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RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Analysis Of RC Structures Subject To Vibration By Using Ansys

T. Subramani1, K. Bharathi Devi2, M.S.Saravanan3, Suboth Thomas4
1
Professor & Dean, Department Of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, VMKV Engineering College, Vinayaka Missions
University, Salem,
India.
3
Associate Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana Engineering College, Salem, Tamilnadu,
India.
4
Professor & Director, Salem School of Architecture, Vinayaka Missions University, Salem, India.

ABSTRACT
Recent historic events have shown that buildings that are designed in compliance with conventional building
codes are not necessarily able to resist blast effects. It was observed in the past events that progressive or
disproportionate collapse generally occurred due to deficient blast performance of the structure, albeit in
compliance with conventional design codes. In the past, safety of structures against blast effects was ensured, to
a limited extent, through perimeter control; which minimizes damage by preventing the direct impact of the
blast effects on the building. With the emergence of blast resistant structural design, methodologies to inhibit
progressive collapse through the structural components performance can be developed, although there are no
available adequate tools to simulate or predict progressive collapse behavior of concrete buildings with
acceptable precision and reliability. This paper presents part of an effort to find an affordable solution to the
problem. State of the art review of the blast analysis and progressive collapse analysis procedures will be
presented. Preliminary analysis has been carried out to establish the vulnerability of a typical multistory
reinforced concrete framed building in Riyadh when subjected to accidental or terrorist attack blast scenarios. In
addition, the results of the blast vulnerability assessment will be used to develop mitigation approach to control
or prevent progressive collapse of the building. For protective structures, reinforced concrete is commonly used.
Concrete structures subjected to explosive loading in a combination of blast and fragments will have very
different response than statically loaded structure. During the blast and the fragment impacts the structure will
shake and vibrate, severe crushing of concrete occurs and a crater forms (spalling) in the front of the concrete;
for large penetration, scabbing may occur at the backside of the wall, or even perforation, with a risk of injury
for people inside the structure. This thesis is intended to increase the knowledge of reinforced concrete
structures subjected to explosive loading, i.e. effects of blast and fragmentation. A further aim is to describe and
use the non-linear finite element (FE) method for concrete penetration analyses. Particular attention is given to
dynamic loading, where the concrete behavior differs compared to static loading. The compressive and tensile
strengths increase due to the strain rate effects. Initial stiffness increases, and moreover the concrete strain
capacity is increased in dynamic loading. Traditionally, for prediction of the depth of penetration and crater
formation from fragments and projectiles, empirical relationships are used, which are discussed here together
with the effects of the blast wave that is caused by the explosion. To learn more about the structural behavior of
concrete subjected to severe loading, a powerful tool is to combine advanced non-linear FE analyses and
experiments. A trustworthy model must be able to capture correct results from several experiments, including
both the depth of penetration and the crater size. In this thesis, FE analyses of concrete penetration with steel
projectiles have been performed and compared to existing experimental results.
KEYWORDS: Analysis, RC Structures, Vibration, Using Ansys

I INTRODUCTION not considered in this thesis. Chalmers University

Concrete structures are usually large and of Technology has long collaborated with the
massive. For protective structures, e.g. civil Swedish Rescue Services Agency. In earlier
defense shelters, concrete is commonly used. projects a combination of experiments and non-
For civil defense shelters the main threat arises linear finite element (FE) analyses of a new
from explosions caused by military weapons, such reinforcement detailing in frame corners of civil
as conventional and nuclear weapons; the latter are defense shelters has been carried out at Chalmers;
see Plos (1994), Johansson (1996), Johansson and

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Karlsson (1997), and Johansson (2000). These impact the target before, at the same time or after
works have resulted in a new reinforcement the blast wave.
detailing that has been introduced in the A concrete structure subjected to impulse
Swedish Shelter Regulations, Swedish Rescue loading will have a very different response than a
Services Agency (1998). The experiments and statically loaded structure. When fragments fly into
appertaining FE analyses mentioned above have a concrete target, spalling occurs in the front of
been performed for static loading. However, a the concrete surface as a result of the direct
civil defense shelter must resist transient loading impact. When a shock wave propagates through
caused by explosions and falling debris from a the concrete and reaches the backside of the
collapsing building. Non-linear FE analyses have construction, it will reflect as a tensile wave, since
been performed by Johansson (1999) and concrete is very weak in tension, and this will lead
Johansson (2000), where the blast wave from the to scabbing at the backside. Design against
detonation was taken into account, and a study of fragments and projectiles is critical and an
falling debris from a collapsing building was important issue for protective structures. To
carried out. In this work it was shown how the predict the depth of penetration in concrete targets,
shelter subjected to blast wave was responding at empirical equations have been developed from
the most critical stage for the first few large series of experiments. The depth of
milliseconds. If the load was applied fast enough, penetration is a function of the impact velocity,
some parts of the structure were not aware of the mass, and form of the fragment or projectile, and
loading where other parts of it had already gone to of the target material. For concrete, the latter
failure. Furthermore, it was shown that the civil parameter is normally related to the compressive
defense shelter could withstand the design load strength. Furthermore, using non-linear FE
for the blast. In addition, from a detonation of a analyses of concrete penetration is an issue, where
General Purpose (GP) bomb, besides the shock the depth of penetration and crater size is of
wave, fragments will fly against the civil defense interest. In this thesis, the FE programs
shelter. The influence of the fragments that Ansys/Explicit and AUTODYN have been used.
impact the shelter has not been taken into
account by the earlier projects at Chalmers, II. BLAST, STRESS AND SHOCK WAVE
Concrete Structures. The work presented in this THEORY
thesis is a part of a research project where the To understand the behavior of concrete
long-term aim is to increase the knowledge of structures subjected to severe loading from
reinforced concrete structures subjected to military weapons, the nature and physics of
explosive loading, i.e. combination of blast wave explosions and the creation of a blast wave and
and fragmentation. To reach the aim, a powerful reflections from a bomb must be understood.
tool is to combine experiments with advanced non- When the blast wave hits a concrete surface, a
linear FE analyses. The work presented in this shock wave propagates through the concrete.
thesis is intended to give a strong basis of There are two main theories to describe the
knowledge in the field of structures subjected to response, the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods,
explosive loading. This includes the weapon which are further described. When treating the
effects, i.e. blast and fragmentation, knowledge of shock wave with the Eulerian method, where a
the material behavior for concrete subjected to fixed reference in space is chosen and the motions
severe dynamic loading, and the damage are derived with respect to that region, the shock
mechanisms. Analyzing a civil defense shelter wave theory is based on the conservation of
subjected to explosive loading is very complex, mass, momentum and energy. When treating the
since both the shock wave and fragmentation from shock wave by the Lagrangian method, with
a detonation must be included in the analyses. In moving reference, the stress wave theory is based
this work the analyses are limited to a steel on the classic wave equation of motion, where
projectile impacting a concrete target. The research equilibrium and compatibility are considered. An
area in this thesis is to study reinforced concrete explosion is characterized by a physical or a
structures subjected to an explosive loading from chemical change in the material, which happens
conventional weapons. From a high-explosive under sudden change of stored potential energy into
bomb, the explosive weight causes a blast wave mechanical work, with creation of a blast wave and
and fragments fly in all directions from the a powerful sound; see FortH1 (1987). The
bomb case. The physics of the detonation process explosive material can react in two ways, as a
is of interest, from initiation to the formation of deflagration or a detonation. For deflagration, the
the shock fro nt, blast wave and chemical change in the reaction zone occurs
fragmentatio n. Depending on the distance below the sonic speed through the explosive
between the charge and target, the fragments can material. In the case of a detonation, the

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chemical change in the reaction zone o c c u r s place. The reflection can be either normal
over the sonic speed through the reflection or an oblique reflection. There are two
e x p l o s i v e m a t e r i a l . In m i l i t a r y situations, types of oblique reflection, either regular or Mach
detonations are most common; for example, if a reflection; the type of reflection depends on the
TNT charge explodes, this means that it decays as incident angle and shock strength.
a detonation. In present thesis, by explosion is
meant a detonation unless stated otherwise. 2.2.1 NORMAL REFLECTION
The medium has a particle velocity, Ux, before
2.1 BLAST WAVES AND REFLECTIONS the incident shock wave, Us, passes the medium;
A shock wave resulting from an explosive after passage the particle velocity increases to
detonation in free air is termed an air-blast shock Up. Furthermore, the overpressure increases from
wave, or simply a blast wave. The blast px to py (px refers usually to atmospheric
environment will differ depending on where the
overpressure), the temperature increases from Tx
explosion takes place. In the case of an airburst,
when the blast wave hits the ground surface, it to Ty and the sonic speed increases from ax to
will be reflected. The reflected wave will coalesce ay (ax is approximately 340 m/s in undisturbed air).
the incident wave and a much front is created. The
pressure–time history of a blast wave can be III MACH STEMS FORMATION
illustrated with a general shape. The illustration is There is a critical angle that depends on
an idealization for an explosion in free air. The the shock strength, where an oblique reflection
pressure–time history is divided into a positive cannot occur. According to Baker (1973), Ernst
and a negative phase. In the area under the Mach [Mach and Sommer (1877)] showed that
positive phase of the pressure–time curve. For the incident shock and the reflected shock
the negative phase, the maximum negative coalesce to form a third shock front. The created
- shock front is termed the Mach stem or Mach
pressure, P , has much lower amplitude than the
front, which is moving approximately parallel to the
maximum overpressure. The duration of the
ground surface, with increasing height of the
-
negative phase, T , is much longer compared to shock front. The point where the three shock
- fronts meets is termed the triple point. The Mach
the positive duration. The negative impulse, i ,
front and the path of the triple point.
is the area under the negative phase of the
pressure–time curve. The positive phase is more
3.1 STRESS WAVES, REFLECTIONS AND
interesting in studies of blast wave effects on
TRANSMISSION
concrete buildings because of its high amplitude
When a concrete member is subjected to
of the overpressure and the concentrated impulse
dynamic loading, a stress wave will propagate
+
where p(t) is the overpressure at time t, and T through it. The stress wave propagates in the
(the positive duration) is the time for the pressure longitudinal and the transverse directions in the
to return to atmospheric pressure, p0,. By structure. By using constitutive laws, equilibrium
selecting a value for the constant b, various and compatibility the classic wave equation in one
pressure–time histories can be described. The peak dimension for elastic materials can be derived; In
pressure, Ps, is dependent on the distance from real structures when the blast wave or fragment
the charge and the weight of the explosives. In hits the concrete, the concrete behavior is far
addition, if the peak pressure, the positive impulse from elastic, and the elastic wave equations is
and the positive time duration are known, the not valid. However, the elastic assumption of the
constant b can be calculated, and then the pressure– classic wave equation illustrates phenomena for
time history is known. Conventional high concrete in dynamic loading.
explosives tend to produce different magnitudes of The particle velocity is proportional to the
peak pressure. As a result, the environments stress and indirectly proportional to the acoustic
produced by these chemicals will be different from impedance (ρc). The acoustic impedance is the
each other. The peak pressure, the positive resistance to the wave propagation, where the
duration time and the positive impulse are now mass and stiffness are parameters that determine
functions of Z, and the pressure–time history can be the particle velocity in the medium. By using this
described. model, comparison of concrete and steel shows that
the particle velocity is approximately four to five
2.2BLAST WAVE REFLECTIONS times higher for concrete than for steel.
When a blast wave strikes a surface,
which is not parallel to its direction of 3.1.1 SHOCK WAVES
propagation, a reflection of the blast wave takes
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By choosing a fixed reference in space (the and velocity of the projectile. For direct projectiles
shock front), where the material motions are with explosives such as grenades, bombs,
derived with respect to that region, the fundamental torpedoes, missiles and robots, the damage is
shock wave equations, known as the Rankine- caused not only by the primary kinetic energy
Hugoniot equations, are derived from the from the projectile, but also by the shock wave
equations for conservation of mass, momentum, due to the explosion.
and energy in the medium. Consider the one- Furthermore, fragments are produced
dimensional model , where the material is moving from the projectile case, which will fly against the
with a velocity of U0 against the shock front, and target. Indirect projectiles are weapons that
the material velocity is U1 after passing the shock produce a projectile after being discharged.
front. The pressure is P0 and the density ρ0 before
the material reaches the shock front, and the 4.1.1 FRAGMENTATION:
pressure is P1 and density ρ1 after passage. When high explosives such as
grenades, bombs, torpedoes, missiles or robots
detonate, fragments will fly out in all
IV CONCRETE UNDER SEVERE directions when the case is broken. The
LOADING fragments from the same kind of weapon can be
To understand the behavior of concrete of different sizes. An example of fragmentation of
structures subjected to severe loading from a 15.5 cm bursting shell is shown in Figure 4.1.
military weapons, the nature and physics of
explosions, the creation of a blast wave and
reflections must be known, as described in
Chapter 2. Furthermore, fragments will be
released from the bomb case, which will fly
against the structure. The fragment size, area
2
density (kg/m ) and striking (impact) velocity
are important parameters for the fracture
mechanism in concrete. Prediction o f t h e
d e p t h o f penetration is an important factor for
design of protective structures. These subjects will
be discussed in this chapter. The effects in
concrete slabs loaded by fragments and combined
loading of blast and fragment into concrete walls are
discussed as well.

4.1 WEAPON SYSTEMS

Weapon systems can be divided into Figure 4.1 Fragmentations Of 15.5 Cm Bursting
conventional weapons, nuclear weapons, Shell, Based On Forth1 (1987).
biological and chemical weapons. Nuclear
weapons, the most powerful weapon systems in The damage to concrete depends on the
human history, are of two kinds, A-bomb fragment properties, i.e. the striking velocity, mass
(atomic) and H-bomb (hydrogen). An A-bomb is a n d a r e a density. In the literature there
created by fission of uranium and an H-bomb by are empirical formulas – as Janzon (1978),
fusion of hydrogen. The H -bomb g i v e s m u c h ConWep (1992), Krauthammer (2000), or
higher energy release than the A- FortH1 (1987) – for estimating the velocity of
bomb. Biological weapons cause diseases by the fragments. Here formulas from FortH1 (1987)
releasing bacteria or viruses; an example is are presented.
anthrax. Chemical weapons are direct chemical
attacks. An example is mustard gas, first The initial velocity of the fragments
introduced in World War I. depends on the amount of the explosive material
However, the aim in this thesis is to study and the size of the case, which can be estimated
the effects of conventional weapon attacks in with equation (3.1), where Q is the charge weight
reinforced concrete structures, especially the and Mh is the weight of the case.
combination of blast wave and fragments.
−2Q / M h
Conventional weapons are divided into direct and vi =2400( 1 − e [m/s] (3.1)
indirect projectiles with and without explosives;
see FortH1 (1987). The damage of a direct Where r is the distance, vi is the initial fragment
projectile without explosives is caused by the mass
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velocity from equation (3.1) and mf is the fragment m/s. As seen, both the striking velocity and the
mass. Fragments from an explosion can fly mass are important factors for the design of
through the air over very long distances, more protective structures. The area marked grey gives a
than 1000 m for heavy fragments; FortH1 (1987). thickness above 350 mm massive concrete (the
required minimum thickness of a civil defense
shelter above ground).
According to Swedish Rescue Services
Agency (1994), a shelter must be able to resist the
effect of a 250 kg GP bomb (with 50 weight 4.2.1 SPALLING AND SCABBING
per cent TNT) that bursts freely outside from a Concrete has a high compressive strength
distance of 5 m from the shelter. The fragments but is very weak in tension. The fragment or
masses from a 250 kg GP bomb are normally projectile impact will cause severe cracking and
distributed from 1 to 50 g; FortH1 (1987). By crushing in the concrete, which must be supported
using equations (3.1) the impact velocity at a by reinforcement in order to prevent failure.
distance of 5 m varies between 1650-1950 m/s for When a fragment or a projectile hits a target of
fragments with mass of 1 to 50 g. fragments concrete, it will penetrate into the concrete and
velocities from a 250 kg GP bomb are shown for the impact will cause crushing of the material at
varying fragment weights. the point of contact (spalling) and possible
scabbing on the backside of the wall; When 50
% penetration is achieved, scabbing will become a
4.2 PENETRATION WITH STEEL problem.
FRAGMENTS INTO DIFFERENT
MATERIALS: 4.3 CONCRETE PENETRATION WITH STEEL
The depth of penetration depends on the PROJECTILE:
fragment mass, form, velocity and inclination angle Reinforced concrete structures for military
of impact, and the material of the target. For protection have been the most widely used material.
spherical fragments, it has been empirically Protective structures in concrete have been built
found by Janzon (1978) that the velocity for th century
since the beginning of the 20 . During
perforation at different thicknesses of steel plates is
and after World War II there were large research
where θ is a constant depending on the form of the
projects for studying penetration effects on
fragment and the target material. The inclination of
concrete. Poncelet (1829), according to Bulson
the impact is α, the mass of the fragments is mf, and
(1997) is known as the first who came up with a
the thickness of the steel plate is t. An example of penetration formula for projectiles. He assumed
penetration with fragments of 15.5 cm bursting that the course of forces between the projectile and
shell into soft steel is shown in Figure, with an the target was a function of the projectile weight,
impact inclination of 90°.Approximate depth of diameter, nose shape, impact velocity, vi, and two
penetration into other materials than steel is given
parameters that took account of the target material.
by multiples of the depth of penetration for soft steel
where x is the depth of penetration, and C is a
by a factor. By using a direct formula, in
constant which depends on the projectile mass,
Krauthammer (2000), the depth of penetration can
the nose shape of the projectile, the diameter of
be estimated for fragments penetrating massive
the projectile and a parameter that takes account of
concrete. For equations, see the Appendix D. The
the target material. For concrete this last parameter
depth of penetration is a function of the fragment
is normally related to the compressive strength.
weight, the striking velocity and the concrete
Hughes (1984) derived an empirical
compressive strength. The penetration depth for
formula;. He used the same principal ideas that
fragments into massive concrete is shown.
Bergman and Beth used, i.e. that the depth of
However, for a concrete structures, for 70 %
penetration was dependent on the projectile mass,
penetration, perforation may be expected; see
the nose shape of the projectile, the diameter of the
Krauthammer (2000). According to Swedish
projectile and a parameter that takes account of the
Rescue Services Agency (1994), shelter above
target material. However, Hughes used the tensile
ground must have a minimum thickness of 350
strength of the concrete as a parameter, whereas
mm. For the nor mally distributed (1–50 g)
Bergman and Beth had used the co ncrete
fragments from a 250 kg GP bomb with 125 kg
c o mp r e s s i v e strengt h . Furthermore, the
TNT, perforation will not be a problem.
c o n c r e te strength depends on the strain rate.
However, if single fragments of large size are
This approach gives more realistic behavior of
released from the bomb, perforation may become a
the concrete.
problem. The required thickness of a concrete wall
to just prevent perforation for fragment weights
from 5 to 400 g with striking velocities up to 3000 V FE ANALYSES OF CONCRETE
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PENETRATION velocities of 642 and 800 m/s, the target

A FE model with good material models diameter was 1.22 m and the length 1.83 m.
should be able to predict the crater size and the 3
The concrete had a density of 2370 kg/m and
depth of penetration of a steel projectile the unconfined uniaxial compressive cylinder
impacting a concrete target. In this chapter, FE strength varied between 32.4 and 35.2 MPa.
analyses have been compared to experimental Totally four experiments are compared in this
results. To ensure that the model can predict the thesis, and their results are summarized.
depth of penetration and crater size, results from
more than one experiment must be reproduced. In 5.2 ANALYSES WITH AUTODYN:
this thesis two experimental series with a total of 6 The EOS used in the numerical model is
shots have been compared. In a study by Leppänen a combined P-Alpha EOS and polynomial EOS;
(2001), FE program ANSYS/Explicit was The material parameters is shown in Appendix A.
evaluated, which is summarized. Furthermore, Detailing of the material parameters are described
analyses with AUTODYN by using the RHT model in AUTODYN (2001); here the compaction
for the concrete target have been carried out, as phase (polynomial EOS) is chosen to have the
described. Two experimental series have been default values from the material library in
compared with FE analyses: first, with a 6.28 kg AUTODYN. In the experimental series with 6.28
projectile impacting a concrete cylinder, by kg projectile, the density of the concrete is
Hansson (1998), and secondly with a 0.906 kg 3
projectile impacting a concrete cylinder, by assumed to be 2400 kg/m ; see Betonghandboken
Forrestal et al. (1994). The first series both the (1994) (density of plain concrete).
Lagrangian and Eulerian methods, and the The constitutive model used in the study is
second series the Lagrangian method have been the RHT model, as described. Parameters A and N
used for the non-linear FE analyses. In the first of describe the failure surface (compressive meridian);
these series, the 6.28 kg steel projectile impacted see Appendix A for values. From the knowledge of
a concrete cylinder with a striking velocity of 485 the concrete behaviour in tri–axial stress states, the
m/s. Two shots are compared, one with support and parameters can be decided. In this thesis, parameters
the other without any support at the backside of used are calculated according to the model proposed
the target. In the second series, with a projectile by Attard and Setunge (1996 for low confining
mass of 0.906 kg, the results of several striking pressures. The proposed model by Attard and
velocities from 277 m/s to 800 m/s are compared Setunge (1996) is limited to low confining pressures.
with FE analyses. In the experimental series The material parameters for the constitutive
reported by Hansson (1998), a 6.28 kg steel model used in analyses are shown in Appendix
projectile was used with a length of 225 mm, A. In the experimental series by Hansson (1998),
3 the tested concrete cube strength was 40 MPa.
diameter of 75 mm, density of 7830 kg/m , However, the cylinder strength is used as input in
bulk modulus of 159 GPa, shear modulus of 81.8 the material model, which is calculated from the
GPa, and yield stress of 792 MPa. The target was a cube strength according to the CEB-FIB Model
concrete cylinder cast in a steel culvert with a Code 1990 (1993). In addition, the CEB Model
diameter of 1.6 m and a length of 2 m. The Code 90 is used for calculating the material
concrete cube strength was approximately 40 MPa parameters, for instance the bulk modulus or tensile
(tested on a 150 mm cube). Two shots were strength. The same model that was used previously
made with the same impact velocity, first with for comparison with experimental results from the
support and secondly without support at the larger projectile having a mass of 6.28 kg –
backside of the target. can predict the depth of penetration of the
smaller projectile having a weight of
5.1 LIGHT STEEL PROJECTILE approximately 0.906 kg. In Figure 6.8 the crater
In the series reported by Forrestal et al. size and depth of penetration are shown from the
(1994), projectiles made from 4,340 steel rods and analyses. The depth of penetration, maximum
heat-treated to a hardness of Rc 43-45 were used. crater diameter and the lateral damage are
Moreover, filler material was used in the projectiles, increased for higher impact velocities. In these
with a density of 1580 kg/m3. The projectile length, analyses the yield strength of the steel in the
l, was 242.4 mm; its diameter d was 26.9 mm, and projectile was 1448 MPa. The crater size is
the ogival radius s was 53.8 mm. smaller for the light projectile than in experiments
The concrete targets were cast in with the heavier projectile (with mass of 6.28 kg
galvanized, corrugated steel culverts with and diameter of 75 mm). For the higher impact
diameter of 1.37 m and target length of 0.76 m. velocities, the steel strength of the projectile is
The shots had striking velocities of 277 m/s and important. The projectile deforms when using the
499 m/s. For two other experiments with impact
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true yield strength of the material in the material important in the analysis the projectile will deform
model (von Mises). However, when using the when the increase in steel strength is not
ultimate strength of the steel the projectile will not modelled. Hence, modeling the steel accurately,
deform. Ansys/Explicit has no material model that i.e. including hardening in the material model,
can combine non-linearity of compression and is important at higher impact velocities.
tension at the same time for one element. Normally,
two different material models are combined: for VI. THE FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
areas where the compressive stresses are high,
the compression model is used, and for areas 6.1 GENERAL
where tensile stresses are high (where the The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a
compressive stresses are linear) the tension model numerical method for solving problems of
is used. With a combination of a compression engineering and mathematical physics. Useful for
model and a tension model, it is possible to problems with complicated geometries, loadings,
achieve results that agree with experiments and material properties where analytical solutions
regarding the depth of perforation and the cannot be obtained. Finite element analysis (FEA)
crater size. However, Ansys/Explicit cannot be has become commonplace in recent years, and is
used for general impact loading, since by using the now the basis of a multibillion dollar per year
method with combined models there can be errors industry. Numerical solutions to even very
in the analysis even if the end result seems to be complicated stress problems can now be obtained
correct. First of all, the stresses will vary from high routinely using FEA, and the method is so important
compressive stresses to high tensile stresses; this that even introductory treatments of Mechanics of
leads to defaults in the analysis. Secondly, the Materials such as these modules should outline its
distinction in where to use the compression and principal features. In spite of the great power of
tension models is hard to draw, especially for FEA, the disadvantages of computer solutions must
analysis with multiple hits, such as fragments be kept in mind when using this and similar
impacting a concrete wall. AUTODYN, on the other methods: they do not necessarily reveal how the
hand, was created for analyses with large stresses are influenced by important problem
deformations. For reliable model, results from variables such as materials properties and
several experiments must be reproduced, regarding geometrical features, and errors in input data can
both the crater size and the depth of penetration. produce wildly incorrect results that may be
For example, correct results on depth of overlooked by the analyst. Perhaps the most
penetration can be obtained by changing, for important function of theoretical modeling is that of
instance, the residual strength or the erosion sharpening the designer's intuition; users of finite
criterion (with the Lagrangian method). element codes should plan their strategy toward this
end, supplementing the computer simulation with as
In this thesis, numerical comparisons to much closed-form and experimental analysis as
experiments by Hansson (1998) were made with possible. Finite element codes are less complicated
both Lagrangian and Eulerian methods. The erosion than many of the word processing and spreadsheet
criterion, the instantaneous geometric strain for packages found on modern microcomputers.
Lagrangian analyses, was calibrated to fit the Nevertheless, they are complex enough that most
experimental results. This erosion criterion was users do to program their own code. A number of
further used for comparison with another prewritten commercial codes are available,
experimental series, in Forrestal et al. (1994), with representing a broad price range and compatible
varying impact velocities for the projectile. For the with machines from microcomputers to
experiments by Forrestal et al. (1994) the supercomputers1. However, users with specialized
projectile was modeled with the von Mises needs should not necessarily shy away from code
material model. The model has no hardening, and development, and may the code sources available in
the difference between the ultimate strength and such texts as that by Zienkiewicz2 to be a useful
the yield strength of the steel is so great that, by starting point. Most finite element software is
using the yield strength of the material, the written in Fortran, but some newer codes such as felt
depth of penetration will be underestimated. are in C or other more modern programming
Therefore, analyses using the ultimate strength as languages.
the yield strength in the model were also carried
out. This gives lower and upper limits according
to the strength of the steel in the projectile. At low
impact velocities the difference in depth of
penetration is negligible, but for the higher impact VII ANSYS RESULT
velocities the increase of the steel strength is Deflection along x-positive direction:

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Figure.. 7.4 Graph result in y positive –direction

Deflection along z- positive direction:
Figure. 7.1 Deflection along x-positive direction
Graph result in x positive -direction:

Figure.. 7.5 Deflection along z- positive direction

Figure..7.2: Graph result in x positive -direction Graph result in z – positive direction:

Deflection along y positive -direction:

Figure.. 7.6 Graph result in z – positive direction

Deflection along x-negative direction:
Figure.. 7.3 Deflection along y positive -direction
Graph result in y positive -direction:

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T. Subramani et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 5), December 2014, pp.45-54

Figure.7.7 Deflection along x-negative direction Figure.7.10 Graph result in y –negative direction
Graph result in x –negative direction:
Deflection along z-negative direction:

Figure.7.8 Graph result in x –negative direction

Deflection along y-negative direction: Figure.7.11 Deflection along z-negative direction

Graph result in z –negative direction:

Figure.7.9 Deflection along y-negative direction

Graph result in y –negative direction:

Figure.7.12 Graph result in z –negative direction

VIII CONCLUSION
The main aim of this thesis was to increase
the knowledge of concrete structures subjected to
explosive loading. A further intention has been to
describe how to use the non-linear FE method for
severe loading cases. FE analyses with a
combination of blast and fragment impacts are very

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T. Subramani et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 12( Part 5), December 2014, pp.45-54

complex; in this thesis the analyses are limited to (LX): 53-62

projectiles impacting a concrete target. The theory [2]. Beushausen, H., & Alexander, M. (200. 7).
of blast waves and their reflections describes the Localized strain and stress in bonded
nature of the explosion. By using this, the load concrete overlays subjected to differential
can be applied to a concrete structure in a realistic shrinkage. Materials and structures. 40:189-
way. The classic stress wave theory describes 199. Bianchi, P. (2007) Bridge Rehabilitation
the stress wave propagation in concrete at with concrete overlay. Hilti.
dynamic loading for elastic materials. Concrete [3]. 6.Borges, A. M. (2008). Análise do
under severe loading is far from elastic and the comportamento de juntas de betonagem.
classic elastic assumptions are not valid; the shock Instituto Superior Técnico.– Dissertação de
wave theory is used to describe the material Mestrado em Engenharia Civil. Universidade
behaviour. The fundamental shock wave equations Técnica de Lisboa. 92 pp.
are based on the equations for conservation of mass, [4]. Subramani.T , Kumaresan.A, “ Advanced
momentum and energy. The concrete behaviour Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Process
changes under dynamic loading. The initial Analysis with ANSYS”, International Journal
stiffness, the ultimate strength, in both of Modern Engineering Research, Volume. 4,
compression and tension will increase, and the Issue.6 (Version 1), pp 28-33, 2014,
concrete strain capacity is extended in dynamic [5]. Subramani.T , Senthil Kumar.R, “Modelling
loading. Furthermore, the fracture of a concrete and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Joint
member changes at dynamic loading and multiple Using Fem in ANSYS”, International Journal
fracture planes are obtained. For design of of Modern Engineering Research, Volume 4,
protective structures, their penetration by fragments Issue 6 (Version 1), pp 41- 46, 2014,
and projectiles is an important issue, and [6]. Subramani.T, Manivannan.R, Kavitha.M,
traditionally empirical equations are used to predict "Crack Identification In Reinforced Concrete
the depth of penetration. In the literature there Beams Using Ansys Software" ,International
are empirical equations to predict the depth of Journal of Engineering Research and
penetration for fragments and projectiles Applications, Volume. 4, Issue. 6 (Version 6),
impacting a concrete target. The empirical pp 133 - 141, 2014.
equations give a good prediction of the depth of [7]. Subramani.T, Subramani.M,
penetration, but will not describe the structural Prasath.K,"Analysis Of Three Dimensional
behavior of the concrete structure. To increase the Horizontal Reinforced Concrete Curved
knowledge of concrete subjected to severe Beam Using Ansys" International Journal of
loading, a combination of experiments with the Engineering Research and Applications,
FE method is a powerful tool. It can be used for Volume. 4, Issue. 6 (Version 6), pp 156 - 161,
detailed behavior. A reliable model must be able 2014.
to describe experimental results. The RHT model
in AUTODYN seems to be able to predict both
the depth of penetration and the crater size for
projectile impact analyses in concrete.The material
parameters that mostly influence the depth of
penetration are the concrete compressive strength,
the strain rate dependency for compression, and
the level of the residual strength. Furthermore, the
numerical mesh influences the depth of penetration.
The mesh dependency is commonly treated by
refining the mesh until the differences are
negligible. However, the results obtained in this
thesis are reasonable. The material parameters that
mostly influence the size of the crater are the
tensile strength, the fracture energy and the strain
rate dependency for tension.

REFERENCES
[1]. Banu, D., & Taranu, N. (2010).
Traditional solutions for strengthening
reinforced concrete slabs. Bouletin of the
Polytechnic Institute of Jassy,
Constructions, Architechture Section. LVI

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