shy td ead sian how gre ‘art ns werr jammy eri, abut sonceog 4 his is the meaning ofthe wond when wed alone in snewer fo» quusticn,sggat saw a king end anid to him ing, thot are very weilthy and hast houses ‘and horses, (and) lands, (and) servant, and ory mi money; but T Qdndeh) who am thy brother (for Adam: is our father and Eva is our mother) hve nothing Givo mo a brothor’ portion of chy wealth and pro- erty’ The king said to one of Ids servants, ‘Give him . ‘The beggar ssid, (O king, what does this mean’? Why dost thon not give me a brothers tion? The Hing laughed end said to hitn (Ohat)y lent; for (hh) i€ the other brothers understand) thou wilt not get evan this (even this doce not arive "Now often appli to telegraph mesargs Telaticn and interogative pronouns eatin. Sixth Lessor Relative and Iaterrogative Pronouos, § 96, The simple Relatives are Bily ‘who’, for per (no plural), and eli, ‘which’, for things. The very some words af. also ited as intemrogatives, what? Buf when thy are Redatoes thy comot te goto eprint Gea, ry he paon ry thought whon they” ara Interregetives they may. (In the Tattor ease the plural of ih i= iyin, who?) Hence2 Teton is often necessacy to supplement the feeb relative in by the poreonal pronouns with the prepositions to prets the Rnglish Welative when. prassded By pve Seiiod in witsh this i domo’ wil Volea ace fiom the following. exam dn kits ant oat § 87, Oh as © Relative is strength Audition before it of the demonstrative am, “thal, when ed hy a preposition ae = geht fabio neh any be the object of a verb without being followed hy ord, but if =n, ie inserted the ‘word KA night to come after the “ras as, it would he iid vast ast) Tn esimilar way kik a6 « Relative may be strongth- fon of an or in before it, and TAY sa ype Sev toviny Was krmmstant Dut Ci cannot be Ratativo ond intaropaive pronouns, 43 be used of things as well ag of persons; as, in answer to the question, Chih hitab quftil, What book did you say?, it may be replied, Awbih dr dist ¢ moder bids That which was in the’ vervane's hand’ '§ 58. ‘Whoever, ‘whosoever, ‘everyone who’, and their oblique casos, are similarly expressed by the nan of such words as hdrkih, hévankihy harkasih hark El Inika, har shaBh Bik hardin Hk ny ‘rth tiecal Kitt did mamniin 6 to_gasht (or ba ordinary language, Harkh bésh ya tb di mamntnad sind) Everyone & whom thon gavest «book became (Gras) grateful 40 (of) thes 15h i hrkas-ra Bik ddond ax ff giiftand, ‘whose soover horse they sam, they took it rom hi “Whichever” is exprossed by har an kh har fui Aik; as, Take whichever you please! Har batim Rik Ueda. Begin imilarly Adri, Aarnchib,Lavdnahsh RB, har okie ih, aroused to exprens, “mhataver, Svkalasever ‘overything that, ete § 89. Interogeties. The simple Interrogative prom nomns are kih Gforinely, snd still in vulgar epeeshs M; whenes the plaral Byin), “who? and che swhat? When ra is) added to. thess. words the fnal is dropped; as kira, china (Lai)! Bub at the lator word ¢hirt means “chy?” Caohg_ not, the compound hoe his, Qt. what thing? ‘valgarly chik ea) te used stead (often without -ra) a8 the interrogative Examples () Ze Mani at (— ta at : eon Ri al th 2 So'mtom ad you give ic? ( Bunsen» 1 ‘Who are they (Tints ign ana? § 60. "The Persian method of expressing the inter rogative adjectives ‘which? ‘any? ‘how much, "how Bt when hk or ik are gelatoey and in composition vith te ihe he Seanad Gefoe With hap the {hal alls Sad when ot flowas roe rmany? and the intorrogative adverbs, when? “where? how? will be nnderstood stom tho examplet has lio’ tho signification of ame;_a8 tani chindy "ome person’, — in more. modern style. asithiss Chand OF ae proached, foutd Relativo and Intrrogative pronouns. rea ahg Mire, der a a, Saas) ELD vm ey tte oie iS one up el eho ce me Fe un Seed tie uy tae xercie 2 cess lial aya he gee ese = Eg adits) isa oh oe ASE Nao TE Agog ess bee Oe Sa sheila ge Sgt cael Te glass SG be — 34 gin al ps FHS 1S sat SJls ane peek Ue Ly piSMae Aes otAT lle Sag. ‘ransation 1 — A Tale A religions mendicant went into a fruitera’s shop, and becouse (acim ja! fi) che Sralverer did not qui ‘tend to hima (rd ah naeyeondi), he found fault6 Taston with him, ‘The friterer too abused the mendicant tnd tho lator (a) became angry (having become angzy} thd struck the fruiberer on tbe head with his dhe ccck a stoglon fis tteroc’ Tew’) ly ae fodged (nomi a complaint egainet ca) Man. boty fhe judge. ‘The jodge summoned the mendicant and (having mnimoned ©) saked (om) him chad "WY dist thou szke this shopkeoper? He rele, Bocassn bho gave me abe! ‘The fudge aid {0 hin "Thon have SEA (do) cit. janish thou Soveraly give! tale mE Iulia to thie shopkeoper and go tray” Thereupon the mendicant took brought)» haan out of his pocket od, having given it tothe jadge, muck him do on {ye head with his shoe snd’ sala’ “If auch i fusion, Ao thon Keep (cake ip) half the’ krin and give hal Be certs wats) Consermton ives tel apres Wl Sam 8 ve Eis Alas ge Fes ‘The relive prowoun Seventh Lesson, ‘The Reflexive Pronoun, § 61, Tho Relesive Prononn Bhoud oF Aik, Sol ‘sed Yorg much 9 tho siiler pronown in Latin, The reat dieronce. is that, while oe and snus belong to the fd person singulat end ploal and to 20 other, the Parsan Reflexive Prono is used of al fee pre tons an of bth numbers. Khpad maybe (0) tho subject of ihe verby — in which case its tse is easly tinder: a it may be either (bj the directo) the indirect ject of the verb; oF again st may (d) be governed by the. prepositions (inelading aaj) and. the poste Have che roparnte pronouns with sie or the promo ininal afinee of ether suber and of ny of the threo yorwout atiached toi ‘Mhe ve of this pronoun 2 aoroudy observed in Porsin, but it presents no dite fealty if the following rales bs observed. (We deal fre with Bhpud alone and thon with byl) separ 5°03, 'When lgad isthe subject ofthe sentence i used almost ike the English sdf, and like he ‘ord is generally united with « peru or poseesive Tronoun? as, 1. Kiped (or nom Hipud, now more weully mam gui, Ret an oF Baden) Dhar were, Kieu (0 Biot now © Miwdat, Bod 6, 0 Hgudt) srt, “Phon thyselt Ast se6 i’ 3. hud (Bow, now 0 Bowlsh, Show & a hous) tvs gt ile bnselé said that Shirly tro wool: — Bid (vd Mp, now ma ident Bild i md, oF Ripademan)? yd (lad Tipe jx Sm Bho nel Tae othe Morel of aa ea SE tin see Mest ated Oya se Ta a SMin Gtk of i tei ye eda, Lae XVet es Mn Spd snd Bee rtf? arsed SS oe) jet aw im § 64. Forsigners often male mistaken in the use Vid rough fing to remember thet, whenever m English ont. gun neo tho word. aif of oom along wrth ® Personal ‘pronoun without, materially. altering he moaning of ‘the sentence, then Bhyud_ (alone of flowed by a poseasive. pronoun separable cr ine paable) mist be aaed in Persia inabend of the ample &, in the wentonce, ‘TTeft my book on the table Toft tay own book on th therefore in Persian, instead of saying Mam Kid) ¢ mdr (bar) rieget le ot gusirdam, which in ttterty rong, one should say nan blab Rheadur (barred mit guaran. ‘he relesive pronoun, ry Tn the modem spoken language instead of Bip alone fhe compound forms Rivwams dat, Bip, eudane, Rpidatin, Rhvidashen, or Raped ¢ mam ate sro generally used. ‘This is not approved of in writing, except when necessary to avoid smbiguicy (of § 43h 4n the ‘modern language in both speaking ant ‘riting the pronominal aff may often be used eaten ig n'a possessive. sense, though the separable pronouns may ‘ot, Thus the’ sentence given’ above, Min Utah Whvidra (bar) rcs mis 00 gutérdam, might ‘qually wll be put thus, Aen Aitihemara, to. So agein, Shand tdnchyei ida farina, yon, sold your ‘house might bo Shmd ical Jari In the third person singular_and. plural’ this aso of ‘he pronomingl aflxes sash and askin is opon to. the some ambiguity” thie is found Jn Buglish ae, he asia gui Bard, ao lost his book’, Here'it i n9t clr Whether it was his own or somo other person's. book. Tae he to ‘ivish moy be used instoad of Hud where ‘io iter is not the subject of « sentanco: but cannot tako the pronominal sfiies or tho per sonal pronouns preceded by izes when it ia uaed in this sense!) When thpud ts governed by -rb or soy reposition except the igdfeh, the strengthened form MicisMan may bo subsitated for it, bug it takes no appended pronoun and is rarely used exeapt with ra, Tm fact tho main wae of Baton and hips to avoid ‘he repetition of Bipud. Examples Mon kiyaanrasdrzonsh Rive: To Kido «Bhyahva Diceat didi: Ma betNdnekeye.Ripah °mi-racin: (i Shum ‘ib 4 Regia? Tek dara: heh ume nacburdand Shon yskonra Wal sat deh 1a" P dar bieh-yi bgsh ot (Bor tounaation wie § 68) 8 66, Tho so of Mipudash, Updasdian, is very oteworthy and! very convenient in aueh a, sentence Xs, Shim Hisowrt andr cab hndashrs, did, Low saw Hasan monsted on hia own horas” I the affix ath ae Nr eae0 Tssoa were wot used, the meaning would probably be Mrouated on your horse (§ 68). But the plimse ix feally a contraction for, Shia! Husan-ra did bh soir Fash «Bhp bi Hat» nice lid be shougbt ou ot Sonar ating ‘The reflexive prononn, 2 bond rahi mama bo It go hin attentive, comprehend: pagal ag “ae Seti, Hon xenon 1, = Se tajl ak ae geaicce ne Si EB AU yap Uy Oy VT ok Biacivlore le ad oF oss He a accom thet alli toth Having sumoned un interpotor reams he asked (fom) kim what the explanation the tearm might be (i). Hess, 0) king, this his, thas ll thy) ehilren and thy relatives shall de bofice thine eyes (aoe) The king became angry and Having thon called another intrprater of dreamscy eson 7 enquired of (from) him the explanation of that: dream. He ssid, ‘0 King, thi ery good omen, for ite reaning ie (this) thet shall be very long, find that you shall Eve longer (more) then all (your) and relatives’. ‘The king Ttaghed_ and com 0) his attendants to give (that, “You give) is wiserman: and having sebtked that other Prepositions, eonjosction, inteetons Eighth Lesson, Prepositions, simple and compound Cosjnctions, Inerstons 8 67. The simple Propaitons ow in use In Pare ian are vary. few, tho anly ones of Poruina origi powtana elege ‘ : aay from, ut of: than (with eoinpén : coy 3 ta when tated with he following Word: when paraie, bik dab) to, for, a; in, with fanaa mth alone: gh rune) feieasenaes i aewid a withons (an diy, i, inka, at on OF tae “fof (Ole Guleh puck fa ny aia id imple propodtion tp ak fa Of babiy arcs eceeeaeemree etre aprary omre ry eva ifdaan, ‘ny the ith to the sevententh often used with th ih a uit ih hazed shud, "to sich an estent that. he ge) = per as used in English (a, shélan, ie man hn eightent ymaunds at eight leans as, bl shah, Sithont doubt? $68, The older’ form of Bi is Br, which ta still du Shirde and in som other places’ When followed yin, ihn, sil older frm of the words say nied, bad- oF Bide, aiter which the initial af of he above four words is omitted: as bide (44), bid 214), ii (cy) Dihn (Gla). ‘This form of the reposition ig nather more used. in vwiting than in +89. Tn modern conversation der is seldom heard, (nore properly tty) being often used instead, as © vaudigy it the box. (ede § 77). Bar is rovely used lone, (at) ret generally taking ite place: even inba Tacen writing it has 0 tendency to be wied alnost inter Siangenblo with ti, excope ater verbs of giving, Tai fs how more frequently teed than along, and bi jus is sometimes and for Jue ‘The Compound Prepositions in converastion and renin wang are ow mpplanting tho empl ob. The simple Prepontions are; however, often omitted to senso is clear enough without them; a Uri tat (hr) shaky, “he has gone to the ety Beate fer Bath Dean give to me. Shame (ar) dat tisir Bid, “the soord. was inthe When in composition with ing pat of t compound Prepost Inder was on the top ofthe wall, bchhch (er) T panache, “the Sita ip a ates cme tien U hair? (Dar) Hhcegt bit at. “Wh ‘inky ni ah wftad Iba pron fell eb the fot of the treo a 4 Studs ‘my horse was found under 1 dry wal that city tho cea! Tn. thoes Telow the words in Compornd Prepositions are generally ‘2 noun preceded by a simple prepositi used or understood, For this reasot they require au ipife after them, except in the inv which af oF Di takes its place dist. They’ 8 with other words E Tse clearer and more easly understood a shahr, out of the. city Biri ¢ shar, tide tho oily Prepmsitons, conjunction, itejetions, 8B (dar) endarin ¢ Bley (ost | within, inside the house, Gar) foo 6 rl eer) ‘lar opeyet an'bar, daring that work, tay) sir ¢ rah, on the road, by the roadside (Gan) baly sari ei abowo his head Didi disomy withont my fiend Diitindeyet fakin, with the exception of them (cs) Zqab toa ftidand, they followed (ll) after him. uh Azad, wa Bashir ‘deal, behind hiv (oul) lt ay, aor (2) he. jw, from, by way of, generosity inch mattlb et according, to what Hs a8 far as poosbl a excep Vesidesehat, other than jdt, le sata the foot of the dark, bonenth the tree | behind the curtain. behiad the wal, mn the ro0f ad, he cazae yp behind the oh bak The eame 19 the dostor i he at Fey sai, in front of him (before is face) lsat ho sat Desde my brother face to face with, im front ofdar) muggbit i mish, in front of the momyue aunt Mitbe! Gorin tn comparacn with the (Gar) rice: mizy on the table Bi das sa raft rent ‘nie yada, fom the ing’s presence. () gaat ¢ aes cling to that statement dar bib + imi, in eference wo belief, in the mattex # fith shat matter * (Gar) sar i rititand, they fall upon (attacked) hit (oar) sie i sifreh, om the table (lth 1 sir + itddand, they stood close besidé him. fe, wmmong the. poopie mic nt nr peace was made | in ples of, instoad of him, (isnt (optirat | odie, towards Bako. Cidesiiys | favaf ¥ shim, towards evening, (iar) tv dat &rratvine, on tint side of the xiver, (Giskin signi (Lara) vidiAdnl, across. the river SeRde iain, | Mo with them, fils + man Bicraw, go in front of me, wt # tra given, they surrounded. him. Prepositions, conjansions,interjetions, air & shaby Girdagtrd 5 shar, (dar) ctrif «ath, in the outskists of; all exonnd, village bisthdtir 4 bud, for Goats sake, az\ bari man, for In bisihat & | 7 Piaaits's | by reason of him, Sicasill-gi | Inj, by means of, through the bitsy |" Goape male 5 shyla & mur ssaply through the chan pion’ conrage ‘a ily S's, can of for tho aako of Kim, ‘ie vth § md iach shid, ho was slain for” us (ikdlimat + ear, to tho minister i thidnat + shu n-resnm, I (aba) come to yon, lorar am Bek, Facing, opposite to, Uae hous, len tort igi, acording to (based pon) that milla Ditald & tasirraf + Rid andr, ho brought the country tder his own. sway a wid ¥ faaésat sien, in spite. of tenderness of age ‘ biraat lm, by: eneBt of (taking advantage of) learaing $71. Conjunctions, ‘Tho Conjunctions in Persian, quire but litle explanation. The most important are ae pre eS ain Sap Wok bay cada me oie aoe se | anaes gaa att ee aan A eimai o oe tom | mut, vot, (Germ, Bae tman | “iotwil {Ho Hove cd Sei | ita | “inert: Prepositions, coujuustions,interetons ‘hand fa Reever ch Exerlee 15, sh; efoia, alas! hap, alan (al = ji a a tal Boh! ‘bravo, well done! rool esp coi ege ph sel 5 Sashes Ay ‘Translation 16 — A Tate A slave fled from his mater. After » short tims ‘faous)at'alove ther, sized nim and sit Thu. ore my dlavey why didat- thow ran awey: fom eo ine alaye, having. laid old of (having strusk Tina. pon) his garment Qh of hia garment), sad in vhver to hat in answer of him). “Not; on, E86 com mot etn io tho het tao anes ow Ck Eh) fond thoes Yaa) give punishment, Finally they rene! to tho governor and. (having .gon® they) ed Toy justice, ‘the governor of the ety, having sued Goth ‘of hem) near a window, ordered. that “hale pat thelr heads Guend) out at one te cone of hie attandents, Drow thy syord and ving Gatun bebond otike the neck of) that slaw’ When ie slave heard thie speech (word), he wt 0768 drow iy head back, bat hie taster did not make sny60 Tasson 6 movement at all. The governor understood whieh vas the slave and which the saaster that whieh is...) therefore he bastinadoed the former’ (va) and de- Tiverad hin to hie mast (inth Lesson, Language of the Common People. § 78. In all lang considerable lilference between the written and she spoken style though the written style, ae it may be callody i teality teed to im act speeches, corms, ordi snd oven in cavefal argnmments aud disetwsions, There {8 algo a considerable difference between the ondiniary conversational language of the eduonted and Chat the uneducated classes, ‘The same rule holds also in Persian, bmt with this diflreice tat even educated Paria ate ctf (0 osha othe Towor cases he lunguage they would. nso in speaking to thelt equal, Hence one may hear fm cho lips of sel educated man, af hes speaking to x shopkeeper of Villages, the Kind of language swhich may be properly Languoge of the comon people a losignnted ax vulger, Bxamples of this we purpose to ivurin this loon, as a Boglish resident in, Pesta ieht to be able fo ‘inderstand, thowgh he msey aot peak it ‘Tho style of the modern Persian newspaper io at once elegant. ahd st the sometime ‘owe eollogeal hen that sod in aay bot the most modaon, Pers books, eg. tho late Shi dates, But there ate iain words and expresions which ars. habitually yer to any extent admitted into the written language, nese, however, onght to be known by sayons who Wished to be thoroughly eoniversant with the langage those more flly, thongh & fow have eon. alea introduced into the Bxeteiee; and ail more into the Conversations: Some of the forma are nol now, being found in Pahlavi (heaeslver or their analogues) '§ Th Almost every Persian, oven chose who axe well educated, habitually ordinany eowseraton pre Tonunees before m or nin Pataisn (and in some Yory Common Arabic) words as a (de § 8) “Thre tre a number of words which aro como hat ferenty” promod in diferent. parts of the tutey' og badd ia aid iy Shicae oud padh ia'inoat other places. ‘The most, important of these Sheen oe sastton of & some phos nd in ether for'w ina large thmber of word: 2 Gta Pers manda, int, rabid, gent, Shira’ — nimédan, shinidon, rian, gid, il “fekan: — nanan, shane, ride, gain, gn Sofsewhat similar are the cases of such words as ‘Shira imam ih nd nai, Ba irr hin ‘iain: — core, cmsly sh; nina wind iin aro asin 7B. Noms, Tho plural termination -On is 1 ard; the valgar probnneiation of the pial ha isthe popular plural of idee is tached ‘lecsla axe ory ‘commonly tied with the ametois and increasing novaber of Arabie nouns in fuse in Persia, which have caused many classical rans. (as obo completely” forgotton. Moreover the Persian words dily ‘village’ and farms ‘4 command’, always take the plural inthe Arabié form Farmayishit (vide Part. IL, § 162) prince, is in converiation shortaned When prefixed to a proper noun with Mr., fhe word 61 ia often prgnouneed “Sid Mukimnad Ali, often called Amd Ali. The a found at the end of a short sontenoa, eg, biehaonl Thortened ftom ha, another form, of Day sometimes popolarly wed in an ine correct sense ately prey aco of Sa tnont, ‘tribunal (court of bikin oF Ro¥erncr), pop't Thsly means ‘a dispensasy’, '@ doctor's consulting room! (Grom fakin, properly sage, popelarly ‘a physician’) So also. the word. nag! papalarly. means “cleverness fiven ‘cutenest’s as, dn shaky Rill gl dred, ‘that's a very Sodu'd, “a prayer, atten etn ription of praise’, means 2 rosary 2 ilding ut ouly. the Pkmong nous on the borders of acouptance: ink isis ‘a taking up afar & quar (ag mori but not now considered. such), St 76, cdstives, Some adjectives sed in writing much nsed in speakingy as mi or we is ponds, a8 wid, yin. re constantly” seid but ot srt. sgh pl i wd Wing afta “this Language of the common people 63 hing happened ony ie, ‘came chesy’s an shay Rai rghit ash "Uhat fellow fa very deceifalsn 10h nha this oud fe rough. Others change their meaning oe sahil, ‘ignorant, Ie often ased (especially hy women ws ineahing ‘young’: push ‘now moans “lsh, inwell, even in waiting, ‘Mhafli av an adjective of uiverb is hardly ever weitten, while the book word ‘api ite equivalent, ix rarely. used in converstion: hin “pretty, i» now allowed in hooks because the Sh used it in hie diaries. ‘Tho popolar form of ‘lovee, is zardnp, bat thie often moensy ‘sharp iovittal", — not ‘thwaya in a good sense, Pop ‘magi, ‘accepted, means ‘pretty’, Kaci is @ popular ‘word meaning’ “ing, lite, im a somowk "Tho Superlative is rarcly wed in “conversation the comparstive with ae hanh doing duty instead Por yak “one, the softer forms yok and ye are ‘This word has, in dhe language of planted. the allie -f ay 98) ie De cat Bea, “give hitn_a Wook. nsionally both are used together, ws wry pith deh, him a single soppe '§ 77. Pronoms, Prgusitions, fe. The popular form “inten, "Those exe attached ta the single prepositions Well ae to other words: thus we got, & By bem xitly eed for ‘in’ of place and work (aob of tinbe i (oe dara fn its Bor takes toe place of ay ‘posts as, Aah va mie get ‘tho Book. is on the table son him, on it. sh ¢ in nod inal of nat we, obo fats and instead of the gbeolete. mart Kiel hil bat Libor) i ald, Kb pas Tan ao Ts wscrvant, if asked, kalid Rutt? “Whore is the key, will probably reply, Bish + mem at, = ‘I have it. Fevplace of ore the old Publavt definite termine ‘ion “aie often hear from che lips of the common soople, Hough it iv never writen: e.g 4 (OF da)6 in hun for axbrd sx bun, ‘saddle the horse’. In Shirda: or eabah oe ne bs Tnplace of a the old Pablavi at ix is frequently heard; as fy ella Mill, thie thing if very good. ‘The Perfect Par plein aly as rasideh, shaving arrived’ (§ 85, ©) povind tense 0 wash! larly shar instoud of forta ay f fra Besa f wash this? which becomes, jHn. brian? rion (ol "The lo or sitindan) ani 4 in place of infinitive of Causative ‘Verbs (§§ 121, 198) is not popalarly used: so we have resondon for to bring. Mired for mi-rasad, oi-shd (mealavad)y ded (ish exproscive, § 50.7 ix, Some. poplar adverbs ase. very fa, jablt, ‘just nov, jet: para, “last 0 following exerciso and conversation are given in English letters becanse they contain. many the poplar know. (Fo ‘eritlen in Porsian. They. represent also ise) the evigar and (in. the conversation). uncintion, which the student ought to canalation aoe the Key Words, saa) goods, dé (rm), go, of with you (Gealatytake tet, ge ith rot (tay ho vent abot ia boees aly eat, ‘tens tit, ehanks to Go ta sling, enthuse meee, wie Language of Se common peopl. 6% to de te ra pes Sy oe 2 sy nam, SET Soe SEE = Sajid ou wi jose ei, ai ae See tice tac? bdedonttbey hare (ie es char format se fea esha 1 Incomes xerebe 17: ise Principally Iafehan dialect.) nfs) uid eabi it Khyidishan-ea pish i ple vuishtaid 0 bé'sb gattand, T'gih ma har dd iim. mélimtno Kheasths, deh; jain hindeh, id iz chand wa yey nitive aad (biennale is ran Aid o gute: Shagikim mued, obi tr ‘ined sfriman Sihtand no" kightand © méno Tht kieiands hate malimano Dideh. Un pir i aim labia shod o bash dad. Bd iz eband rhe dm ik aft iid tilisho Mirae. Zea bevsh guts ki, Raffi “lo galt kih to iz mipdn m@té 1 béeohih, b5°sh gia dsh'nid: anélo gif o bird: ile agi lsh Finan hie nist. Un kas pish i hikion raft, te dat i un adn dad 0 biddd Kea ih, Maino admi-de. Ha Ima fikr keed o gift, Un afm tagele nd-dirad; to bes, oii i, Lgih hat dant bahar. midi, deh: teh i nivdely Bro, safigida bleyar o malo Blasin: tank uh jor sean Beant? tn mand Eni shed o patLesoa 10 ‘Trapsation 18 (fur the shove Story into, che ergy ste writing ont the words properly in the Persian char: Wier dnd boing careful fo spell ll the words eorreotly. ‘Seo Key svat Jet Aol 1 shar ish chur age)? Albis nih as UN Jan il fsa (m= bikbtnahy Ai Vout, nt (nfo) bry (islam, Sib ih (Cay aelyendah sae mar aia! °° oe ree shud: te maraulchae inet Ault sd barhyt Femi (oe of gd sto Amrit mbkbetham savie shi- Ai Gbrk bis in Gliehuie tera mi. inams (or) i 7 ‘ia amare)? itaied” aah" math ane (ron) 3 Tenth Lesson. ‘The Verb in general: Active Voice: Tenses from the Infiakive § 81. Thero is in Petsian only one Conjugation. fof the Verb, Whon thorefore the rot and the ayfnitoe Gf any vero, regular or irvegalar, ace Known, the Various Yensos, ‘moods and persons sre formed im the fort regular manner withose tho slightest departur from tho rules which are now to. be given. If t Student has carefully observed the formation of the various parts of verbs already introduced into, the Brercises, he already knows something of tho Par- tian verb AI Moods and ‘Tenses ara formed from (1) the Infinitive Stem, of fom (2) the, Imperative, 24 Sin ‘which is elso the Root of the verb. Those aro there "The Verb in gonerl: Active Volee Tees rom thou, 67 foro called th ‘Principal Barts! of the Persian verb. Tho Moods are the Tndicative, the Subjanetive, the Imperative, the Conditional, the Optative, the Tnfnie tive. The Pucticiple, the Agential and the Gerundive are the remaining forms of the verb, Causal (Osnsative) Verbs aro often formed from other Verbs (§§ 121, 122), §.82. The various Persons, singular and plural, ach tenco are formed by adding to tho stem oa tain Personal Endings, These, as will be seen, bear & risiderable. resemblance to’ the Personal Endings Similarly wed. in Sanskrit, Greek snd Latin Verbs, nid ao fragments of pronouns meaning J tha, hy ote Hence. the Separable Pronouns as subject of the Verb ven not so moh néeded in Persian a# in. Englieh cite Leaton LV. § 45, fru), snice ia Persia the Pal onal Endings ro bette proserved than in English, '§ 88. The Personal Eadings in Persian, except in the 8°" Pers, Sing., coincide in form with the enelities ren Tom don art ete, (Vide ‘words profixed Exercise TL) They are Personal Buaings, Singudar. Pool epson: sam 1 Person: mim. Porson: “1 24 Penoon “i. 3% Person sak se Person? a These Personal Endings are attached to the stam 1" euch tense #o form the Persons. ‘They undergo no riation. Brit note that, (1) the ending of the at Sing. ie of ved in tho 2°" Sing. Imporative, and (2) the ening of the 8" Sing: ia not employed ot all ia the Preterte and the tanses formed therefionn. Should the moot of the verb. end in y (g), this lettor ia dropped before. tho Porsonal Endings that login with jy but ie retained before the others: 0. g, nifarmicd, ‘you command’ (r00e farmay-), but me formiyand, Whey commen 1. Parts formed from the Inne Stem, $84. The Infinitive of all Verbs ends in ten, which, aehen preceied by 8 vowel or either of the guide wor 7 changes into -dan, All newly made« oon 10 vvorbs.haye dim, generally preceded by to connect the termination with the 100t. ‘Phe Hoot of the verb, regular verbs) by entting of the tam nitive, The Infinitive Stem fe fal =n of th tamed. Tafinitive™ Indicative coincides Preterit a ae Pacticiple ig to the iden Tutransitive 1 but Transitive Verbs wlikand (42433) Shey van. dom (p43) micdasln (rs Tyan toning. we dai (gaya) mi-datdld (ay mindoold (aya) he , mide rhe Vosh in general: Active Volos Tones fom the nn. 69 ‘Tia tense also means ‘T-ased to ron'y and often, sgnifice ‘T bogan to rns ib is leo used for tho Ce onal Mood in the modern language, both spoken {tnd written in place of tho obeleto Conditions (16 fneaning, “Were 1 to rani, ote (© Pas Partie Singur. Pree sce x33) having. ran, dasiagtin (8 38) (933) ron Pann dhs (oes) Whe Past Partiiple of » ‘Transitive Verb hae vary‘ ace sense, bol it muy eometines be “wih c pesiee mewning, am ie always is in ee Voter {§ 110), Ie i sometimes in the old syle ‘nan nowt at afc‘ angina pooch; fra oumant Only’ when teed a noun ns ibe sal aa, afta, anying's IuMogn, “tho sla Perfect ndeaie Sina. Prar “Ps edeh am (lecys) dae loa) dali 2 (alex) rch and (hos3) they The tera meaning of de Perfo sam having ey, whieh egies Lave runt So the Plaper fee iteraly moune was having run} ie Tad run @) Plupertoct Indeatve Singsdar. Plural LP dah Blan y3) davai 9 Thad rio, ve 2° Pda (324030) dave Wid 76%) thon hadet ra you SP. davlieh Bid (9949s) daideddridand( is 40438) he had ru. they70 Leson 10 With ‘Trausitve verbs the Parfect snd Plaper fact ore formed in presticly the atmo way e 9, fom citys slay hatch om “Chavo slant i am Navin sli el ds, had slain Qi ne having slain). Care tnst ba taken not t0 tatslae {heal sla, Ht was slain which in Porson wo be isl shade, Tah she Bd (§ 111, he Penn Innes ere he bonnet ie TePettane ia Tcorcing wheter pound Vetta (15), a rey gore ia since in immediately followed Dy enothar poise ce by mish oy the wot oa oF efit hn porta te eloganyomistedy a a vot oin tft bh va Miata, whore Ih ena sor bh and folate denna, exon. tab, at, sega Stns to Vases hold Gr). trea Ter a Een omy Tp es pian ote tien, Sen om (iad abs aoe dimog a fiche "ot with cviain vere the Pesoct paren at ale fa pasive inning: ag, nota at tna Sea Sob only tg idMeetea but nti ft enna fh ‘The Verb in general: Aste Vole Tense rom the Ia 1 hina ita, 2 ‘eH lun, ha pivest back ie, ean at on inn) ay eral, jaraldan, to comms (farm) th, esse dare atse fein eis ‘lla, to Chsow away (ene nigih felon, to keep oy aang ea Booed” § {ching hid fii, payment, Performance of 5 impute oth, me ey gee Basin, oy ina poh “a zc sae tae ae the ata of air. temp in ihe, Ton faci "cen, evident, tae ‘alin goptrdan, to pledge, give orden, in ple ect tanita Sie mol of Exorlee 1 ai, he ky ge. Hence wishin bid, ‘thou hudst aut down’ = thon wast 3 St attri a iso ae wy udalpol 2° Khow') he seme Wing apis: to Hwan 2 i aowon 10 ‘Tho Ver, Active Voie: Meas som thoRot peraiv), 78 Soll pp PE Soy ox ym; ait 1 lite sey ead aed Tee ee ee oe wo Tonves, and ‘the other two loaves I Tend His 1x TES Sr fe. Find sai don't undorstand at all (didnot under aoe ad anything) what thw hast aaid(aaidet; explain more clearly"= Txt person said, “hat loaf whieh 1 esp for myself T edt, aud that one which I throw way I give omy motherinlaw, and thoes two loaves which E give. back I give to my father And mother “change (rtnen) Ror those which they gave (hive n) to me in my childhood; and those two loaves Nick T'lend, T give to my song in onder that they may give me a rotum in my old age Eleventh Lesson. he Verb, Active Voice (continued): Tenses trom the Root (Imperative) § $5. As stated abovo (§ 81), all those parte of w Verb which are not formed’ from the Lakoitivs Siem aro formed from the Root, whigh oxinedes With A certain person used every day to' buy six tho ae Sing. of the Imperative, s. One day one of hia friends asked him, saying 1, Teases from the Imperative (R08. (Giom ‘him having ‘asked, ssid), “What dost thon 8.87. Tho Root of the Regular Verb is formed with (dost thou make) the six loaves every da ly eutting off the Infinitive ending. ow or lan ‘That person in reply to (of) him said, “T heep a together with the uniting vowel -i, 1? employed: 4Reo de Rishtan, to kil Fuh 0 Root of tho Irregular Verbs has to be learnt separately; but whon itis known, the Tenses. end Moovls are formed from it quite regularly in both the Active ud the Passive. Voce $88. The Subjunctive Present (the same tense Tmperfoct) is formed the Personal Endings ative the particle ms Present: Subjuictive ‘0 the Rot the Example Root Du Plara ‘yun thou" déoid (5), ‘run ye r Plaral (+48), Tay, ‘dint (g36) we may, of a, wa = ot ung ns a ina ‘The Vath Active Volos: Tenssftomthe oot imperative). 75 (e) Present tneative, Singur. Plara. 1% Pimi-davam (¢542) Tam m-davim (gps) mo are ranning. running. ” 2" P. misdart (34) thon mbdavid {4)2) you are ‘rt ranniag’ running 6 P, mi-daead (2552) bois mtdavand (23a) they are running. running. Besides mening ‘Tam running’, do run, ‘lo Lran?, ‘Tron this tense is very’ offen used in « fatnre ‘senso (ck the English, ‘I am going to. town to morrow, in Persian Flérda Ui-shakr menavam) (@ Present Patletpe, Davin (5)s8), ranning. (o Agen Singur. Plural Dor-indh (3), x0nnen. Dassdagin (362 § 90. When the root of a Verb ends in y (6) this letter in optionally dropped in writing, and always in ho medern spoken language, in the 24 Sing. Lnpesse ive: a8 any (ssf) root oF gften (536), eo apeak Sing. Imperaé! gay (8) or om (5): naman (5350) Mo shew, 28 Sing. Top: nantly Gels) 0 anil ©). (Tho same rule applies to nouns of similar for- ration; a Gi FR) $91, The Imperative snd the Prosent Subjane- tivo ‘are ‘snore commonly sed in. thelr strated fovm, ‘which ix mada by prefiing to each person the particle dik oF bis (Avent ef, “apart (© Strengthened Imperative. Singur. Phar, 2B. Medae (Ud $2), Ubdaeid (ay), FOU 3 an thon.”tenet ®) Strengthened Present Subjunctive. Singular. Plea P. Vedarom(j2)Tmay, bédavin (gy) we may ran. BP. bedasl (35), thou Bedard.) yon may ran, 8 P.bedanad (254), he $4) they may ‘Tho moming is not altered by the insertion of thie particle, the use of which. really depends upon the taste of the writer. In sposking the simpler forms 6 of comparotivaly rare ocentrence except sometimes with Compound of Propositional, Verbs “(ide 68 109, 124), When, similarly,” the. words nah, ‘aot, pak not, used ‘only with’ the Imperative) are, prefixed thoso tenses, the prefix bi must not be ued, Tn the older style’ the Strengthened Present Sabjunctive had a futere sense, (When, however, a person. se p : ra Uckunam?, although it may in English be rendered ‘Shall I to the Persian iniad the sean is ‘May T do this?) When the root of the verb beg! with ali/, the & of the alder form of of tho prefix is retained: as Dfyeufad,* (so), the may fal’, The y is also inserted when na oz ‘ma are ptefixed to such werbs; as ndyomiead (25 ys) ‘et him not learn’+ § 92. The original termination of the Infiniiy was -lan, and this is till presorved in mont of older verbs in the. language. But et ouly four of the consonants, — gdyun ot — are perinitted by euphony immedistaly to precede tan without the inter Position of u vowel, and as many verbal Roots end 4m other consonants than these four, of the following, thro Riles one must bo adopted to form the Infinitive: 1. Modify the final consonant of the root so that it may become one of the above four: —- Eg ver if (ia long, wenn 9s tern ind “eal” s"onarstaid sch ford "The Veet, Activates TentafrmhoBont imperative). 77 Boot, amfe- infin, dita, fo lenen Root, fare, infin, friflam, "to deceive: , 2'insare the connosting "vowel f betwoon he {and the Tafaitive ending, softening the letar Rot, tla, inGaitive, falbidan to eommon’ Root san ianitive, aidan, "o ah (oF « hore) ‘Tho only consonants thnt may iminediately precedo mare tnd ae By mtn, Tan. manda, to sais: But theae donot alway remain 'suchenged ws chi Infin, obidan, to ploek'= Hd, Inf Uichon, “to have! (whore tho vis changed, Ih accor ‘rth Bole 1), Te'the ease of "many verbs the. old infinitive, in accordance with Blo 1, laa now given to now infinitive formed aooonding to Rate: a TE oye: Old Infin, sian (edian): "New Inti, Teun: Old ind ifn: New Tan sidan to bor 0 Tnstond of leatning roles for the formation of the Infinitive from the Hoot of, — singe tho Ine fnitivo ie given in the dictionary, — for finding the Toot wheit the Innitivo of ai ierogslar Verb ie Known, tho far better plan is for the student (98 in Tate) tg fear the Penspal Pars of etch Segue Verb. Hence, in giving evory. such word in thie Geanimats we state both the Tnfnitive and the Root Alot of Trvogelar Verbs is, snoceover given a6 a Appendix. 10 Levon TTL, ‘whore Tales for the for rrition of the Infinitive fiom the Root are given. Te wv Sun Wat there are thon ces Bich ae Uporated in produsing the very slight apparent ir Risrity in sbme Persian vorbey these are: — (2) tire To render the prontnelation tore euphonions nn easier, (0) contraction, (2) i, vary fow Instances tho fact that certain vorbe nro defective ond reqnire to"have thor inixing’ portions supplied, from other orbs, Examples of tha tees clasees of irregularity veo: fa) aman, teiitom,, 0 tench, t0. Tear CD tar (hyp Aor, eo bring’ (2) Bin, ddan, 600 Vary taoly aoden ohana) Yo Dea go Bi ioatiee: eC ey raft Vou the part ot why docever deceit i om tte per ot Er cmd iota lind yeaehing act gunn Ean Farbint net of heoping watch Wide! scoahinn (of dawn, dat aft (a) the Ret 7 ie, aie playing ea "TheVerh, AtiveVoice: Tenses trom the Root Imperative} 79 Lh OS FIR oS SEE Lyles shan ile ele = Sole &) AT — oS pip sll ae te Sag 5 peileat lac 39 CHP EHl leh 5 Shag Tete 2 Migr esp (he slings le LEE Stihl id aT ranalation One day a king war seated on the roof of his plac. Ho saw a mam who was standing (is heving ond mp) atthe foot of the wall and had te) a fowl in hin) hand, aod that person was making (6 Taking) ‘sige aa if ho wished (oishew) to make (him) present Gf the fowl. The ing call him sod enquired," Why ost thew thow ‘hi fowl to me? Ho sll, “L beg to sate to your most sued imperial Majesty that Tovas iembling with cortain person, and.on the par of ur Majesty (the imperial petaon) I laid (nade) wager aad. gained (cortiod. of thi fowl, and Tike now brought its Tope (there és hope) that you will ‘aay) onder thoi 29 (that! they) receive fom mel Ti the servant, Tt would be yrsompaoue 1 ask ‘he Bing Rid teeEy oe the king was much yloased end said that they should they did) take’ (beer away the fowl to. (nto hen. After eo for] ts same man, having again proeented him rt the presence of). bef thoep, vith his and 0 s wan for Major S 2 bling.” ‘The king eo. The fellow eae a thi rough anothe with im Wheu yond d imperial) [inf a wager onan tans man and lost to hina The has now come for t The king. and, having given him the sum mentioned, Never after this gamble in my name; ‘The Verb: Aualinnes: Tenses of Rare Occurrence, 81 Twelfth Lesson. ‘The Verb (continued): Auailanies: Tenses of Rare ‘Occurrence, § 94 Before studying the formation of the remaining tentes of the Active and the tens Passive Voioe, ie will be convenient for the to have bofore him paradigms of the most necessary fsuxiliarion We therefore subjoin thoee of (a) Bilan, 0 bel; (@), Khydton, ‘to wil, wieh's aad) Sudan Bilan, ‘to e's Root bash oF Bue (0 24) i) Preterite Indeative. Sing. Plura. Diidin, wo wor biid, you were, bildand, they were janet. Singular Plural isha, L many be. bah, they tii, thoamayet be may be, tlokad, he, she, ity may be Yeidam, Tw. © mpertectInateatve, Singur ‘Phra 1 P.zmibidam Las, ot. micbidin, we wore: ot. i$ 85,0). (@) Another form of the Present Sujumctve ‘Singular Plan 1 P.: bioam, T may be, vim wo 24 Bi: biti, thow mayd be, iid, yon 5° Bis buwad, he, ake, ity bieand they may be. (Guill teed, 'in writing only.) (e) Penect Partie Died, having, eon ( impesuie Singur, Plura Pus bash bo thow 24 PL: bili, be ye {my beesoon 12 i) Perfect. Indicative. Singular. Plural 1st P.: Bédeh am, T havo Uidoh in, wohavs been: et. been: ote, (§85;4) 2) Plupetect Indicative Wanting. Wanting. i) Prownt Partcipte 1) Ortatie Wanting 8° Sing. bad na, may ite! (o Agentat 1) Pertoct Subjunctive 1% Singular. Witch bisham (§ 102), T may have boon im) Present Indeative. Singer Paral ‘mi-basham, T am, mf-daskin, wo Imébask, thou art. mi-baahid, you | are imébaskad, he, she, mébishand, they | ) Future Inaeatve. Singwar Ploral 1 Be: Iipdiam bila, Lahall Kiting did, Weshall be ot. b (Aa in the Regular Verb: § 100) Geran (ia Tai the ential ashing — thor pronoun cod landel "io fen tae tn tho nso tah fila’ ‘bot i is unknown’ in Perea athe present dg, xhyalan, o will, with, sees Root Mt Tapa ton wish: Bode, Joo wine ipl, ho, che, ib, Bpllnd, thoy winked wished, he Verb: Ansilanas: Teaues of Rare Oscurrence, 83 © Impetct inet inp Pr 1% Bimbo, Tvihe Laan id ed, was wishing: e3 3 Gi, 2 at Paras ida, having wine 2 Pere nar telah om, I have ao, te, (Peper lata, Hdd Adan, Tt eae 0) Fetes Siac ede Bahn T nny, hape a 0 be din coc "0 Fir Pre lee Sing, 1 Da ide hal me Be Bae te mB a, tt Sagar, Dhan, Tvish, nfs no viinedst wi: ueMea Jou of iiptad to tpl ey | wish, () Imperatire 2 Sing. Apa wish thot. 2°" Plar, hyd, wish yo, © Present ardiple Mpahin, wishing (Obst © genta, ethindeh, ie 4 Pe wt ww cnjnctin ef Tain.) Hi§.97, When the verb Uhpuaton i used an wriiay, the ‘First Present Indicative is used to form the Futucr of other verbs, boing then united with the Hiottoued Infinitive of the verb following, (8-100). Tt sens shall, show wilt ete. ‘The regular ‘Serond Presont Indicative is new” used as a simple futilinry snd meter hae this sense: it means ‘T wish, Tdesize, T aske, ete, Th form of the Prosent Suhjunctive cannot be ised (eines, 0s explained above ene diis Verb used in the seade of T shall): the hhened form is therefore used; as Di-Ehpran, T may wish! ¢ Jao the strengthened Imperative is always used (8 eh, cbr [For an ex i'of the reason. why Present Indicative the mf is not used ix de § 107) ice the m the following con a) than B-da torn (lit wish I may run i) Bh 1 shall nom Qdlomera dist gives dam ox mi-bhgastam Mghat-s1 Kenatisam, kik send undid, had taken pen. hen! an eas just coat to waite, when you ene § dan, "to become’: Root shar (a Preterite-Indieatve Singuar. Pl T became. shin, we became hadi you became dy he became and, thoy, became. 1) imperfect Indeatve tntsshidem, T was becoming, eto. (§ 85, (Past Pact, Present Particpl. shidel, having become, Wanting (o) Agena Shaséndeh, one who becomes (rare () Rertect Indicative shideh aon, T havo become, ote. ($ 88, d ‘The Verb: Anailiases; Tenses of Rare Ooaterene, ) Plupertocttnaiative. hide Biden, T had become, ete, (§ 8, ¢)) 2) Imperative. Singular. Plaral. 24 shaw ($9), become thon, 24 shiv, become yo ¢) Prost Subfunetive, Singutar. Pleral. ws Beshiean, T may | Fn, wo may Beakiitbgamapet| ld, yon my 34 Pushdond ho may | & shdoond, they may 5) Pree Indntire, Singita. Plora 1 Pemi-lonam Lbscome, mishatin, wo més thoubecom: meslaed, Jou = 2 Pemtahaaihebecomes, mishovand, Choy (Petre Tntetive Mam shi T shall acon, 8s. (§ 96) @) Pett subjunctive shih daha, may uve become, elo. (§ 102) (o) Gorentive shidan, about to become, that oaght to bosoms Th this verb the strengthened forms with Bf are very frequently sed, as Besiseam, ‘may become, ee Te WI be noted thas, exoopt in the formation of the Infinitive, there ix 20 lrogalaity in the cone Jtgeton of ete Bistn or shi. “Wo are now in a position to ontinao the expan ation of the formation of the remaining mses of fh6 Rogolar Vorb. 100. The Fulare Indicative tie is rma by pfetsing to the shortened Infinitive (#4) of any aed the Pitt Present Indicative of Uirdtan (6 08,2 rs)Futare Indieative Active of Dados, trun Singular. Hinton didi dsl (nso) 2 Bh did Gnas) oi: Lipid dt Ried david (432-0813) Pipdland dal (35. 1 shall ran, thon wilt run’, ee "This tense ia now used in speech (excopt in Ka shin) only when a very devded future or a purge is denoted, ~ In other words in ordinary conversation it denotes rather “T will run’ than ‘T shall ran. Other wise the Prosent Indicative (§ 89, ¢) of the principal terb is siployed in « More rarely the igense of i, ete, 00 in the sentence, jab wat kh jane hiya « uring Riwwahad amid, “It is not strange that «youth shld con ee great. projec § 101. The Gorundivo is formed by adding-i to the infinitive, w: Davideni (4.132), about to ron, that should ran It is now rarely used in writing though not tnoom- mon in speech, Tn th ransitive ‘Verbs the Gerundive ha s ns, isan, fabout hat onght to be killed; did that, may be seen, that should be seen, that is ft to be seen, visible. Like all other adjectives the Goran dive requives na (U) and not nak (<) to be prefixed to form the nogative; as nitidan, ‘tat cannot be seed invisible, that is not le to be avon’ (§ 206, 4). ‘The Gerundive may’ (like other Adjectives) be aded a & Substantive: as, Rewinlani (Ga,52), ‘that which may be eaten, fond § 102. ‘The Porfact Subjunetive, is formed by ing the Prevent Subjanotive of Bian (§ 05, 0) © the Past Participle of the principal Ver, ‘he Verbs Auaturoe: Toasn of Bare Ocousrence, 87 Perfect Sakjunetive Active Sina ‘Plural Bas datdeh bichon 433) daoeh Bishim (the4s3) (es Pe: dacidch ish oss) dood Ddshid (hes). bet Pi: dauddch bls (Gs Aavideh Ulohond (stb) I may (night, should, would) have run ete, §108, ‘Thove aro also s few other tenses which "er occxrrence except in Kierary style, hey 6 the following: (o) optative. SP. Sing-+ davad (sis), may he rant Ts ocoure only in the 3% Singular, and is formed osepting an alif before the final letter of tho O° Sing. Present Subjapetive (§ 88, 0). Bal (§ 9, 8) is ntsaeted from tad, 1 Continnative Perfect Indentive, ‘his tense is formed by peefixing mé to all the one of the Perfect Indieatrve (§ 85, d) Mi-dacideh am, oto,, ‘ have been ‘ranning’, ote Exemplo; 1. — da in dyeh obichbyt ghartb pad aya kik benign niemiamedeh ast, rom this Verse ‘ne rirenge things become evident which have not hoon coming t sght™ (he, hava not usally been votioed), 3. 1 ra bideed ik dar masjid te Quin ini =Khvandeh va sir & Ried pain mi~audrdeh ‘uddnd mt-Rardeh ast, “Thou hast soon hiin that, having’ stood ap im tho ambeque, He has teen reading lhe @ursn and has boon lwerng ‘and. raining his head’. The word ae is undaretood alter mi-tipideh and mix inde, wecording t0 the last sontance of § 85), (e) Consiawative Plaperfct Indicative. "This is formed by. proixing mi: t ocoh person of the Plaporfoct Indicative (@ 86, e): 0, ‘Medartich bidam, ota, had been running’, te.8 asson 12 (aFin the ogo senovene glean above I () seo chango tho prosst and peroc and dl) into the pare Etta gl ‘ ipa ches a. mich (0) 4 Contnnative Perfect Suhjunctive, Micavideh isha (ef. § 102}, oto., ‘T may have boon running, I may have kept on runing. This tense is of very rare ooonrenes indeed, (©) Conitionl ‘his ie formed by adding! to all the persons of ‘he Protanite (§ 85, a) expt to the 2 Singular. DY Pe davldamt (4453) acl (ge) a Ps dll (e433), daotfdt (1433) BY Pe dav ( deidandl (6-133): at) ‘This tonae also expressed hab arti and than had exactly the meaning of the Imperfect Tndiativa Ie i not tow seed in epoech and varely in writing, the Imperfoot Tnieat've being. employed instead both senses (§ 85, 2) {101 Tn older tooke mf was prefixed to tho Imperative to denote ontinuane, this forning tho Gontnuative Imperative: the longer form of the sams pevfix; henf, wan also used in tho sume. way. By g hamid, hami-dasid, "keop on runing BR this it now ebsoloto in speech ana very antiquated $105. The. prefix bi is often. in writing seed swith the prdeite Indicative, especially when it ie a sword of ono syllable, Te thus forms the Strengthened Prterite: ax in che sentenco Toeva guft a bid/y, He said this and vont away. Bat the etaployment of the prefix ie a mattor of tanto, and it dows nob. vory Faterially motity the meaning § 106. Tho original form of m= yan Aaml (Pablavi fama, ad it ment ‘always, overs ans seen fom ‘ho Vorb: Auuliasor: Tear of Rare Ooomrence, 89 ae werd hihi a na od aah aa we en cata rid i sr ae ce eet Ci ln stn AHS ag lg tom are) i at tit tae abs Se ome Ses Zn Steen tbo pope Se ee ot a bee. ar Ba Ebi ieantanntel) So" Hii dar guqdakt “it shall Bee nde eld pt sr ‘withthe general rele. So aloo fard gir(fon, "wo acqnire’,89 aston 12, has fart mi-girad, ford Bisthad girif, ford bé-gir, fart mégir, ote poe able ,desrying ‘The Vorb: Avnilarias Tenses of Rary Ocoee, i a ie fs tat Sh i sap ee, tan Gi Bl (Sra ot Sina aly prohibitive. Teen le jar, se ee wr * ope eee Sein, chting of eee sl ope fKcaatinion, Salt, soul, wel Sea i ene ‘oh aan, clltng, fo8 eae STS a sh eo eel btae en WS EL gta ail ls $25 sregah Mi ak a 2s 2 pg pa Saal TUS ST peessen 12 Fis ok Ne SES ob Le a ae JF ol Ola aot Toe 2S sasuke: | ut en oe ote ls Tranlation 2A Tale, aking went out of tho city with his Prime Ifnibtr fora walk amsoment, zeoeation ful he came to a feld"and there saw some stalks of Wheat” with care-ofoom which were taller Ua the sent By Neder Penn tae no ouinary wont in os for ‘Tio Verb: Aviles! Mens of Maze Ocrurronce, 98 height of « man, The king was surprised ond ssid, NUMiL sow I uovor ‘sew Cf hd not seen) wheat 90 igh as this (with this height). The Prime Minister NE? Sag ie please your Majesty (May the cynosure Pike Word be safe!) inmy native land heat rows, (becomes) to the’ eight of an. elephant Ow [eating this the King smiled and said nothing. The winintr aid to (with) hime, “The king, baring snilered my statsiuent fale, on that account roth { reasou) smiled, When they came back from (hein) Welk, te minister wrote to some of the people of hie work land fen ty should sexd) to seed» andfa UE bom) stalks of witont. along with the ear(s}o%eom. jaeh) chat ere. (may be) on the top of then. But rhea he letter reached that place te season for (of) heat hud passed, until one” other your when (Qat) neg ame ome} ‘The minister took (bare) them to me J "the king: Tho King saked bim why ho had rough them (having seked from hin said, “Why. basehou brought these?), He said, “Last yoat, when. Ti nd vapor tating, commiy stalls of wlueat (ow (becomes) to. the height of & elephant, Jour wSjecty smiled, T sid to myecl, “is Majesty Vie mont Toy impovil presence) fis (eh) deemed wy tateaaat false, Querefore T have. brought these % wiMGatiata Got the sake of sabetantistion of) my Sods faa)? The. king in answer ¢o (of) him said, Toa eiove (have credited) what thon hast sid bat for tho future. (afer this) bo careful not to say (how mayest not. strike a letter) what thow canst (ire mapas not beable to) prove except after one conversation. plat abt ents gle diel cat pveclalskys a pou pot as, Feat Se Tat obs db gee faa aeLenton oe 6158 sal GL "Passive Voice of the Verb Seatence: Oratia § 110. The Passive. Voie Opal Thirteenth Lesson. Order of We and Oratio Recta is formed hy appendin, ingar.* the "varios to beconas (3 being a ovnqua. Vert: $85, Passive Voce ofthe Verbs Order of Words fra Sentense, 99. xauple the verb hislon (root Busi, to Kil. Tt mat remembered chat its Past Participle means, acing hited, ut. alvo “having Bom Biot (85, 0 111, Kitskton (GE), to dail: Past Participl, Passive Voice 1} Preont Tease Singer Porat sie mi-siavame ihe fsb (2S ishch m-shavid: CoE ate biskeh mi-sharad Meh mishownd (2° oe EY ae 1 am being Killed, thou art being killed’, te, "The’ literal mesning of thio tense is) ‘T ain bee coming having been killed, oF ‘ become killed’, ot, 0) perc Tene Singur. Prurat Ps ict wishin Bitch mi-shidim oe Gln yale buistah it-shidt hth i-shild oS (sale) ashe bs Hlhtch n-hnid ith shan Co Che of) ake 1 was boing killed’ ete (cf. § 99, 0. Literally, “1 was_bocoming having been Killed’ sinus bovoming Killed, Like the Tinperfoct Tadic, 85, 2) this tense is also used with the sense ional, Hf) T were to be killed’, ‘Should ‘he: Conditional T'be killed, ste© Preteive Indicative Sing Plural dim (pal el bishteh shudld (48 «f°, lea’, to inguar Plea ich shidch om ishtch slideh im (5 Gilead 5) (cle Wich shideh ¢ ise shideh 4d (ed Ge) Caled ch shidehand shih shideh and (5 (eaten oS) ile on Killed’, ote. (GF. § Tam having bscoue killed’, ete 1 Pluperfot Indicative Plural Iisheh sideh bid (cS (poses Ibisteh shideh id (eS she sido idan Cc Glare te. (of. § 98, 9 Literally ving become killed’, eo, Pasive Vein ofthe Verb: Onder of Words in x Eentence. 97 (0) Patare Indeative. Singstar, Plural. 16 P.:Biahtoh Bhptham shi Doak bine aid ef bal CE) bal Pi: shih Baht shi’ iste Wiptht@ did Ce Chale) Glee "Ps kishtch Hipthad shid ise Hipthand shi (£~™ (Lal alr) 1 shall bo killed’, ote. (of § 99, 2) Literally, shall become Jeilled’ ete, What has Vyoou ‘said in 'e previous paragraph (@ 100) regarding tho use of the Hatnre Indicative, Active applies also to this tense (baal Present Subjanctive Singur "Plural. ishto shaven (A ish abdul (rapt es Iislteh shdvl (eS seh sot (52 GE), “Ge Ps Bihiel hind (cS hisheh shivand (2 eS). Case T may be killed) oto. (of. § 9 Titeraly, may become killed eto. ‘he strength- ned form of the Anxilirly, s¢ahmam may also. be ase ms sht chasm, ot. is forms the ‘Strength ‘al Present: Subjunctive Passive. (0) Perfect Subjanctve Singear Plu. 1 Pst side Bsham llalfoh shih shim 4S (pated es) Sep chittl hid Co O° Ps use heh Wad Beh side Woh ( ately Cebedd a Ishi Shieh Bhd (5may have boo killed ete. (§ 99, 2 Literally, may bo having become Singular Purl QO Dis bleh shaw (7 200 PL: Dahl seed Cost e hom yey killed’ come thon Killed, eto shteh shies (oat 25S), 40 bo killed’ (of. § £9 Ingnitive Porto. Iishth sido biden (22 4042 eS), ‘9 have been killed vishich side, Shaving boon Killed? (sad 5°), § 12. Onder of Words in us Selene, Prom. tho ier ) Subject, c inte of the. Predicate, (0) Direct Object, (4) Indirect Object, () Prodioae. As Adjectives and Nouns sn’ Apposition. disectly fs « general rule) fallow the Nowe! which they qu ily, of course thees terme ‘Direct Ohject’ ete. denote the ical of the liad Direct Object. and are not used cpio. (0) “adshh | nike (2) OS hes g) an Uhidatra (4) bi met | dil @) sth Suemiily oad ling with plaoere preset that rboafhono 10 the Brave cdone Banphasis is exprested. by obanging this onder, Dut no change ie required in ‘he ordoe GP ‘When «subordinate sentenco begining with sl, swords as dgaehih horn fib eu By te, Ose Heimt be iagorted fore sho main portion of tho print pel sentence and be followed. by a or some RUDE sword: as, “The minster presaaied thn robeof-honout Uo the genora, although Ke was jalons of his fame! Passive Voie of the Vesbs One ot Words ina Sontnee. 90 ir, digarehih tar shihvat § savdir vsad wicbird, imide Rhdbatra Uisai ‘ath farm, Other subordinate nes are generally treatad somewhat in the same '§ 118, The indiet narration (orto ogni two in Persian: ie pace is generally taken Ty the dvee maration (onto ret), which te often iRicodaeel by ih (that): no, The tervant ani hat iis imnstor wae not at home’ Mawar guft i Sila rf nedorud. This, of cours, changes th tans of the verb in the lator cla, ior an (hey have ong a din, Portia “ah, covensat fied tise ayy Vine ten ipa | IMUM, desta. Sa ‘hi prevelence i Rha people it, Homaecous. ‘ate hp en dstrstion, death [Gi conrainty tar fray to pas wey ihe (ae > tak ath rapt geal. Sieh « Musa ‘et aia, Jalil, ignorance, ih eortaction teat esti ‘vl ome cae Gites Sua dom, (er, act of pla Mia yin eres ia ae ani eas Sot ‘eri, aginning of tine Fire, Harpe ita obedience, Teemaatd caxavanave. rt ck ayaa Stew) to ae, je ar ipa i, Rosie. Rd bra ‘um, otal mt eo (tr) Wilh hen, to enter "tl war Jigen. (Prope Nase)100 Komen 18 Rares Pasi Vee ofthe Verb: Onder of Wenn Senta, 1OL Tey eeiuo to bila to begin. malt ak wh060? ee fi renders Seat GST ranlaeh ‘paca ane _selblyg) 8a 52 SU ilye — ol bola LL} ‘Boe wai doi, oe ale cy sab 6 — ans, Ca OL Rs she O9 baton andy oa Sei Ea ld, to akon : : teers ; » asad Terk gs Esl ge ee oparé = - 2 \, aa ie Dyes SK 323 = tee enon eee “wag st ahy3 alee cid gh lly © aes ' MAAR NER. soe te sro Posy d carly sys) gle Ft Spa betes loot els a Ol a Seip soe 5 ast cE 9S ake pg algal bus Sy oe dhs pT — ot sh ple laSt lye an waa seals oe pr Sige SM Safa ole Syma — ed 3 (on olives 115 8570 2S ge Bb ga lye Se 2 Sa8ly OE 395) 56 LSA ‘eit to” saev a, Exercise 25, ‘Trausation 26. (ne aay Slam Torti | Abaon was seed a Pic. cee cee no daot of Wa plac aah alana Ga Baba corheay tye Sal gh eltot SHS alles ks) were diawn up in line by him. Suddenly @ Br dl pie SoA gS Oh) 6 ssuadlattthe « bagaatiabe tod bowl and sa Z i et 1 Ova having arrived from a joumey (road), wished to enter ~2S3181 Obs O28) oat8 coy ols Jy Sue Mu espace he Halil attendants ake saying Ta Saquted hom Sa hy “Where tho102 Tason 18 cing, old man?” The mendiont ai, wank to go Beh conten eae aaa eal hi te che nance of the role of Balkh and not 8 Seetraf The Sua, on hear’ haig heed ti Talod ths mention eters ies Sod tia, onan ‘Tlrahim, pormit me to (comand permission in onder Whore Wause wae this at het "The Salita cid, Grendlutkers He eid When chy goanaather passed Grats vine did become?” "Bis Sala sat 3 TREE Te endicent snd, “When thy tthe ded ‘tidy "ie pamed of fo me" The mendioant aa "Whom fhe. padee: sory. (gre. Sa), to woo wil og rasta) Ho std, "To my son". The mendicant (ooh thi ea, "Trt, © place Chat coe oo regular Verbs She ce Joee PLO dy Pee fer Ear Die Tat blag d aise as Oe! Stet. Ee 3p. ola} gala gaa gh al Wp cll ol Appendix to thirteenth Lesson. Irregular Verbs. 114 As has boom already. said, the onfy inex nlasiey jn the conjugation of the so-called Tregular (Tes consists in the formation of the Infinitive #rom ‘he Root modified in a. particular manner. When. both fc Infiitive end the Root are Imown, the formation ivhe vations tensee and smouds proceeds exaciy. hhown above in the Regalax Verb, Many of the regular Vorbc, with theit Roote sabjoined, have already been ‘ven’ inthe Exercises, but for’ conventonce of # fren all the Irregular Varbs are here entered wlpha: hetieatly. Gn. the order of the Persian Alphabet) A ow the are quite rogalar are also entered (with R. prefixed) where any mistake might otherwise. be made Fegarding the rool ‘Those parts of tho verbs which tee enclosed 4m aquare brackets aro now obsoleto, and Should not be std in peaking or even in weiting: Rough ‘they are entered here Because they: oem Ht the older write § 11d, List of Inmegalar Verbs idan toute, (Man, A, ATAU, to dea Bes aaae pan [rele Feesse 1 Teregulae Vet. 109 poe we sears red wy : 2 » sadn * nu bart nara sian oily to ena aap esr andr ton | vp grow stintion i eongsto eae a =i coe ee ers = : : (iliac : : se ee sian i, ii F dernion, farwily, $0 em awit a pandaon, pond, to sup ‘ serie, foil, to sll nea ae ieee ae setyy na, stay nf ak *om.“Siier orf cr sip teat mr” itt; to, ocush anc a 4 ar ont : fake fia a Ae fan! { san, to weigh [iigtan| (tne, to dig (eg. to i me eae ig a ets aan ome “adn cl | ay ig A Pe Oe ain, Sete tah tmp. Guat, gui, to welt iets meen ase a ‘ines map ieten one pte eh tn Siete oy (to stand op. tele dr, to Fas poner nina Bie on ome Po esas ot an eets toe LS aa iti. atten | en voted bts ea a ae ta aro edt ee16, As noticed above ($74), in the first syllable Places, dis heerd in others, al a Elsewhere, We have in tho abo fcve the most_asualpromumciasio $117. ‘There is (as will bo given above) a groat tendency t hitives in -Alow ftom the mate of ist aay. sill (the shost vowel hardly ever being written in. Persia ae verbs, Tu ote eases, however, both the regular and the irogullt forms are now obsolete, a shewn above the fed often forona by ceeapetindl Pattie aneines the shor risliaries, ‘Thus forthe tenses flcle root. of girfelanj: to “WesD, Sead fe nibstituted for aviston, § 18. To the a Senaen' following: rules for the formation of the Infinitive from the loot Gf Irregular Verbs may be tee ‘The old termination of the Tofinitive in Persian (Pakdast, Dav was tan (of Sales Latin Supine in um); -don aw atinen fiom this by softening the fer vowel or liguid lette ons havo bo cuattak ms the shove a nd can therefore Irewgular Verde cons only aftr ach latory (he vowels ong oF shoxt ‘snd the ‘unde: wii £ $110. Rolex 1A fow Root ingot 0 loathoned froma ginal asl dn thm tot? gf ead td Tae se whee ge don, (lr tn), fete den Mens root with profited frm [Grock pet Lat Ste rel Ir Many vorbe, tho roots of which end in chnoge thir foto @ befure the ending -dam «gi TT Many verbs, the roots of which end in ar change the into 0 bafro nppenting olen: @ & ‘Tamil (ld hime) samara TV. Other voota in af and dr, if they take the cider wading ams change the ito oh bere ie: ‘uttdtens porn, aug; dar, dens bat t tte ty wea ther, emotes changing the proading vowel of the Toot as) awth, uid Pe Toots outing in hy mt (and log those in» whi tae stan) ene nino before fon? aS Pris ta, Btns hl, shes VE Moots eading in 2, change thei oat consol ato Wh balwe.“katn e, oni Pine tens ath akan Sort exoaptons Gnd ge ata, api) ‘al Roath tadie inn bay change how later into) bate ant anna vaons iy eft (rile) ois, aia SEH ots ending in in often omit tho n before tho tortion saan or fans as ey Mtn; gut TH. Some Verb the rots of which were ox natty anny ajacives or patio ad ston cx dad of the dene ton (ee moe or connecting Fn 20 ogg of the et in such yr oton WS.0 taht fom the Avene bres aC tie Sct Gat Sur, Bah fo See Sta Vell) In nls (Mu es Eat fer peer nS VON haa) he ais rd ora108 vowel, and ¢ for enphouy, before fan): as, uigaristn 2 prefixed to strengthen i unchanged thereby: as Only’ when the pres fix ix forgotton it 4 sight ea osirdfon,pasir (rom pash —~ Avostie Epes, and raf of vulgar red for rama Gitiacted); tedden, oar (Krom af Dien, ba ory habe eon tho Va, to oor ee, ial Fourteenth Lesson. ‘The Causative Verb: Compound and Prepasit § 121. The Stom of those parts of the Cansil oF Causative Verb that are formed fom the Imperative Foot of the simple ‘Verb, thus producing a. secondary Foot front which all the other parts maybe formell duite- regularly. In other Es took of the Carae ave Verb eocdon sa it with the Broa Pat ciple of the simple verb. Tho Infinitive ade to this he! termination "dan, to: which tho uniting. vowel may be prefized, The meaning and use of the Causative Verb Comparing the yerb-raise with the So alto we may call to seat? tho Causative of i sit, th former seaning “to cause to a I Persian tiero are many Causative Verbs, though they caunot be formed Sunt every simple. Verb, en their te ie econting moze tare than formerly, tn ao Has ceused to exists agenda, Ye nfo rom “The Caneative Verb: Compound and Prepsitinal Vorb, 100 § 192, Wsamples of Causative Verbs caisitan, wats cian wart? dan, To. ona 80 tho vstian, tars tard taraom(-dan, "To ease 0 fen fens, tofighe ton. ‘an, rh vali ralan-(}ydan, "To cauae 18 earn, toteaah 28, To the Role given in § 121, the chief coptions ere tan, eae rn mt, ddan ‘To di 7 fox ran) tan, shin oan nildadon To seat ee ee But this last verb also forms guearindi-dan, to olf (4 sacrifice) ‘to enue to pass. =e ae0 Tessin 1. Anciiary Redon (hin), 40. do amie (way, So show idan (di), to give idan (za); ‘to strike’ ito carey off os}, “to male n(farmiy)toorder aidan (bin), 20 see! asa, dshtan (dar) “to have’ ‘tanstan (dam), “to now gurdentdan, “to rondo shiden to become to econ! ifs (yi), 0 ners, 10 0 Cooma Ver imlded iran, t0 be. flab namiiden, %0 demand. laghyir iden, to change hrf sidan, to speak. [ed ‘nth bhpardan, tobe wound sami ddan; to taney ish skin, to. ata mulizchformiddan, t0 per tadira ddan, ¥o make prox sift haskidan, 10. take ‘rouble ‘ist dishton, to Yove. Indetehatdanistn, norm gardinidan, to soRten, paid” inadan, t0 become ‘evident. margin shidan,tobo w2itten. ‘ihr gdsktan, 0 ecoms Tear tata tan, to be changed. rat earsitan, 80 presume, ‘entre § 195. Such of the Compound Vorbs ae are trans: itive in Persian take. the portposition =r after their Hirt abject whenever -ra would osour with the direct of « simple Verb fj: as dra farmnidand, oF Tied fume eran, “Guey commanded him’; an Hitdbae Mbadid, or an Bitilert vildbicharmidid, ‘yor. real hat book’, So also lakénra maigd-hirdi, wo mt ienaindd (or nasichty "ke Wrote Sh lotr ne Compounds more that one aude Tiny may ‘be coed without materially changing. the Soaee e tla-kdrdon ia the arma a flab Bat in others no chango ean be made® o. g- allie iran (ox -nentden) wk taghyidadan are correct, bab ‘The Causative Verb; Compatnand Prepositions! Verba. 11 anuiliasies must not be interchanged. Tho student iis reading should pay especial attention ¢o this $138, Prewsitional Vrs (Verbs compounded with sopontions) bavo Deen dealt widh in § 109 above on united to preporitons: & 9. ‘Dar tedrdon to bring on (oy; to Dring in iar knihdan, tebe tt (0 dtr metan, 10 grapple. With ii ar daw, fo ater igi oi) 8 ry Tar mindan tbe deste, weary vi qugardan (guedetan) to Tenge behing. Or ee sen come to's stand: to stand up. Sr diaiten, to hed back: t0 station. (or bs) ban, topo vs darian, 0 come Beek. iden. dest. om a ito gard), to vot, tem back. Te eras aos. away (62); t0. Past Over fun idan to swallow mp: to force down (08 & ein lth : rd griftan to soe, Year. i ikon cary : 1 Biondi, to met with Gry oF BE var andr to qcour: to fall Swit (i Mian tnd ot, discover peopl often1 res «vulgar for rehi Rérfon), to let Toose, im aden, t-con fond. rin harden (o08Ot ce ihyud) to put off (ones clothes), I ae ee ae eae Sho inttar goss abroad ad Tings gtols beck with hm tall ‘Th Caustive Ver: Compound and Propet coli, (As. pl oP ama, at, mandfa, distance, ecg {er Mri te Covers salting ape, Hom, St dia (lyf 12 das ei ati nae, eg Seid aed F at of (pissy oi ign i poompent. eng samtdan, to bat sl eli. ‘Sirs tls Eel Sie ee Setar, 0 ‘albany, ey en we ke tones yo ct a, wm rl od Trance ye Re rete, sore rien ‘ certs 22. og 1 oy sNo15 sala ache Sagal by Slee hel ot y ypty Sete st Mess oe Sa Se hp — sled as oe ae FT ae WI Send ab bel geal CAL, ola daly gles Sr hal eller Olas 957 OE (BB 2 cent pay Sale j— NE pcb 5s 299 agemifle 69 sb pilslse— ante SS die Seo ck yy alysee ul pW CME Lg aa Sel Ly pie Leg 3831 Wale Ib ALP gan ged.a hae letne Teson 1 SSW gate a SKN yh EL, cole SN Nat PNT ae ‘Translation 28. — AT Some merchants presented vet (having Decome present) before (hucar #) a king and brought some horses which they wished to (thet they might) il. The king approved (pasindia) of thowe horse, ax shove the price of them, and told them to bring other ‘horses also to. that value (to the vuluo of thet stn) fiom their nativedland., But he didnot ask thei hhamos, nor did he domand from them » anrety. ‘hose Hhoree-doalers ir leave. Some. days Tater (after the king jokingly suid to hin prime minister, ne alist ofthe names of all the fools that ‘ou Iniowest, The minister, having done 20, brought that list 40 the King’s notice, (caused to pase from the glance of the king), When the king fead it ho the head of that list. He enquired of the minister Saying, “Why dost thou deem (Hast tho doomed) mo. a bole” In reply ta. him he said, “Beoanso, Your Majesty, withow malting enguity conearning (witionb his thut they showld enquire) the country and the ames of thovo horse-deslers, and. without demande "The Caustive Verb: Compound and Prepeitional Verbs, 115, ing (demand of) any seotity, entrusted to them a3 2 icpost such & large sum that they might buy, horse hhovse". The king seid, “Tfthoss mnorchants bring the Hoveea, what then?” He said, "If they do, so (did 6), ten shall erase (having erated) your Majesty's am {nemo most scred, imperial) from this list and enter heir names insted of i wl, €e ah (davai). These different Plarals ave often diforent meanings (ide § 1 § 153. The Acc. Sing. Mase. (ae shown in § 150) formed by adding | (pronounced =n) to the stem, 1» Ace, Sing, Pet. (§-101) of words ending in (Ar 1y simply adding the tanin (5 ede § 28) without iw aif; Thovgh these formations are in Persian used nly as Adverbs, yot their oeourrenoe is vary frequent ts, VL (amdvadon) sw deposit, Yu (foe SL) hl, ‘no ‘lis prefixed {6 such worts the dann land also the alf, st used) is dropped; 25, «al (ogi), all’, 251 (alin), mow", Gast now § 154, AN Arsbie nots in Persien which end in 24, 2% not belonging to the rt as the = doce in iy (omg, my ime), and all Broken (§ 157) Plarals re feminine, and almost all uther nnn are Masolng Their gemioe moods. to be remembered only: when it sirable to append to thant st Arabie adjective won in this casey if the said adjective is in such vmon ‘use that {¢ as virtually Yecome.e Persian word. like a (fil, ‘wonderfull, it does not general ‘ake the forinine form.) E- g. wir i kare, ‘many. Ingtter'; Htigiyes kabel, (great sins’; (but um § iy, *wonderfal things) §. 155. ‘Tho Comparative (which ie also the Sup lative) of Arabic Adjectives is formed. by prefsing uf to the masculine, omitting formative letters [on the model of ke Pos. (iim), ‘great, phe! Comp. ‘sm) ‘greater, ‘groatest’, The Feminine affzes & (#) Plurals, CF dlr, n Zorastian priest, broken Pluralinctoud (4he Bos. (sth), gob? (zm) Comp.] exoept ‘them the*mase, ends. in G— (@), in which case the Fouinine ending is 12 (0), appentied to the : Exam ples omparade. sitive Bon. Bae. Fon Mase cen) (em 136 (at 3 ie niet) ie i dpe Ca {in Persian iin andy over used in the sense of ee a fom. of deat since tho Tater word Cee ae ee Bib bat, Ad” (erroneously, poe eco SHE) is ted the sense of ‘excellent: | ced ut) fective. im tho. Zominne a, ote sonal aided to a nonArsbic (+ &. porely Perit Tarkih) noun; a8 hag 7 (Banyan) Grant eee cretion, Bat thin umge is of extomely nde ey i falowed by the iifeh, the said ees icnunged in (and takes the pls rainy ys no, ole) sLbd 3 ain ¢ hem hy thir greatest sciences. Bub, this does not apply Me SRO rman of Bersons, a8 Yay fo mid ane Cee IE), ohn the Batis, (V. Note to 8 84 te eco iin the gate eich i copped "ah the sorond Wa Sr BO SSat oth io ste ele oN cr neraly the atte gt preted By ‘Cee re oa a Tronumes (7). Thus we have ohio Ent; SULIT te Sut, “Shadow of the Soverden ‘Bagular Arable Nouns and Adjotives. 185 tte; LMSC} (Bik Mi, Pas of the Linglom’ {ik and on We other tant ETL yy (on J MA) ion the (ede =) presnoe of Gl, 1° the former ofthe two words Es SISA GP Eat dual ov 2"Megaar smasoulie pra Gy yin) aed wh in maton ait (elyoh fond Loe, "the Chilton Notes (ie Sas, Tah det Se no ‘obediently. ees} dea, oe ilies aa” a eo tn ta gee IR a fare, tg wh wi es oa, id pte = ee asm San it amet, i ig ae a mocntain. Ahad bf teres ag: ie Neca ota xeneise 88pp Siler yj Teansaton 34. ~ A Tab cone another, The hare asked the I fu what they ay, that the feslo and cow by crowing 3 . fons of your kind) who are very brave end strong ‘The lion in answer to him saidy “That saying is (otr~ faaly) alte tre, nay move KB), ino mores (mati nis) that al of us large ‘wild-bensts have ffenrally an Soirmity of Chat kind ike Ut) and in Gio'veae way too thou hast no doubt heard that the grinting of «pig makes bags elophant fear and quake fearing’ and trembling)” "Tho hare said, “a i a0 oihek L now understand (understood — § 158, 0) schy it is that the voice of greyhounds fightons as Master and Servant travelling) vse Ben Paria Pte 187 ssa Maiti Se ATES Glee ot wh aa teat cal bs abl Shoe Bide Col VD ena tel (ye) Wily yoy GL ee ees tore uk Gao lean sie ues aor Eighteenth Lesson, Arabic Broken Plurals ia Persian 8.1657. Very fow Arabic. masculine nomns form* hie plurals regularly in ascordense with § 100, Most nsedines and tang fominines have what is inown as n Braten' Plural, so. styled. eeatse’ tho noun, is trate (aa it arere) fo allow of th inertion Or omission of n'vowel of of more than one. ‘The new word thus formed is in eoality « nown of mwlttude of" thes ‘cular number end feminine gender, bat te takes the Phco of the olete or sary sued tegelae plera and {i hence. styled the plural of the aan of adjctive from which {i Metived. Tn pretio, the simplest vray to Team these Broken Plnvals ix to lear the ois given as examples in the following Vist end sons Ti, REGE Importance of noune tat frm Vero (uiston 2x) expe the Preent Partce of Voce Te when ae as a rn” Gls paral net an eh xeope that of Vote Ie whic as m broken Plead) take sor Plaral in SI (along with : re, (eaen). Teil imple one, expecially word be lear in the Ara take them as mode fotuer newue of the same met et be paid mai ion of the feminine terminatio fo form a new noun rarely ns formed from the st it had Jel the most comme Nonns formed of (wo Consonants is doubled (hdl Un 5 158, hich th Model 1 Tatter Binge. Plan these of nowus have really the practically the saine Prana fan order, -LSf (ail Plural: swords of those class Tint is omitted in the falling nner this model are ach of the Models now Arabic Broken Pluss in Persian. Plural ole, Gilt, Singdar a), 304, o02en, ‘So also with the termination « or 3) iat, Pitt hag. diy. 25 (arg), the earth, a (So with ¢ 156 rt at, ambi. (lyin, night oat, prophet In. Model TIL Noun wich the send is ali $161 of four consonants, of Pre (amate, iol ‘Gone Singular. “ii, agent, fao- 4 Ne 19170] 1° (thin, poiot, ma scien oul) a post, 1 (autan ‘Less usual are the following meusnros companions of Mubaminad, etc) curt, 4) ole (hit), owner (Ar. le (ax companion (ist) ecclesiastical 2 jndge. 8) als ela Coil) shore, const ‘So also the latter form with imal, adjf,ne~ 3h asx), n. f neceee 5 (eo (rain leant monk. 3U or 2 added: = cesenry. jth), an coeur Tn Persian wh nthe tense of a in140 Lesson 18 § 162. Model IV. Noms of four consonants which the thind ie. Singer Paral 1) (SS (akin), sage: LCS faa Acctor (2) ab talib), phys ati ALE, Minin, $108. Model V, Nouns formed of four consonants, ‘he third is ali. Singur: Poort "F (hid) Sat aie) Model VI. Noune formed of fin cou ‘of other then the measures mentioned tmnder the thvee lust models 1) sc (mij), w mosque. den (masjid. ‘This method of forming the plural ia used. even when the feminine tormingiion «= or 2¢ i addad. However much the form of the nown in the singala nay vary from (1), in the plural the model is follow= tat exoopt, in the’ very few nouns that fall under lat (nani 55 (dated lain, Whey (rial), a trnctate, ELS (rast Very rare are the following formations: Arsh Broken Plrais i Pesan. 53 (Qaipar), Caeeas, «oS (Gays emperor. (onlay (or 35% (mda), IG (2438) eatiel, mee angel. Ti, sj (8) 234 stad), Black, Sls (in. Other examples of @) are Olii, PL Gibi (AE shins); GE PL Ll Giohaw); goat, Pe Sif Ae 69, Model VIL. Nouns formed of five eine sonants, the fourth of which, is a. Weak Letter (aif "yj. However mach the form of he sugar ‘i this Case of nouns may wary, the plaral i formed nthe one model, as il be 3 Singer ut (out, Satan, ler + (qann), Taw maki, writen, LE (dite), plan, device he 21 and g* consonants. in such words are hw same (0, a ashdiel Ioter, a8 O&3 for 36.53) the still follows th usual form: a8 5 (dulin) « shop. ores All the words given under these models nally in frequent to in Persian, ands very large Dauber ote vate formed im negordance with the ‘mar ant Kath, name of pied, «prema (C0 & SUF Sale 2 vote Boren oom enti present on returning a oe ht Saiufn, Bi honour Gul sh E ‘i lator On thie del x (ongly formed og the paral of ‘he Turkish word Je (om. a Ht)a Leno 18 Mi es sar Det red ‘Handagi, servic of God. abd (of « jewel), of the first Beare. sta, fr in, fo Tia ayo ud aldo ag te xerelse 35 Po elilog Seis 2nd, el pa gSaa Me Gilg ST gals less ce Se leu foley Catt BLS ag) rf — tee hee = 7 a ue ‘Tramtion 96, — 4 Tale Some of (a) the historians of ancient Greece have related hh! hindan) wonderful fables concerning rahi an cams of Uae poole of Inia on ik fs the following (this, tt): — In that ‘country Tee ee esksces where on accom of the here is" population (cb nore ore found oe ua at, which ae smaller than dogs ut larger Fraaae na Chow ante dwell khder the gronnd fa aan ony that, ving, dng away tho aol they cast (pone) out che san (conds) Sn te same snannet thal (Eeinaay ants in other (oir) counties do (chat, and Arable Beokon Plurals in Pesan 148 jn (¢hove sands) the sand which they Shrow out there sre pieoas of gold. Accordingly, those Indians (Hunt) ‘who purpoto t0 go in-sarch-of that gold devise plan In thi wey. Every person yokes together three camels, nie of which must be female, im such a manner Tit the femela camel nay ei betwoun those two sale camels: and that female camel showld have baen tly separated, from hor young one (hirrel) since ‘der those cfreutastanoot (it that stato) camels are foticularly awit. Their master mounts that, female vel, sud, when he. hne filed hia sucks with (as) hat sandy he urges on the eanels as quickly as possible, in onder that having got boforeband with theants(fbgat jistan tar), they ‘may ee, Test those ants, having run after them, sliowld tear them in pioces.(sireh pire irdan), Having thas got possession of (clang @uirdan) ue gold, they sell 4 to foreign merchants oat Gare ee eutheNineteenth Lesson. Irvegular and double Plorals, Some Ara (ald), brother, (ok (fam ss which form heir Petsien, ‘The chief of Plorat na), suman doings brethren lapel), rae eroglar and Soabo Plot ia), aber «se (mig), waters 25 (gion) strength, power.«1 (qutd) powers a (atrige), town "15 urd), towns, cities, ‘Those forms which azw masked with an asteriak very rately aed in Berean. Tt will be notiood at soinetimes there is « alfeenco of meaning be- veeen tho singular and the plural. Bh (I) is in Persian aed principally im tho form gf (ai) to nn ‘my brother’, whith should bet (aii) some smes cagsth (dtdactyi man) ia sid with the same rneaninTehvin is ted in tho religions sense of ron’ prinipally. abba (off) is naed in euch syieiont ae ‘Hor languages $167, Other Arabio noana take two br even «aifesnt Arabic plarls in Persian some of Which wo ieegulan, ‘These have often dilerent meaning. The pencipal axe Sing. hurl (Bm, 90m (la, foe tanta, § 150), font: +.) (alm), sona (om), afais, command. 54 (ume) afaics; Aly (@simin), commands (bai), vera, house). Stef (dy versie; 2 (bp, houses. 22 (Gait), old man (@ got (hath, old men; tite). 2S maakt, ers har), condition, wae 2 (huni) aS (oh eer iit), conditions (iti) awrite ascribe, 1 dati), copyists; «& (lee sexes 15 (aon) and (a, 20), vitoy. 2 (thy conquest; 2h till) victorin. sm), nase5 (dani, medicines dav, medicin (dice), spice spose ry, Tight (elim), & servant, (132 (Rudd, servants: § 168, Some Arabic nouns end in what is knows dhe wt of unity’, and they drop this to mako their Meaning general, which has often the effect of ex sreacing « plural signification. The original aiferenes Between the general form and the proper plaral is well seen in the following w Singur. General form. al. shiver), 0 fE toha'r), the [%%, pe twtr | ORen, however, such words have not in Persia any plural form, but use the general form as « plural Genera form Plural Si (ira in shijar) trees. le (ash, {> Giddy cous iladehysm. Sf (bétady, town.) ty, region a Colin), Singur Genera form. Sy (mila), x00. elotad sets, communities ss idival,a tate, wealth. J35 (ie), states. A ional, a people, re- gai (imam), communities Teveguat and doable Pla ur All such words ia all their forme ave feminine 5 “The Great Powers of Europe’, wisi REIS dinal + wu'decameleyd Uriy): “Phe United States of Amorion", La, Setsse4J45 (Ul 4 muctahide-y-s* Yang § 109, ‘The two following rules are observed in Persian 4m reference to certain classes of Atabie nouns and adjectives: — Rule An Arabic noun feminine, singulor or ura, if followed by am Avabe adjective, requires thit, ad: jective to be in ths feminine singular: a5, wumir + sigaigye, political afc. (cog { muha), important events. (Slatin 5 Sisinigye), the Sisanian king 3 ‘mudi i shel), the lings aforesaid. SSL (malditchyet magdrmbel), the angels nearest to God Often, however, mt not always (as the above xomples shew), if the noun in the plorat denotes mon "ands, the adjective is put in the proper Arabia plored form: 4s, e ne (onbiyé-t attr), tho yare prophets. LEGS (huktiim 4 hirim, gracions governors ule TL, Arabi cardinal nomerala betweon & and 0 inclusive) maybe taed with Atabio nouns in hich ‘cage. the adjective folloya ‘the noun and is ited tof hy igi, im aeoordanes with the Persian ‘om in roferanon 0 most other adjectives, not car dinals, "But the noun must bo in the plural and the sdjective in the feminine singer: 05, shel (onal ria‘al), ‘the Kou Gospels. Contrast the Persian eqni- valont isl (hatin Jyh, in which the numeral reales the’ noan and the letter is in the sing. Ying Day aie for ew apes afien ealled p30 an altemye at writing Bint Ce i1s estan 19 § 170. A number of Arabic words in tho plural are teed witha singular meaning in Persian. In ort p express the plnfal, ehe Persian plural termination Silda) ov (ha) is then added. Example Singur ‘Ar, Ploral. Persian Plara bi arbi), & Welsl otal olsh ‘peasantpropaie- —(ardabhd, ark Tor, or the Head- ia, arbi) man ofa villa Any Arabic riinary Persian pltral terminat fof forming ita pluoal im accordance with the ie rales, But Arabic plurals are. very extensively ‘esd Pain with Arabi aoe both speaking Bisie binden, to spend tas, dlpar, cook. Haka ie ya High tarot { Teetable a aie gels Ole Lae gay, blab FESS cle ol — Bheaey lth Ler ie tle ae AG ool tf! ale gl - ‘Transation 98. — A Tale. A labourer lived long sane in foreign (distant) couatiey, und Having ast retuned, native: nnd, snd hawing soot wasted all the money. (01952) ‘hich The had Ssaved. (leaped. up) from his. wages Teached the extremity of poversy and impecuniony One day, having entaeed « stall village, he went to Ts gts tosh Tian pt of mshing oy round intipde ealiaon te tana ho adalat ‘Sand intended SF Cu it hey aye con’ Tooed Pol, Byala bd ghee elevated patches of ground sea {ry be he wate dee mot rite = heThregular and buble Blea 1B eked int for (aka Jims), do you not know (thou nowest. not) that Se ae eked pet sere ee day, having set out, he went to his own village. Whe rom) a ben's ogg that has been (may have boen) ‘some time elapsed’ and that labonrer would not pay kod’ ‘The headman, on hearing this, rejected that Iie dab, the having nid complaint opkenper' complaint the heedinan of that villages say “Such and such « afatiael bose on aot Vind page ean) ae tne twelve cooked ow has not given the maoacy for hat account ha rom Un tals os fs srl bays been pettared Er /sne) acl eral Tscoming shot, would ave eo this lid mime hnadreds of ague, from which a lange texistonco (padi! Zmodan)”, And in thi very. nanner sormour run When the smpecunions fellow Read this, having gone ito a winoshp ho desired to forgot med to mest (by chanen he met) « clever clerk (ied) who, (that. that clerk), having enquired. the Mate-ofatuin, said to hina, “Dear fend) be of good allright (ras The Isbourer, bavi thanked phos Bey BS 6 tt ‘hr { manonniyet idan), wont 0. tho headman So 3ehs & SOB BS sid) “SSmch and such a ler ix my attorney (oa) Ses iT prevent will give my stead”, Tho heady Faving for © long time waited for having Decoms expectant of) that clerk, when he didnot come, sent fn search of him and asked him, saying, "Well, 90 isd 20 (ot fon), why hast thou wasted. my Sime? Since T have been Iookiig oxt for you for some time Gt ina apace —~ muddat ~ T draw the expectation of thee) He said, “Sir, [was cooking peasy for T wanted torplant having planted) thom (it) im my garden and eo what will come of it (what wil Become)”. The heedmen, ‘having langhed aloady sea, "Von foal (0b‘oat of the Regular Araio utara Vor. Twentieth Lesson. Voices of the Regular Arabic Teter Verb, has alzeady been explained (§ 140) the To Verb generally consists of three Ts Pn ot m_nmber of Veter an iy ‘proline ng one tore of the Sere Jeters mentioned in § 14. (The he this’ in Bglish is aflonied by ‘All the voices forma from any rock have a'connexion in meaning, with one. another and. with the Too hough in English their meanings havo often t0 be expreited by wite diferent words. When the meane ing of the toot is known, st ie nob difonle to know ignifcatin of each of ite derivatives. ‘This wil really tinerstood from the following Paradigms $175. Voions of Kita, ‘ho wrote (25°). 5174, The voicns are quoted and generally known by the numbers prefixed fo each, ichich must lard hero supplied as 4 necessary link Between the vaio Voices, and. it i useful in shewing how the othe forms are produced. Vary few Verbal route form all these Voices, but all may bo produced Som each root, if required. Avast number of Arabie words used in Persia are formed fiom their respective roots i tho iannor shewn in the Giageam,” All the Inf re azo Veal noon sd ax dn Peri) a ofthe Prosont Pastiipies Activoand many of the Bast Pasticiplos Passive. are employed as nouns, though (as the same Partciple implies) they. may. also Bal Msed as adjectives © This ie generally in Persian pronounond wath, and ro Jn har veka § fore the lat rasa. The « nl often boomer s(n Pema Me ditted See arae esaThe pete or inertd nthe rermant of & word Tho g- of Volos X. fa a weakened form of the orginally nth Semis touguee ¢é and Me doling ordingy ade nse nn Kati and sometimes a Passive Patilpal ine rokaed taal the Parte VEtsis formed by Beeromrerec cctaepeei te ter fc eeateca Voice and. in Voices VII, TX. and X. is only to ait the thing! ap init 2 faah or totes Votes IIE ‘rabic fe erally preGx alto thet titeral form of the Tnfiaitive of Voice alee varies, and a tingle root isha several dire gms off ie Exe xm ss a YVolees of the Repulse Arabie Tettern! Veoh, 106 Ua Ides Da ii 1. JD was nae When fe" "ostablo to find the soe of wor tela The! fomatve ltt 8 the Took ing) Say a sihl a TansX. of tat rot Notes 2 uate, Vieni, in Gat soon goversor of aid towing one ier CalphAbiel to tt down, w ext ke See me sake day STs eT mae, garni aking 6 Sr) irate on him temersy. “gation” ne Sm) 2a Sete an iy to walk & moufob hecalte cal ¥6lnh ri, teat i" Mabammadan stated aba ngtn tt Hel SN nl Wn renin " sariacl, ebeinate, stadbora, dar, dhe one art aling ‘as Ta ‘mata ease Goa tia icaian (pat in us. jiiscfogereieconom a afi) bret, Hod 2s ka - Siete sol jbo sth pawealthy inerehant, who took (gave a place) into his him). Althougi this child ‘was oo. (small) young that the morehant did not apyoint him to (over) any. Work Set ho himself, loving toil) being diligent, snd having: davised some work for himself, busied himself in (oF ad picked fand said, “Please God, by and hy (after a litte) his Fear one of them for himell. When one day it happened that the (Ghat Indes one at his ships with, (ag) merchandise (mel on ala ¥ Spray tora distant country, and ho wished A the ship and see whether (Qik dia) was right (bturifb ast On the way af het went ho met that bey holding (who had) his cat i iis amis (bosom). He said to him, “Child, hast how He stid, “Sin, you well know that Tam destitute end haolncthing tt is ca ‘he merchant eal, "Wall fond that ent, that having sold it they may being its price for you (thee), ‘The boy ‘handed. o¥EH his cat to'one of the sfors and asked that they” shoal sell it for him: and the ship started. (Tp be concluded Yoiee ofthe Regular Arabic Tiiteral Verb Conversion, he, kok Sle Boe ie ene ines e Ne = eters ey Ueto fase te158 amon 21 ‘Twenty-first Lesson. ‘Arabic Verbal Forms (Continued): Verbs with Feeble Radical, ete. § 177. In certain clastes of Ambic Verbs a few contractions and other” alterations of the foregoin scheme (§ 173) take place, mainly for the seko of euphony and to facilitate pronunciation, These occu tainly when one of the three Radical letters of the verb ie weak letter (i—s— 3), ‘These. chang. however, take place in’ accordance with fixed rules the most important of which we now proceed to $178 If the middle radical be 1~ ¢— or s it is'ropresonted by Avimeck (+) in the Present. and Past Participlo of Voice L: as, from Vs, Pr Act. Jf, Past P, Pass, Js gL, Past P. Pass Past, P. Paso. '§ 179, In Voice IL, if the third radical be ‘one of these tren weak letters, the Infinitive adds -"; as, from Vg the Tnfin. of Voioo TL is 43% (in Persia visually <5 tage $ § 180, In Voice TY. if the third radical be 5 or ibs dropped in the Ingnitive:-as from V gh, Infin, IV. Wl But if the 9° radical be 5 or g. it is dropped in the Infinitive TY, and is at the end of the word: es, from V3ze IV. Infn. 21 (Pers, =U) In this class of Verbs the Pres, P. Act, IV. has sg and the Past. Part, Pass. IV. hia (by contraction, ih each case) Lefore the final leter: ss, from Vito, Bros. P. Act. IV. dich, Past. P, Pass, IV, Ll (com ‘tracted from 1s! ond 1 respectively). If the fist radical be \ or's, in Infin, TV. its placo is taken by $2 as, from V52;, Tnfin, TV. cba 181. In-Voieo VII, if the first radical be a letter, tis assimilated to the inertod = throvgh: Arabic Verbal Rormes Varbs with Posble Radial, 159) so that this © has the tsk: so from Vis, comes VIM, sd! ior steil)s Pres, P. Act. ugh (for TE the first radical “be a» or 42 the lettor b is served throughout in Voles VITE instead of =: as, Past. Part, Pass, 44. 1€ the fist radioal 1b ot by this letter is tashdided throughout Voice VITL, stead of & being inserted: a8, from Vas, Pres. P. Act. VII al, Inf. ‘VIL g3t iti If the first radical be 5, @ > is inserted in Voice VI instead of 22 a from V5, Tin, VIE. 3b 3t he first radical be oy 2 0 5 it is usually : instend of having inserted after it in Voice VILL throughout: as from V3, Pres. P. Act Im Voice X., if the 2% radical be 2 oF the Infinitive, and the ending = is A; as, from Vie, Infin. X. CU} (in Persian § 180, In verbs which have Lfor ther first radieal, this lettor is changed to 3 after the prefix + (mu): 95, rom Visi, Infin, TIT, «I+ (mathogeh, sometimes runced”muaikiageh ot even pedi the second in such forms —-Infin. HEL 4 ordinary Persian arathe Wasa of thease tpl snes tira lutatods they prem ao dificult. oot Contains: ter weak Isteme oF otherwise) comes hinder two of these rule, th operate: a, from Vast Tain, FV. «tah (Fide § 180); from Vj, Infin. VI 1} (Vide $$ 181, 180,160 Tesson 2 § 185. The Arabic worde 5 (rreg. genitive Sing, 3, used as Nom. in Persian: Plural), owner, frequent ‘ae én Persian im composition with other words of Arabic origin, ‘Thetr use’ will be best under of glory, glorious, Lord of Glory’ (ould of God) Sk gs Pomened of grandeur, ‘grand’, ‘eminem 3 nothingness of knowledge’, "Sguoranee other than known’ “an gee (hair mi) han bounded’, ‘anlimited’ ‘bonndle : 186, ‘The following’ Arabic phrases are in com sindont ought to learn their meanings. Many others willbe found in Appendix A whole ly thagigeh)intrath. (Oey in Sut. (dae) after hi. sta (aba (daha after her and ever hom, of thing) S angie ida) exe ‘shortly ‘ally inshort 42a (alge) ina word, a3 (eaplateh ote (CEL nd jar) what oocarmed, event 3 Ui ma dnd) for ie (mae) esd ‘he fotare. this. Tan thangs) (net) the 20= ees this supposition “5128 (ohiru daih) the 28h UeYfaur) instantly ‘person indicated, Arabic Verbal Foran: Vocks with Peele Radical, 161 18 wl bo notion al ibis tee wie ver a long. -Yorel Snaiiaily Sastatee reel inning with the ase Jj the aid lg vowel caved sor oe i arate Note mone ae eat A Sa ap ee ea rs Dini aly. SEO $M i), fr mire <2 amt tort pay. Si an oh ett“, on ty oacher. ota (A. pf gun dicho of nie. edad (he hot gta) le, ier» nes oe ea nar seri (in ee SEIN er 62 (AB dys 6 eg Soe e st =e 9» Sms) SIF lal oe fo SF Se pathy SAS Co oe Oe Sel en 9 25 Le Lal phe 594 Slo Fh, oaks gle — cll bate = alte ade bya) sll rales ae, cle 9 st ae ee Trasiaton (Constsion of the Tale of the Bay and tho Cat) ‘After some months Hat veel reached sa uaknows sland and eure author, Whon the sailors dno came tothe dayrand), thoy: were informed that &162 Keaton 2, sovereign (edn!) reigned (reigns) over that island ud whton that soversgn Leard thet some foreigners foreign persons) had arrived in. (have become arriving Sf sdrid his couatry, be commanded that they show te invited (oo that they ioviead them) #o lanch (hae they may eat-lnich) with him. Bat when they sa Glen ot Tos toyal table, they snw that, nitboug Yoel fe Plenty of (plentiful) food, yet it i impossible (nat poteible) to oat ex much as even one morsel in oomfory Fecause’ the king's palaoo in fall of (fom) mice aad ae ioe small snd'Tange), which ate-40" daring that having dared to thie lim) they snatch tho morsels from te quests hands. The foversign, having Beco fchained, said, “Whoever discovers (aay. dlecover) & Temody for (of) this calamity, T shall give him a large um". ‘Then one of the sailors atid, “our Majesty ave « beast of prey, which, if you permit Cf there bo permission), wil xy speedily (with complete hase) Compistely dastoy all sheso snes’. When. the commanded, they brooght that eat, and the cat bus Herself in the chase in sch maser that affer half a our no ones dared to (bad daring of that, that it should) shew ils snout. ‘Tho king, having. become extremal pleased (joyful), purchased that at fora sack full f 01d (at saat Ait manner that orphan becemo Hc om) a ag SEMEN LU eed Bill a ah oak : tities 8 aaa Mia T ib ok oe ede aaa Gos tale eesti eae wba AN ea SBF $5 ak lack Sp ed psy Sl Slike PCIE SL bt trae ot Bie ecg eae TATA delet Se GD OD se Spe Gel nas pT Oe aks peSlagls del ett Ob Te de Be be oe oe Pelegalat ‘Twenty-second Lesson. Formation of Arabic Derivative Nowss and Adjectives ' 187, Besides the Participles and Tnfinitives of Verth as explained in Lemons XX, and XXL, many oxisr words are formed from Arabic Triliteral roots We naw proceed 40 explain the mathod of uch for ration de" prinpel of thm aly end hore ne frojsenily met with in Persian being given, Tt wi ‘o"Tound’ dat ch aeguairtange withthe metbody in socordanee with which auch words are produced will. ‘able tho student, not only to remember the meanings ‘ofthe words when once learnt, bnk also to Know their sing the fr no he moet with thom, if he knows ‘meaning of the reat. 1, for example, he knows ("150 that nt prefixed to ‘the root and’ @ insered bofore the Ine radical forms nots doting dst itil not be dificule to remember that mift@e (cle)14 Leon 22 10 formed from V@5 ‘to open’, means ‘a key’. As the same rules are, with few excoptions, applicable to all Tony if pce, it wil bounded that va ‘Arabi root, and that Ite doubt can arise about the seaming of cash word vo formed § 188. Nonns denoting pes engaged in any trade or ectupation sre formed by tchdding the 3° radieal tnd inserting before the third: a from Vou to turn, to change’, comes 135 (arrif fs monoy-changer’ butcher's from Vim, to sprout th agg, ‘= groengrocer § 189. Nouns denoting the place whore anything coguts ace formed By profiing ia t0\tho Hoot: a5 Si (malted), ‘a achoo!, from Vos" “0 write: yuo, from Vag> Ho worship’ 22 to thin form; ax SS (wddbameh) Ga vslgar uso in Persian in tho sense of ‘doctor's consulting room’, from fakin in the sens cof ‘a doctor) from Vig ‘to judgel, ‘determine’; ‘com: mand. 190. Nouns denoting instruments aro formed by profiting mi to the root and by (requenily) pref @ to tho thind radical: an 12, (migrie), ‘scinom from Vj, ‘to cut: SLi (mist) ‘tooth pink’ ‘emall pisee of ood for ruling and cleansing the tooth’, fron Very. ‘to clonnao the tooth: op (ong) ouchstone, from Vs, which in Voice I means ‘to ‘verify a weight! toot coin $101, Many nouns ond some adjectives are forme by inserting.» before the third radical (such nount fare forms of the Infinitive of Voice L, of which there ure 24 possible form): ax Jb3 (uth, “act of centering, ‘entzance tom Vics to enter’ 23, (er) ineceseery’, from Vz, originally “to. pres, to ebm Yormation of Arsh Derivative Nouns end Adjectives, 165, stcan! Othare to his form add «£: 9 3 (arta in Persian 29,2, gardra) ‘aeceonity's «25 (ulkima, in Pornian 2B) rl §.199, An adjectival form is oblanied by insert ing f boforo the ast radial: as, f° Garln) ‘kindy ‘gracious’, from Vf; tto bo beneficent’: JF (galt, ‘sean’, ‘smal’, from Vi, ‘toe fow': Jue (al ‘gle ou, fom Ve, "to hin forth From those adjee- tives nouns may be formed by changing the into 8 wits or without adding: as Jie (ald ‘glory’ Clordgh, in Persian. <1 tardnat) ‘generosity’ ax even by merely adding tho «as deje(fl in Persian <2 fagllat), ‘superiority’, from Vjs3 ‘to " § 198. Other nouns and adjectives are formed by suing -an to the root: a QUE: (lf), ' le’, from VIL, ‘to be despotic’; OZ (airdn), ‘astounded’, from re ito be bewildered’, Oye (fin), Mmowledge’ fitia Vig. to know’, From the same roots may be formed other nonns by merely adding «+ (in Perian changed into o--); an CSIC (otal, ‘sovereignty’ ‘kingdom’; 3 (birt), ‘antoniohment § 194. Many nouns (infaitives of Voice 1) ingert 4 before the last radical (of § 192): as p” alin) ‘apocch’, from Ver; 213 (gard), ‘agrement, from V5; Jip ardr) ‘Bight, trom Vj. Some adjectives so ive this fom; aw J Gall wil, from Vim, end fs (hari), ‘unlawful’, forbidden’, Som V_ x. Nouns Of thie formation oftn add «(in Persian =~“); a5 Sie (iat, ‘commer’, from V $195, A fow insert before the second radio ae (© stom), ‘a soa, from Vise; J (glad, ‘a mould, from Vg. From the preseit participle Active of108 Lesson 22 Voice I. we have nouns feminine ins; as oa § 196, Many other nouns are formed (Infinitives ‘of Voice I) by the addition of various short vowsle to the radical consonants: as gly (lm), ‘science; qu Quen), ‘beauty’; iG (ta), ‘soquost, ‘demand’; Gael (Quad), ‘guidance, 2 (qidus), ‘holinesw. Adjectives fro also formed by moane of tho insertion of the short vowels: as, 2%, ‘handsome’; .-e (adj) ‘defiled § 197. Some nowne add g- to the root (thie in Persian sometimes becomes as Syed ate aie), ‘claim’, rom Vis; 6. Wale’, ‘ocres $198, The Arabic diminutive rarely ocours i Persian: its formation will be understood from tho: following examples: £3 (raja), ‘t mannikin', from 5 (rd), n man'; Ses (husain), ‘goodlocking?, from (dean), Shandscnse? (a proper nam) § 199. Attsibutives, nouns and adjectiven, ane in great uumbers by adding ? (lem. -lye), original nonin: at yay Migr), “Pgyptiany ae (Mipr}, Bayt; lee) (afein’, ‘9 native of likin’; «55s, (garded, ‘neconmary’; Joh (Wt ‘childish’; g\\ dei), Nollower, of the Bab’, ete. IF eka noun onds‘in «or <5-—, these letters may be drop ped or changod into , before the addition of the 4 5; 6 (Bide), "a native of Baath; sy (leat) belonging to Jeu, from ja» (Iai), Jemiw: gie ‘sinaei), ‘annoal, from <2 (anal), ‘eyes’, The fetmin une singular of nouns (end adjectives) in f are oan used with the signifiauce of the plaral and iustead of the lncter: eg. «cl (B@ined), chy Bahthyey tho Bibis, ‘the Bahile. (This ie owing to the omige of the noum <% (lad), ‘a people, sect’, oF fl ‘the same meaning) (fiideny, “donot; «0 glide), ‘a rales (fom Vas and Ha ovmnton of Arabic Derivative Nouns and Adjectives, 107 - ‘te ‘hey tothe explanation of the flowing Story ithe isiacoten Gaditton quot almoot Merlyn the Mors ata gives foie poor is tan Ges aa much in et! 0 “Goa Sn thie won ab soent or ven ove 1'Sea ar miech in the weet world) fin mag, Unotenas, subst sie wftden, to turm oat PS prah oa, cventy “al, ree ta had nnd — shold frm lay tan og0' = 1000 erate, mua eBuctiv: gal § werd transept eS lesophers sone mutes stbtan paint, Bop aja portmatonu, tends ‘cial (heal of taxa- gum inh to Castoms db ieee rec, small aisles, viliga Stans youth, youthe games, Onsite de st POR ap cde tows evening ‘kom wo be ealowel. Ramat hfe Cad ord Shute Gontte ser 4 fee "Deen tnt Cif after ail ol ys bald naga gaa bYIa— 99 SUB we tepise sins a eos apie ab Git 72 tain To eee ‘Translation 4 ae ey soy that Ardaehie Bubaksn,, aon of thence oflring) of Sasan san (bn) of Baba ie of the teee (oping) je von of fofandiyar. Others mention, for him s,umbler168 Lesson 2, vig (doscent). However that may be, they say thet His father was one of the officals (leemers-of taxes ‘Tho governor of Dartbjnd, who was nemed (hed the same) Pint, hoard that Bubal had” there te to Babel 0m, who, in spite of his youth, is endowod wid 4n excellont (eur intellect and) noble air) courage Ho therefore summoned. him: and Asdaski galed such oredit (Bar) with him (im his presence) thay ‘whenever any matter prevented hin from eonducting the government, he used to mako Ardashir his. suis stile: and Ardashi’s conduct. (irdir) om these coc. Sions turned out so wall that after Pets death ho waa Appoiniad to the goversment of Daribjire, Te is Mo marvel theta youth like Ardaskiry who hed made Such rapid progress (who many” take” progress with this rapidity}, showld “conceive great prelects. Code 44100). Thay tay that the forco of reflection in seep Gepicted inthe vestibule of his brain his “waking thoughts (the thought cf his wakefalnese), and Maru explained (aterpreted) this ream. as Gr) signe of futuro (coming) grou. All Nstorians suet Gr de ‘Gat reliance. upon these dreuze. pecan’ the Ganae of Ardashiv ving up to clan of thiy tht A ame up in claim of) the sovervigaty of Persia: end fin trith bo and ‘bia followers had’ Qhave had), cone ‘ence in Qi) this Kind of dreams, thre a no doabi that it must havo belped (onght te have halped) in his advancement to tho lofty" dignity (dignitce) gf the sovereigaty. Comrenation au (EA Bo © SOS crag Wh 93 Sl wie Mel op Sllnce aie ve ae ne 9 SUT et Eee T lal 2S Ie ge T Mee ci RK Wt Gite) we ood ube ay ras 35 alee Gh — Cass at éo:¢ cone, a sek Ua ale Ct SF alu in) Formation of Paria» Derivative Nouns, ete, 169 Vl bag ylt eact Alt Uses al 21geily ltd pace wp) ola eo AE SA DUT asi ae ees glee A app BOSE age Sal yd ple ent SEE op clacsl pie by tl fae AD bse fe el ofa aa Ke De oS aeolegt 2 Big wot way LTE Ae se tel Rb be baé A esi ale ae 4 ie boo ee Wie ees ot Crepe ‘Twenty-third Lesson. Formation of Peretan. Derivative Nouse, Adecties dat brated a 200, In Persian, as jn the other Aryan a= qos, many’ noun and adjectives ate derived £m ‘Spit frm by he alton of eran torneo ‘his though dosbelem Chev alone i existed Inloptadon © wonde, hve now besome mare fixes ‘The pineal Of taco Unrate asin Persian a: ee fonn He: rea @) ston, denoting ‘guardian’: 28 Slo 5) oe 72 Fag & a ‘ee per (from 5 « door); hel (baghiin), ‘© gardener’ ‘om lm gus), in yoga pronunciation #h tt reife eto stn (oe “er near Garh ug, denotes the dors 265 (uma, a nner zs, Parsardia), he onrsher (G00)Lesson 23 (@ -andh, formed from Verbs (§ 89, 0, denoted the Agent: as, ss, 31 (Afarinénde), “the "Creator 5° (anda), “the dow’ (@) gar, denotes one working in or engaged fi something; as, .SaT (ahingar), ‘one. working i roa (Gin), ‘a blacksiaith’; 55 (adrgar), ‘a goldemith’ (ary igold); io, (aaudlgar, a trader @) “ar denotes (1) the agent: os, an), purchaser (2) am action: a6, la. (dat, 3) hence (concreta) ‘thing i), teacsion = (f) -dan denotes w receptacle: tut (sham‘dam) candlestick’; zie (chirighddn), “a. lampetand! S14 (aolamae), “a pancase 9) “itn, ton, -b0r, tr, -sar, lal, -shan, denote wg in the thing ‘named: StS (oul mn’; Stiga (Hindistdn), Tada’; Lge (jiybér, ‘6 placo abounding in streams’; 18" (dad flowerplo ‘ a place abound ing in stones’ (wow used ‘with the verbs namddan oF siden to mean" stone to death), eS thal, mountainous district; Ce. (amgldth), stony ground oS (pilehan}, ‘a Rowenta () forms abstract nouns and corresponds 4 ness in English: 4 (afi, "4 (nls) "goomon G4, (hdl, Swickedaoa; 7255 (raishan’), “brightesd Tight’; ks, (raustandi, Sight (rom obsolete adjeoe tive rawshand)s ils (daw), ‘windom’. It added to a ‘word ending in «- (originally -ak and then -ap, ide § 36), it changes the & 10 9; as fi, ‘service, wore Ship’ Grom wt, bdndah @ ish (an olde form of i) th, -2,-2m, coy Sora verbal nounn: a3, cl.) Yarwdah,” tL}. (arm), command’; SU, (etait, burning’s garad (LS %p onmation of aan Deviate Noon, st neat; iz, Are), ‘a trembling’ shamdreh ‘sna i] aby sates veh, form diminatives denoting p= plying. litilences and either-contemptibleteas foction: a8 «525 (@itMarah), 'mUttle gieh, t= litile daughter! slio «85 dilMarh)s! Sip — ape sisarah psarel), '% litle boy's Sx (mada, Cie vdrdatet), ‘a mannikia’, ‘a contemptible Tile matt 2) -cheh (rately ich) forma diminutives denoti ghee), ' ledla garden’; apt G 2, litile door, 4 window (Ghae opens: window hat! will not open'is now called «2 pire). (Some noms assume the Tarkish termination rch nat fy a6 or) ale ho Agent: aa gol SF (Lalagrdfl “% telegrephint Tue f aon, tia clam of nouns ie ierensngly wmorgus in the madsen language $201. B, To form Adjectives: "Tho teeaninstion mand denotes ‘posses of 5 (doula) "vealty"; aap (hired), “Lis: @inishmind), ‘posteoed of Inowlede' 1. (hajtmdnd, ‘needy’ ‘ear, avar (var), -0var, denotes ‘characterised 30 (aie), Sa judge’ Coe dear, from da iin datia, aw’, now santos) 33153 (dear) sicong’ tom aay atrength, eiolence) 3, ae ened! (for rao asus ohhedr isn’ 3% ‘nian, animate’ “animal (from jm ‘2he so ®) tr and ish Comp) denote esembanos vtebility's at alale (oa) Bt for a ina’) ane This explains the formation and ws of the word sa sir, Genoting an sid parson of ether se whic, hg a SN atlached! as trend an od many poh ya 68 ‘mn Hut Persiana, nt are of i write 3 mar SOE ie teeny bh can Iasdly Be caretm Tesson 2. (niiish, “ike the moon’. But sls. (wnidedr) mesns hopefal @) -wa and -asa denote ‘ikoness: as, Lie (de ariel), ‘ko amber’; LT lye (avahirasd) Gewellike (@) sir, -andeh, gin, donate ‘fall of (Latin ow); as Less, (sharma), bashful, ‘modest; ssc (har snindeh), ‘ashamed’; 4 (ghampin), ‘sorrowful () in denotes ‘oslo of: ax G35 (arty), ‘golden’, coe (Clmin) ‘slvern’; ul (ahintn TT (ataskin), ory ©) -inch, “oh, are adjectival termination added to words to denote ‘duration’ or ‘frequency’: as, 555 (qsich), “daily; «5,205, (Chandra), “lasting but a few days, ‘brief; JL (lnrsilel), ‘yearly’, ‘annual; Lute (pamjahaile), ‘BEey yoare old; wjysua3ls0 (dowd abcrice), Shaving lasted twelve days. The termination, +-* is sometimes merely attributive: as in the phrase Upbisles (dilly ‘Sjiskys mi), ‘our humble. petic nade’ of iron’ tions’ (bettar «ie; wide § 202), (@) -dnch denotes ‘mannes’: as, <1s,« (marine), umaly’; ips (dace an ov spin (y), hence ‘mad’: <> (mulabatdnh), ‘loving’, ‘elections () forma adjectives denoting ‘belong t0': as, nga, “bnlonging to» forest, ‘wil’, ie thd) "belonging to ey, urban, Sowa, ole an! LLY Gh), of what place’ (ef. the meaning of fhe Latin ewan CE the rimilar Arabic afi in § 198 nab denotes ‘productive of: as Sass. (dae by producing pain ‘paint 503 (ond burning, glowing’; SUye Gund), “terrific, ‘awa: (8) -4 added to the root of w verb forms edjec- tives (similar to present particploy in’): as, to (ind) Secowing, wins ty (irl, ‘powening’s (int), ‘orig’, “able to vo, ‘learsightd'y = (sh navi), ‘able to hear’, ‘bearing’; 1° (iyi) ‘able to ‘Formation of Reon Derivative Noone ote. 173 ‘speaking? (now gonoally meaning ‘cto ape 7 “perbape) 4,902. Te-will bo noticed in the above examplos that in Persian’ these Posion terminations aro often ippened as well to Arabic words as to Persian ones Thisome instances the termination -ansh (§ 201, 8) is "ceded in order €9 fora (Grom adjectives which can teal in reforonen to persons onl thor adjstives Valfy wor destin is Forename (arly 1, ‘gracious’, ob (ji) Shelpose’ ‘auinble’ ste cto ead ther, ay 4 ifm tooo) ‘a Bumble person’; but cL, SUL (mundi & Ieriminet) kind letters’, suthdndn + “aide, Shaable re 209, All Adjectives may in Persian be usd us sonbs, just in German. Bosides thie the Tack of yadverbe is made up for in several ways ) Dy using Arabio nouns (mace. oF fom) in the foo Sing. ( 169): a a Gagan, ‘raly’; 3 (ela) astaally’; Sy (oP), JULI bl), ‘now Cor SUS tat 6) By employing Arabic nomns with “Arabic ropostions: am) 5 8},3 (Yair), ‘ot once’, instantly Gal FU Sin face, (© By using « noun with « Persian preposition: 28 bbe, val alae, (Wisi Seeing’ By using two nouns together (aniled by if) with the" omiasion of the preposition gover ing the fests as, 9620 tir & “Baal (© By employing » Presont or Past. Pasticiple adverbally: as eye, (aiet,contnmally; 1s (ein data) ‘ab Ea ‘Advorbs of time and plase (except hai, phon? sod a fow other old words), such as Syz0 (de — igor’ vita, ‘yoatrday’s le Gai), ‘thers 1S Gi whore? are simply” formed os to rere no explanation