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Integers, Power and Roots A. Arithmatic Integers

1) Integers are whole numbers that can be positive or negative, including zero. Basic integer operations follow rules like two positives or two negatives make a positive, and a positive and negative make a negative. 2) Factors are numbers that fully divide another number, like 1, 2, 3, 6 for 18. Multiples are numbers produced by multiplying another by 1, 2, 3 etc, like 6, 12, 18 for 6. The lowest common multiple is the smallest number shared as a multiple, while the highest common factor is the largest number shared as a factor. 3) A prime number has only two factors, 1 and itself. Powers raise a number by repeated multiplication, like 52

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87 views4 pages

Integers, Power and Roots A. Arithmatic Integers

1) Integers are whole numbers that can be positive or negative, including zero. Basic integer operations follow rules like two positives or two negatives make a positive, and a positive and negative make a negative. 2) Factors are numbers that fully divide another number, like 1, 2, 3, 6 for 18. Multiples are numbers produced by multiplying another by 1, 2, 3 etc, like 6, 12, 18 for 6. The lowest common multiple is the smallest number shared as a multiple, while the highest common factor is the largest number shared as a factor. 3) A prime number has only two factors, 1 and itself. Powers raise a number by repeated multiplication, like 52

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INTEGERS, POWER AND ROOTS

A. ARITHMATIC INTEGERS
Integers are whole numbers. They may be positive or negative. Zero is also an integer. You can
show integers on a number line.

 Addition and Substraction

1. Two ‘pluses’ make a plus …………. Thus -3 + (+2) = -3 + 2


2. Two ‘minuses’ make a plus ………. Thus 3 – (-2) = 3 + 2
3. A plus and a minus make a minus... Thus 3 – (+2) = 3 – 3 or 3 + (-2) = 3 – 3
4. Sum of a negative and a positive number Use the sign of the larger number and
…………………………….. subtract : (- 3) + 2 = -1

5. Sum of numbers with the same sign add Give the result the sign as the integers
the values. 6+2=8 and -4 - 3 = -7

 Multiplication and Division


(+) × (+) = (+) Thus 2 × 4 = 8 and 10 ÷ 2 = 5
(−) × (−) = (+) Thus (-2) × (-4) = 8 and (-10) ÷ (-2) = 5
(+) × (−) = (−) Thus 2 × −4 = (-8) and 10 ÷ (-2) = (-5)
(−) × (+) = (−) Thus (-2) × 4 = (-8) and -10 ÷ 2 = (-5)

Here is a simple rule, for division and multiply two integers:

If they have same SIGNS Positive answer


If they have different SIGNS Negative answer
Worked example
a 12 × −3 b −8 × −5 c −20 ÷ 4 d −24 ÷ −6

a 12 × −3 = −36 The signs are different so the answer is negative.


b −8 × −5 = 40 The signs are the same so the answer is positive.
c −20 ÷ 4 = −5 The signs are different so the answer is negative.
d −24 ÷ −6 = 4 The signs are the same so the answer is positive.

B. MULTIPLES, FACTORS AND FRIME


Factors of a number are all the whole numbers (positive integers) which divide exactly into
that number.
 The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, … , … (6×1=6 6×2=12 6×3=18)
The multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, … , … ( 9×1 = 9 9×2=18 9×3=27 )
The common multiples of 6 and 9 are 18, 36, 54, 72, …, … ( are in both list of multiples)
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 6 and 9 is 18.
 The factors of a number are all the whole numbers (positive integers) which divide
exactly into that number.
The factors of 18 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18.
The factors of 27 are 1, 3, 9 and 27.
The common factors of 18 and 27 are 1, 3 and 9.
The highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 27 is 9
 A Prime number is a number which has only two factors 1 and itself
Note : 1 is not a prime number
2 is the only EVEN prime number
Example: 2, 3, 5, 97 are prime numbers
 A prime factor is a factor of a number which is also a prime number
Example: The prime factors of 18 are 2 and 3
Factor tree is used to find and show factors.
Worked example :

 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM). To find the LCM, take the larger frequency of each
prime factor and multiply them all together.
 Highest Common Factor (HCF), To find the HCF, take the smaller frequency of each prime
factor that occurs in both numbers and multiply them all together
Example;
Find HCF and LCM, of the 60 and 75
Factor of 60 = 22 × 3 × 5
Factor of 75 = 3 × 52
LCM : 22 × 3 × 52 = 4 × 3 × 25
= 300
HCF : 3 × 5 = 15
C. POWER & ROOTS
A number multiplied by its self several times is called a power of that number.
Here are some power of 5
52 = 5 × 5 = 25 , this is five squared or the square of five
53 = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125 this is five cubed or the cube of five
54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625 this is five to the power four
54 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625 this is five to the power five
The square of 5 is 52 = 25 , there for the squre root of 25 is 5 , = √25
3
The cube of 5 is 53 = 125 , there for the cube root of 125 is 5 , = √25
𝟑
So, √ = square root, and √ = cube root

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