Lab 1:
Working with Linux
1
Login and logout
Account
username & password
Note:
Linux is case-sensitive
Administrator: username = root
Logout: exit, Ctrl+D
2
Linux File System
(C) (D) (/)
WINDOWS Program Files boot home etc root
Data Music
Fonts System32 …. …. khoa student1
OS ….
…. ….
Linux File System
Windows File System
3
Directory/file commands
List contents of directory :
ls [-a] [-l] [directory_name]
Print working directory: pwd
Change working directory :
cd directory_name
E.g. cd /home
Create new directory :
mkdir directory_name
Remove a directory:
rm -r directory_name
Some special symbols :
~ : home directory
.. : parent directory
4
Directory/file commands
Display file content :
cat filename or more filename
head filename or tail filename
Copy file(s) or directory:
cp [-r] source_file destination_file
Remove file or directory
rm –r file_name
Move (rename) file(s)/directory
mv old_path new_path
5
File system and permissions
Each user may owns one or more directories/files
Each user has different access rights in different
directories/files
users can share their data together
users also can protect their private data
6
File system and permissions
Access right on directory/file
read (r)
write (w)
execute (x)
Each directory/file has 9 access-right bits, divide into 3 groups as
follow :
owner
group (e.g. people the same project team)
others (people in public domain)
7
File system and permissions
8
Changing access rights (1)
Symbolic
chmod who op mode [-R] file(s)
Who: u : owner
g : group
o : others
a : all
Mode: r : read
w : write
x : execute
Op + : grant more rights
- : revoke rights
= : reset rights
9
Changing access rights (2)
Example
$ touch temp
$ ls –l temp
-rw-r--r-- 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 temp
$ chmod o-r temp
$ ls -l temp
-rw-r----- 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 temp
$ chmod u+x, o+r temp
$ ls -l temp
-rwxr--r-- 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 temp
10
Changing access rights (3)
Numeric: chmod xyz [-R] file(s)
read = 4 write = 2 execute = 1
Octal value Access right
7 rwx
6 rw-
5 r-x
4 r--
3 -wx
2 -w-
1 --x
0 ---
11
Changing access rights (4)
Example: some common access rights of
directory/file(s)
Octal value Access right
600 rw-------
644 rw-r--r--
700 rwx------
751 rwxr-x--x
775 rwxrwxr-x
777 rwxrwxrwx
12
Changing access rights (5)
Example
$ touch abc
$ ls –l abc
-rw-r--r-- 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 abc
$ chmod 555 abc
$ ls -l abc
-r-xr-xr-x 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 abc
$ chmod 775 abc
$ ls -l abc
-rwxrwxr-x 1 user1 staff 0 Jun 11 11:44 abc
13
Advanced utilities (1)
Who is who?
who [option]
Print current host name
hostname
Where do they come from?
which [filename]
How much disk usage?
df [option]
Clear screen
clear OR Ctrl + L
14
Advanced utilities (2)
Find a specified file :
find path –name filename
Find lines in file matching a pattern
grep pattern file_name
Mount and unmount file system
mount -t filesystem device_file mount_point
umount mount_point
15
vi editor
Interactive simple editor
Can not use mouse
Text editing on a buffer
Appears on most Unix or Unix-like system
16
vi usage
syntax meaning
vi filename open/create file
a or i change to edit mode
ESC → wq! save and quit
ESC → q! not save and quit
17
Cursor movement in vi
Cmd Meaning
n move cursor left n character(s)
n move cursor down n character(s)
n move cursor up n character(s)
n move cursor right n character(s)
Enter move cursor to beginning of next line
G move cursor to the last line
nw move cursor left n word(s)
nW move cursor right n word(s)
18
Text manipulation commands
Cmd Meaning
nx delete n character(s) from current cursor
position
nX delete n character(s) immediately preceding
current cursor position
D, d$ delete all characters from current cursor
position to end of line
d0, d| delete all characters from left collumn of
screen to character preceding current cursor
position on current line
19
Text manipulation commands
Cmd Meaning
ndd delete n line(s) beginning at current line
dG delete all lines, starting with current line, through
end of file
d1G delete all lines, starting with current line, through
beginning of file
ndw delete from cursor position through end of n
following word
ndb delete from nearest preceding word through
character before current cursor position
J join the next line at the end of current line
20
Text manipulation commands
Cmd Meaning
~ change case of current character
r replace single character at cursor position
ncc change n line(s) beginning at current line
cG change all lines from current line through end of file
ncw change n word(s) on the left of cursor
ncb change n word(s) on the right of cursor
21
Text manipulation commands
Cmd Meaning
nY, nyy copy (yank) n line(s) into buffer
nyw copy (yank) n word(s) into buffer
y$ copy (yank) from current cursor position through
end of line into buffer
yG copy (yank) from current line through end of file
into buffer
p Insert buffer content at the line after current line
P Insert buffer content at the line above current line
22
