1A question formation 1 Can you drive? Why are you crying? 2 Where do you live? Did you go out last night? 4 What are they talking about? Where is she from? 6 Could you tell me where this bus goes? Do you know ifhe's coming? To make questions with modal verbs and with tenses where there is an auxiliary verb (be, have, etc.) invert subject and the modal / auxiliary verb. 2 With the present and past simple, add do ! does or did before the subject. 3 We ofien use negative questions to show surprise or when. you expect somebody to agree with you. auxiliary verbs TA Do you speak French? B 2 Tlike dogs, but my husband doesn't. Jim's coming, 3 A Tloved the film. B SodidI. 3 Why didn’t you like the film? Isnt this a beautiful place? 5 Who lives in this house? How many people came othe party? 4 Ifa verb is followed by a preposition, the preposition comes at the end of the question, eg. What are you raking about? NOT Abewewhae are yosetalking? + We often just use the question word and the preposition, eg.A Tin thinking. B What about? 5 When wio/ what which, etc. is the subject of the question, don't use do/ did, e.g. Who wrote tis? NOT Who-did-write-shs? 6 Use indirect questions when you want to ask a question in a more polit way. Where does she live? (direct) Could you tell me where she lives? (indirect) + Inindirect questions the order is subject + verb. Can you tel me where ia? NOT Gar yo tell me where iit? + Dont use do / did in the second part of the question, + You-can use ffor whether after Can you tell me, Do you know etc, ©. Can you tell me if) whether he's at home? the 4 to make echo questions, to show interest. but Anna isn’t, 5 to show emphasis in a positive sentence. With the present / past simple, add do / does | did ‘A. Chaven’t finished yet. B Neither have before the main verb, With other auxiliaries He's a doctor and so is his wife. 4A Lwent toa psychic yesterday. B Did you? 6 You won't forget, will you? Your wife can speak Italian, can't she? stress the auxiliary verb. 6 to make question tags. Use a positive question ‘A Tllmake the dinner B Will you? That’ great! tag with a negative verb and a negative 5 A Youdidn'tlock the door! _B 1 did lock t, I promise. question tag with a postive verb ‘A Sivia nt coming B Sheis coming. 've just spoken to her, | * Question tags ae often used simply to sk another person to agree with you, eg. Ifa tuice day, isn't it in this case the question tag ‘Use auxiliary verbs (do, have, etc.) or modal verbs (cam, must, et.): is said with falling intonation, Le. the voice 1 in short answers, instead of answering just Yes/No. goes down, 2 toavoid repeating the main verb / verb phrase, eg. [like dogs but my husband + Question tags can also be used to check doesn't (ike-dogs) something you think is true, eg. She's a 53 with so and mreither to say that something isthe same. Use so-+ subject + ‘painter, isnt she? In this case the question tag auxiliary with a positive verb, and neither (or nor) + subject + auxiliary with a fs said with rising intonation, as in a normal negative verb, yes / no question 1c present perfect (simple and continuous) present perfect simple: have has + pas participle present perfect continuous: have has + been + verb + ing 1 Tve been to Australia. Have you ever broken your leg? 2 We've just phoned the doctor. Pyealready finished my lunch. 3 Its the best book Pve ever read. Its the first time we've done this. 4 My siste?s had a baby! Look, 've eut my finger. 5 Tveknovn her since I was a child ‘She's had the job for six months. 6 How many of his books have you read? She's been out twice this week. ‘Use the present perfect simple: 1 to talk about past experiences when you don't say ‘when something happened. 2 with already, just, and yet 3 with superlatives and éhe fis, second las time etc 4 for finished actions (no time is specified) which are ‘connected in some way with the present with How long? and for since with non-action ‘verbs (= verbs not usually used in the continuous form, eg. be have, know like, et.) to say that something started in the past and is still tue now. 6 when we say/ ask how much many we have done ‘of how often we have done something up to now. T How long have you been feeling like this? P've been working here for ‘two months. 2 Thaven't been sleeping well recently. It’s been raining on and off al day 3 T've been shopping all morning. I'm exhausted. AA Take your shoes off. They're filthy. B Yes, know. Pve been working in the garden, Use the present perfect continuous 1 with Hove long? and for since with action verbs to say that an action started in the past and is still happening nov. 2 for repeated actions, especially witha time expression, eg, al day, recently. 3 for continuous actions which have just finished (but which have present results). present perfect simple or continuous? 1 We've lived / We've been living in this town since 1980, We've been living in a vented flat for the last two month. 2 We've painted the kitchen, We've been painting the kitchen. 1 With How long...?and for/ since you can often use the present perfect simple or continuous. However, we often prefer the present perfect continuous for shorter, more temporary actions. 2 The present perfect simple emphasizes the completion of an action (=the painting is finished). The present perfect continuous emphasizes the ‘continuation of an action (= the painting is probably not finished).1A a Order the words to make questions. friend known long best have How you your How long have you known your best friend? you messages send ever text Do party was a time you to the When last went if Could bank here a you me near tell is there nner usually Who the cooks shopping do going Who like you with you time concert know finishes Do what the What What kind of music 10 Can you remember where CULL b Complete the questions. Where — did you go on holiday lat year? (you / go) How often Who Could you tell me how much —__ ______at the end of the film? (happen) exercise? (you / do) Crime and Punishment? (write) 2 (this book / cost) ‘Yur trip to Pars last weekend? (you / enjoy 2 (Tim / usually listen to) 7 Who —___ Mia's handbag? (steal) at dont weekend you What doing the lke De poate (he simming ool / open) car to would What you kind like buy of Where your boyfriend tonight? (you / meet) (she / live) 1B a Complete the mini-dialogues with an auxiliary, ‘A You didrit remember to buy coffee. B 1 did. 'sin the cupboard, b Complete the conversation with auxiliary verbs. A You're Tom’ sister, aren't you? 1 A It’s cold today, if? B Yes is freezing. B Yes, 2 A So you didn't goto the meeting? A Wes agreat dub,? ___it BI go tothe meeting, but I left early. B Yes,it? Bat I don like the music much, 3 A What did you think of the film? A+ yout love it! B Tom liked, it but I T thought it was awful B Really?5 you been here before? 4 A Lwouldr’t like to be famous. B Neither ANo,I6___ 5 A Emma doesn't like me. B Neither? 1 B She like you. She thinks you'e very nice. A Soyou® a oursch thest 6 A Sarab’s had a baby. B Wal,19 _—goout,butI19__goto B she? I didn’t know she was pregnant! lube very often. 7 A Will your boyfriend be at the party? A Oh,11 love dubbing, B No, he “Hes away this week. i tales Guink 8 A Ican't come tonight. 1 's ar. . ‘yout Why ait A So 2 I. Let's go to the be Ic Circle the correct form of the verb. Tick (¥) if both are correct, Have you ever (tried)/ been trying caviar? 1 She's lived / She's been living here for years. 2 Your boss has phoned / has been phoning three times this morning! 3 The kids are exhausted because they've played / they've been playing outside all day. 4 He hasn't seen | He hasn't been seeing the new James Bond film yet, 5 I've never met | Dve never been meeting his wife. Have you? 6 We've studied / We've been studying English all our lives. 7 I've tidied | I've been tidying the garage all afternoon. I've nearly finished 8 He'll be here soon, He's just left He's just been leaving work. 9) How long have you had! have you been having your cat? 10 Oh no! Someone has broken | has been breaking the window. Muitintom vnww.oup.com/ett/englishfile/upper-intermediate Complete the sentences with the present perfect simple or continuous. Tve bought a new car. Do you like it? (buy) 1 We Jack and Ann for years. (know) 2 You look hot (you / run) 3 Rose her homework so she can’t, go out. (not do) 4 Did you know ‘Torquay now. (they / move) 2 They live in 5 How long —___ together? Five months? (Daisy and Adam / go out) 6 time to cook dinner. Shall we get a pizza? (not have) 7 We. for hours. I think we're lost. (wk) 8 ___ my chocolates? There are only a few left! (you / eat)adjectives as nouns, adjective order nationalities 1 The English ae famous for drinking wa. The Dutch make ‘wonderful cheses. The Chinese invented pope. 2 The Argentinian invented the tango, The Greks are very extrovert 3 The Turks drink a lot of coffee. The Poles play a lot of basketball. ‘You can use she with the nationality adjectives which end in sh -ch, 8, oF ese. Dont add s to these words, or use them without the, Nationality words which end in -an and a few others, eg. Greek and Thai, are both adjectives and nouns. To talk about the people from that country use a plurel noun ending in -s, Some nationalities have a special noun fr the people which is different from the adjective, eg Polish = adjective, Pole = noun, "To talk about the people you can either use the + adjective or the + plural noun, eg. the Polish or the Poles. ‘A With any nationality, you can also use the adjective + people, eg. French people. A Totalk about one person from a country you cant use a/ an “adjective alone: 1a Japanese mart! woman person, a Engitiman | Englishwoman 1 English person, NOT asapanese, an Bags, et 2 an Ialian, a Greek te 3 a Turk, a Pole ete. _specific groups of people ‘The poor are getting poorer and the rich are getting richer. ‘The government needs to create more jobs for the unemployed. + You can use the + some adjectives to tak about pectic groups in society the young, the blind, the homeless the ld the elders the sick These expressions ar lays pra one, ones ‘A Which one would you like? B The red one, please ‘Two ice creams, please. Big ones, + When we don't want to repeat a noun after an adjective because iti already clear what we are talking about, we use the adjective + one (singular) or + ones (plural, adjective order We've got a lovely oll cottage just outside Bath, She has long fair hai bought a beautiful Italian leather belt. + You can put more than one adjective before a noun (often ‘two and occasionally three). These adjectives go in a particular order, e.g. NOT aol lovely cottage. * Opinion adjectives, e.g. beautiful, nice, lovely, usually go before fact adjectives, eg, big, old, round. + TF there is more than one fac adjective, they go in this order: size|age | shape style colour/ pattern| nationality|material noun big Inew| tong pink striped [Traian [silk |scarf 2B narrative tenses: past simple, past continuous, past perfect, past perfect continuous narrative tenses past perfect simple 1 We arived atthe auport and checked. frcondnaoust 2 We wereaving dinner when the plane it some turbulence SpE 3 When we anved atthe sport, we suddenly relied that wehad left ne ofthe suitcases inthe tai. | | Sod'ppen bheats 4 Wed been ying fr about two hours when the captain tld ust fasten our seat belts |] Serysnd boot Ircause we wee fying into some very ba weather. fe attack oe, 1 Use the past simple to talk about consecutive actions in the past, ie. for the main events in a story. the film, because she'd 2. Use the past continuous (was / were + verb + -ing] to describe a longer continuous past action, read the book which wesin progres wien mother action happened Ree 2 Use the past perfect (ha + past participle) to talk about the‘esier pat things which Spintec happened before the main event(s) of an activity. The past 4 Une the past perfect continuons (hd been + verb + ~np) to talk abouts longer cootinwous ation erie spl emsphaiss fiat ya guisges betas tiFtdses vel egpened Mer actaneria ate oct ecacaly etistie oe ener onde pastcontnaovs 2C adverbs and adverbial phrases [7 dont endetand you when you peak quickly. The driver was eiouly inured.) 4 Adverbs of degre (which describe how much 2 Amever have brats, He's ala lt Vises) senna dno oi ent) Thy ar soon andl ie ted ee ea ete 4 I've nearly finished. We're incredibly tired. He works alot. 2 ee ante meeps 5 Unfortunaty, wearrvedhlran hour ae Telly, we should zave at oan, | * Muhand ara often ws ~ Aves can describe an action (he waled dow) or sodily adjectives or the? ~ ef wit canbe wel with apes: ves, acveabs since expense he works wey hand) They can cher bone Gg Tabled Sheds ait rv tearoom, word (ofe) ora phrase (once wer). 5 Comment adverbs (whic give the speakers 1 Adverbs of manner (how smnebady does something) usualy go after the verb or opinion) usualy goat te begining of sentence Dhrnee. However pasve vet they trully go md-postion (before the” gPlmune Other omamoneotament adjectives te feat state a naleay 0) Ick cary bout pparate 2_ Adverbs of frequency go before the main verb but after the verb to be. hi ee | Most other adverbs goin mid-postion, A serail away naraly ca goo the begining of sate oo Eales ee ies ee 3 Adverbs of time usually go at the end ofa sentence or clause. even say goodbye.