ECE 301: Signals and Systems

Homework Solution #1

Professor: Aly El Gamal

TA: Xianglun Mao

1
Aly El Gamal ECE 301: Signals and Systems Homework Solution #1 Problem 1

Problem 1
Determine the values of P∞ and E∞ for each of the following signals:
(a) x1 (t) = e−2t u(t)
(b) x2 (t) = ej(2t+π/4)
(c) x3 (t) = cos(t)
(d) x1 [n] = ( 12 )n u[n]
(e) x2 [n] = ej(π/2n+π/8)
(f) x3 [n] = cos( π4 n)

Solution
R∞
(a) E∞ = 0
e−2t dt = 14 . P∞ = 0, because E∞ < ∞.
(b) x2 (t) = ej(2t+π/4) , |x2 (t)| = 1. Therefore,
Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ = |x2 (t)|2 dt = dt = ∞.
−∞ −∞
Z T Z T
1 2 1
P∞ = lim |x2 (t)| dt = lim dt = lim 1 = 1.
T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T −T T →∞

(c) x3 (t) = cos(t). Therefore,

Z ∞ Z ∞
E∞ = |x3 (t)|2 dt = cos2 (t)dt = ∞.
−∞ −∞
Z T Z T Z T
1 1 1 1 + cos(2t) 1
P∞ = lim |x3 (t)|2 dt = lim cos2 (t)dt = lim ( )dt = .
T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T −T T →∞ 2T −T 2 2
(d) x1 [n] = ( 12 )n u[n], |x1 [n]| =2
( 14 )n u[n]. Therefore,
∞ ∞
X X 1 4
E∞ = |x1 [n]|2 = ( )n = .
n=−∞ n=0
4 3

P∞ = 0, because E∞ < ∞.
(e) x2 [n] = ej(π/2n+π/8) , |x2 [n]|2 = 1. Therefore,
∞
X ∞
X
E∞ = |x2 [n]|2 = 1 = ∞.
n=−∞ n=−∞

N N
1 X 1 X
P∞ = lim |x2 [n]|2 = lim 1 = 1.
N →∞ 2N + 1 N →∞ 2N + 1
n=−N n=−N

(f) x3 [n] = cos( π4 n). Therefore,

∞ ∞
X X π
E∞ = |x3 [n]|2 = cos2 ( n) = ∞.
n=−∞ n=−∞
4

N N N
1 X
2 1 X
2 π 1 X 1 + cos( π2 n) 1
P∞ = lim |x3 [n]| = lim cos ( n) = lim ( )= .
N →∞ 2N + 1 N →∞ 2N + 1 4 N →∞ 2N + 1 2 2
n=−N n=−N n=−N

2
Aly El Gamal ECE 301: Signals and Systems Homework Solution #1 Problem 2

Problem 2
A continuous-time signal x(t) is shown in Figure 6. Sketch and label carefully each of the following signals:

(a) x(4 − 2t )

(b) [x(t) + x(−t)]u(t)

(c) x(t)[δ(t + 32 ) − δ(t − 32 ))]

Figure 1: The continuous-time signal x(t).

Solution

Figure 2: Sketches for the resulting signals.

3
Aly El Gamal ECE 301: Signals and Systems Homework Solution #1 Problem 3

Problem 3
A discrete-time signal x[n] is shown in Figure 3. Sketch and label carefully each of the following signals:

(a) x[3n]

(b) x[n]u[3 − n]

(c) x[n − 2]δ[n − 2]

Figure 3: The discrete-time signal x[n].

Solution

Figure 4: Sketches for the resulting signals.

4
Aly El Gamal ECE 301: Signals and Systems Homework Solution #1 Problem 4

Problem 4
Deternmine and sketch the even and odd parts of the signals depicted in Figure 5. Label your sketches
carefully.

Figure 5: The continuous-time signal x(t).

Solution

Figure 6: Sketches for the resulting signals.

5
Aly El Gamal ECE 301: Signals and Systems Homework Solution #1 Problem 5

Problem 5
Let x(t) be the continuous-time complex exponential signal

x(t) = ejw0 t

with fundamental frequency ω0 and fundamental period T0 = 2π/ω0 . Consider the discrete-time signal
obtained by taking equally spaced samples of x(t) - that is,

x[n] = x(nT ) = ejω0 nT

(a) Show that x[n] is periodic if and only if T /T0 is a rational number - that is, if and only if some multiple
of the sampling interval exactly equals a multiple of the period of x(t).

(b) Suppose that x[n] is periodic - that is, that

T p
= (1)
T0 q

where p and q are integers. What are the fundamental period and fundamental frequency of x[n]?
Express the fundamental frequency as a fraction of ω0 T .

(c) Again assuming that TT0 satisfies equation (1), determine precisely how many periods of x(t) are needed
to obtain the samples that form a single period of x[n].

Solution
(a) If x[n] is periodic, then ejω0 (n+N )T = ejω0 nT , where ω0 = 2π/T0 . This implies that

2π T k
N T = 2πk ⇒ = = a rational number.
T0 T0 N

T k
If T0 = N = a rational number, then we have

T k 2π
= ⇒ N T = 2πk.
T0 N T0

This implies that ejω0 (n+N )T = ejω0 nT , where ω0 = 2π/T0 . x[n] is periodic.
Combining the above two conditions, we can conclude that x[n] is periodic if and only if T /T0 is a
rational number.
p
(b) If TT0 = pq then x[n] = ej2πn( q ) .The fundamental period is N = q/gcd(p, q) (gcd refer to the greatest
common divisor). The fundamental frequency is

2π 2π p ω0 T
gcd(p, q) = gcd(p, q) = gcd(p, q)
q p q p

NT
(c) We know that the fundamental period of (b) is N = q/gcd(p, q), so overall T0 = p/gcd(p, q) periods
of x(t) is needed to obtain the samples that form a single period of x[n].