INDEX

GRAMMAR

Subject and Object Pronouns 3

Possessive Adjectives 4
Possessive Pronouns 5
Possessive Case 6
Definite and Indefinite Articles 7-8
Verb To Be 9-10
Verb Have 11
Verb There Be 12
Quantifiers: Some- Any 13-14
Verb Can 16-17
Simple Present 18-20
Present Continuous 21-23
Simple Past (Regular and Irregular verbs) 24-29
Comparative and Superlative adjectives 30-32
Present Perfect 33-37
Going To Future 38-39
Infinitive of Purpose 40

VOCABULARY

Parts of the speech (Noun, Adjective, Verb, etc.) 41-50

Singular and Plural Nouns 51-52
Adverbs of Frequency 53
Adverbial Phrases 54
Cardinal and Ordinal numbers 55
Routine Verbs 56
Sports and Hobbies 57
Days of the week/ Months of the Year 58

1
Adjectives: Synonyms and Antonyms 59-60
Jobs and Professions 61
Connectors of Sequence 62
Collocations 63-64
Relative Pronouns 65-66
Time expressions 67-68
Adjectives ending in –ed/ -ing 69-70
Shops and Places in Town 71
Introduction to Phrasal Verbs 72-74
Indefinite Pronouns 75-76
What do we write for? (Text Types) 77-79
Punctuation 80-81
Use of Capital Letters 82
Coherence and Cohesion 83-84
Formal and Informal Register 85-90
Writing Tips 1 91-92
Organizing ideas 93-94
Writing Tips 2 95-99

APPENDIX

Irregular Verbs List 100-103

[Una idea original de: Roxana Anahí Areán]

Profesora y Traductora Técnico Científica Literaria en inglés

Directora Académica y Coordinadora del Instituto de inglés Dream On- English Learning Centre.

© 2017 Titular de derechos de la imagen de portada

© 2017 Titular de los derechos de autor, de edición y distribución: Dream On- English Learning
Centre.

Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este documento sin la autorización expresa
de su autora. Toda forma de utilización no autorizada será perseguida con lo establecido en la
ley federal del derecho de autor. Derechos Reservados Conforme a la ley ©

2
  Pronouns replace the name of a person, institution, place,
etc. A Subject Pronoun goes before the verb. It refers to
the noun that performs the action. Examples:

Mark is a good friend He is a good friend.

My sister and I live in London. We live in London.
The underlined words is and live are the verbs in this case.

 An Object Pronoun goes after the verb. It is placed in the

predicate of the sentence. Examples:
She always invites me to the cinema.
Peter calls Karen every day. Peter calls her every day.

IMPORTANT: You cannot use a SUBJECT PRONOUN

after a verb.

My brother asks I a favour. My brother asks me a

favour.

3
  A Possessive Adjective talks about the relationship between
an object, person, thing, characteristic, etc. and a person.
These words modify a noun by showing any kind of
possession. You need some context in order to understand
who the possessive adjective replaces.
Examples:
Sarah lives in Canada. Her family live there too.
(Her refers to Sarah)
Peter works in an office. His boss is very friendly.
(His refers to Peter)
My friends and I go to a restaurant on Friday. Our favourite
meal is fish and chips.
(Our refers to a plural subject: 2nd person plural)

4
  Possessive pronouns demonstrate ownership. They are
useful to avoid repeating information that is already clear.
Examples:

This is her bike This bike is hers.

These are his books. These books are his.
Whose coat is this? It’s mine.

IMPORTANT: Possessive pronouns are usually the last

word of a sentence.

Summary chart

5
We use the apostrophe (') after the noun and add an “s” to indicate that
the second belongs to the first thing or person named.
•The cat's toys.
Los juguetes del gato.
•John's car.
El auto de John. •The company's president.
El presidente de la compañía.
•Claudia's house.
La casa de Claudia.

When the plural noun ends in “s”, we only add the apostrophe (').

•The dogs' food. Los juguetes de los gatos.

La comida de los perros. •My parents' house.

La casa de mis padres.
•The cats' toys.

But if the noun that ends in “s” is singular and the “s” belongs to its
name, we add “s”.

•Doris's job.
El trabajo de Doris.
•Carlos's house.
La casa de Carlos

6
Indefinite means “not specific”. These are used when you are
talking about a thing in general, when talking about
something new or introduced to the audience for the first
time.

Examples:
I need a drink: Not a specific one, just any drink.
Tom wants a new book: Not a particular one, any book.

A + CONSONANT
Examples: A house

A pencil

A boy

AN + VOWEL
Examples: An e-mail

An apple

An intelligent girl

IMPORTANT: Indefinite articles are used ALWAYS in

Singular

A houses. A pencils. An apples.

7
Definite article “the” is used for something specific. Use “the”
when the audience already knows the thing, because it has
been mentioned, introduced or discussed.

Examples:
I have a new dog. The dog’s name is Pluto.
I watch a program every day on TV. The program is about music.

THE
The house The apples

The dog The books

IMPORTANT! THE is used for SINGULAR, PLURAL,

FEMININE AND MASCULINE. In Spanish (La, El, Las,
Los)

8
What is the verb to be used for?

The verb to be is used to talk about:

names, professions, nationalities, age, feelings,
marital status, characteristics.

I am American.
I am Tom.
I am 38 years old.
I am a doctor.

I am not a fan of sports.

I am very happy.
My wife is not American. She is
I am married. My wife is a lawyer. British.

My children are Luke and Jenny. My children are not very good
at mathematics.

9
 IMPORTANT: To talk about age, you always use the
verb TO BE. NEVER use the verb HAVE.
I am 24 years old. I have 24 years old.

10
The verb “have” or “have got” implies a meaning of possession.
It has two different forms in simple present: HAVE and HAS.

HAVE
*It needs an auxiliary in questions and negatives (do/does).
*In affirmative you use the full form. Not : I’ve a car.
*It’s more common in written language.

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*It takes two forms: Have or Has, depending on the subject.

AFFIRMATIVE: I HAVE A AFFIRMATIVE: SHE HAS A BIG

SISTER HOUSE

NEGATIVE: I DON’T HAVE A NEGATIVE: HE DOESN’T HAVE

BROTHER A CAR

QUESTION: DO YOU HAVE A QUESTION: DOES HE HAVE A

PET? FLAT?

ANSWER: YES, I DO/ NO, I YES, HE DOES/ NO, HE

DON’T DOESN’T

HAVE GOT
*It’s more common in spoken language.
*Uses short forms.
*It’s only used in Simple Present. In Simple Past you have to use
“Had” or “Didn’t have”.

AFFIRMATIVE: I ‘VE GOT A AFFIRMATIVE: SHE’S GOT A

SISTER BIG HOUSE

NEGATIVE: I HAVEN’T GOT A NEGATIVE: HE HASN’T GOT A

BROTHER CAR

QUESTION: HAVE YOU GOT A QUESTION: HAS HE GOT A

PET? FLAT?

ANSWER: YES, I HAVE/ NO, I ANSWER: YES, HE HAS/ NO, HE

HAVEN’T HASN’T

12
 This verb is used to say that something exists. You don’t use
pronouns. It has 2 forms: singular and plural.

Use of there is, there are in sentences and

questions

Singular Plural

Affirmative There is a cat in the There are two cats in the

sentences room. room.

There is not a cat in There are not two cats in

the room the room.
Negative
sentences
There is no cat in the There are no cats in the
room. room.

Is there a cat in the Are there two cats in the

Questions
room? room?

Contracted forms of there is, there are

 Contractions are only possible from there is – there's
 The form there're is not used.
 Do not form contracted forms in questions with is there/are there.

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Usually used with the verb “There be” but used also with other verbs.

We use SOME and ANY with plural countable nouns or

uncountable nouns.
Some is generally used in positive sentences. √
Any is generally used in negative sentences. x
 I have some information for you about flights to Paris.
(Positive - Uncountable)

 I don't have any information for you about flights to Paris.

(Negative - Uncountable)

 We met some friends for drinks after work yesterday.

(Positive - Countable)

 I didn't see any friends there on Thursday.

(Negative - Countable)

 I think he will have some time to speak to you today.

(Positive - Uncountable)

 I don't think he will have any time to speak to you today.

(Negative - Uncountable)

You can also use SOME and ANY in a sentence without a noun
if the meaning of the sentence is clear.

 We didn't eat any fruit but Peter ate some. (fruit)

 Tom took lots of photos of the mountains but Emma didn't
take any. (photos)

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Questions with Some and Any

Generally, we use ANY in questions.

 Do you know any famous people?

 Do you have any children?

But, SOME is used in the following circumstances:

1. When we are offering something.

 Would you like some coffee?
 Do you want some sugar for your coffee?

2. When we are asking for something.

 Could I have some salt, please?
 Can I have some fries with that?

3. When we are suggesting something.

 Why don't we rent some movies to watch tonight?
 Why don't you give her some advice?

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Can is a modal verb that can be used…

To express ability: I can run very quickly.

To ask for permission: Can I go to the toilet, please?
To show possibility: Frank can be very friendly at times.
To show impossibility: That train can’t be yours!
To request something: Can you pass me the salt, please?

Characteristics:
 It is always used with another verb (main verb).
 The main verb goes always in INFINITIVE.
 It has the same form with all pronouns. It only has
AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE form: can/can’t or
cannot.

16
17
 What is it used for?
 To state facts or generalizations: Cats like fish/

Córdoba is in Argentina.

 To talk about repeated actions: habits and

routines. She walks to work every day/ We get up

early on Saturdays.

 Scheduled events in the near future: The bus

leaves at 3:30 a.m. / The meeting starts at 8 p.m.

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How do we form the tense?

 1st person singular: I

 1st person plural: We
 2nd person singular/ plural: You
 3rd person singular: She, he, it
 3rd person plural: They

With 3rd person singular pronouns (She, He, It) an s or

es is added to the main verb in AFFIRMATIVE
sentences:

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 Questions and Negative use
Auxiliars
DO/DON T DOES/
DOESN TT

I you we they she he it

Do you like films? Does she work at night?

Do they have any children? Does he watch TV?

We don t drive on Sundays. Tom doesn t like pop music.

I don t play any sports. Mary doesn t study English.

Common vocabulary used

in Simple Present Tense:
 Routine verbs and sports
 Days of the week
 Months of the year
 Schedules/ Timetables
 Dates and years
 Adverbs of frequency
 Time expressions

See Vocabulary File

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 What is it used for?
 To talk about something that is happening right
now: I’m working at the office today.

 To talk about arrangements for the near future:

We’re meeting at a bar tomorrow.

 To mention something that occurs for a limited

period of time: She’s living in Madrid for a few
months now.

How do we form the tense?

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In Present Continuous (or Progressive) we use the Verb
To Be as an auxiliary verb. Below, there are examples
of negative and interrogative sentences.

Negative Interrogative

I m not cooking now. Are you cooking now?

She isn t working today. Is she working today?

They aren t driving tonight. Are they driving tonight?

Spelling Rules

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 Common vocabulary used
in Present Continuous
 Time expressions: Today, at the moment, now,
right now, listen, look, tonight, tomorrow.

Some verbs are rarely used in Present Continuous

The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present.

 State : be, cost, fit, mean, suit

Example: We are on holiday.

 Possession: belong, have

Example: Tom has a dog.

 Senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He feels the cold.

 Feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish

Example: Jane loves pizza.

 Brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I believe you.

 Introductory clauses for direct speech: answer, ask, reply, say

Example: I am watching TV, he says.

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When do we use simple past tense?

We use simple past tense when we talk about a

finished action, event or activity.

In Simple Present there are 3 forms of the verb to be :

am, is, are. In Simple Past, there are only 2.
I

She

He WAS/ WAS NOT= WASN T

It

You

We WERE/ WERE NOT= WEREN T

They

No auxiliary verbs are needed in Negative and

Questions with verb To Be .

Examples:

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She was at the cinema last night.

She wasn t at the cinema last night.

Was she at the cinema last night?

To make a question you have to change the

order of pronoun and verb. The verb to be goes
always at the beginning of the sentence if it is a
yes/no question.

The verb To Be can be confusing in Spanish because

there are two possible translations: Ser or Estar . In
English the meaning is understood by context.

Observe the chart below:

25
Verbs are subdivided in two groups: Regular and
Irregular verbs: The verb To Be is an irregular verb.

Regular verbs add -ed at the end of the infinitive

verb to form the past form. Examples:

Play Played
Look Looked

26
Open Opened
Work Worked
Walk Walked
Visit Visited

 Verbs ended in e , only add the d :

Close Closed
Like Liked
Receive Received

 Verbs finished in y and preceded by a

consonant, change y to ies :

Study Studied
Try Tried
Cry Cried

 One syllable verb, 1 vowel + 1 consonant,

double consonant + ed:
Stop Stopped
Drop Dropped

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Plan Planned

 Two syllable verb with stress on the second

syllable and ending with a single consonant,
double consonant + ed:

Permit Permitted
Commit Committed
Travel Travelled

There are always exceptions to the rules. Remember

that English is the language of exceptions. 

Irregular verbs do not follow any rules. They

change, sometimes just 1 or 2 letters, or even the
whole word. It is represented in the 2nd column of a
list or verbs.
Most common irregular verbs:
Go Went
Buy Bought
Think Thought

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Make Made
Get Got
Drive Drove
Eat Ate
Drink Drank

You can find the complete lists of regular and

irregular verbs with their meanings in the
Appendix. 

29
  We use comparative adjectives to describe
people and things:

We are better now.

She is busier today.

 We use than to compare two things or two

people:

He is younger than me.

I am taller than my sister.

Look at the rules in the chart below:

30
  We use superlative adjectives when you
compare three or more things. In these sentences
we do not use than , we use the .
This is the best film.
She is the most beautiful woman in the city.
I am the tallest in the classroom.

Look at the rules in the chart below:

31
 There are some irregular adjectives that do not
follow these rules.

These are the most common ones:

32
 What do we use the Present
Perfect Tense for?
 To talk about activities, actions or events that
started in the past and have some kind of
connection to the present.
 To talk about activities or actions that have
recently finished or just occurred.
 To talk about experiences in life before now.
 To talk about things you never did up to the
present time.
 To talk about repeated actions or things you do
frequently.

How do we form the tense?

It is formed by an auxiliary verb: have/has + a

participle verb (3rd column of the list) or finished in
–ed if it is a regular verb.

33
Affirmative I have bought a new computer.
(= ve bought)
Negative She hasn t arrived home yet.
Question Have you worked today?

In affirmative and negative sentences the subject goes

always at the beginning. The auxiliary have or has is
equivalent in Spanish to he, hemos, has, ha .
Hemos bailado toda la noche= We’ve danced all night.

34
 It is used in NEGATIVE and
INTERROGATIVE sentences. It is always placed at the
end.
Examples:
I haven’t found my keys yet.
Has she done her homework yet?

Notice that when you use yet in negative it means

todavía, aún in Spanish. But in interrogative it
means ya .

It is used mostly in
AFFIRMATIVE sentences. It is placed between the
auxiliary and the main verb.
Example:
I have already washed my car. ( Ya in Spanish)

35
 It is used mostly in
AFFIRMATIVE sentences to mean that you have done
something recently. It is placed between the auxiliary
and the main verb.
Examples:
I have just finished dinner. Justo or Recién

Peter has just gone to the office. in Spanish

It is used in
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES between the pronoun
and the main verb.
Have you ever travelled abroad? ¿Alguna vez…?

Has she ever tried raw fish? in Spanish

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These prepositions are very common in Present
Perfect Tense. They tell us when something started in
the past and still continues in the present.

Examples:

PRESENT PERFECT + FOR + PERIOD OF TIME

I have known her for 10 years. (I still know her)
I have lived here for two months. (I still live here)

PRESENT PERFECT + SINCE+ POINT IN TIME

I have known her since last week. (I still know her)
I have lived here since November. (I still live here)

Notice that FOR is also used in PAST SIMPLE for

a finished action.
Example: I lived here for two months (I don’t live here
anymore)

37
 When is this tense used?
It is used to talk about future plans, intentions and
events, usually planned before the moment of
speaking.

How do we form the tense?

It is formed with the verb to be in its present form +
going to + an infinitive verb.

Examples:

She’s going to watch a film tonight (plan)

They’re going to get married next year (plan)

We’re going to have a baby soon (plan)

Notice that the word next is used in the future

in the same way last is used in the past, and it can
also be combined with the words: week, month, year,
Monday, September, etc.

38
Questions:
When are you going to travel to Canada? Next year.
When are they going to study for the test? Next week.

39
The infinitive can express WHY a person does
something.

Examples:

I m saving money to buy a new car.

(= I want to buy a new car)

She s going to Europe to have a holiday.

(=She wants to have a holiday)

We re studying to pass the exam.

(= We want to pass the exam)

To travel the world!
Why do you want a
good job?

40
 Word used to name a person, place or thing.

Common noun: general things (concrete or abstract). For

example: brother, house, cat, car, book, love, peace.

Proper noun: a word that describes specific people or names,

places (countries, cities), special dates such as Christmas, Easter,
etc. They begin with a CAPITAL LETTER.

An adjective describes and modifies a noun.

It answers to the “How”. How is it? Big, small. How is she? Sad,
happy, tired. When combined with a noun, the adjective goes
before.

Examples: An expensive hotel.

A young woman.

Small children.

41
An adjective can be used attributively or predicatively.

Attributive adjectives are the ones used in the example above in

which the adjective goes before the noun: an expensive hotel, a
young woman.

Predicate adjectives are the ones used in the predicate. They

come after the noun and the verb. For example: The hotel is
expensive, the car is blue, the dog is friendly.

An adverb describes another adverb, verb or

adjective. It tells how, when, where and in what manner
something takes place.

Time adverbs (When): today, tomorrow, yesterday, now, lately,

soon, etc.

Place adverbs (Where): here, there, nearby, upstairs, downstairs,

etc.

Manner adverbs (How): Regular adverbs end in –ly: quickly,

loudly, quietly, carefully.

Irregular adverbs do not follow this rule: well, fast, early, late,
right, wrong, hard, etc.

These forms of irregular adverbs are the same as adjectives,

they do not change.

Examples: He works very hard. (adverb)

42
 This is a hard exercise. (adjective)

Degree and focusing adverbs (What manner): extremely,

absolutely, terribly, entirely, almost, quite, rather, a lot, very,
completely, only, especially, just, etc.

Evaluative and viewpoint adverbs: These modify the whole

sentence. Examples: Personally, surprisingly, surely, hopefully,
definitely, etc.

There are subject and object pronouns (See

Grammar Section). There are also Possessive pronouns and
relative pronouns. They are used to replace nouns (common or
proper ones).

Subject Pronoun: I, you, we, they, she, he, it.

Object Pronoun: Me, you, us, them, her, him, it.

Possessive Pronoun: Mine, yours, ours, theirs, hers, his.

A verb shows action or state of being. The first

verb that is usually learned is the “Verb To Be”. Other examples
are: have, can, go, finish, open, visit, like, etc. Verbs can be used
in different tenses, for example: present, past and future, or can be
used in their infinitive form.

43
 This word shows how a noun or
pronoun is related to another word (into, at, in, on, for, with, near,
before, after, etc).

Prepositions can be divided in Prepositions of Time and

Prepositions of Place. (In this part we will see only some of
them)

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

We use:

 at for a PRECISE TIME

 in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG
PERIODS
 on for DAYS and DATES

in
at MONTHS, YEARS, on
PRECISE CENTURIES and LONG DAYS and
TIME PERIODS DATES

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30 a.m. in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas

Day

44
at sunrise in the next century on Independence
Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the in the past/future on New Year's

moment Eve

45
Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following
standard expressions:

Expression Example

at night The stars shine at night.

at the weekend* I don't usually work at the weekend.

at I stay with my family at Christmas.

Christmas*/Easter

at the same time We finished the test at the same

time.

at present He's not home at present. Try later.

*Note that in some varieties of English people say "on the

weekend" and "on Christmas".
Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these
common expressions:

in on

in the morning on Tuesday morning

in the mornings on Saturday mornings

in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoon(s)

in the evening(s) on Monday evening(s)

46
 Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use:

 at for a POINT
 in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
 on for a SURFACE

at in on
POINT ENCLOSED SPACE SURFACE

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the front desk in a car on a page

Notice the use of the prepositions of place at, in and on in these

standard expressions:

47
at in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at in a boat on a ship
university

at college in a lift on a bicycle, on a

(elevator) motorbike

at the top in the on a horse, on an

newspaper elephant

at the in the sky on the radio, on

bottom television

at the side in a row on the left, on the

right

at reception in Oxford on the way

Street

48
 (It is a grammatical unit but it will be
included here in this part). These are words that connect or link
words or phrases. There two main types of conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunction: It connects words in equal rank,
single words, phrases or clauses. Some of them are: and, but, so,
both, either, neither, etc.
Examples: The weather is hot today, so we’re going to the beach.
She is my best friend and my cousin.
Subordinating conjunction: It joins two sentences to make a
more complex one. The linking word or conjunction expresses a
relationship between two ideas which are no equal in rank. Some
of them are: because, until, since, where, when, while, that, after,
before, as soon as, etc.
Examples: We watched TV until we fell asleep.
I’ve played tennis since I was a child.

Most common conjunctions in Elementay level

Addition (Adds information)

Contrast (Contrasts facts,

information)

Reason (Justifies an idea)

Contrast (Separates, contrasts).

It is usually used at the beginning of a sentence

49
 Consequence (The first sentence
is the reason of the second)

Introduces time or specific

moment

Indicates “up to a point in time”

50
Rule #1
The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding - s to a singular
noun.

lamp lamps
cat cats
flower flowers
pen pens

Rule #2
Nouns ending in s, z, x, sh, ch, and vowel o form the plural by
adding - es.

Examples:

box boxes
dish dishes
church churches

tomato tomatoes

Rule #3
Nouns ending in - y preceded by a consonant is formed into a
plural by changing - y to - ies.

Examples: lady ladies

city cities

army armies

51
Rule #4
Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form their plurals by
adding - s.
Example: boy boys

day days

Rule #5
Some nouns ending in f or fe are made plural by
changing f or fe to - ves.
Examples: wife wives
life lives
knife knives

Irregular nouns
Singular Plural
Man Men
Woman Women
Child Children
Person People
Tooth Teeth
Foot Feet
Mouse Mice
DO NOT CHANGE
Fish Fish
Sheep Sheep

52
In Present Simple, it is common (not obligatory) to
use adverbs of frequency to indicate how often we
do the things mentioned.
The following chart shows the frequency of each one.

Pay attention to the location of the adverb when used with

the verb to be and when used (in most cases) with other verbs.

53
Adverbial phrases are also indicators of frequency but
they usually go at the end of the sentence.

Day

Every Week

Month

Year

Once:
1 time A day

A week

Twice: A month

A year

2 times

Three
times

Examples:

He goes to the gym twice a week.

We play tennis once a month.

My friends go to the disco three times a month.

54
 1 one 1st first
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
22 twenty-two 22nd twenty-second
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty 40th fortieth
50 fifty 50th fiftieth
60 sixty 60th sixtieth
70 seventy 70th seventieth
80 eighty 80th eightieth
90 ninety 90th ninetieth
100 a/one hundred 100th hundredth

55
56
57
Weekdays Weekend
Monday Saturday
Tuesday Sunday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

January July
February August
March September
April October
May November
June December

Remember to write months and days with

CAPITAL LETTER at the beginning! 

58
 correcto – incorrecto

1. angry – excited
enojado – emocionado
13. dead – alive
2. attractive – horrible muerto – vivo
atractivo – horrible
14. deep – shallow
3. awake – asleep profundo – superficial
despierto – dormido
15. easy – difficult
4. beautiful – ugly fácil – difícil
hermoso – feo
16. expensive – cheap
5. big – small caro – barato
grande – pequeño
17. extroverted – shy
6. bitter - sweet extrovertido – tímido
amargo – dulce
18. far – near
7. calm – nervous lejos – cerca
calmado – nervioso
19. fast – slow
8. chubby – slim rápido – despacio
obeso – esbelto
20. fat – thin
9. clean – dirty gordo – Delgado
limpio – sucio
21. full – empty
10. cold - hot lleno – vacío
frio – caliente
22. funny – boring
11. cool – warm divertido – aburrido
fresco – tibio
23. generous – selfish
12. correct – incorrect generoso – egoísta

59
24. good – bad
bueno – malo 39. right – Left
derecha – izquierda

25. happy – sad 40. safe – dangerous

feliz – triste seguro – peligroso

26. hard – soft 41. simple – complex

duro – suave simple – complejo

27. heavy – light 42. single – married

pesado – ligero soltero – casado

28. high – low (altura) 43. square – round

alto – bajo cuadrado – redondo

29. huge – tiny 44. strong – weak

enorme – diminuto fuerte – débil

30. kind – unpleasant 45. tall – short (estatura)

amable – desagradable alto – bajo

31. light – dark 46. tidy – untidy

claro – oscuro ordenado – desordenado

32. long – short 47. true – false

largo – corto cierto – falso

33. new – old 48. useful – useless

nuevo – viejo útil – inútil

34. open– closed 49. wet – dry

abierto – cerrado húmedo – seco

35. polite – rude 50. wide – narrow

educado – grosero ancho - estrecho

36. precise – imprecise

preciso – impreciso

37. quiet – restless

tranquilo - inquieto

38. rich – poor

rico – pobre

60
 Here you have some of the most common jobs. You
can look up in any dictionary if you need to use any other
word.

61
Connectors are used to join ideas (phrases or sentences)
and specify the order of the actions or events. These are
some of the most common connectors of sequence or
sequence connectors.

 Introduction: First, first of all, to start with.

 Sequencing actions: Then, after that, later, next.

 Conclusion: Finally, to finish, as a conclusion.

Example:

 First, I get up.

 Next, I go to school by bus.

 Then, I arrive at school.

 After that, I come back home and watch TV.

 Finally, I go to sleep.

62
What is a collocation?
A collocation is two or more words that are usually used
together. Native English speakers use a lot of collocations
and are quite natural to them.
It is important to learn collocations if we want to sound
natural too.
There are a lot of possible combinations of words, for
example: noun + noun, verb + noun, adverb + adjective,
etc.
We will see a more detailed list and uses in the following
courses. Here you have some of the most common
collocations in the elementary level. Some of them are
written as a one single word.
Noun + Noun:

 Book shop (Book store, American English)

 Post office
 Living room
 Sunglasses
 Bus stop
 Handbag
 Traffic lights
 Car park
 Petrol station (Gas station, American English)

63
  Bus station
 Railway station
 Motorway

Verb + Noun:

 Send messages
 Drive a car
 Ride a bike
 Speak languages (speak French, speak English, etc)
 Earn money
 Play sports (play football, golf, etc)
 Play instruments (play de guitar, play the bass, etc)
 Wear clothes (wear a hat, wear sunglasses, etc)
 Watch TV, a film.
 Listen to music, the radio.

64
Relative pronouns can be used to connect a sentence or a
phrase to a noun or pronoun. They are used to refer to
something previously mentioned.
The most common ones are:

WHO Used to refer to people (Subject pronoun)

Example: The man who works at the bank is my uncle.

Who works at the bank? My uncle (Subject)

WHOM Used to refer to people (Object pronoun)

Example: I will tell you whom I invited to my party.

Whom did you invite to your party? I invited Peter. (Object)

IMPORTANT: Nowadays the use of WHOM is very unusual. It is

considered more formal and when used, it is used in formal written
English. If you have a doubt about what pronoun to use, use WHO. 

WHICH Used to refer to objects, things or animals

Example: Mark has a book which is his favourite.

WHOSE Used for possessions

Example: Whose is this car? It is mine.

65
WHERE Used for places

Example: The city where I live is very beautiful.

WHEN Used to refer to time

Example: This birthday is when I turned 25.

THAT Used to refer to things or people. It can replace

WHO or WHICH.

Example: The person that she loves is her sister.

There are Defining and Non-defining relative clauses

too but they will be explained in a more advanced level of
the course.

66
When talking about the past, it is very common to use
expressions that show time.
Here you have some of the most usual ones:

67
 Notice that the time expression can be placed at the
beginning or at end of the sentence BUT when used at the
beginning there is a comma (,) after it.

Common Past Time Example Sentences Similar Expressions

Expressions
yesterday I walked to work yesterday. yesterday morning
(one day before today) yesterday evening
Yesterday, I walked to work. yesterday afternoon

the day before yesterday Redd bought a house the day the week before last (week)
(two days before today) before yesterday. the night before last (night)

The day before yesterday,

Redd bought a house.
last night Avril travelled to Halifax last last time
(the most recent night) month. last week
last month
Last month, Avril travelled to last year
Halifax.
this morning Kathleen called me this this afternoon
(an earlier time on the morning. this evening
same day)
This morning, Kathleen called
me.
one week ago Kenneth and his wife had a one hour ago
(a specific period of time in baby one week ago. one day ago
the past) one month ago
One week ago, Kenneth and one year ago
his wife had a baby.
in 1990 Darren finished university in in 1970
(a specific point in the 1990. in March
past) on Sunday
In 1990, Darren finished
university.
when + subject + past tense Paul played basketball when he when I was born
verb was a student.
(a specific period of time, when John finished high school
event, or point in the past) When he was a student, Paul
played basketball. when I turned 18

68
Adjectives that end in –ed and –ing are used to show
feelings and things.

What is the difference?

- ED ADJECTIVES:
Adjectives that end in –ed are used to describe people s
feelings, emotions and temporary states. They can only
refer to people.

I m excited!

I m annoyed.

I m bored.

I m interested.

69
 I m tired.

- ING ADJECTIVES:
Adjectives that end in –ing are used to describe
characteristics and qualities of things, situations or
people.
This book is boring!

The film is interesting!

Carol is a very
boring woman!

She is always boring!

70
Here is a list of places in a town. There are a lot more, you
can look up other names in a dictionary. 

71
 What are Phrasal Verbs?

A phrasal verb is a verb combined with a particle (pronoun

or adverb) that often modifies the literal meaning of the
verb.

Here, you will have a list of the most common phrasal

verbs at this level.

Look for
If you lose Sth, then you look for it. (=search for/seek)
Example: I’m looking for my keys. I can’t found them!

Look after
You can look after a child, a person or an animal. (=take
care of)

Example: The nurse looked after the patient for hours

72
Take off
Meaning 1: When referring to clothes, it means that you
don t have it anymore. (=remove)
Example: Please, take off your coat
Meaning 2: When referring to planes, it means that it
leaves the ground and rises into the air.
Example: The plane took off at 8 a.m

Put on
To clothe oneself in.
Example: Put your jumper on, please. It’s very cold .

Try on
To put on an article of clothing to see how well it fits.
Example: She tried on every dress in the store

Bring up
To take care of a child who is growing up.

Example: Their grandparents brought them up because

their parents were always travelling .

Carry on
To continue doing what you have been doing.

73
Example: Sorry I interrupted, carry on talking!

Get on (well) with

To establish a friendly relationship with someone.

Example: He always gets on well with his neighbours .

Get away
Meaning 1: To go away from a place.
Example: I can’t wait to get away from the city

Meaning 2: To avoid being caught: to escape.

Example: The thieves got away with the money!

Watch out
To be aware of something dangerous.

Example: Watch out in the mountain, there are bears

there!

74
They can refer to places, people or things.

With Every
Everywhere Place
Everybody/Everyone People
Everything Thing

With Some
Somewhere Place
Somebody/ Someone People
Something Thing

With No
Nowhere Place
Nobody/ No one People
Nothing Thing

With Any
Anywhere Place
Anybody/ Any one People
Anything Thing

75
Examples:

I didn t see anybody yesterday. (Negative)

I saw someone. I saw your brother! (Affirmative)

There s nowhere to go. (Affirmative)

Yes! There s somewhere to go. We can go to my
aunt s flat. (Affirmative)

Did you buy anything at the shops? (Question)

No, nothing. I forgot my wallet! (Affirmative)

76
When writing, we need to have in mind WHAT the purpose of our text
is. Do we want to inform something to someone? Do we want to
describe a person or a thing? Do we want to tell a story? Or do we want
to give reasons and justify a point?

There are four main types of texts according to the intention or purpose
of our text. (This is just an introduction)

The purpose of these texts is to describe a

person, thing, place, object or event. The writer depicts something to
cause the reader certain feelings or mood. The reader imagines or
creates an image on his mind of the thing described.

The purpose is to show something to the reader. So, the writer should
use:

 Particular vocabulary such as adjectives and adverbs.

 Sensory description: words related to the senses of smell,
hearing, sight, taste and touch.
 Similes or metaphors, so as to help the reader create images and
enrich the text.

77
 The purpose of a narrative text is to tell a story
through a series of events, inform or entertain the reader. The
information can be real, imaginary or both.

The common structure of a narrative text is the following:

 Setting: Time and place of the story.

 Characters: The most important people that appear in the story.
 Conflict: The most important point or part of the story.
 Resolution: The solution or outcome of the conflict.

The writer should use:

 Verbs and different tenses.

 Descriptive language.
 Proper names to name the characters or places that appear.
 Dialogues. (optional)
 Sequence adverbs or connectors to show sequence of events.
(Further development during the course)

An expository text intends to inform,

analyse, give additional information or explain something in an
objective tone. The writer should not state his or her personal opinion.

The common structure of an expository text is:

 Introduction
 Body

78
  Conclusion

An argumentative (also called

persuasive) text uses facts and evidence to justify an opinion or state
the writer’s position (subjective tone). These texts try to persuade the
reader about a particular topic or point of view by showing the author’s
opinion.

In this sort of texts the writer should:

 Support the ideas with arguments or explanations.

 Quote professionals of the field in question to give more authority
to his or her ideas.

The common structure of an argumentative text is:

 Introduction
 Body
 Conclusion

79
 Punctuation
 Quotation mark
Quotation marks are usually used to enclose the speaker s
exact words. (Direct language)
Example: The man told me: What a nice day!

 Colon :
A colon is used to introduce a list, a direct quotation, an
explanation, separate numbers in time, etc.
Examples:
We need: tomatoes, potatoes and onions.
The train is leaving at 7:30 p.m.

 Semicolon ;
It is used to expand an explanation or thought and join
sentences that contain the same idea and belong to the
same rank.
Example: The play was fantastic; the best I have ever
seen, in fact.

 Comma ,

80
It separates phrases, clauses or words in a sentence.
Example: She arrived home, took the keys, and opened the
door.

 Apostrophe
An apostrophe is mainly used to show ownership and
periods of time. It is also used to form contractions.
Examples: My brother s girlfriend/ don t/ can t

 Period, Exclamation and Question

mark . ?!
All sentences end in a period, exclamation mark or
question mark. A period is used at the end of a normal
sentence. An exclamation mark expresses strong feelings
and a question mark is used after a direct question to
indicate doubt or ask for something.

81
Use of capital letters
 Proper nouns: names, surnames, cities, countries,
nationalities, titles, names of famous buildings or
monuments, names of books, magazines, films, songs,
among others.

 Months and days of the week: January, September,

Monday, Friday, etc.

 ALWAYS use capital letters at the beginning of a new

sentence, after question and exclamatory marks.

 Acronyms: NASA, USA, UK, WHO, UFO, etc.

 ALWAYS use a capital letter when using the personal

pronoun I .

82
 Coherence and Cohesion:

Why is it important in
writing?

What is Cohesion & Coherence?

 Cohesion can be described as the combination of

ideas at the sentence level. It refers to connectivity in a
text. The cohesion of writing focuses on the
grammatical aspects of writing.

 Coherence refers to the connection of ideas and how

easy it is to understand the writing. Coherence refers
to the rhetorical aspects of your writing.

Example of a COHERENT and COHESIVE text

"My favourite colour is green. I like it because it is peaceful and it

relaxes me. I often go outside in the spring and lie on the grass
and look at it when I am stressed. This is the reason why my
favourite colour is green."

83
 Cohesion with NO Coherence

Now, here is a sentence that has cohesion but is not

coherent.

"My favourite colour is red. Red sports cars go very fast.

Driving in this way is dangerous and can lead to many car
accidents. I had a car accident once and broke my leg. I was
very sad because I had to miss my gym lessons because of the
injury."

IMPORTANT: Be sure your text is both

cohesive and coherent. Pay attention to punctuation,
conjunctions and flow of ideas. 

84
Before deciding if your text will be formal or informal you
have to consider who the reader will be. Are you writing to
a friend? To a close relative? To your boss? To a manager
of a company? This will be crucial to choose the register.

Informal register will be used if your audience is a friend, a

boyfriend/ girlfriend, a close relative, a person you know
very well, etc. It is used in everyday and personal
conversations such as e-mails, letters, phone messages,
blogs, etc.

These are the most important characteristics of informal

writing:

 Simple language: This is simple words and informal

vocabulary. Short sentences rather than very long

85
 ones are preferable. Sometimes incomplete sentences
followed by ellipsis … are also common.

 Colloquial language: Informal writing is similar to a

spoken conversation. You can use slang, figures of
speech (comparison, metaphor, symbolism, etc.). You
can use the first or third person point of view (I/ we),
depending on the case. You will address the reader
using second person (you).

Notice that there is no difference between vos and

usted as in Spanish. You use you in both cases. Also
in the plural case ustedes .

 Abbreviations: In informal writing words are often

used in their contracted or short form. For example: do
not (don t), I am not (I m not), He will not (he won t),
we would like (we d like), etc.

 Empathy and emotion: The writer can use words

that denote tender, happiness, pity, etc., depending on
the kind of relationship and the situation. Example:
How kind of you! You’re so nice!

86
Formal register will be used if your audience is a person
you do not know very well, a client, a boss, a manager, a
person in a higher rank or position, etc. It is used mainly
in business letters, essays, reports, professional e-mails,
etc.

These are the most important characteristics of formal

writing:

 Objective language: Formal writing avoids using

emotive language or punctuation such as exclamation
marks or ellipsis. Sentences should be complete and
meaningful.

 Complex language: Sentences tend to be longer than

in informal writing. The use of more formal
conjunctions such as nevertheless, although, additionally
instead of so, but, also is quite common. Avoid
colloquial language and slang.

87
  Full words: Abbreviations are rarely used in formal
writing. The only exceptions are well known acronyms
such as BBC, if it is not clear to the reader, write the
complete words of the acronym the first time you
introduce it.

 Third person: Formal writing is not a personal point

of view but an objective point. The third person is
usually used so that the writer gets disconnected from
the topic.

Neutral register is neither formal nor informal. It is used to

deliver facts. Some examples of texts in which neutral
register is used are the following:

 Reviews
 Technical writing
 Articles
 Some essays and some letters

88
 GREETINGS
Formal

 Dear Sir/ Madam,

 Dear Sir or Madam,
 To whom it may concern: (especially AmE)
 Dear Mr/ Ms Jones,
 Dear Dr Smith,

First names are NOT used. Using Miss or Mrs to

address a woman is not appropriate, as you do
not know whether she is married or not. Ms is a
neutral title for women.

Informal

 Hi Dennis,
 Hello Claire,
 Dear Mum,

Salutations are followed by a (,) comma,

exception: To whom it may concern: )

89
 ENDING (before closing)
Formal

 I look forward to hearing from you.

Informal

 Hope to hear from you soon.

 I’m looking forward to seeing you.

CLOSING
Formal

 Yours faithfully, (when you start with Dear Sir/

Madam,)
 Yours sincerely, (when you start with the name e.g. Dear
Ms Collins)
 Sincerely Yours, Sincerely (AmE)
 Yours Truly, (AmE)

Informal

 Love,
 Thanks,
 Yours,
 Best regards, Best (semi-formal, also BR)

90
When writing a text, you have to consider the audience.
That is, you have to write a piece of text that is clear and
easy for the reader to understand.
Here you have some tips to make your writing more
interesting.

 Avoid repetition of words: Try to use synonyms or

say the message in other ways but avoid repeating the
same word more than twice along the text. Using
similar words will enrich your text and make it more
attractive.

 Do not write too short sentences (neither too

long): Use conjunctions (connectors) to join ideas in
the same level. For example: I am Frank. I live in Los
Angeles. I work in San Francisco. I am Frank
and I live in California, but I work in San Francisco.

 Focus on the reader: When you finish your text,

read it from an objective perspective and see if it is
clear for anyone to understand. Showing the text to

91
 another person (if he/she understands English, of
course) is also a good idea to have another opinion.

 Focus on the topic: Do not mix things that are not

related to the purpose of your writing. For example, if
you are inviting a friend for dinner, tell him/her about
the place you want to meet, the time, the meal, the
guests (if there more people invited), etc. Do not tell
him/ her about your activities that day.

 Revise your text after writing: This seems to be

obvious, but it may happen that some people are so
distracted or tired of writing, that finish the text and
hand in or send the activity. Remember always to
revise your text more than once and to check spelling,
punctuation, use of words, use of tenses, coherence
and cohesion.

92
Before you start writing, you should organize your ideas.
You can write down in a piece of paper what the main
points of the writing will be.

You can do this by asking yourself some questions and

writing down the answers next to them.

Sample questions:

Before writing
 What kind of text am I going to write? (Narrative,
Informative, Descriptive, etc.)
 Who will be the reader?
 What/ Who do I want to talk about?
 How will I start the story? How will I introduce the topic or
person?
 How will I order the information? By importance?
Chronologically?
 Am I saying something relevant to the reader?

93
  How will I close the text?

After writing:

 Did I separate the information correctly?

 Are the paragraphs separated by topic?
 Is the introduction and ending in separate paragraphs?

By answering yourself these questions, you can get a

clearer idea of how well organized you are and make any
necessary changes to improve your writing. 

94
We have seen many tips for writing along the course. Now,
I would like to make a summary of the most important
points you should consider when writing at this level:

1. Subject Verb Agreement

This is one of the most common errors made in written
English. It is important to choose the correct word form
which agrees with the subject of the sentence.
Tom like pop music. (Incorrect)

Tom likes pop music. (Correct)

I lives in Canada. (Incorrect)

I live in Canda. (Correct)

2. Consistency in the usages of tenses

Make sure that you do not switch tenses while conveying
the same idea.
I went to the cinema yesterday and we watch a romantic film.
(Incorrect)

I went to the cinema yesterday and we watched a romantic film.

(Correct)

I go to school every day at 8 a.m. Then I arrived home and had

lunch with my parents. (Incorrect)

95
 I go to school every day at 8 a.m. Then I arrive home and have
lunch with my parents. (Correct)

3. Usage of Articles
This is another common mistake in English writing
made by learners.
I read book yesterday. (Incorrect)

I read a book yesterday. (Correct)

He bought book written by my brother. (Incorrect)

He bought the book written by my brother. (Correct)

4. Capitalisation
The first word of a sentence, proper nouns, days and
months always start with capital letters.
he needs to drink some water. (Incorrect)

He needs to drink some water. (Correct)

Will you meet charly tomorrow? (Incorrect)

Will you meet Charly tomorrow? (Correct)

See you on sunday! (Incorrect)

See you on Sunday! (Correct)

96
5. Spelling
There are some words in English which have confusing
spellings. It is important to use spell-check to avoid
unnecessary mistakes.
The principle of the school asked the students to keep quiet.
(Incorrect)

The principal of the school asked the students to keep quiet. (Correct)

6. Placement of Adverbs
There are different types of adverbs and sometimes it may
be confusing to place the adverbs in a sentence.
I go to the park on Friday always. (Incorrect)

I always go to the park on Friday. (Correct)

I everyday go to work. (Incorrect)

I go to work every day. (Correct)

7. Prepositions after Adjectives

There are no rules to the use of prepositions. They are
acquired little by little and they are frequently a problem
for English learners.
I am afraid to spiders. (Incorrect)

I am afraid of spiders. (Correct)

He is accused for murder. (Incorrect)

He is accused of murder. (Correct)

97
8. Usage of 'I' and 'me'
'I' and 'me' are both personal pronouns and are often used
incorrectly. In the first example I is part of the subject
while in the second example me is part of the object.
My friends and me went to New York. (Incorrect)

My friends and I went to New York. (Correct)

She came from Paris to meet I. (Incorrect)

She came from Paris to meet me. (Correct)

9. Comparison of Adjectives
You need to pay attention to the kind of adjective when
you use the comparative and superlative form.
He is more nice than me. (Incorrect)

He is nicer than me. (Correct)

She is the intelligentest girl in the class. (Incorrect)

She is the most intelligent girl in the class. (Correct)

10. Showing Possession

In English, possession can be shown by using the
possessive case, possessive adjectives and possessive
pronouns.
I went to my parents's house. (Incorrect)

I went to my parents' house. (Correct)

This book is her. (Incorrect)

This book is hers. (Correct)

98
 He left he book on the bed. (Incorrect)

He left his book on the bed. (Correct)

These are just some of the most common

mistakes English learners make when writing.
Remember to write regularly to improve your writing
skills! 

99
 INFINITIVO PASADO SIMPLE PARTICIPIO PASADO TRADUCCIÓN
Arise Arose Arisen Surgir, Levantarse
Awake Awoke Awoken Despertarse
Be/ am, are, is Was / Were Been Ser / Estar
Bear Bore Borne / Born Soportar, dar a luz
Beat Beat Beaten Golpear
Become Became Become Llegar a Ser
Begin Began Begun Empezar
Bend Bent Bent Doblar
Bet Bet Bet Apostar
Bind Bound Bound Atar, encuadernar
Bid Bid Bid Pujar
Bite Bit Bitten Morder
Bleed Bled Bled Sangrar
Blow Blew Blown Soplar
Break Broke Broken Romper
Breed Bred Bred Criar
Bring Brought Brought Traer Llevar
Broadcast Broadcast Broadcast Radiar
Build Built Built Edificar
Burn Burnt /Burned Burnt / Burned Quemar
Burst Burst Burst Reventar
Buy Bought Bought Comprar
Cast Cast Cast Arrojar
Catch Caught Caught Coger
Come Came Come Venir
Cost Cost Cost Costar
Cut Cut Cut Cortar
Choose Chose Chosen Elegir
Cling Clung Clung Agarrarse
Creep Crept Crept Arrastrarse
Deal Dealt Dealt Tratar
Dig Dug Dug Cavar
Do (Does) Did Done Hacer
Draw Drew Drawn Dibujar
Dream Dreamt / Dreamed Dreamt / Dreamed Soñar
Drink Drank Drunk Beber
Drive Drove Driven Conducir
Eat Ate Eaten Comer

100
Fall Fell Fallen Caer
Feed Fed Fed Alimentar
Feel Felt Felt Sentir
Fight Fought Fought Luchar
Find Found Found Encontrar
Flee Fled Fled Huir
Fly Flew Flown Volar
Forbid Forbade Forbidden Prohibir
Forget Forgot Forgotten Olvidar
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Perdonar
Freeze Froze Frozen Helar
Get Got Got / Gotten Obtener
Give Gave Given Dar
Go (Goes) Went Gone Ir
Grow Grew Grown Crecer
Grind Ground Ground Moler
Hang Hung Hung Colgar
Have Had Had Haber o Tener
Hear Heard Heard Oir
Hide Hid Hidden Ocultar
Hit Hit Hit Golpear
Hold Held Held Agarrar Celebrar
Hurt Hurt Hurt Herir
Keep Kept Kept Conservar
Know Knew Known Saber Conocer
Kneel Knelt Knelt Arrodillarse
Knit Knit Knit Hacer punto
Lay Laid Laid Poner
Lead Led Led Conducir
Lean Leant Leant Apoyarse
Leap Leapt Leapt Brincar
Learn Learnt / Learned Learnt / Learned Aprender
Leave Left Left Dejar
Lend Lent Lent Prestar
Let Let Let Permitir
Lie Lay Lain Echarse
Light Lit Lit Encender
Lose Lost Lost Perder
Make Made Made Hacer

101
Mean Meant Meant Significar
Meet Met Met Encontrar
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Equivocar
Overcome Overcame Overcome Vencer
Pay Paid Paid Pagar
Put Put Put Poner
Read Read Read Leer
Ride Rode Ridden Montar
Ring Rang Rung Llamar
Rise Rose Risen Levantarse
Run Ran Run Correr
Say Said Said Decir
See Saw Seen Ver
Seek Sought Sought Buscar
Sell Sold Sold Vender
Send Sent Sent Enviar
Set Set Set Poner(se)
Sew Sewed Sewed / Sewn Coser
Shake Shook Shaken Sacudir
Shear Shore Shorn Esquilar
Shine Shone Shone Brillar
Shoot Shot Shot Disparar
Show Showed Shown Mostrar
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Encogerse
Shut Shut Shut Cerrar
Sing Sang Sung Cantar
Sink Sank Sunk Hundir
Sit Sat Sat Sentarse
Sleep Slept Slept Dormir
Slide Slid Slid Resbalar
Smell Smelt Smelt Oler
Sow Sowed Sowed / Sown Sembrar
Speak Spoke Spoken Hablar
Speed Sped Sped Acelerar
Spell Spelt Spelt Deletrear
Spend Spent Spent Gastar
Spill Spilt / Spilled Spilt / Spilled Derramar
Spin Spun Spun Hilar
Spit Spat Spat Escupir

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Split Split Split Hender / partir /
Spoil Spoilt / Spoiled Spoilt / Spoiled Estropear
Spread Spread Spread Extender
Spring Sprang Sprung Saltar
Stand Stood Stood Estar en pie
Steal Stole Stolen Robar
Stick Stuck Stuck Pegar Engomar
Sting Stung Stung Picar
Stink Stank/Stunk Stunk Apestar
Stride Strode Stridden Dar zancadas
Strike Struck Struck Golpear
Swear Swore Sworn Jurar
Sweat Sweat Sweat Sudar
Sweep Swept Swept Barrer
Swell Swelled Swollen Hinchar
Swim Swam Swum Nadar
Swing Swung Swung Columpiarse
Take Took Taken Tomar/Agarrar
Teach Taught Taught Enseñar
Tear Tore Torn Rasgar
Tell Told Told Decir
Think Thought Thought Pensar
Throw Threw Thrown Arrojar Tirar
Thrust Thrust Thrust Introducir
Tread Trod Trodden Pisar, hollar
Understand Understood Understood Entender
Undergo Underwent Undergone Sufrir
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Emprender
Wake Woke Woken Despertarse
Wear Wore Worn Llevar puesto
Weave Wove Woven Tejer
Weep Wept Wept Llorar
Wet Wet Wet Mojar
Win Won Won Ganar
Wind Wound Wound Enrollar
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Retirarse
Wring Wrung Wrung Torcer
Write Wrote Written Escribir

103