pagina: 550 ROBOT Millennium versione 18.0. Manuale per Tutente APPENDIX 5 NON-LINEAR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION The static nonlinear pushover analysis is a simplified approach that allows an engineer to understand the performance of building structure for various design earthquakes. The following restrictions are applied in current version: + Allnon-linear properties, which define the eventual structural failure during design earthquake, are concentrated in so-called nonlinear pushover hinges. Other nonlinear effects (longitudinal forces, P-Delta effect, traction-compression bars, etc.) is possible to be consider together with non-linear hinges, but its do not play the decisive role in the damage behavior of building structures. The nonlinear hinges are possible to be taken into account only for frame elements of structures and for non-linear restrictions. The wall elements, modeled by shell finite elements (FE) and solid ‘ones, are not covered by the option. © Non-linear hinges are considered as an independent non-linear links for each degree of freedom in given node. It is neglected the interaction between different degrees of freedom. For example, bending of bar in one plane does not depend on bending in another plane and longitudinal forces. Such limitation will be removed in the next version. * Location of each non-linear hinge is defined by the user. Pushover analysis consists of following stages: ‘© Introduction of non-linear hinges in computational FE model. Assignment of non-linear properties for hinges (force-displacement or moment-rotation diagrams) Run modal analysis to activate of mass matrix (1 mode is enough). Definition of lateral forces specimen. Note: Push lateral forces depend on type of mass matrix. Assignment of control node and direction and ultimate push displacement value (when displacement in control node and direction exceeds such threshold, nonlinear analysis is finished). Assignment of parameters for non-linear analysis. Run step-by-step non-linear analysis. Equilibrium state curve “shear forces versus controlling displacement” V = V(D) is a result of non-linear analysis. Shear forces is defined as a sum of reactions for given push direction caused by corresponding lateral force specimen. = Conversion equilibrium states curve V = V(D) to ADRS format (acceleration displacement response spectra) ~ derivation of capacity curve S:” = S:""(S,), where 52” is a spectral acceleration and Sis a spectral displacement. Capacity curve smoothing. Smoothed capacity curve is used for analysis of performance point. Taking into account the reduction of vibration period due to hysteretic damping caused by strong non-linear deformations of structure. Conversion of capacity curve to the axis “effective damping versus period” Boy = By, (T) + Step-by-step search of the performance point as an intersection point between capacity curve Se? = §2"(S,) and selected demand curve. LATERAL LOAD DEFINITION It offen happens for 3-D structures that first vibration mode produces a local vibration of a small part of structure (local vibrations of single or few bars, local mode of plate, etc.). Such a vibration mode usually is not representative for analysis of seismic response because makes small contribution into seismic motion (has a small modal mass percentage). Therefore following algorithm is applied to prepare a push mode - shape vector, which predefines a displacement vector during pushover BN easees Via Monte ol Peta, 120121 Milano, Tel 02 86 99 50 72 Fax 02 80 29 88 96 ‘Email: [email protected]ROBOT Millennium versione 18.0. Manuala per utente pagina: §51 analysis. In general, future consideration is based on [2] with partial adaptation to computer implementation. + K6,,=MI,, > ©,,, where K, M- stiffness and mass matrices respectively, lr - unitary direction vector (has "1" on positions of translation displacements of direction dir = x <> y,z and zeros on all other ones; x, y, z= push directions); dba: is taken as a push mode. ‘* Normalize push mode: ,, Z @,,, where p= y(MO,,,6,, * Mass participation factor: T,, = (MJ, 4, ) * Search lateral forces as: Fy, =7.M@,,, where Yor iS a scalar multiplier. Shear force Vor = Fars Tar)= ¥ ar(ML aes Bare) = FaeV ae 1 L Therefore 7, ==—V,, and Fy, =——M@®,, *V’,,. Take Ver=1 because Ver play a role of de ‘ar a =F ar * Visy 'ear pushover analysis and only spatial specimen of lateral forces 2 load parameter in non. i presents interest for us now. So F,, = —-M®,,.. In follows we will omit subscript dir because each push direction requires specific pushover analysis. EQuiLiBRiUM STATES CURVE. NONLINEAR ALGORITHM. Usually characteristics of non-linear hinges are complex (see [1,2]) and contain a degradation ‘branches. Itoften leads to like-tooth shape of equilibrium states curves. Arc-length algorithm is applied to‘overcome such difficulties. The dialog-box of pushover analysis appears. Case: > Parameters — Node number | Direction. | Maxinun displacement Method of load defriton | © Accotdrs to geviy in the given dection LO User-defined Fig. 10.5.1 Pushover analysis parameters: Node number, direction - number of nodes and direction, in ‘which the controlling displacement is set: Maximum displacement - maximum value of controlling S%” =S°”(S,), where Sa, Sy - spectral acceleration and spectral displacement. The function Ss” =S'"(S,) is a capacity ‘spectrum. Conversion procedure consists of following: for each point {D,V} « V = V(D) is derived corresponding point for capacity spectra {S,,S, }= S2” = So" (S,) by means Vv v v (10.5.1) = = mass percentage for push mode, M,, = Mi =(MIy.,/,,) - total mass of ‘structure; W - weight of structure; g - ground acceleration. where HD To,’ Where «o - such component of push mode vector &®, which corresponds to (possesses the same node and direction) controlling displacement D. (10.5.2) Sy In general, V = V(D) usually is a non-linear function. The Ss = S:""(S,) equation is also a non- linear function (see Fig.10.5.2). Each point on such curve is associated with period T. Evolution of non-linear deformations leads to change of free vibration period. It is known that T=const on ADRS diagram is a straight line, which pass through origin of coordinates. Therefore, for all points of linear part of capacity spectrum period is the same and is denote Tin, This value is defined from solution of linear equation set KX, = Fa, where K is a stiffness matrix, describing the linear behavior of structure, and Far is a specimen of lateral forces. Let us denote: Din - component of solution vector Xae, which has the same degree of freedom as controlling displacement D; Via - Sum of reactions (shear force), caused by action of Fax. According to [2], Sa 5.8 T =2z. (10.5.3) After substitution (10.5.1), (10.5.2) to (10.5.3) it yields: Ty = 2a] PP (10.8.4) BA nor Via Monte oi Pita, 120121 Milano, Tel 02 66 89 60.72 Fax 02 80 29 89 96 ‘Email: [email protected]