VoLume | Votume 2 Votume 3. VoLuME 4. VoLuME 5. GENERALIZED FUNCTIONS Properties and Operations I. M. Gelfand and G. E. Shilov Translator: Eugene Saletan Spaces of Fundamental and Generalized Functions I. M. Gel'fand and G. E. Shilov Translators: Morris D. Friedman Amiel Feinstein Christian P. Peltzer Theory of Differential Equations I. M. Gel'fand and G. E. Shilov Translator: Meinhard E. Mayer Applications of Harmonic Analysis I. M. Gel’fand and N. Ya. Vilenkin Translator: Amiel Feinstein Integral Geometry and Representation Theory IM, Gel'fand, M. I. Graev, and N. Ya, Vilenkin Translator: Eugene Saletan GENERALIZED FUNCTIONS Volume | Properties and Operations I. M. GELFAND and G. E. SHILOV Academy of Sciences U.S.8.R. Translated by EUGENE SALETAN Department of Physics Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts 1964 ACADEMIC PRESS « New York and Londonxii FOREWORD TO THE SECOND RUSSIAN EDITION For convenience in using the first volume, we have placed at the end of it a résum¢ of the basic definitions and formulas and a table of Fourier transforms of generalized functions. ‘Tne Avtions 1959 Contents Translator's Note > Foreword to the First Ruslan Edtion . . Foreword to the Second Russian Edition ©. 1... Chapter | Definition and Simplest Properties of Generalized Functions 1, Test Functions and Generalized Functions 1.1, Introductory Remarks... 1.2. Test Functions aed 3. Generalized Functions 1.4, Local Properties of Generalized Functions 13. Addition and. Multiplication by a Number and by a Funetion, 1.6, Translations, Rotations, and Other Linear Transforma- tions on the Independent Variables... . fe 1.7, Regularization of Divergent Integrals 1.8, Convergence of Generalized Function Sequences 1.9. Complex Test Functions and Generalized Funetions 1.10. Other Test-Function Spaces . stares 2 2, Differentiation and Integration of Generalized Functions 2.1, Fundamental Definitions 2.2. Examples forthe Case ofa Single Variable 2.3. Examples for the Case of Several Variables 2.4. Differentiation as a Continuous Operation Delta-Convergent Sequences Differential Equations for Generalized Functions. Differentiation in S . 3. Regularization of Functions with Algebraic Singularities 3.1, Statement of the Problem . 3.2. The Generalized Functions x and xt. 33. Even and Odd Combinations of x} and 22. 18 18 2 7 29 34 39 4s 45 50xiv CONTENTS 34. IndefnieImearals of 24 | xIsanx 3.5. Normalization of x2, x4 |x|! sgn x BE The Gaerne Futons («+1 and ~ 19 3.7. Canonical Regularization . 38. Regularization of Other Integrals 39. The Generalized Function? . . 3.10. Plane-Wave Expansion of aor ters 3.10. Homogeneous Functions 4, Associate Functions 441. Definition 42. Taylor's and Laurent Series for x4 and x2. 4.3. Expansion of | x |? and | x |? sgn x 4.4. The Generalized Functions (x + i0)* and (x — #0)* $5 Toor Series for +s) and (x — 10)! 4.6. Expansion of r . 5. Convolutions of Generalized Functions 5.1. Direct Product of Generalized Functions 5.2. Convolutions of Generalized Functions 5.3. Newtonian Gravitational Potential and Elementary Solu= tions of Differential Equations 5.4. Poisson’s Integral and Elementary Solutions of cauehy's s Problem ote 5.5, Integrals and Derivatives of Higher Orders 6. Elementary Solutions of Differential Equations wh Constant Coefficients . 3 6.1, Elementary Solutions of Elliptic Equations 6.2. Elementary Solutions of Regular Homogeneous Equa- tions 63. Elementary Solutions of Cauchy's Problem Appendix 1. Local Properties of Generalized Funetions ALLL. Test Functions as Averages of Continuous Functions AL.2, Pattition of Unity . ‘A1. Local Properties of Generalized Functions AL. Differentiation as a Local Operation 55 6 1 4 ® 105 10 us In 128 132 140 141 142 146 46 CconTENTS wv [Appendix 2, Generalized Functions Depending on a Parameter . . 147 A2.1,Continuous Functions... . - z 447 A2.2.Differentiable Functions. . + 2 148 ‘A23, Analytic Functions... tae re gd: Chapter I Fourier Transforms of Generalized Functions - 183 |, Fourier Transforms of Test Functions... 2 2.2... 153 1.1. Fourier Transforms of Funetions in K . 153 12. The Space Zs. - an 155 13, The Case of Several Variables teapypsteeess 10 14, Eunetionals on Z . . - aoe eR 1.3, Analytic Functionals - 2 ss 160 116. Fourier Transforms of Functions in S.. . . - s « 168 2. Fourier Transforms of Generalized Functions. A Single Variable 166 21. Definition Srna s ‘ 166 22, Examples 168 23. Fourier Transforms of xi, 2, | [and |['snx 170 24. Fourier Transforms of x4 io x, and Similar Generalized Functions =. « . 14 2.8, Fourier Transform of the Generalized Fonction Ce oe : 182 2.6, Fourier Transforms of Analytic Funetionals <<. - 188 3. Fourier Transforms of Generalized Functions. Several Variables 190 31. Definitions .. 2... 1... =e 190 32. Fourier Transform of the Direct Product : 191 33. Fourier Transform ofr! . 192 314. Fourier Transform of Generalized Function with Bounded 3.5, 4. Fourier Transforms and Differential Equations ey 4.1. Introductory Remarks . . a5 tere #4 355200 201 42. The lerated Laplace Equation 21