8/1/2012
EARTHING FOR GIS &
TRANSMISSION LINES
M.M. Babu Narayanan
PRDC
[email protected] TOPICS COVERED
EARTHING IN GAS INSULATED SUB
STATIONS (GIS)
EARTHING IN TRANSMISSION LINES
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
SUMMARY
Physical arrangement of GIS presents
issues different from AIS
Attention to be focused on TEVs & Touch
voltage situations in the design stage
itself to avoid operational problems
Close co-operation necessary between GIS
manufacturer & Utility
Co-operation essential between suppliers
of equipment at the design stage itself
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING
Roles of Transmission Line Grounding
To protect against lightning, eliminate hazards by:
o Providing a mechanically and electrically robust
path to ground
o Limiting potential differences across electrical
insulation to stricken towers
o Reducing the number of flashovers that occur
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Roles of Transmission Line Grounding
For correct operation of the electric network by:
o Providing identification of fault conditions for
efficient relay coordination
o Providing low zero-sequence impedance
for return of unbalanced fraction of three-phase
alternating current
To ensure electrical safety by:
o Limiting touch or step voltages to levels that
restrict body currents to safe values
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Lightning & momentary dips
Lightning is a leading cause of power outages,
equipment damage, and power quality
problems for utilities.
Best practices for transmission and distribution
lightning protection include:
Environmental Shielding such as Trees
Overhead Ground wires (OHGW) and
Grounding, more effective with higher CFO
Line Surge Arresters to limit local potentials
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Effectiveness of OHGW
Courtesy: EPRI
Reliability of Overhead Ground wires in Preventing
Lightning Outages
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Grounding and Local Step and Touch Potentials
During Faults
Under fault conditions, some fraction of the stored electrical
energy of the power system appears as temporary power-
frequency voltages and currents in transmission tower ground
electrodes.
Ground electrode size and shape can affect the energy level.
Larger electrodes will have lower levels of local potential rise.
Flat electrodes tend to limit gradients and touch potentials
within their perimeter to safe levels even if they have high
potential rise
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Transmission line – Tower earthing
IS: 5613/1989 : Code of practice for design, installation
& maintenance of Overhead power lines
Typical Pipe earthing system
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Transmission line – Counterpoise earthing
2 x 50 m counterpoises in one direction & one rod
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Counterpoise earthing: Alternatives
2 x 50 m counterpoises in opposite direction & one rod
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Counterpoise earthing: Alternatives
Mesh around tower base
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Counterpoise earthing: Alternatives
Mesh around tower base with vertical rods
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Counterpoise earthing: Alternatives
Radial spurs from each tower leg plus vertical rods
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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Fault analysis –steady state
Courtesy: EPRI
Potential Profile Around Four-Footing Tower with Spacing L = 10 m
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
Transient performance:
Ground Impedance independent of frequencies upto 10 kHZ
Beyond 10 kHz, inductances become important
Impedance increases from 1-5 ohms to 10-30 ohms
At low frequencies, electrodes covering the largest area
produces the lowest EPR
At high frequencies, concentration of electrodes near tower
is most effective
Choice of counterpoise & rod/pipe earthing based on
reducing impedance due to lightning so as to reduce back
flashovers
Workshop on ‘Power system Grounding Practices’, August 2012, PRDC, Bangalore
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