Climate Change and
Depletion of the Ozone
Layer
Jun Diwa
Environmental Mgt. Specialist
EMB – NCR
EIAM Division (0906-421-14-57)
1
Outline
Q&A
The (Enhanced) Greenhouse Effect
Manifestations of Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
What is Climate Change?
Impacts of Climate Change
Combating Climate Change
What can we do?
Mitigation
Adaptation
Difference between Climate Change and Ozone Depletion
2
Introduction
Most serious environmental threat
facing mankind
Effects threaten the capacity of the
earth to sustain life
How it came to be? What is greenhouse
effect?
4
Greenhouse Effect
“…is the process by which greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-
emit heat being radiated from the
Earth, trapping warmth.” (International
Energy Agency 2013)
5
GHG Sources
7
Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect
Water vapor. The most abundant
greenhouse gas, but importantly, it acts
as a feedback to the climate. Water vapor
increases as the Earth's atmosphere
warms, but so does the possibility of
clouds and precipitation, making these
some of the most important feedback
mechanisms to the greenhouse effect.
Source: www.sawater.com.au/.../0/diag_water_cycle.gif
Carbon dioxide
(CO2). This is the most
important long-lived "forcing"
of climate change. It is
released through natural
processes such as respiration
and volcano eruptions and
Source: World Bank and Government of through human activities such
Norway documentation. 2005.
Philippine Climate Change in as deforestation, land use
Coastal Areas A Community- changes, and burning fossil
based Adaptation Approach. fuels.
Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect
Methane (CH4). A hydrocarbon gas
produced both through natural sources and
human activities, including the
decomposition of wastes in landfills,
agriculture, and especially rice cultivation, as
well as ruminant digestion and manure
management associated with domestic
livestock. On a molecule-for-molecule basis,
Source: World Bank and methane is a far more active greenhouse gas
Government of Norway
documentation. 2005. than carbon dioxide, but also one which is
Philippine Climate Change in much less abundant in the atmosphere.
Coastal Areas A Community-
based Adaptation Approach.
Nitrous Oxide
(N2O). This is a powerful
greenhouse gas produced by
soil cultivation practices,
especially the use of
commercial and organic
fertilizers, fossil fuel
combustion, nitric acid
production, and biomass
burning. Source: World Bank and Government of Norway documentation. 2005. Philippine Climate Change in Coastal Areas A Community-based Adaptation
Approach.
Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect
Chlorofluorocarbons
(Hydrofluorocarbons,
Perfluorocarbons and
Sulfur Hexafluoride).
These are synthetic compounds entirely of
industrial origin used in a number of
applications, but now largely regulated in
production and release to the atmosphere by
international agreement for their ability to
contribute to destruction of the ozone layer.
Source: World Bank and Government of Norway documentation.
2005. Philippine Climate Change in Coastal Areas A
Community-based Adaptation Approach.
1994 Philippines GHG Emissions from the Energy Sectors, Agriculture,
Industry and Wastes (Source: UNFCCC Official website)
12
1994 Philippines GHG Emissions with the LUCF Sector (Source:
UNFCCC Official website)
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Manifestations of Enhanced
Greenhouse Effect
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Melting and disappearance of glaciers
Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/
Source: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/06/melt-
zone/balog-photography
Rise in sea surface temperature and ocean heat
Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/
Rise in sea level
This is due to thermal
expansion and melting of
glaciers and ice sheets.
Frequent occurrence of strong cyclones and typhoons
Source: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/
Source: World Bank and Government of Norway documentation. 2005. Philippine Climate
Change in Coastal Areas A Community-based Adaptation Approach.
What is Climate Change?
UNFCCC: “Climate change: a change of
climate which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and
which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time
periods”
IPCC: “any change in climate over time,
whether due to natural variability or as a
result of human activity”.
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Impacts of Climate Change
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Above +2ºC impacts will be large
0°C 1°C 2°C 3°C 4°C 5°C
Food Falling crop yields in many areas, particularly
developing regions
Possible rising yields in some Falling yields in many
high latitude regions developed regions
Water Significant decreases in water
Small mountain glaciers availability in many areas, including Sea level rise threatens
disappear – water Mediterranean and Southern Africa
supplies threatened in
major cities
several areas
Ecosystems
Extensive Damage to Rising number of species face extinction
Coral Reefs
Extreme
Weather Events Rising intensity of storms, forest fires, droughts, flooding and heat waves
Risk of Abrupt and
Increasing risk of dangerous feedbacks and abrupt,
Major Irreversible
large-scale shifts in the climate system
Changes
Combating Climate Change
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Important Timelines
1992, United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Objective:
“…stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system…”
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UNFCCC Guiding Principles
The precautionary principle- the lack of full
scientific certainty should not be used as an
excuse to postpone action when there is a threat
of serious or irreversible damage.
"common but differentiated responsibilities“-
assigns the lead in combating climate change to
developed countries.
Other principles: special needs of developing
countries and the importance of promoting
sustainable development.
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Important Timelines
2 degrees C goal
A 20C rise in global temp. from pre-industrial levels is
the highest rise the world can afford if we want a
50% chance of avoiding the worst effects of climate
change
450 ppm
Concentration of CO2 equivalent in the atmosphere
that the world must stay to stay true to the 2
degrees goal
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Important Timelines
395 ppm
the current concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
280 ppm
Pre-Industrial Revolution level of CO2 (This level has
gone up by 41% from then till now)
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Important Timelines
1995, Kyoto Protocol
legally binds developed countries to emission reduction targets
(by an average of 5% of 1992 levels)
Adoption of Flexibility Mechanisms to aid Developed Countries
meet their emission reduction targets:
1. International Emissions Trading – allows Annex I country to
trade part of their assigned cap
2. Joint Implementation – Annex I Countries helping each other in
reducing their emission reduction targets
3. Clean Development Mechanism – allows the sponsorship and
implementation of project activities in non-Annex I Countries.
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Your Government’s Effort to
Combat Climate Change
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National Climate Change
Action Plan
What can we do?
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PROPOSED MEASURES
Efforts to avoid the negative
impacts of climate change were
segregated into MITIGATION
and ADAPTATION
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PROPOSED MEASURES
MITIGATION refers to reducing greenhouse gas
emissions or removing GHGs in the atmosphere
ADAPTATION refers to reducing the individual or
community’s vulnerability from the effects of Climate
Change
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Climate Change Mitigation
Measures
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Go “GREEN”!!!
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CONSERVE ENERGY
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PROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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USE ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF
TRANSPORTATION or JUST WALK
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Climate Change Adaptation
Measures
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CONSERVE WATER
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DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCES
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Help Clean our Waterways
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Organize An Emergency Response Team
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Train Emergency Team in First Aid
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Properly Equipped Emergency Team
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Establish A Risk Reduction Plan
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Establish An Early Warning System
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Establish An Early Warning System
Source: German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), 2009
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Climate Change and
Depletion of the Ozone
Layer
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WHAT IS THE
OZONE LAYER?
The Ozone Layer is a thin,
fragile shield that envelops the
entire earth which efficiently
and effectively filters and
screens almost all of the
harmful ultraviolet rays
There are three
categories of UV:
•UV-A: Most UV-A is able to reach the earth’s
surface (causes tanning, skin aging, eye damage, & immune
suppression)
•UV-B: 90% of UV-B is blocked off by the
ozone layer (causes sunburns, snow blindness, immune
suppression, skin cancer, & premature aging)
•UV-C: 100% of UV-C is blocked off by the
ozone layer (very lethal)
HOW IS OZONE
CREATED AND
DESTROYED?
Natural Stratospheric Ozone Creation
Free O reacts with O2 to
form O3.
UV strikes O2 and splits it
into 2 O.
Natural Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
UV breaks O3 into O2 and O can react with O3 to
O. form 2 O2.
WHAT IS THE
OZONE HOLE?
The depletion or the
loss of the blocking
effect of the ozone layer
against ultraviolet rays
is what we call the
OZONE HOLE
WHAT ARE THE
EFFECTS OF
OZONE
DEPLETION?
Effects of increased
Ozone depletion UV-B
allows the entry radiation
of UV-B radiation
More skin cancers
More eye cataracts
Weakened immune systems
Reduced plant yields
Damage to ocean eco-
systems and reduced fishing
yields
More damage to plastics and
other building materials
WHAT
CAUSES
OZONE
DEPLETION?
The Ozone Depletion
Certain chemicals upset the ozone
balance, called ozone depleting
substances
Ozone-
Ozone-depleting substances (ODS)
are chemical substances that have
the potential to react with ozone
molecules in the stratosphere.
The ability to deplete the ozone
layer is referred to as the ozone
depleting potential (ODP)
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS)
AND THEIR USES
HALO-CARBONS
(CHLOROFLUOROCARBONS or CFCs and HALONS)
•CFCs are used in
refrigerators, air-
conditioners, spray cans,
solvents, foams, other
application
•Halons are primarily
used in fire extinguishers
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS)
AND THEIR USES
•CARBON TETRACHLORIDE and METHYL
CHLOROFORM are used as solvents
•HYDROBROMOFLUOROCARBONS (HBFCs)
are used in fire extinguishers
•HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS (HCFCs)
were developed as the first major CFC
replacement
OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES (ODS)
AND THEIR USES
•METHYL BROMIDE
(CH3Br) is used as a
fumigant and in
quarantine treatment
•BROMOCHLOROMETHANE (BCM) is
used as fire extinguishing agent and
solvent
HOW CAN THE
OZONE LAYER BE
SAVED?
The ozone layer can be saved
only by phasing out the use of
ozone depleting substances
ODS
HOW CAN ORDINARY
CITIZENS HELP
PROTECT THE OZONE
LAYER?
Patronize ozone-friendly products by
checking the labels of consumer goods.
If CFCs or other ODS
are used in their
production, look for
alternatives but do not
buy, use or patronize
these products.
Patronize ozone-friendly services by having
your car air-con, refrigerators and home air-
cons repaired at service shops with DTI
accreditation.
Accredited shops have
TESDA-certified
technicians who are
environment-friendly
and customer-oriented.
OZONE
DEPLETION AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
•Ozone depletion and climate change
are often misconceived as one and the
same, but the heat generated from the
two phenomena are different.
•What is common between them are
their causes: most ODS are also
greenhouse gases.
OZONE LAYER CLIMATE CHANGE
DEPLETION
-allows entry of UV-B -significant changes in the
which harms the earth. earth’s climate affecting
nature’s balance.
MAN-MADE
GREENHOUSE GASES
•halogenated
fluorocarbons
(HCFCs, CFCs)
•perfluorinated
carbons (PFCs)
•hydrofluorocarbons
(HFCs)
•sulfur hexafluoride
(SF6)
Transition from CFC to HCFC or HFC reduced
greenhouse gas emissions ~10 time or more
Example:
Mobile air conditioning sector switched from CFC 12
(GWP 10,900 ODP 1) to HFC-134a (GWP 1,430 ODP 0)
(ODPs) (GWPs)
UNEP/WMO Ozone Assessment, 2006
Thank You!
81
QUESTIONS?
