Islamic University Of Gaza Digital Image Processing
Faculty of Engineering Discussion
Computer Department Chapter 3
Eng. Ahmed M. Ayash Date: 03/03/2013
Chapter 3
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain
Part 1
1. Theoretical
Enhancement
The principal objective of enhancement is to process an image so that the result is
more suitable than the original image for a specific application.
Image enhancement approaches fall into two broad categories:
o Spatial domain methods: Techniques are based on direct manipulation of pixels in
an image.
o Frequency domain methods: Techniques are based on modifying the Fourier
transform of an image
The general form of the enhancement approach is:
S = T(r)
where T is a transformation that maps a pixel value (intensity) r into a pixel value s.
Gray Level Transformations
Three basic types of functions used frequently for image enhancement
o Linear (negative and identity transformation)
o Logarithmic (log and inverse-log transformation)
o Power-law (nth power and nth root transformation)
1
Linear
Identity: s = r, no transformation
Image Negatives: assume the gray level range is [0, L-1]:
S = L-1-r
L=0,1,2,3,4 =total 5
L=5
r=value of exact row
2
Logarithmic
Log Transformations
S = c log(1+r)
- Where c is a constant and it is assumed that r≥0.
- Stretch low gray levels and compress high gray level.
- maps a narrow range of dark input values into a wider range of output values.
The opposite of this applies for inverse-log transform.
Power-law
Power-Law Transformations:
S = c rγ
where c and γ are positive constants
γ < 1 T plays as log transformation.
γ > 1 T plays as inverse log transformation.
c = γ = 1 Identity function
This transformation function is also called as gamma correction.
3
2. Practical
Example1: Image Negatives
%img_neg.m
close all;
clear all;
I=imread('ch3.jpg');
I=im2double(I);
for i=1:size(I,1)
for j=1:size(I,2)
I1(i,j)=1-I(i,j);
end
end
subplot(121),imshow(I),title('original image')
subplot(122),imshow(I1),title('enhanced image (image negative)')
Output:
Example2: Power-Law Transformations
%power_tr.m
close all;
clear all;
clc;
I=imread('ch3.tif');
I=im2double(I);
c=input('Enter the value of the constant c=');
g=input('Enter the value of gamma g=');
for i=1:size(I,1)
for j=1:size(I,2)
I3(i,j)=c*I(i,j)^g;
end
end
subplot(121), imshow(I),title('original image')
subplot(122), imshow(I3),title('power-low transformation')
4
Output:
Enter the value of the constant c=1
Enter the value of gamma g=0.2 % for gamma value less than 1 u gets Bright image
Enter the value of the constant c=1
Enter the value of gamma g=1 % for gamma value equals to 1 the result will be the same image
5
Enter the value of the constant c=1
Enter the value of gamma g=5 % for gamma value greater than 1 u gets dark image
3. Homework:
1. Repeat Example1 (Image Negatives) without converting the image to double, your output should
be the same as example1 output.
2. Write a Matlab code to apply Log Transformations function.
