1000 to 1500[edit]

 1020 — Abul Wáfa — Discussed the quadrature of the parabola and the volume of
the paraboloid.
 1021 — Ibn al-Haytham completes his Book of Optics, which formulated and solved “Alhazen's
problem” geometrically, and developed and proved the earliest general formula
for infinitesimal and integral calculus using mathematical induction.
 12th century — Bhāskara II conceives differential calculus, and also develops Rolle's
theorem, Pell's equation, a proof for the Pythagorean Theorem, computes π to 5 decimal places,
and calculates the time taken for the earth to orbit the sun to 9 decimal places
 14th century — Madhava is considered the father of mathematical analysis, who also worked on
the power series for pi and for sine and cosine functions, and along with other Kerala
school mathematicians, founded the important concepts of Calculus
 14th century — Parameshvara, a Kerala school mathematician, presents a series form of
the sine function that is equivalent to its Taylor series expansion, states the mean value
theorem of differential calculus, and is also the first mathematician to give the radius of circle
with inscribed cyclic quadrilateral
 1400 — Madhava discovers the series expansion for the inverse-tangent function, the infinite
series for arctan and sin, and many methods for calculating the circumference of the circle, and
uses them to compute π correct to 11 decimal places

16th century[edit]
 1501 — Nilakantha Somayaji writes the “Tantra Samgraha”, which lays the foundation for a
complete system of fluxions (derivatives), and expands on concepts from his previous text, the
“Aryabhatiya Bhasya”.
 1550 — Jyeshtadeva, a Kerala school mathematician, writes the “Yuktibhāṣā”, the world's
first calculus text, which gives detailed derivations of many calculus theorems and formulae.

17th century[edit]
 1629 - Pierre de Fermat develops a rudimentary differential calculus,
 1634 - Gilles de Roberval shows that the area under a cycloid is three times the area of its
generating circle,
 1656 - John Wallis publishes Arithmetica Infinitorum,
 1658 - Christopher Wren shows that the length of a cycloid is four times the diameter of its
generating circle,
 1665 - Isaac Newton works on the fundamental theorem of calculus and develops his version
of infinitesimal calculus,
 1671 - James Gregory develops a series expansion for the inverse-tangent function (originally
discovered by Madhava),
 1673 - Gottfried Leibniz also develops his version of infinitesimal calculus,
 1675 - Isaac Newton invents a Newton's method for the computation of functional roots,
 1691 - Gottfried Leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for
ordinary differential equations,
 1696 - Guillaume de L'Hôpital states his rule for the computation of certain limits,
 1696 - Jakob Bernoulli and Johann Bernoulli solve brachistochrone problem, the first result in
the calculus of variations.
18th century[edit]
 1712 - Brook Taylor develops Taylor series,
 1730 - James Stirling publishes The Differential Method,
 1734 - Leonhard Euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving first-order
ordinary differential equations,
 1735 - Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, relating an infinite series to π,
 1739 - Leonhard Euler solves the general homogeneous linear ordinary differential
equation with constant coefficients,
 1748 - Maria Gaetana Agnesi discusses analysis in Instituzioni Analitiche ad Uso della Gioventu
Italiana,
 1762 - Joseph Louis Lagrange discovers the divergence theorem,

19th century[edit]
 1807 - Joseph Fourier announces his discoveries about the trigonometric decomposition of
functions,
 1811 - Carl Friedrich Gauss discusses the meaning of integrals with complex limits and briefly
examines the dependence of such integrals on the chosen path of integration,
 1815 - Siméon Denis Poisson carries out integrations along paths in the complex plane,
 1817 - Bernard Bolzano presents the intermediate value theorem---a continuous function which
is negative at one point and positive at another point must be zero for at least one point in
between,
 1822 - Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for integration around the
boundary of a rectangle in the complex plane,
 1825 - Augustin-Louis Cauchy presents the Cauchy integral theorem for general integration
paths—he assumes the function being integrated has a continuous derivative, and he introduces
the theory of residues in complex analysis,
 1825 - André-Marie Ampère discovers Stokes' theorem,
 1828 - George Green introduces Green's theorem,
 1831 - Mikhail Vasilievich Ostrogradsky rediscovers and gives the first proof of the divergence
theorem earlier described by Lagrange, Gauss and Green,
 1841 - Karl Weierstrass discovers but does not publish the Laurent expansion theorem,
 1843 - Pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem,
 1850 - Victor Alexandre Puiseux distinguishes between poles and branch points and introduces
the concept of essential singular points,
 1850 - George Gabriel Stokes rediscovers and proves Stokes' theorem,
 1873 - Georg Frobenius presents his method for finding series solutions to linear differential
equations with regular singular points,

20th century[edit]
 1908 - Josip Plemelj solves the Riemann problem about the existence of a differential equation
with a given monodromic group and uses Sokhotsky - Plemelj formulae,
 1966 - Abraham Robinson presents Non-standard analysis.
 1985 - Louis de Branges de Bourcia proves the Bieberbach conjecture,
The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept
of differentiating a function with the concept of integrating a function.
The first part of the theorem, sometimes called the first fundamental theorem of calculus, states
that one of the antiderivatives (also called indefinite integral), say F, of some function f may be
obtained as the integral of f with a variable bound of integration. This implies the existence
of antiderivatives for continuous functions.[1]
Conversely, the second part of the theorem, sometimes called the second fundamental theorem
of calculus, states that the integral of a function f over some interval can be computed by using any
one, say F, of its infinitely many antiderivatives. This part of the theorem has key practical
applications, because explicitly finding the antiderivative of a function by symbolic integration allows
for avoiding numerical integration to compute integrals.