Oral Communication Reviewer

Made By: Kiara Delgado 11-HA8

LESSON 1 – SPEECH STYLES
Speech Styles
 Levels of language formally in communicating
 Highly dependent on the context, tone and type of relationship interlocutors (communicators) have with one another.
Types of Speech Styles
1. Intimate Style
 Private relationship
 Ex: you and your best friend inventing code names for your teachers, memories.
2. Casual Style
 Used when we interact among friends and acquaintances
 Ex: small talks, exchanging contact numbers, planning out recreatives
3. Consultative Style
 There is a professional transaction/exchange between the sender and the receiver
 Ex: asking your grade from your prof., doctor giving his diagnosis, asking love advice
4. Formal Style
 Used when we have to follow conventions as we deliver a message to be delivered to the receiver.
 Usually one-way (public)
5. Frozen Style
 The pattern and features of the message to be delivered to the receiver is now negotiable
 memorized
 Ex: reciting the preamble, reciting wedding vows
TO REMEMBER: I Can Count Five Fingers
Historical Linguistics
 Language is a living organism
 Social Prestige- when you know a lot of languages
 Practicality- shortening words (ex: yosi)
 Inventions– ex: mouse  animal
mouse  used for computers
 Imperfect Learning- Philippine-English, Chinese-English, American-English
Making Connections
 While it is true that there are various features of the language for each speech style, language is forever fluid
 Can adjust and is flexible
Lesson 2 – EFFECTIVE AND FOCUSED LISTENING
Poor Listening As a Communication Barrier
Importance of Listening
 Percentage of Language Training
Writing  12 years  9%
Reading  6 to 8 years
Speaking  1 to 2 years
Listening  0 to few hours  45%
 Listening is seldom thought, hence it is the least developed.
2 Myths that are not true
 Listening is not a problem
 Listening and hearing are the same
 Listening is the processing of the brain
 Hearing is a psychological process
Different Types of Listening
1. Discriminative Listening
 Identifying sound differences
 Focusing in one sound
2. Comprehension Listening
 Making sense of what is heard
3. Critical Listening
 The ability of a person to both interpret and evaluate the message
 Identifying truths from fallacies
4. Evaluative Listening
 Choosing a stand after critical listening
 Making judgements about what the other person is saying.
5. Informative Listening
 Listening with the goal of learning, understanding and grasping information
6. Biased Listening
 Happens when the person hears only what they want to hear, typically misinterpreting what the other person says
based on the stereotypes and other biased that they have.
7. Appreciative Listening
 Taking in anything that appeals to the listener’s sense of beauty
8. Sympathetic Listening
 Knowing what the speakers feels
9. Emphatic Listening
 Understanding what the speaker feels
10. Therapeutic Listening
 Doing something about the speakers feelings
11. Diagnostic Listening
 Warming through conversations w/ a speaker
12. Relationship Listening
 Getting the trust of the speaker
Keys for Effective Listening
Active Listening
 Stop talking  Capitalize on Lag Time
 Control your surroundings  Listen Between the Lines
 Keep an Open Mind  Judge Ideas and Not Appearance
 Listen for Main Points  Hold Your Form
 Provide Feedbacks  Take Selective
L-ooking Interested
I-nvolve Yourself by Responding
S-tay in Target
T-est Your Understanding
E-vacuate the Message
N-eutralize Your Feelings
Listening Process
1. Receiving (Purely Hearing)
2. Perceiving (Assign meaning to words)
3. Interpreting
4. Responding
Lesson 3 – SPEECH ACTS
Speech Acts
 Started out as a theory proposed by John Austin and later on extended by John Searle.
o John Austin : levels :: John Searle : sub-levels
Three Levels of Speech Acts
1. Locutionary
 Refers to what is actually said
 Refers to the actual words that make up the statement/idea/message
 Kinds of Locutionary accord. To different manner of production
a) Phonic Act – the process of producing the sounds w/c is used in Locutionary Act
b) Phatic Act – the structural and syntactic arrangement of the sounds produced by the speaker includes the
speaker includes the grammar and sentence construction
c) Rhetic Act – the sorting of the utterance by the speaker
2. Illocutionary Act
 Refers to the intention of the speaker when the statement is uttered
 Kinds of Illocutionary Act:
a) Representatives – utterances w/c commit the nearer to the truth of the expression. Stating, asserting,
denying, confessing, admitting, notifying
b) Directives – utterances are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something. Requesting,
ordering, forbidding, warning, advising, suggesting, insisting, recommending
c) Commissives – utterances that commit the speaker to some future course of action. Promising, vowing,
volunteering, offering, guaranteeing, pledging etc.
d) Expressives – speaker expresses an attitude about a state of affairs. Apologizing, congratulating, welcoming,
objecting
e) Declarations – an utterance used to change the status of some entity. This act includes appointing, naming,
resigning, baptizing.
3. Perlocutionary Act
 Refers to the effects of the statement to the receiver of the message
 This may also refer to the reaction of the listener upon receiving the statement.
Lesson 4 – SPEECH TYPES
Speech Type According to Delivery
1. Manuscript Speech – reading from a prepared speech
 Speeches that are delivered with a script of the exact words to be used.
 Not the best for the audience because the speaker will often send more time looking at the script that at the
audience.
2. Memorized Speech – delivered word by word from memory
 Speeches that are committed to memory.
 Speaker completely memorizes the text of a speech and then delivers the speech from memory w/o reliance on
notes or an outline
3. Impromptu Speech – off the cuff/spur of the moment/without prior preparation
 Speeches that are delivered without notes or a plan
 Spontaneously delivered.
4. Extemporaneous Speech – not a completely speech, may use notecards.
 Speeches that are carefully prepared and practiced by the speaker before the actual speaking time.
  Speaker will utilize notes or an outline as a guide.
 The notes or outline will usually include any quotes and sources the speaker wants to cite in the presentation.
Speech Type According to Purpose
1. Expository/Informative Speech – to inform, educate, share knowledge
 Speaking to increase audience’s understanding, sustain interest on a topic, and increase recall
 Its goal is to provide information completely and clearly so that the audience understands the message.
 Parts of an Expository Speech:
a) Introduction – attention grabber
b) Body – build interest and state the main points. Elaborate each main point by giving examples, evidence,
illustration
c) Conclusion – summarize main points, use a clincher, make predictions
 Kinds of Expository Speech
a) Speeches of Definition (Definitional Speeches)
 Speaker attempts to set forth the meaning of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues that may be
unfamiliar to the audience
b) Speeches of Process/Demonstration (Demonstration Speech)
 Most practical
 Shows listeners how some process is accomplished
 Focus: chronological explanation
 Speakers might focus on processes that have a series of steps with a specific beginning and hend
c) Speeches of Description (Descriptive Speeches)
 Its purpose is to provide a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place or object.
d) Speeches of Explanation (Explanatory Speech)
 Similar to the descriptive speech but they focus on reports of current and historical events, customs,
transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes and options.
2. Persuasive Speech – to convince
 A symbolic process where communicators convince others to change their attitudes/behavior on an issue through
a transmitted message in an atmosphere or free choice
 Art of convincing others to give favorable attention to our point of view.
 Given to reinforce people’s beliefs about a topic, to change their beliefs about a topic, or move them to act.
 This communicates to listeners that you want to convince them of your point of view
 3 types of Persuasive Speech
a) Proposition of Fact
 Ask whether something “can be potentially be verified as either true or false”
 Questions can seem very straightforward
 Rarely addresses simple issues thus they tend to deal with deep-seated controversies.
 May focus on whether or not something exists
b) Proposition of Value
 Judging the relative worth of something
 Make an evaluative claim regarding morality, aesthetics, wisdom or desirability.
 Compares multiple options to determine which is best
c) Proposition of Policy
 Questions ask the speaker to advocate for an appropriate course of action
 May call for people to stop or start a particular behavior
 Persuasive Strategies – you will also have to consider these to increase the likelihood that your audience accepts
your proposition.
a) Ethos – refers to the credibility of a speaker.
b) Logos – refers to the reasoning or logic of an argument
c) Pathos – refers to emotional appeals
Special Occasion Speech – speeches delivered during important events
1. Inspirational Speech 3. Keynote Speech
2. Commencement Speech 4. Entertainment Speech
Lesson 5.1 – PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
Principles of Speech Writing
 This refers to the different steps that need to be undertaken by the speaker in order to deliver a well0-prepared
speech.
1. Choosing A Topic
a.) Timely – is it sensible as of the moment?
 Are there aspects of the issue that will be useful to your audience?
 Does the topic inherently provide questions that want to be answered?
 Does the topic have a lot of unresolved issues that would automatically engage the audience?
b.) Relatable – will my audience have even a little background information about my topic?
 How much info should be provided in the speech?
 How knowledgeable am I of the chosen topic?
c.) Interesting – is it appealing from my perspective?
 Will I be motivated enough to develop a speech out of the chosen topic?
2. Analyzing your Audience – the more information you are able to gather from your target audience and elements
related to them, the more you would easily be able to adapt to their needs.
a) Demographic Analysis
 General profile of your audience
 Age, gender, culture, religion, group membership, education, occupation etc.
b) Psychographic Analysis
 Perceptions of your audience
 Values, opinions, attitudes, beliefs, interests, needs, pre-existing notions about the topic
c) Situational Analysis
 Environment or setting
 Size, occasion, voluntary involvement, physical setting
3. Sourcing Information – Sources of Information includes books, journals, newspaper, magazines, websites, internet,
television, radio, interviews, etc.
S – seek reliable references
P – provide supporting information
E - extract important points
E – ethical information must be sought
C – cite sources
H – head start with good note taking
4. Outlining & Organizing
 Purpose
 General Purpose is to inform, to entertain, to persuade
 Specific Purpose is your main idea (should be delivered through the key points you are going to discuss.
Lesson 5.2 – PARTS OF A SPEECH
1. Introduction
 A preview, attention getter
 Directs the audience towards the purpose
 Techniques:
 Ask rhetorical questions  Recite a poem
 Cite a biblical passage  Tell an anecdote
 Use a quote  Use a startling statement
 Sing lines of a song  Use a narrative
 2. Body
 Contains the main points
 Expounds the main points with examples, evidence, arguments, or illustrations
 Recall key points previewed in introduction
 Provide details to discuss each key point
 Use transitions
3. Conclusion
 Recaps important points
 A clincher/leaves something to think of
 Summarize key points
 Provide insights on the implication of your speech
 End with a thought provoking statement
Lesson 6 – Fallacies
Fallacy
 A statement that appears correct but wrong if analyzed
Different Types of Fallacies
1. Argumentum Ad Hominem
 Attack on the person rather than on the argument or issue.
 Ex: The person running for mayor in our town should not be voted because he is ugly.
2. Argumentum Ad Verecundiam
 Use of a person’s authority, expertise or population to make an assertion more credible
 Ex: It is okay to make use brand Y because Judy Ann Santos believes in this product
3. Argumentum Ad Misericordiam
 Use of pity or sympathy or simply appealing to emotion
 Ex: Students should not fail in any course because their parents are working hard to send them to school
4. Argumentum Ad Populum
 Believing that the majority is always right
 Ex: The SHS students should no longer have classes during on the day of Paskuhan since almost all of the other
colleges have already cancelled theirs.
5. Argumentum Ad Ignorantum
 Absence of knowledge on an issue is used against the person to make a statement correct
 Ex: San Carlos is the oldest university in Asia because a Thomasian who was interviewed could not give a proof
of that.
6. Fallacy of Post hoc; ergo, propter hoc
 Connecting one event to another when there may be no connection at all
 Ex: An earthquake occurred because Donald Trump won the Election
7. Fallacy of Complex Question
 Something that appeals to only have one question when there could be two or more.
 Ex: A parent asking his child who came late asked, “How long did you stay in your friend’s house?”
8. Fallacy of Petitio Principii
 The thing to be proved is the one asserted as true.
 Ex: Business administration is concerned mainly with concepts related to business
9. Argumentum Ad Baculum
 Press an issue using one’s authority
 Ex: Follow my instructions without any hesitations; I am your boss!
10. Fallacy of Advantage
 Force an issue in exchange for something
 Ex: Don’t tell your prof. that I said this or I will fail you.
11. Fallacy of Composition
 What is true to the individual parts is applied to the whole
  Ex: The sole of his shoes is decorated with embossed abstract designs; its insides must also have more intricate
designs
12. Fallacy of Division
 What is true to the whole is applied as true to the individual parts
 Ex: He spent millions for his house and lot, his furniture must be worth of million too.
13. Fallacy of Accident
 A general rule is applied to the circumstantial cases
 Ex: No one is allowed to go out during class discussions. Thus, when there is an earthquake, everyone is
expected to stay in the classroom.
14. Fallacy of Converse Accident
 A general rule is given based on circumstantial cases.
 Ex: The guard did not let the tourist enter the store because of he had drinks with him; foreigners are not allowed
to enter in that store.
15. Fallacy of Amphiboly
 Misplaced and dangling modifiers
 Looking at the map, the car was turned to the right by mark
 Looking at the map, the car was turned to the right.
16. Fallacy of Equivocation
 Use of the same word twice but with diff. meanings
 Ex: They keep on laughing at him when they saw him spoke to the spoke of the wheel
 Ex: I have seen that scene before
17. Fallacy of Accent
 Statements that lack punctuations and become open for many interpretations; statements containing a word
which may be interpreted in more ways than one.
 Ex: The foul message of the letter was not for me. I resent it.
 Ex: Please don’t stop kissing me.
 Ex: A woman without her man is nothing.