Basic structure of
the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit
http://cern.ch/geant4
The full set of lecture notes of this Geant4 Course is available at
http://www.ge.infn.it/geant4/events/nss2003/geant4course.html
Geant4 Training 2003
Contents
Basic concepts in Geant4
Geant4 architecture
– Category structure
– System of units
– Intercoms and G4cout
User classes
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Run in Geant4
As an analogy of the real experiment, a run of Geant4 starts with
“Beam On”.
Within a run, the user cannot change
– detector geometry
– settings of physics processes
---> detector is inaccessible during a run
Conceptually, a run is a collection of events which share the same
detector conditions.
At the beginning of a run, geometry is optimized for navigation and
cross-section tables are calculated according to materials appear in
the geometry and the cut-off values defined.
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Event in Geant4
At beginning of processing, an event contains primary particles.
These primaries are pushed into a stack.
When the stack becomes empty, processing of an event is over.
G4Event class represents an event. It has following objects at the
end of its processing.
– List of primary vertexes and particles (as input)
– Hits collections
– Trajectory collection (optional)
– Digits collections (optional)
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Track in Geant4
Track is a snapshot of a particle.
– It has only position and physical quantities of current instance.
Step is a “delta” information to a track.
– Track is not a collection of steps.
Track is deleted when
– it goes out of the world volume
– it disappears (e.g. decay)
– it goes down to zero kinetic energy and no “AtRest” additional
process is required
– the user decides to kill it
No track object persists at the end of event.
– For the record of track, use trajectory class objects.
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Step in Geant4
Step has two points and also “delta” information of a
particle (energy loss on the step, time-of-flight spent by the
step, etc.).
Each point knows the volume (and material). In case a step
is limited by a volume boundary, the end point physically
stands on the boundary, and it logically belongs to the next
volume.
– Because one step knows two volumes, boundary processes such as
transition radiation or refraction could be simulated.
Boundary
Step
End of step point
Begin of step point
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Tracking and processes
Geant4 tracking is general.
– It is independent of
the particle type
the physics processes involving to a particle
– It gives the chance to all processes
To contribute to determining the step length
To contribute any possible changes in physical quantities of the track
To generate secondary particles
To suggest changes in the state of the track
• e.g. to suspend, postpone or kill it.
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Processes in Geant4
In Geant4, particle transportation is a process as well,
by which a particle interacts with geometrical volume
boundaries and field of any kind.
– Shower parameterization process can take over from the ordinary
transportation.
Each particle has its own list of applicable processes.
At each step, all processes listed are invoked to get
proposed physical interaction lengths.
The process which requires the shortest interaction
length (in space-time) limits the step.
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How Geant4 runs (one step)
Stepping Physics Particle Step Track Logical Sensitive
Manager Process Change Volume Detector
GetPhysicalInteractionLength
SelectShortest
DoIt
Fill
Update
Update
IsSensitive
GenerateHits
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Cuts in Geant4
A Cut in Geant4 is a production threshold.
– Only for physics processes that have infra-red divergence
– Not tracking cut, which does not exist in Geant4
Energy threshold must be determined at which discrete energy loss is
replaced by continuous loss
– Old way:
Track primary until cut-off is reached, calculate continuous loss and dump it at that point,
stop tracking primary
Create secondaries only above cut-off, or add to continuous loss of primary for less
energetic secondaries
– Geant4 way:
specify range (which is converted to energy for each material) at which continuous loss
begins, track primary down to zero range
Create secondaries only above specified range, or add to continuous loss of primary for less
energetic secondaries
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Stack
G4Track is a class object, thus it is easy
to treat suspending or postponing tracks.
For example,
– Suspend tracks at the entrance of calorimeter,
i.e. simulate all tracks in tracking region before
generating showers.
– Suspend a “looper” track after certain time and
postpone it to next event.
Prioritized tracking without performance
cost
Well-thought prioritization/abortion of
tracks/events makes entire simulation
process much more efficient.
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Geant4 as a state machine
Geant4 has six application states.
– G4State_PreInit
Material, Geometry, Particle and/or Physics Process
need to be initialized/defined PreInit
– G4State_Idle
All necessary initializations are done initialize
Ready to start a run
Or, ready to modify geometry/physics to proceed to the
Idle
next run beamOn
– G4State_GeomClosed exit
Geometry is optimized
Cross-section tables are updated
GeomClosed
Ready to process an event Quit
– G4State_EventProc
An event is processing EventProc
– G4State_Quit
(Normal) termination
– G4State_Abort
Abort
A fatal exception occurred and program is aborting
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Geant4 kernel
Geant4 consists of 17 categories. Geant4
– Independently developed and maintained
by WG(s) responsible to each Visuali Readout Inter
faces
(sub-)category.
zation
– Interfaces between categories are Run Persis
tency
maintained by the global architecture WG.
Geant4 Kernel Event
Tracking
– Handles run, event, track, step, hit,
trajectory. Digits +
Hits
Processes
– Provides framework for, or interfaces to
Track
physics processes
Visualization drivers Geometry Particle
(G)UI
Persistency mechanism Graphic Material
Histogramming
_reps
Intercoms
User's framework Global
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Unit system
Internal unit system used in Geant4 is completely hidden not only from
user’s code but also from Geant4 source code implementation.
Each hard-coded number must be multiplied by its proper unit.
radius = 10.0 * cm;
kineticE = 1.0 * GeV;
To get a number, it must be divided by a proper unit.
G4cout << eDep / MeV << “ [MeV]” << G4endl;
Most of commonly used units are provided and user can add his/her
own units.
By this unit system, importing / exporting physical quantities becomes
straightforward and source code becomes more readable.
– For particular application, user can change the internal unit with suitable
precision without affecting to the result.
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Intercoms
“Intercoms” category handles the framework mechanism of
defining and delivering commands.
– Exportable to any other application
Independent to other Geant4 categories
– Strong type and range checking
Range description by C++ syntax
aCmd->SetRange(“x>0. && y>0.”);
– Dynamic command definition / activation
– Commands can be hard-coded or issued by (G)UI.
Macro file
– Recursive variable definition
– Loop
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G4cout, G4cerr
G4cout and G4cerr are ostream objects defined by Geant4.
– G4endl is also provided.
Some GUIs are buffering output streams so that they
display print-outs on another window or provide storing /
editing functionality.
– The user should not use std::cout, etc.
The user should not use std::cin for input. Use user-defined
commands provided by intercoms category in Geant4.
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User classes
Initialization classes
– Invoked at the initialization
G4VUserDetectorConstruction
G4VUserPhysicsList
Action classes
– Invoked during an event loop
G4VUserPrimaryGeneratorAction
G4UserRunAction
G4UserEventAction
G4UserStackingAction
G4UserTrackingAction
G4UserSteppingAction
main()
– Geant4 does not provide main().
Note : classes written in Red are mandatory.
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Describe your detector
Derive your own concrete class from
G4VUserDetectorConstruction abstract base class.
In the virtual method Construct(),
– Construct all necessary materials
– Construct volumes of your detector geometry
– Construct your sensitive detector classes and set them to the detector
volumes
Optionally you can define
– Regions for any part of your detector
– Visualization attributes of your detector elements
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Select physics processes
Geant4 does not have any default particles or processes.
– Even for the particle transportation, you have to define it explicitly.
Derive your own concrete class from G4VUserPhysicsList
abstract base class.
– Define all necessary particles
– Define all necessary processes and assign them to proper particles
– Define cut-off ranges applied to the world and each region
Geant4 provides lots of utility classes/methods and examples.
– "Educated guess" physics lists for defining hadronic processes for various
use-cases.
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Generate primary event
Derive your concrete class from
G4VUserPrimaryGeneratorAction abstract base class.
Pass a G4Event object to one or more primary generator
concrete class objects which generate primary vertices and
primary particles.
Geant4 provides several generators in addition to the
G4VPrimaryParticlegenerator base class.
– G4ParticleGun
– G4HEPEvtInterface, G4HepMCInterface
Interface to /hepevt/ common block or HepMC class
– G4GeneralParticleSource
Define radioactivity
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Optional user action classes
All user action classes, methods of which are invoked during “Beam
On”, must be constructed in the user’s main() and must be set to the
RunManager.
– ClassifyNewTrack(const G4Track*)
G4UserRunAction
Invoked every time a new track is pushed
– BeginOfRunAction(const G4Run*) Classify a new track -- priority control
Define histograms • Urgent, Waiting,
– EndOfRunAction(const G4Run*) PostponeToNextEvent, Kill
– NewStage()
Store histograms
Invoked when the Urgent stack becomes
G4UserEventAction empty
– BeginOfEventAction(const G4Event*) Change the classification criteria
Event filtering (Event abortion)
Event selection
G4UserTrackingAction
Define histograms
– PreUserTrackingAction(const G4Track*)
– EndOfEventAction(const G4Event*) Decide trajectory should be stored or not
Analyze the event Create user-defined trajectory
G4UserStackingAction – PostUserTrackingAction(const G4Track*)
– PrepareNewEvent() G4UserSteppingAction
Reset priority control – UserSteppingAction(const G4Step*)
Kill / suspend / postpone the track
Draw the step (for a track not to be stored
by a trajectory)
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The main program
Geant4 does not provide the main().
In your main(), you have to
– Construct G4RunManager (or your derived class)
– Set user mandatory classes to RunManager
G4VUserDetectorConstruction
G4VUserPhysicsList
G4VUserPrimaryGeneratorAction
You can define VisManager, (G)UI session, optional user action
classes, and/or your persistency manager in your main().
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Select (G)UI
In your main(), according to your computer environments, construct a
G4UIsession concrete class provided by Geant4 and invoke its
sessionStart() method.
Geant4 provides
– G4UIterminal -- C- and TC-shell like character terminal
– G4GAG -- Tcl/Tk or Java PVM based GUI
– G4Wo -- Opacs
– G4JAG -- Interface to JAS (Java Analysis Studio)
– G4UIBatch -- Batch job with macro file
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Visualization
Derive your own concrete class from G4VVisManager according
to your computer environments.
Geant4 provides interfaces to graphics drivers
– DAWN -- Fukui renderer
– WIRED
– RayTracer -- Ray tracing by Geant4 tracking
– OPACS
– OpenGL
– OpenInventor
– VRML
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Environment variables
You need to set following environment variables to
compile, link and run Geant4-based simulation.
– Mandatory variables
G4SYSTEM – OS (e.g. Linux-g++)
G4INSTALL – base directory of Geant4
G4WORKDIR – your temporary work space
CLHEP_BASE_DIR – base directory of CLHEP
– Variables for physics processes in case corresponding processes are
used
G4LEVELGAMMADATA - photon evaporation
G4LEDATA - cross-sections for Low-E EM module
G4RADIOACTIVEDATA - radioactive decay
NeutronHPCrossSections - neutron cross-section
– Additional variables for GUI/Vis/Analysis
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