The Integumentary System  Two parts

Introduction  Stratum corneum

 Integumentary system consists of skin and its  Outermost layer

accessory organs
 Mostly dead cells form an
 Accessory organs: impermeable layer

 Hair follicles  Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

 Nails  Deepest layer

 Skin glands  Cells constantly dividing and

pushing older cells outward
 Skin is the body’s outer covering and its largest
organ.  Keratinocyte – most common

Functions of the Integumentary System  Makes and accumulates keratin

 Protection  Durable protein that makes the

epidermis waterproof and
 First line of defense against resistant to pathogens
 Bacteria  Melanocyte
 Viruses  Makes the pigment melanin
 Protects underlying structures from  Traps UV radiation and
 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation prevents damage to underlying
layers of the skin
 Dehydration
Dermis
 Body temperature regulation
 Deeper of the two skin layers
 If too hot
 Contains all major tissue types, plus
 Dermal blood vessels dilate
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
 Vessels carry more blood to
surface so heat can escape  Sebaceous (oil) glands

 If too cold  Hair follicles and arrector pili muscles

 Dermal blood vessels constrict  Collagen, elastic, and nerve fibers

 Prevents heat from escaping  Blood vessels

 Vitamin D production  Binds the epidermis to the

subcutaneous tissue
 Needed for calcium absorption
Subcutaneous Layer
 Sensation
 Hypodermis
 Sensory receptors
 Composed of
 Excretion
 Adipose (fat) and loose connective
 Small amounts of waste products tissue
are lost through perspiration
 Blood vessels and nerves
Structure of Skin
 Functions
Epidermis
 Storage in adipose tissue
 Most superficial layer
  Cushions and insulates underlying  Hemoglobin – a pigment in the
structures RBCs

Skin Color  If blood is well-oxygenated, skin will be

pink
 Determined by amount of melanin in the
epidermis of skin  If oxygen level in blood is low, skin will
be pale or have a bluish color (cyanosis)
 The more melanin, the darker the skin color
Skin Lesions
 Range is from yellowish to brownish
 Any variation in the skin
 Oxygenated blood
 As simple as a freckle
 Amount of oxygen dissolved in the
hemoglobin of the red blood cells  As serious as a tumor

Lesion Name Description

Bulla A large blister or cluster of blisters

Cicatrix A scar, usually inside a wound or tissue

Crust Dried blood or pus on the skin

Ecchymosis A black-and-blue mark or bruise

Erosion A shallow area of skin worn away by friction or

pressure

Excoriation A scratch; may be covered with dried blood

Lesion Name Description

Fissure A crack in the skin’s surface

Keloid An overgrowth of scar tissue

Macule A flat skin discoloration, such as a freckle or

a flat mole

Nodule A large pimple or small node

Papule An elevated mass similar to but smaller than

a nodule

Petechiae Pinpoint skin hemorrhages that result from

bleeding disorders

Lesion Name Description

Plaque A small, flat, scaly area of skin

Purpura Purple-red bruises usually due to clotting

 abnormalities

Scale Thin plaques of epithelial tissue on skin’s

surface

Pustule An elevated (infected) lesion containing pus

Tumor A swelling of abnormal tissue growth

Lesion Name Description

Ulcer A wound that results from tissue loss

Vesicle A blister

Wheal Another term for hive

Accessory Organs  Produce thicker type of sweat with more

proteins
 Hair follicles
 Concentrated in armpit and groin areas
 Tube-like depressions in the dermis of
skin  Activated by nervousness or stress

 Generate hairs Skin Healing

 Alopecia (baldness) occurs when  Injury  inflammation

follicles die
 Redness due to dilation of nearby blood
 Arrector pili muscles attached to vessels
follicles cause goose bumps
 Swelling because vessels leak fluid into
 Sebaceous glands spaces between cells

 Produce sebum to keep hair soft  Pain because excess fluid activates pain
receptors
 Prevent bacteria from growing on skin
Skin and Aging
 Nails
 Skin loses firmness due to
 Protect the ends of fingers and toes
 Loss of elastic and collagen
 Hard keratin fibers in dermis
 Sudoriferous (sweat) glands  Loss and shifting of underlying
 Located in the dermis of skin adipose tissues

 Types  Skin color changes

 Eccrine  Dermis becomes thinner and more

transparent
 Produce watery type of
sweat  Paler due to decrease in circulation

 Activated by heat  Melanocytes decrease

 Apocrine  Those remaining gather  “age” spots

  Hair grays and becomes thinner  Folliculitis

 Decreased  Inflammation of hair follicles

tolerance to
temperature  Herpes simplex
changes  Type 1 – cold sores
 Sudoriferous glands decrease in  Type 2 – genital
number
 Herpes zoster
 Decreased perspiration, hard to
adjust to high temperatures  Shingles

 Loss in adipose tissue and decreased  Impetigo

circulation
 Oozing skin lesions that eventually crust
 Increased sensitivity to cold over

Burns: Treatment  Pediculosis

 Do not remove anything sticking to the burn  Head lice

 Do not apply butter, lotions, or ointments  Body lice

 Cool with large amounts of water  Pubic lice

 Cover with sterile sheet or plastic bag  Psoriasis

Skin Cancer  Inherited autoimmune disorder

 Basal cell carcinoma – progresses slowly and  Ringworm

rarely spreads to other body parts
 Tinea corporis
 Squamous cell carcinoma – more likely to
 Tinea capitis
spread to
surroundin  Tinea pedis
g tissues
 Rosacea
 Malignant melanoma – more aggressive and
occurs  Dilation of small facial blood vessels
anywhere
 Scabies
 Most arise from melanocytes
 Contagious skin condition caused by
Common Skin Disorders mites

 Alopecia  Warts

 Results in hair loss  Harmless growths caused by a virus

 Cellulitis

 Inflammation of connective tissue

in skin

 Dermatitis

 Inflammation of skin
or a rash

 Eczema

 Chronic dermatitis
Name: ________________________________________ Section: ____________________________________

WORKSHEET (INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM)

1. Where are melanocytes and keratinocytes, and what is their function?

2. What affects skin color?

3. Match the following:

______Keloid A. A blister

______ Vesicle B. A crack in the skin’s surface

______ Crust C. An overgrowth of scar tissue

______ Fissure D. A small, flat scaly area of skin

_______ Ulcer E. Dried blood or pus on the skin

_______ Plaque F. A wound that results from tissue loss

4. How does inflammation promote healing of the skin?

5. What happens to the skin in the elderly?

6. Match the following:

6. Match the following:

______ Alopecia A. Dilation of small facial blood vessels

______ Folliculitis B. Inherited autoimmune disorder

______ Impetigo C. Hair loss

______Psoriasis D. Growths caused by a virus

______ Rosacea E. Inflammation of hair follicles

_______ Warts F. Oozing skin lesions

The Skeletal System  Flat bones – located in the skull and rib cage

Introduction  Ribs

 Bones provide the body with structure and  Frontal bone

support
 Irregular bones
 206 bones with joints and connective tissue
 Vertebrae
 Divisions
 Bones of the pelvic girdle
 Axial – 80 bones
Functions of Bones
 Skull
 Give shape to body parts
 Vertebral column
 Support and protect soft structures
 Rib cage
 Examples – brain, lungs, heart
 Appendicular – 126 bones
 Allow body movement, because skeletal
 Arms and legs muscles attach to them

 Pectoral girdle  Allow for voluntary movement

 Pelvic girdle  Red bone marrow of bone produces new blood

cells – hematopoiesis
Bone Structure
 Store calcium
 Bones contain various kinds of tissues, including
Bone Growth
 Osseous tissue
 Ossification – process of bone growth
 Blood vessels
 Intramembran
 Nerves ous ossification
 Osseous tissue can  Bones begin as tough, fibrous
appear compact or membrane
spongy
 Bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
 Compact bone looks solid turn the membrane to bone (located in
 Structures can be observed with a skull)
microscope  Endochondral ossification
 All bones are made up of both compact and  Bones begin as cartilage
spongy bone models
 Classification by shape  Primary ossification center
 Long bones – located primarily in the
 Bone formed in the diaphysis
arms and legs
 Secondary ossification center
 Femur (thigh bone)
 Epiphyses turn to bone
 Humerus (upper arm bone)
 Bones with some cartilage
 Short bones – small bones between an epiphysis and the
located in the wrists
diaphysis will continue to grow
and ankles
 Medullary cavity and spaces in
 Carpals (wrist bones) cancellous bone form
 Tarsals (ankle bones)
  Cells that form holes in bone  Frontal – anterior
are called osteoclasts
 Parietal – top and most of the sides
Bone Growth: Building Better Bones
 Occipital – back
 Teach healthy behaviors
 Temporal – form the lower sides of the skull
 Bone-healthy diet with calcium and
vitamin D  Sphenoid and ethmoid bones – floor

 Bone-health exercises  Ear ossicles are the smallest bones of the body

 Weight-bearing Malleus

 Strength training Incus

 Bone-healthy lifestyle Stapes

 Avoid smoking  Mandible – forms the lower jaw bone

 Avoid alcohol  Maxillae – form the upper jawbone

 Zygomatic – form the prominence of the

 Bone tests
cheeks
 Bone density
 Nasal bones – fuse together to form the bridge
 Bone scans of the nose

 Diagnose causes of  Palatine – form the anterior portion of the

palate
 Bone pain
 Vomer – a thin bone that divides the nasal
 Arthritis cavity
 Bone infections The Spinal Column
 Bone cancers  7 cervical vertebrae
Bony Structures  12 thoracic vertebrae
 Rigid foundation  5 lumbar vertebrae
 Projections and processes for muscle and
 Sacrum
ligament attachment
 Coccyx
 Depressions and hollows for articulations – the
connection of bones at joints  Cervical vertebrae

 Openings for blood vessels and nerves  Smallest and lightest

The Skull  Located in the neck region

 Two bone types:  First one is atlas

 Cranial – form the top, sides, and back  Second one is axis
of the skull
 Thoracic vertebrae
 Facial – form the face
 Join the 12 pairs of ribs
Soft spots” felt on an infant's skull are actually fontanels
 Lumbar vertebrae
 Tough membranes that connect the
incompletely developed bones  Have very sturdy structures

The Skull: Cranial Bones

  Sacrum  Humerus

 A triangular-shaped bone that consists  Radius

of five fused vertebrae
 Ulna
 Coccyx
 Hand
 A small, triangular-shaped bone made
up of 3 to 5 fused vertebrae  8 carpals per hand

 Considered unnecessary  5 metacarpals per hand

 More commonly called the tailbone  14 phalanges per hand

The Rib Cage  3 in each finger

 Sternum  2 in each thumb

 Breastplate Bones of the Hips, Legs,

and Feet
 Forms the front middle portion of the
rib cage  Hipbones

 Joins with the clavicles and most ribs  Coxal bones form the pelvic girdle

 Xyphoid process  Ilium

 Cartilaginous tip  Ischium

 12 pairs of ribs  Pubis

 All are attached posteriorly to thoracic  Bones of leg

vertebrae  Femur
 True  Patella
 First seven pairs of ribs  Tibia
 Attach to sternum by costal  Fibula
cartilage
 Bones of the foot
 False
 Tarsals
 Rib pairs 8, 9, and 10
 Metatarsals
 Attach to the costal cartilage of
rib pair 7  Phalanges

 Floating Joints

 Rib pairs 11 and 12  Junctions between bones

 Do not attach anteriorly to any  Classification based on structure

structure
 Fibrous joints
Bones of the Shoulders, Arms,
 Connected together with short
and Hands
fibers
 Shoulders – pectoral girdles
 Between cranial bones and
 Clavicles facial bones

 Scapulae  Sutures – fibrous joints in the

skull
 Upper limb or arm bones
 Cartilaginous joints
  Connected together with a disc  Osteosarcoma – a type of bone cancer that
of cartilage originates from osteoblasts, the cells that make
bony tissue
 Between vertebrae
 Paget’s disease – causes bones to enlarge and
 Synovial joints become
 Covered with hyaline cartilage deformed
and weak
 Held together by a fibrous joint
capsule lined with synovial
membrane  Scoliosis – an abnormal
 Secretes synovial fluid S-shaped curvature of the spine
so bones
move easily against
each other

 Freely movable

 Bones are also held together

through tough, cord-like
structures called ligaments

Common Diseases and Disorders

 Arthritis – general term meaning joint

inflammation

 Osteoarthritis – degenerative joint

disease, primarily of weight-bearing
joints

 Rheumatoid Arthritis – chronic

systemic inflammatory disease of
smaller joints and surrounding tissues

 Bursitis – inflammation of a bursa (fluid-filled

sac that cushions tendons)

 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome – overuse of wrist; the

median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed

 Ewing’s Family of Tumors (EFT) – a group of

tumors that affect different tissue types;
primarily bone

 Gout – a type of arthritis; deposits of uric acid

crystals in the joints

 Kyphosis – abnormal curvature of the spine

(humpback)

 Lordosis – exaggerated inward curvature of the

lumbar spine (swayback)

 Osteogenesis imperfecta – brittle-bone disease

 Osteoporosis – a condition in which bones thin

(become porous) over time

Name: ________________________________________ Section: _______________________________

WORKSHEET (SKELETAL SYSTEM)

1. Why is it important for the bones to store calcium?

2. What are the two types of bone growth?

3. The doctor has told your patient that he has an osteosarcoma. What do you know about this disorder?

4. Match bone to classification.

______Humerus L. Long bones

______Rib S. Short bones

______Femur F. Flat bones

______Pelvic bones I. Irregular bones

______Carpals

______Frontal bone

______Vertebra

______Tarsals

5. Match the following:

______Epicondyle A. A relatively deep pit or depression

______Fontanels B. An interlocking line of union between bones

______Fossa C. “Soft spots” felt on an infant’s skull

______Process D. A knoblike process, usually larger than a tubercle

______Suture E. A projection situated above a condyle

______Tuberosity F. A prominent projection on a bone

6. Match the bones of the skull:

______Occipital A. Form the upper jawbone

______Sphenoid B. A thin bone that divides the nasal cavity

______Mandible C. Part of floor of skull

______Maxillae D. Form the prominence of the cheeks

______Zygomatic E. Back of skull

______Vomer F. Lower jaw bone

7. True or False:

______The sternum forms the front middle portion of the rib cage.

______The xyphoid process is a boney tip of the sternum.

______The true ribs are the first five pairs of ribs.

______False ribs attach to the costal cartilage of rib pair seven.

______Floating ribs attach to the xyphoid process.

8. Match the following:

______Clavicle A. Pectoral girdle

______Radius B. Arm bones

______Humerus C. Hands

______Carpals

______Scapula

______Ulna

______Phalanges

______Metacarpals

9. Match the following:

A. Coxal bones B. Leg bones C. Foot bones

______Tibia ______Patella

______Ilium ______Ischium

______Femur ______Metatarsals

______Pubis ______Fibula

______Tarsals

10. Match the following:

A. Fibrous joints B. Cartilaginous joints C. Synovial joints

______Between cranial bones and facial bones

______Covered with hyaline cartilage

______Between vertebrae

______Freely movable

______Sutures in the skull