Basic Core & Log

Interpretation
Part-1 (Core)

01.10.2015
Petrophysics Expertise
Team-OMV-Petrom
Irfan Hameed
Bucharest, 01 October 2015

1
Basic core and Log Integration
AGENDA

 Introduction to core and log Integration

 Basic Core porosity measurements
 Basic Core Permeability measurement
 Basic Core Fluids saturation determination
 Basic log analysis and integration
 Comparison Log Vs Core Petrom Example
 Conclusions.

| Core and Log Integration 1

Basic core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration 1

Introduction
Objectives

The primary purpose of core-to-log data integration is to reduce the uncertainty

associated with formation evaluation. In so doing, we take advantage of both the higher
precision of core data and the larger scale of investigation of log data. It is particularly
important that when tying logs back to core, the calibration algorithm is as well defined as
possible.

Goal

Implementation of the optimal data-integration strategy, and of the new upcoming

developments, will require cross-discipline collaboration between those responsible for
core acquisition, core analysis and wireline log interpretation. A key factor will be the
ability to develop interpretative algorithms for cross-scale application.

| Core and Log Integration

Relative Merits of Core and Log Data

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 Prerequisite for Core Log Integration
Depth reference or Depth Match

Core depth reference to driller depth

Data to be match with WL or LWD Logs
Core GR is primary tool apply shift
Other properties porosities , images can be helpful
Low core recovery
Unconsolidated rocks
Wrong depth Marks during operations
Can lead to wrong calibration/integration

| Core and Log Integration

 Representative scale Measurements
Plug size Should be representative of pore structure
Primary rock fabric (Intergraular porosity standard size plug)
Secondary rock fabric (Vugus, isolated pores /Microfracure whole
core )
Laterally consistent in terms of physical properties
Volume compatibility ratio of core plug vs log measurements

| Core and Log Integration

 Equivalent Texture
Core data should be un damaged by acquisition, core handling
preservation and transportation process.

In lab proper cleaning, drying, freezing , humidity control, proper handling of

sanative mineral, clays, gypsum etc

RE properties should represent actual pore/perm state

Log key data should not represents damaged part of the reservoir
Caliper checks, Tool tensions , hole sticking, proper environmental correction,
mud properties.

| Core and Log Integration

 Comparable Measurements
Same Parameters physical properties should be measured downhole and lab
For valuable integration

Resistivity, Natural radioactivity, Porosity , Water saturation/ HC saturation

Examples

Resistivity downhole measure horizontal component, Core Horizontal plug Resistivity

Down Hole (Th, K, U & GR) , In lab same measurements
Log PHIT and Core PhiT
Log Grain Density Vs Core Grain Density
Log and core geo mechanical properties

| Core and Log Integration

Continuity and sampling volume

Increased heterogeneity requires increase sampling

| Core and Log Integration

 Key Intervals
No control on bed thickness and lateral homogeneity

Log measurement have engineering limitation for vertical regulation

What is key interval ?

A key interval is one which comprises beds whose thicknesses are

significantly greater than the coarsest vertical resolution within the
logging suite and which has been fully cored. Algorithms for tying
logs back to core should be established only for key intervals.

An available option is to restrict the core-log integration to the

central parts of relatively thick beds in the first instance. This would
allow a "calibration" of the log data to be effected to the exclusion of
wireline data close to bed boundaries. The calibration should be
restricted to selected key intervals.

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Role of Core Analysis

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Role of Core Analysis

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Integrated Analysis

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Role of Log Analysis

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Use of Core Analysis

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Scale of measurements

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Scale of measurements

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Scale of measurements

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Core Acquisition Planning & Objectives

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Drilling Fluids

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Drilling Fluids Tracers

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Drilling Fluids Tracers

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Coring Hardwar

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Coring Hardware

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Coring Hardware Bits

Conventional Bits Modern Low Invasion Bits

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Coring Hardware Bits

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Coring Hardware Bits

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Core acquisition Types (Low Invasion)

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Core acquisition Types (Oriented Core)

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Core acquisition Types (Sponge Core)

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Core acquisition Types (Liquid Trapper)

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Core acquisition Types (Pressure Core)

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Pull-Out-of-Hole (POOH)

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Wellsite Tasks

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Wellsite Tasks Handling

Must Avoid twisting bending Dropping

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Wellsite Tasks laydown

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Wellsite Tasks (Orientation Marks)

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Wellsite Tasks (Preservation)

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Wellsite Tasks (Preservation)

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Wellsite Tasks (Freezing Unconsolated core)

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Wellsite Tasks (Resin Injection)

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Core Acquisition Conclusions

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)
Plug or
Full
Diameter ?

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

Pattern
And Density

Bedding Plan
Direction

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

Sample
Quality

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Plugs)

Maximize
Sample Use

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Impact of
Cleaning

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Impact of
Cleaning

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Mineralogy
consideration

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Sample State
consideration

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Cleaning
Solvent

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Cleaning)

Cleaning
Methods

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Associated
water

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Drying
Methods

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Drying
Methods

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Humidity
Drying

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Humidity
Drying +VE
& -VE

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Drying
Ovens

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Core Analysis Sample preparation(Drying)

Conclusion
Of Cleaning &
Drying

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Routine Core Analysis (Porosity)

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Rock Volumes

Ideal Model

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Rock Volumes

Mathematical
model Model

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Pore Volumes

Packing
Impact

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Fracture Porosity

Fracture
Aperture
or Width

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Porosity Measurements Methods

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Bulk Density from Total Core Porosity

Log bulk
density
calibrati
on

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Some key Formulas

Vp Vb  Vma
Porosity  φ  
Vb Vb

V V V
b m p

V   (V )
p b

V  (1   )(V )
m b

m  (  )(V )

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Porosity Overburden stress

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Core Permeability

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Core Permeability

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Core Permeability

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Steady State
A core sample placed in core holder @ low confining stress( 12-20 bar ) to
prevent gas flow around the plug. Gas is allowed to flow due to pressure
differential. Flow rate and differential pressure measured and used to
determine the sample permeability using Darcy’s law

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Steady State

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Klinkenberg Effect

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Gas Slippage

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Why is Slippage important

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Profile Permeability

A quick
look
Method

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Profile Permeability

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Profile Permeability

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Stress Permeability

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Averaging Permeability

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Geological Control of Permeability

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Textural Relation Permeability

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Textural Relation Permeability

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Permeability and Porosity Trends

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Permeability and Porosity Trends

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Permeability Summary

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Formation Fluids Saturations

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Reservoir Water Saturations

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Mud Filtrate Invasion

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Mud Tracers

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Mud Tracers HTO concentration in Lab

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Pull-Out-of-Hole (POOH)

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Fluids Distribution in Reservoirs

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Fluids Effects on Oil Saturation

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Fluids Effects on Gas Saturation

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Coring Fluids Effects on HC Saturation

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Coring Fluids Effects on HC Saturation

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Water Saturation Above Transition (Cores)

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Fluids Saturation Methods (Retort)

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Methods (Retort)- Summation of Fluids Porosity

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Methods (Retort)- Summation of Fluids Porosity

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Methods (Dean-Strark)

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Methods (Dean-Strark)

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Capillary Pressure- SHT-Function

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Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Structure
Conventional ICPT analysis program is conducted as per attached
diagram

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Structure
-Core spectral Gamma ray recorded for new continuous cores (in cpm –
old version or API currently); old cores has no GR
-cores are marked, slabed and plugs are taken (1/25cm for reservoir
and 1/1m for non-reservoirs parallel; 1/1m vertical, as standard)
-plugs undergo into cleaning, poro-perm program
-SCAL program follows
-beneficiary is consulted permanently

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Drying & Cleaning
Before measuring porosity and permeability, core
samples are cleaned using solvents, then thoroughly
dried

Method also provide the water and oil saturation of the

core samples on „as-received“ basis

Cleaning was/is always part of old/new cores program in

ICPT

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Drying & Cleaning
Cleaning in ICPT is performed by DeanStark and Soxlet
aparathus

Soxlet
DeanStark
-solvent – a mixture of toluen-
-solvent – xylene – 139 C /8-
methanol – 105 C
40h
hight temperature boiling ensure completely fluids removal water/HC,
including interstitial water

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Drying & Cleaning
Drying can be done by multiple methods:
• conventional – oven dried at 80 C currently
• humidity dried – wich maintain a constant humidity of 40% in order to
avoid structural rock change

If not specified by client, conventional drying is used as standard

Obs (literature):
- if core plugs are oven dried, measured core PHI will be close to log PHIT
- if core plugs are humidity dried , measured core PHI will be close to log
PHIE

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Old Core
Cores aquisition was
focused on reservoir
sections

Non-reservoirs were not

considered for analysis

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Old Core Porosity
Based on Archimedes method

- used regular shape plugs usually

- dried plugs were weighed
- the samples were saturated and submerged into benzene (or toluene
recently) and weighed in order to get grain volume Vr
- Bulk volume Vb was computed by mercury immersion or by
geometrical measurements
- Pore volume Vp and porosity PHI were computed

Vr = (Wdry-
Wsub)/DENSfl
Vp =Vb-Vr
PHI=Vp/Vb

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Old Core

OLD CORES
- average is usually from the best reservoir
- no overburden correction applied

LOGS
- averages is from the entire reservoir/pay section
- properties are measured in-situ

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Old Core
Permeability
- is based on Darcy law for compresible fluids
- use dry plugs, and air as injected gas
- use ambient state plugs
- for vertical/horizontal perm‘s same plug was used
rotated 90 deg

Qa – volumetric flow rate

Pa – atmospheric pressure
 – gas viscosity
L- plug length
P1-P2 – pressures at the
plug ends
A – plug transversal area

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) New Core
- are continuous – carried out frequently after 2000
- can be depth-calibrated against logs
- ICPT RCA program include entire section
- overburden corrections performed by lab on request
II. REZULTATELE ANALIZELOR:
1. Porozitatea, permeabilitatea ş i saturaţia porilor:( API- RP40 1998 )
Nr. Cod Adâncime Porozitate Densitate Permeabilitate Saturaţie pori Observaţii
crt. eş antion specifică orizontală verticală apă ţiţei
- m % g/cm3 mD mD % %
1 08COR025501 1028.59 31.16 2.70 113.900 - -
2 08COR025502 1029.18 36.92 2.69 83.700 - -
3 08COR025503 1029.60 42.96 2.63 14934.260 42.47 53.15
4 08COR025504 1029.83 42.54 2.64 14461.400 37.26 59.79
5 08COR025505 1030.34 45.00 2.64 6477.380 41.63 57.39
6 08COR025506 1030.60 42.12 2.64 2549.030 48.45 49.06
7 08COR025507 1030.83 44.42 2.65 2523.150 55.75 43.77
8 08COR025508 1031.12 43.69 2.65 3409.480 55.18 43.02
9 08COR025509 1031.38 36.37 2.65 247.540 - -
10 08COR025510 1031.55 36.19 2.67 300.410 86.72 3.92
11 08COR025511 1031.89 29.58 2.70 41.300 - -
12 08COR025601 1037.36 34.20 2.69 234.690 - -
13 08COR025602 1039.87 30.02 2.72 27.480 - -
14 08COR025603 1041.16 30.42 2.69 24.910 - -
15 08COR025604 1042.60 3.85 2.66 0.023 - -
16 08COR025605 1042.80 4.22 2.68 0.030 - -
2. Data executării analizei: 29.10.2007

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) New Core
Porosity
It is based on Boyle‘s law
Grains volume Vr is determined first g=Mr/Vr
Grain density and porosity are computed
Phi=(Vb-Vr)/Vb
Obs: conventional measurements are performed in ambient condition
on request – can be simulated lithostatic pressure

HGP200 porosimeter

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) New Core

PHI overburden correction

of 0.85 applied
NEW CORES core PHIovb_pay – 0.33
- averages can be made for the entire section core PHIovb_res – 0.31
- overburden correction can be applied and
extrapolated to old cores also PHIT pay –0.32
PHIT res – 0.30
LOGS PHIE pay – 0.25
- averages are from the entire reservoir/pay section PHIE res – 0.22
- properties are measured in-situ

| Core and Log Integration 1

Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) New Core
Permeability
- is based on Darcy law for compresible fluids
- use dry plugs, and nitrogen as injected gas
- conventional measurement use ambient state plugs
- overburden correction can be applied similar as
porosity
- klinkerberg correction can be applied in order to
simulate a liquid flow permeability
- horizontal and vertical plugs used

DGP200 permeameter

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Routine Core Analysis (ICPT) Comments
- atmospheric measurements are part of the standard Lab program,
making corePHI and K to be overestimated
- overdurden correction MUST be applied in order to reproduce in-situ
state
- corePHI techniques used dried core plugs (structure change) making
corePhi to be close to the log PHIT (clastics)

| Core and Log Integration 1

 Reservoirs Pore volume

Storage Capacity

H.C In place = Total Asset

H.C In place Master Equation

A = Geologist/Geophysics
H = Petrophysicis
Phi = Petrophysicis
Sw = Petrophysicis

Defined by Petrophysics

| Core and Log Integration

 Reservoirs Pore volume
Porosity Impact

The effect of porosity error is significant

even in fair quality reservoir:
Phi = .15, m = 1.8, n = 2, Rw = 0.016, Rt = 40 ohm-m

• Error of 0.02 pu Phi

• Increase bulk volume HC by 16 %
• Increase K prediction based on Phi/k
relation
• Low porosity reservoirs yields higher
impact

Therefore

Correct prediction of Phi is fundamental to

Reservoir characterization

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 Reservoirs Pore volume
Basic
Definition

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 Reservoirs Pore volume
Common Terminology
Total Pore Space
1)Total porosity, t = Bulk Volume

2) Effective porosity, e =

3) Primary Porosity (Developed during Sedimentation)

4) Secondary Porosity( Developed by secondary geologic process)

Secondary Phi Index = Total Phi- Sonic Phi

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 Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity
Clastics

 Size
 Sorting
 Packing
 Cementation
 Compaction
 Clay
 Pore Vs Perm

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Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity

Packing Sorting and Size

Cementation& Compaction

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Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity

Porosity Reduction by distribution

of Shale Thomas Stieber

 Structural No impact
 Dispersed High Impact
 Laminated Medium Impact

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 Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity

 Fabric
 Composition
 Biogenic
 Diagenetic
 Micrite
 Marl
 Mud
 Vugs
 Fractures
 Crystallization
 Secondary
Pore
 Pore Vs Perm

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 Lithology Based concepts ( Carbonates)

 Clastic Vs Carbonates

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Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity

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Lithological & Texture Control on Porosity

Vugs

Secondary Phi Index = Total Phi- Sonic Phi

Fracture

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Scale of Measurements

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Scale of Measurements

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 Scale of Measurements

VR and Thin Beds

Thin bed porosity measurements

Conventional porosity logs unable to
Resolve

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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Total or Effective Porosity

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 Routine Core Analysis Total and Effctive

Core Porosity Depends

 Handling
 Sample size
 Cleaning
 Drying Method
 Measurements
Methods
 Sample State
 Stress corrections
 Clay corrections

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 Relationship between core and Log porosity
 Total PhiT Neutron
 Total PhiT Density
 Oven Dried PhiT
 Humidity Effective
 NMR PhiT & Phie

Different Concepts

 Geologist
 Petrophysicist
 RE and PE
 Core Analyst

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| Core and Log Integration
Total or Effective Porosity

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Routine Core Analysis

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Routine Core Analysis

Stress Correction Log Calibration

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Routine Core Analysis

RCA final deliverable Composite Plot

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Routine Core Analysis

Micro Fracture Mud Invasion

Whole Core Fracture

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Routine Core Analysis (Clay distribution)

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Routine Core Analysis (Core Photos)

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 Routine Core Analysis (Core Photos)

Laminated sand Channel Sand

Coarsening Upward

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Routine Core Analysis (Core Photos)

Core Image 360 FMI Image 360

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Indirect Porosity measurements
 Sonic
 Density
 Neutron
 NMR
 Resistivity
 Seismic
 Cross Plots
 Digital Image
 Thin sections
 Correlations

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Indirect Porosity measurements Sonic

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Indirect Porosity measurements Sonic

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Indirect Porosity measurements Sonic

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density

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Indirect Porosity measurements Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Combinations
Single porosity logs can provide total porosities in water filled rocks in
known matrix values …………(Lithological dependency is key factor)
But
 Matrix Lithology often unknown
 Complex Mineralogical compositions
 Variable pore fluids (Water, gas, oil, condensate)
However Sonic, Density , Neutron responds different on
 Matrix Minerals
 Pore fluids
 Geometry of pore structure

Therefore COMBINATIONS of logs provide more reliable porosities in

complex Lithology's/pore fluids ………Cross plot porosities

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Indirect Porosity measurements Cross plots

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density-Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density-Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density-Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Sonic-Density

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Indirect Porosity measurements Sonic-Neutron

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Indirect Porosity measurements Density-Pef

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Indirect Porosity measurements NMR

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Indirect Porosity measurements NMR

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Indirect Porosity measurements NMR
Advantages

 Lithology Independent porosity Total pore volume

 Fluids identification's (oil,gas ,water ,Heavy oil, tar)
 Pore size distribution
 Fluids saturations
 Permeability predictions
 Clay / shale identification
 Effective vs Bound fluids volume

Disadvantage

 Bad hole condition

 Presence of iron bearing minerals
 Light HC effects
 T-2 cut off variation

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Indirect Porosity measurements Resistivity

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Indirect Porosity measurements Seismic

Regional scale porosity prediction= AI

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3D-Digital Image & Thin section

Micro Scale Porosity Prediction

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Comparison (Log Vs Core)

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Shaley sand Porosity

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Clastic Vs Carbonate Porosity

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Clastic Vs Carbonate Porosity

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NMR Porosity
 Free Fluid
 Clay Bound
 Capillary bound
 Permeability
 Total Porosity
 Effective Porosity
 Fluids typing
 Fluids
Saturations

Meets Requirements

 Geologist
 Petrophysicist
 RE and PE
 Core Analyst

| Core and Log Integration

Conclusions
 Total Porosity concept is clear across all disciplines
 Core effective porosity, depends on means of preparations and methods of
measurements
 Log analysis derived effective porosity in clastic has Vcl dependency
 Distribution of clay play significant role in clastic reservoirs porosities
 In carbonates effective porosities can possibly be defined by Core and NMR
 NMR porosities have more clear concept of Total and effective porosity
 Log Density porosity provide more direct calibrations to core measurements
 Log and Core porosities can miss match due to various reasons
 DW and WM are Total porosity Models
 Deep resistivity measurements responds to total porosity

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Well Logging
Interpreatation
Part-2
By IRFAN HAMEED

| Core and Log Integration

 Objectives

 Get to know various log measurements

 Recognize fluid type and lithology of major reservoirs,
and some practical application of log data
 Familiarize with factors affecting the log response
 Understand the strategy in well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well log design

| Core and Log Integration

 Definition

According to
4th Edition of J.A.Jackson’s Glossary of Geology:

Log : A continuous record as a function of depth,

usually graphic and plotted to scale on a
narrow paper strip, of observations made on
the rocks and fluids of the geologic section
exposed in the well-bore.

| Core and Log Integration

 Wireline Logging Logging while Drilling

Mud in
Mud out
Cable

LWD Tools

Tools

Drill Bit

| Core and Log Integration

 Well Logging History

• The first electrical log was introduced in 1927 in France using stationed
resistivity method.
• The first commercial electrical resistivity tool in 1929 was used in
Venezuela, USA and Indonesia.
• SP was run along with resistivity first time in 1931
• Schlumberger developed the first continuous recording in 1931
• GR and Neutron logs was started in 1941
• Microresistivity array dipmeter and lateralog were first time introduced
in 1950’s
• The first induction tool was used in 1956 followed by Formation tester
in 1957, Fomation Density in 1960’s, Electromagnetic tool in 1978 and
most of Imaging logs were developed in 1980’s
• Advanced formation tester was commercialized in early 1990’s

| Core and Log Integration

 Well in Pechelbronn - France Surface Recording Instrument

The “First” Log recorded in 1927

| Core and Log Integration
 Log Measurements

Practical definition of a log

Log is an indirect measurement of formation properties
exposed by the well‐bore acquired by lowering a device or
a combination of devices in the well bore.

A Formation Evaluation Specialist is essential to understand

The theory of measurements, quality control, interpretation

principles, geophysics and petroleum geology as well as
petroleum reservoirs

| Core and Log Integration

Advantages and Limitations of Well Logging

Advantages:
- Continuous measurements
- Easy and quick to work with
- Short time acquisition
- Better resolution than seismic data
- Economical

Limitations:
- Indirect measurements
- Limited by tool specification
- Affected by environment
- Varying resolution

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Theory of Measurements

| Core and Log Integration

 Logs are Implied Measurements

• Log is not a direct measurement of formation properties, it is an implied

measurement based on one or combination of the following devices

• Electrical (Resistivity and

Induction)
• Acoustic
• Nuclear
• Electromagnetic
• Magnetic

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Theory on Resistivity

Rw
Current path

Unit volume filled with only water

Current path

Ro

Unit volume with water and matrix

| Core and Log Integration

 Typical Formation
Oil
Water
Sand grain

Grain surface water

Current path

Rt
Measured by the tool

| Core and Log Integration

 Resistivity and Measurement Concept

Resistivity is the ability of a substance to impade the flow of electrical current

I E
E *A
Rw =
Rw I*L
L A

Rw - Formation Water resistivity

E - Voltage difference across the formation
A - Cross sectional Area
L - Length of brine containerr
I - Current

| Core and Log Integration

 Resistivity and Measurement Concept

Schematic diagram of how an induction tool works

Secondary magnetic field Receiver

Created by the ground
loop Secondary magnetic field
Induces a current to flow in the
receiver

Magnetic field induces

a current in the ground loop

Primary magnetic field

created by transmitter
Transmitter

| Core and Log Integration

 Resistivity Application
Resistivity is the key to hydrocarbon saturation determination

Sh = 1 - Sw

Water Saturation Estimation

Archie’s Equation

F * Rw 1/n
Sw = ( Rt ) where F=
1.0

Por m

SW - Water saturation F - Formation factor

Rw - Formation water n - Saturation
resistivity Rt - True Formation exponent m -
resistivity Cementation factor
Resistivity is also used for well to well correlation, and to pick fluid contacts

| Core and Log Integration

 Spontaneous Potential Log (SP)

• SP measurement is based on Electrical currents flowing in the

mud from electrochemical and electrokinetic
• Salinity difference between mud flitrate and formation waters,
ions movement creates currents measured in mVolt
• Negative or Positive SP curve deflection represents which fluid,
formation or mud filtrate, has more ionic charge.
• It only works in water based mud !

• The use of SP log; bed boundary, distinguishing permeable from

impermeable rock, shalyness indicator, Rw determination and
well correlation.

| Core and Log Integration

 Spontaneous Potential (SP)
(-) (+) Rmf >> Rw in all sands

Shale
Sand Thick clean wet sand

SP
- - - - - - - Thick shaly wet sand

Thick clean Gas sand

- - - - - - - Thick shaly Gas sand

Hydrocarbon effect
| Core and Log Integration
 Spontaneous Potential (SP)

Given:
Rmf = 0.51 at 135 F
SP Rm = 0.91 at 135 F
40 mV 7430
TD = 8007 ft
Bottom hole temp.= 135 F
Surface temp. = 60 F
7470
Determine Rw ?
20

Limitation
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
Between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

| Core and Log Integration

 Rw calculation from SP log

Rmfe
SSP = -K log
Rwe

Steps of Calculation;
- Determine Temperature at Depth of interval
- Correct Rm and Rmf to this temperature (gen-9)
- Determine SP (log) from shale baseline
- Correct SP to SSP using SP thickness corr. chart
- Determine Rmf/Rwe ratio using SP-1 chart
- Determine Rwe from above equation or SP-1 chart
- Correct Rwe to Rw using SP-2 chart

| Core and Log Integration

 Gamma Ray Log (GR)

• GR tool measures natural radioactivity of the formation from

the emmision of all these; (Total GR)
Potasium, Uranium and Thorium
• GR log is used for;
‐ Well to well geological correlation
‐ Bed definition, more accurate than SP log
‐ Shale Volume Indicator (most reliable)
‐ Lithology and mineralogy indicator (NGT)

GRlog - GRmin IGR - Gamma ray index

IGR = GRmin - GR clean
GRsh - GRmin GRsh - GR shale baseline

| Core and Log Integration

 Gamma Ray Log (GR)

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
 Gamma Ray Log (GR)

Mineral Density DT GR
Quartz 2.64 56 0-15
Calcite 2.71 49 0-15
Dolomite 2.85 44 0-15
Orthoclase 2.52 69 220
Micas 2.82 49 275
Kaolinite 2.41 - 80-130
Chlorite 2.76 - 180-250
Illite 2.52 - 250-300
Montmorillonite 2.12 - 150-200
Anhydrite 2.98 50 low
Pyrite 4.99 39 low
Coal 1.47 high low

| Core and Log Integration

 Gamma Ray Log (GR)

Well-1 Well-7 Well-2

GR Res
GR Res
GR Res

| Core and Log Integration

 Natural Gamma Ray Log (NGT)

• NGT tool measures the

spectrum of Potasium,Uranium,
and Thorium
• NGT log is used for;
- Study of Depositional Environments
- Geochemical logging
- Shale typing
- Source Rocks
- Diagenetic History
- Vclay content correction
• With combination of Photoelectric curve can be
used for clay and mica type identification

| Core and Log Integration

 Natural Gamma Ray Log (NGT)

10

8 Glauconite
Biotite
6
Pe
4 Illite
Montmorillonite
2 Muscovite
Kaolinite
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
K, Potasium (%)

| Core and Log Integration

 Density Log

• Density tool is one of the most important instruments used to

evaluate formations which measures formation density and
directly ties to formation porosity
• The density tool measures the electron density, by emitting
gamma ray from radioactive source and returning to two
detectors
• The amount of Gamma rays that return depend on the number
of electrons present, electron density is related to bulk density
of mineral or rock
• In most cases environmental correction for Density log is not
significant, field log density can be readily used for
interpretation

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
 Density Log

Main categories in the process of GR energy loss due to

collisions with other atomic particles:

Compton Scattering is selected to be the energy level to

generate GR of the Cesium 137 radioactive source at 662 keV

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
 Density Log

• Porosity determination from density log:

RHOBma - RHOBlog
POR =
RHOBma - RHOBfluid

RHOBma - Matrix density

RHOBfluid - Formation fluid density
RHOBlog - Log density
PORd - Density derived porosity

Exercise: Determine porosity of limestone with field log

density inicated 2.5 gr/cc.

| Core and Log Integration

 Neutron Log

• The tool measures the Hydrogen Index which is the quantity of

Hydrogen per unit volume
• The tools emit high energy neutrons either from radioactive
source or minitron. They are slowed down by collisions with
formation nuclei, collision will result energy loss, and the
element mostly slowed down is H
• Water has high neutron counts, Oil has a little less counts than
Water, Gas will have very low neutron counts
• Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole
size, mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand‐off, pressure
and formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far
and near count rates.

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
 Neutron Log

| Core and Log Integration

 Neutron Log
• Neutron tool has a wide range of applications
‐ Porosity Determination
‐ Gas Detection
‐ Borehole and formation salinity
‐ Reservoir Saturation
‐ Reservoir Monitoring
‐ Borehole Fluid dynamics
• Neutron radioactive source in normally uses Am 241

Exercise Neutron Log environmental correction

Given: Uncorrected neutron porosity of 34%, 14” borehole size, 0.25”
mud cake, 200 kppm borehole salinity, 12 ppg mud at
170 F, 5000 psi pressure, using water based mud with formation salinity of
50 kppm.
| Core and Log Integration
 Acoustic Log

• Sonic tool generates acoustic signals to measure the time travel to

pass through a formation, log measurement in time required to
travel in one foot formation (microsec/foot)
• Rock properties can be implied from sonic measurements;
Porosity, Lithology, Gas shows, Compaction and Rock strength
• Main current use : ‐ Seismic Tie
‐ Mechanical properties
‐ Fracture identification
• Tool types; Borehole compensated sonic
Long spacing sonic
Array sonic tool
Ultrasonic borehole image
Dipole shear sonic image

| Core and Log Integration

 Acoustic Log

| Core and Log Integration

 Acoustic Log

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
| Core and Log Integration
| Core and Log Integration
 Special Tools

• Resistivity Based Imaging Tool

- Pad device on 4 to 6 arm caliper, few mm resolution
- Application: Thin bed Evaluation, Dip meter,
Paleostream direction, fracture evaluation, stratigraphy.
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- Using Permanent magnet to realign hydrogen protons to new
magnetic field, a Lithology dependance porosity, saturartion
and permeability estimation
• Dipole Shear Sonic
- Shear measurement, AVO and Rock mechanics applications
• Borehole sonic imaging
- Acustic based bore hole imaging for 360 deg coverage, lower
resolution than resistivity based imaging tools.

| Core and Log Integration

 Special Tools
continued

• Modular Formation Test

- Very robust formation tester with the capability to take
unlimited pressure tests, pump the fluid into the borehole,
identify the fluid type before sampling
• Wellbore Seismic
- VSP: Vertical seismic profile surface guns, wellbore detectors
- SAT: Seismic acquisition tool
- WST: Well seismic tool
- DSA: Downhole seismic array tool (3 axis geophones)

| Core and Log Integration

 Wellbore Seismic

| Core and Log Integration

 Log and Seismic Tie Effort

• Log Data Validation

‐ Check the log quality
‐ See if there is any missing log data
‐ Determine whether sonic peaks/anomalies representing formation
• Log editing
• Velocity Correction Sonic over VSP (using 4‐2 msec resolution)
• Synthetic Seismic Generation
‐ Acoustic Impedance
‐ Convolution Wavelet to tie seismic and log peaks
* Extracted Wavelet ‐ to utilize wavelet as seen in the seismic
it is highly recommended (similar apperance)
* Rickr Wavelet ‐ commonly used to have zero phase

| Core and Log Integration

 Synthetic Seismograms

• Synthetic Seismograms are used to correlate seismic sections

• Theoretically this method uses many simplification and assumptions put
into the model
• It provides important link to understand the tie between seismic data and
well log responses

| Core and Log Integration

 VSP&
Seismic Section

| Core and Log Integration

 Velocity Survey

• Velocity or check shot surveys are performed in the wellbore to obtain

vertical travel paths through the formations by locating sources and
detectors/receivers at certain configuration, normally the receivers are
placed near the gelogical horizons
• The survey only utilize first arrival to use in the recorded seismic trace
• First arrivals are then converted into vertical travel times on time‐depth
graphs which can be used to calculate average velocities
• Sonic log calibration needs to be done prior to generation of synthetic logs,
normally borehole effects are found very often causing drift which is to be
removed to prevent shifting in time of seismic reflections or pesudoevents

| Core and Log Integration

 Vertical Seismic Profile

• Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) uses both entire recorded seismic trace and
first break. Receivers are spaced at very closed intervals in the wellbore in
order to get a seismic section in the wellbore
• The seismic wave and all effects are measured as a function of depth as it
propagates through the formations
• Thr receivers are close to reflectors where up‐going and down‐going waves
are recorded as a function of depth
• The down‐going wavelets are used to design deconvolution filters
• In general VSP provide much better spatial and temporal resolution, the
signal changes interm of bandwidth and energy loss are measured
• Applicatios of VSP are to correlate the actual seismic events with more
confidence, and with much better resolution due to shorter travel paths it can
provide a tool to generate high resolution maps, and better estimate of rock
properties

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Concept of VSP

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Concept of VSP

| Core and Log Integration

 Offset VSP

• Offset VSP are used to detect faults and pincouts

developed to illuminate structure away from the wellbore

Multiple offset and walkaway VSP

• Multiple offset VSP were developed to provide high-resolution seismic

structural details in the area where interference from the shallow layers
• The disadvantages is very time consuming, it requires few days for the
acquisition by putting multiple source positioned in different locations

| Core and Log Integration

 Offset VSP

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Log Interpretation

Logs Data Applications

• Determine depth and thickness
• Identify productive zones
• Distinguish fluid types, gas, oil and water
• Estimate hydrocarbon reserve
• Help geological correlation and subsurface mapping
• Determine facies and drilling locations

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Log Interpretation Continued

Common Tools in the Logging

Industry

• Gamma Rays
• Self Potential
• Resistivity
• Induction
• Density
• Neutron
• Sonic
• Magnetic Resonance
• Formation Test

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic Log Interpretation

Typical properties implied or estimated

from the log Measurements:

• Porosity & Lithology

• Water Saturation
• Fluid types
• Fluid contacts
• Reporting

| Core and Log Integration

WELL LOGGING

| Core and Log Integration

| Core and Log Integration
| Core and Log Integration
 INVASION and DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION

| Core and Log Integration

 DEPTH OF INVESTIGATION and VERTICAL
RESOLUTION

| Core and Log Integration

 Formation Evaluation-HC IN
PLACE

| Core and Log Integration

 PETROPHYSICAL EVALUTION
STEPS

| Core and Log Integration

 RESERVOIR IDENTIFICATION

| Core and Log Integration

 HYDRICARBON IDENTIFICATION

| Core and Log Integration

 OIL-GAS and WATER
IDENTIFICATION

| Core and Log Integration

 DENSITY-POROSITY

| Core and Log Integration

 NEUTRON-DENSITY CROSS PLOT -
POROSITY

| Core and Log Integration

 NEUTRON-DENSITY CROSS PLOT –lithologies Identification

| Core and Log Integration

 Water Saturation –Clean Archie Rock

| Core and Log Integration

 Formation Water Salinity-RW

| Core and Log Integration

 First -Archie Relation

| Core and Log Integration

 Second -Archie Relation- Resistivity Index

Combination -Archie Relations- Resistivity Index

| Core and Log Integration

 QUICK LOOK STEPS SUMMARY

| Core and Log Integration

 UNCERTAIN FLUIDS CONTACTS

| Core and Log Integration

 REPORTING RESULTS

| Core and Log Integration

 NOMENCLATURE

| Core and Log Integration

 Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs

| Core and Log Integration

 Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs

Gas Sand
Gas
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil Oil Sand

Oil-Water Contact

Water Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone

| Core and Log Integration

Fluid and Lithology Identification From the Logs
RES
0.1 100

Gas Sand
Gas-Oil Contact

Oil-Water
Oil Sand Contact

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Water filled Sand

Coal
Carbonate/Limestone

| Core and Log Integration

 How Can We Remember These Easily?
About Lithology Interpretation

• Claystone ‐ has large amount of water, and radioactive materials, is denser when it has
less water, is not harder than limestone and is very conductive.

• Sandstone‐ is less dense than limestone, has less water than clay, contain more water than
limestone except when it is saturated with dry gas, its conductivity is depending on fluid
type it contains, has small to none radioactive fragments.

• Limestone ‐ is harder than both clay and sand, contains least water of the three, very
resistive, it has low radioactivity materials, fast velocity, high density.

• Coal ‐ Normaly low radioactive, rarely radioactive, lowest density and very resistive

| Core and Log Integration

 How Can We Remember These Easily?
About Fluid Interpretation

• High Radioactivity ‐ High GR

• Very Conductive ‐ Low Resistivity
• High Water ‐ High Neutron and Low Resistivity
• High Gas ‐ Low Neutron and High Resistivity
• High Oil ‐ Higher Neutron than Gas, denser
than gas Less Neutron than water,
less dense than water, more
resistive than water, less‐
resistive than gas when other
properties are the same
• Dry Gas ‐ Very resistive, largest density
neutron crossover
• High GOR ‐ Larger density‐neutron crossover
than oil with low GOR
• Fresh Water ‐ Reservoir filled with high resistive water

| Core and Log Integration

 Are There Any Anomalies?
About Fluid Interpretation

• In a gas zone
‐Mud filtrate invasion will cause the neutron‐density
crossover looks like that of oil zone, the shallow investigation
resistivity will be less resistive than that of deeper depth of
investigation, resistivity difference is larger when conductive
mud is used
‐High Irreducible water (water bounds in clays and grains’
surface) will demonstrate little density‐neutron crossover
similar to that of oil or water zones but less resistive than gas
or oil zones with less irreducible water
• In an oil zone ‐ similar to above

| Core and Log Integration

 How Is Log Analysis Calibrated?

• Core Data
Routie Core Analysis - For Porosity and Permeability Calibration
Special Core Analysis - For detailed rock and fluid properties such as
X Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Petrophysical
parameters (a,m and n determination), PVT, Gas Analysis and finger
prints of fluid samples, and etc.

• Formation Test
Fluid Identification from the logs is not direct, when the parameters are
not well established, formation test fluid samples can be used to
calibrate fluid identification using the logs. Formation test is also
used when possible log response anomalies encountered to get
conclusive fluid identification.

| Core and Log Integration

 Modern Formation For Fluid Identification

MDT String Configuration

Electric Power Module

Large sample Chamber

Multi sample Chambers

Fluid Description Module

Hydraulic Power Module

Test Probe

| Core and Log Integration

 Basic components of the tool
OLD NEW
Multi-sample
Probe Chambers

Resist. Pump Out

Probe
Valve sensor Module
HP Gauge
Strain Gauge

Optical Fluid
Pre-Test
Pre-Test Analyzer

Quartz Gauge
Isolation
Valve Flow line
Two Sample Chambers
| Core and Log Integration
 Gas Detector System
OFA Gas Detector Optics

Photodetector
Light Emitting Diode
Array
Cylindrical Lens Sapphire
Polarizer Prism

Sapphire window

Fluid Flow Gas Gas

Liquid

| Core and Log Integration

 How OFA Divice Operates
OFA Spectrometer

Filter Lens Filter lens

Catridge Photodiode
Light
Distributor
Solenoids
Source
Light path Lamp
Chopper motor
Measure
Light Path

Sapphire Fluid flow

| Core and Log Integration

 How Can We Differenciate Fluid Types ?
OFA Spectrometer

4.0 Visible Near infra-red

Crude Oil B
Optical Density

Water
Mud Crude Oil A
Filtrate

Fuel
Oil
Diesel
0.0
500 1000 1500 2000
Wave Length - (NM)

| Core and Log Integration

 Examppllee--11 : GGaassOOFFA

| Core and Log Integration

 Examppllee--22 : Watteerr OOFFA

| Core and Log Integration

 Examppllee--33 : OOil OOFFA

| Core and Log Integration

 Are There Any Other Logs Applications?

The Logs Can Help Us to Determine:

• Volume of Hydrocarbon
• Fluid continuity
• Reservoir Extent
• Reservoir Rock Properties
• Depositional Environtment
• Diagenesis and Compaction
• Trapping
• Heterogeneity

➢Selecting Drilling Location

➢Well Completion
All are useful for
➢Subsurface Geological Mapping
➢Reservoir Characterization

| Core and Log Integration

 Lateral Continuity ?

Well-1 Well-7 Well-2

GR Res
GR Res GR Res

| Core and Log Integration

 Compaction Trend ?

DT
GR
Res

| Core and Log Integration

SP Log Limitations
The tool is only for water based borehole environment
SP is not reliable when you have no or very small contrast
between Formation water salinity and mud filtrate salinity resulting in no
to small SP deflection

GR Log Limitations
Standard GR tool is not reliable when you log an interval with radioactive
mineral rich rocks. NGT is recommended to use for this type of Formation
to get reliable GR derived clay volume calculation.
GR measurements in cased hole environment need to be normalized
due to casing, and cement attenuation

Density Log Limitations

Density log is a pad device, it is very sensitive to the pad contact with
The borehole wall, make sure to consult with your petrophysicist prior to
using the data for any other applications.

| Core and Log Integration

Neutron Log Limitations
Neutron log is very sensitive to environment change; bore hole size,
mud cake, mud weight, temperature, stand-off, invasion, pressure and
formation salinity, measurement is compensation of far and near count
rates.

Sonic Log Limitations

Sonic log is likely affected by strong attenuation when we log
unconsolidated formation, fractured formation, gas saturated reservoirs,
aerated muds, rugose and enlarged borehole sections. Typically shows
some curve skippings.

Formation Test Log Limitations

Formation test problems normally occur when you don not have a good
Rubber pad seal, causing a communication with the mud giving you much
Higher pressure reading. Depleted and highly invaded zone would cause
long fluid pumping before you get clean sample or fluid identification

| Core and Log Integration

 Objectives

 Get to know various log measurements

 Recognize fluid type and the lithology of major
reservoirs, and practical uses of log data
 Familiarize with factors affecting the log response
 Understand the strategy of a well evaluation
 Get to know various approaches to well logging design
 Exercise with well log design

| Core and Log Integration

 Why Wireline Well logging

1. Better Resolution
2. More advanced tools
3. Better depth control
4. Only choice available (certain tools)
5. More certain on data quality

| Core and Log Integration

 Disadvantages of Wireline
logging

1. Invasion effect
2. Hole condition dependant
3. Unable to log in high angle wells (>60 deg)
4. Acquired after drilling, more rig time
5. More uncertainty in getting data or good
data in problem prone wells

| Core and Log Integration

 Important Issues with
Running Wireline logs

1. Borehole fluid type

2. Borehole size
3. Well deviation
4. Tool combination
5. High Mud Weight resulting in over balanced

| Core and Log Integration

 Logging while Drilling

| Core and Log Integration

 Why LWD?
• Reduce Rig Time
• Real Time Decisions
• Minimized Borehole Problems
• High Angle/Horizontal Wells

| Core and Log Integration

 Disadvantages of LWD

• Borehole size and rugosity are not known

• Good data collected only when the tool is rotating
• Data quality is rate dependant
• Log resolution is generally poorer than that of wireline
• Ability to configure the tools is limited
• Not a good application for a slow drilling rate for cost
consideration especially for expensive rig.
• Depth control is poorer than wireline data

| Core and Log Integration

 LWD and Wireline Comparison

X800
Invasion
X800

X900 X900

| Core and Log Integration

 Wireline Log Example

X400

X450

| Core and Log Integration

 LWD Real time and Recorded Logs

D. RES
GR NEU GR D. RES NEU DEN
DEN
X500 X500

X600 X600

X700 X700

| Core and Log Integration

 Selecting the Tools to run

What tools do you run in the hole?

It depends on what type of information you are about to get

and the cost you are willing to spend.

Need Want

What is the value of information you are

getting?

| Core and Log Integration

 Ability to Define Your Need

• Geological
• Geophysical
• Reservoir
• Petrophysical
• Mechanical

| Core and Log Integration

 Type of Information to Acquire

• Geology
‐ Sand development and sand thickness
‐ Stratigraphic information
‐ Lateral continuity
‐ Hydrocarbon source

• Geophysics
‐ Velocity uncertainty
‐ Well to seismic tie
‐ Seismic and fluids/lithology correlation

| Core and Log Integration

 Type of Information… continued
• Petrophysics
‐ Porosity
‐ Water saturation
‐ Permeability
‐ Mineralogy
• Reservoir
‐ Compartment
‐ Fluid properties
‐ Reservoir pressure
‐ Reservoir monitoring
• Rock Mechanics
‐ Stress direction
‐ Pressure profile
‐ Fracture orientation

| Core and Log Integration

Understand the Scales Of Observation

Seismic Section

Wireline Logs

Out-Crops/Core

Thin Sections

| Core and Log Integration