Steady state power optimization using facts devices

Project Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow

Submitted by

Shalu Yadav(1309120086)
VIkas Mishra(13091200111)
Vishesh Verma(1309120114)
Prerit Singh(1309120072)
Under the Guidance of

Mr. Abhishek Kumar Singh

Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering Department

2016-17
JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA
JSS ACADEMY OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, NOIDA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
C-20/1, SECTOR – 62, NOIDA- 201301
 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

DECLARATION ................................................................................................... ii
CERTIFICATE ..................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................. iv
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... v
LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................................. vii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS .............................................................................................. ix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................ x
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1. ................................................................................................................. 5
1.2. ................................................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 2 ……………………………. ......................................................... 13
2.1. .................................................................................................................. 15
2.2. .................................................................................................................. 17
2.2.1. ......................................................................................................... 19
2.2.2. ......................................................................................................... 20
2.2.2.1. ................................................................................................ 21
2.2.2.2. .......................................................................................... 22
2.3. ................................................................................................................. 23
CHAPTER 3 …………………………….......................................................... 30
3.1. ................................................................................................................ 36
3.2. .................................................................................................................... 39
CHAPTER 4 (CONCLUSIONS) ..................................................................... 40
APPENDIX A ...................................................................................................... 45
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................... 47
REFERENCES... ....................................................................................................... 49
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it
contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or
other institute of higher learning except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.

Signature of Student-1:

Student’s Name: Shalu Yadav

Roll No: 1309120086

Date: 3/12/2016

Signature of Student-2:

Student’s Name: Vikas Mishra

Roll No: 1309120111

Date: 3/12/2016

Signature of Student-3:

Student’s Name: Vishesh Verma

Roll No: 1309120114

Date: 3/12/2016

Signature of Student-4:

Student’s Name: Prerit Singh

Roll No: 1309120114

Date: 3/12/2016
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that 7th Semester Project Report entitled “Steady State power optimization using
FACTS Device” which is submitted by ShaluYadav,Vikas Mishra,Vishesh Verma and Prerit Singh in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree B.Tech in Department of Electrical
Engineering of JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida, affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow (formerly Uttar Pradesh Technical University), is a
record of the candidate own work carried out by him/her under my/our supervision. The matter
embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

Date: 3/12/2016

Name & Signature of Supervisor:

MR. Abhishek Kumar Singh
 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT

The completion of any inter-disciplinary project depends upon cooperation, co-ordination and combined
efforts of several sources of knowledge. We are grateful to Prof. Abhishek Kumar Singh for his even
willingness to give us valuable advice and direction, whenever we approached him with a problem .We
are thankful to him for providing immense guidance for this project. We are also thankful to
HOD of electrical Department, Mr. Ashish Shrivastava for his immense guiding in analysis part of
our project.We are also thankful to Prof. Amit Kumar Roy, for his immense guiding in Designing Part
of our project. We are also thankful to Prof. Abhinav Saxena and all the staff members for their
immense cooperation and motivation of completing out the project.
 Abstract

This report represents an optimization-based methodology to optimize the overall power system
performance using the FACTS devices. Particularly, it is intended to improve the reliability, and the
performance of the power system considering steady state operating condition as well as the system
subjected to small and large disturbances. The models used for the unified power-flow controller
(UPFC) include the nonlinear constraints of voltage limitation, zero megawatt active-power exchange,
voltage control, and reactive-power exchange. This report describes briefly the steady-state flexible AC
transmission systems (FACTS) model using UFPC as FACTS device and its integration in power
system. The optimization results help in evaluating the effectiveness of the FACTS device(UPFC)
maximizing the network transfer capability. By using a UPFC the oscillation introduced by the faults,
the rotor angle and speed deviations can be damped out quickly than a system without a UPFC. It is also
shown that a UPFC can control independently the real and reactive power flow in a transmission line.
 Chapter-1

1.1- INTRODUCTION

 Modern power system is a complex non-linear interconnected network. It consists of inter

connected transmission lines, generating plants transformers and a variety of loads. With the
increase in power demand nowadays some transmission lines are more loaded than their normal
limits. With the increased loading of long transmission lines, the problem of power flow and
constant voltage at buses has become a serious limiting factor.
 The modern power system is complex that it becomes interest to power system stability. Steady
State optimization is of very importance. Power Flow understanding is needed to provide
unregulated supply to the consumers.
 As the load increases, demand of power utilities is increases due to this the utilization of their
existing transmission system increases. Continuous and fast improvement of power electronics
technology has made Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) a good concept for power
system development.
 Among various devices, we have chosen UPFC because of its various features.
1. Extended functionality
2.Capability to control voltage, line impedance and phase angle in the power system network
3. Enhanced power transfer capability
4. Ability to decrease generation cost
5. Ability to improve security and stability
6. Applicability for power flow control, loop flow control
 1.2- VARIOUS FACTS DEVICES

Flexible AC Transmission Systems, called FACTS, got in the recent years a well-known term for higher
controllability in power systems by means of power electronic devices. Several FACTS-devices have
been introduced for various applications worldwide. A number of new types of devices are in the stage
of being introduced in practice. Even more concepts of configurations of FACTS-devices are discussed
in research and literature.

In most of the applications the controllability is used to avoid cost intensive or landscape requiring
extensions of power systems, for instance like upgrades or additions of substations and power lines.
FACTS-devices provide a better adaptation to varying operational conditions and improve the usage of
existing installations. The basic applications of FACTS-devices are:

 power flow control,

 increase of transmission capability,

 voltage control,

 reactive power compensation,

 stability improvement,

 power quality improvement,

 power conditioning,

 flicker mitigation,

 interconnection of renewable and distributed generation and storages.

In all applications the practical requirements, needs and benefits have to be considered carefully to
justify the investment into a complex new device. Figure below shows the basic idea of FACTS for
transmission systems. The usage of lines for active power transmission should be ideally up to the
thermal limits. Voltage and stability limits shall be shifted with the means of the several different
FACTS-devices. It can be seen that with growing line length, the opportunity for FACTS-devices gets
more and more important.
The general classification of these FACTS devices is as:

1. Series Controller
2. Shunt Controller
3. Combined Series-Series Controller
4. Combined Series-Shunt Controller

Series Controllers

Series controllers are being connected in series with the line as they are meant for injecting voltage in
series with the line. These devices could be variable impedances like capacitor, reactor or power
electronics based variable source of main frequency, sub synchronous or harmonic frequency, or can be
a combination of these, to meet the requirements. If the injected voltage is in phase quadrature with
the line current, then only supply or consumption of variable reactive power is possible.
These type of controllers include:

 SSSC – Static synchronous series compensator,

 TCSC – Thyristor controlled series capacitor,
 TCSR – Thyristor controlled series reactor,
 TSSC – Thyristor switched series capacitor and
 TSSR – Thyristor switched series reactor.

Shunt controllers

Shunt controllers will be connected in shunt with the line so as to inject current into the system at the
point of connection. They can also be variable impedance, variable source, or a combination of
these.

If the injected line current is in quadrature with the line voltage, variable reactive power supply or
consumption could be achieved. But any other phase relationship could involve real power handling as
well.

This category includes:

 TCR – Thyristor controlled reactor,

 TSR – Thyristor switched reactor,
 TSC – Thyristor switched capacitor,
Combined Series-Series Controllers

This category comprises of separate series controllers controlled in a coordinated manner in the case of a
multiline transmission system. It can also be a unified controller in which the series controllers perform
the reactive power compensation in each line independently whereas they facilitates real power
exchange between the lines via the common DC link.

Combined Series-Shunt Controllers

It is a combination of separate series and shunt controllers, being operated in a coordinated manner.
Hence, they are capable of injecting current into the line using the shunt part and injecting series voltage
with the series part of the respective controller.If they are unified, there can be real power exchange
between the shunt and series controllers via the common DC power link, as in the case of Unified
Power Flow Controllers (UPFC).
The important advantages of these FACTS controllers includes :

1. Improving power transfer capability

2. Confining power flow to designated routes
3. Transient and dynamic stability improvement
4. Damping of power system oscillations
5. Better voltage regulation
6. Flexible operation and control of the system
7. Secure loading of the transmission lines close to their thermal limits
8. Prevention of cascading outages by contributing to emergency control
 Chapter-2
2.1- UPFC(UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER)

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF UNIFIED POWER FLOW

CONTROLLER UPFC:

UPFC consist of two back to back converters named VSC1 and VSC2, are operated from a DC link
provided by a dc storage capacitor. These arrangements operate as an ideal ac to ac converter in which
the real power can freely flow either in direction between the ac terminals of the two converts and each
converter can independently generate or absorb reactive power as its own ac output terminal.

One VSC is connected to in shunt to the transmission line via a shunt transformer and other one is
connected in series through a series transformer. The DC terminal of two VSCs is coupled and this
creates a path for active power exchange between the converters. VSC provide the main function of
UPFC by injecting a voltage with controllable magnitude and phase angle in series with the line via an
injection transformer. This injected voltage act as a synchronous ac voltage source. The transmission
line current flows through this voltage source resulting in reactive and active power exchange between it
and the ac system. The reactive power exchanged at the dc terminal is generated internally by the
converter. The real power exchanged at the ac terminal is converted into dc power which appears at the
dc link as a real power demand. And VSC1 is to supply or absorb the real power demanded by
converter2 at the common dc link to support real power exchange resulting from the series voltage
injection. This dc link power demand of VSC2 is converted back to ac by VSC1 and coupled to the
transmission line bus via shunt connected transformer. In addition, VSC1 can also generate or absorb
controllable reactive power if it is required and thereby provide independent shunt reactive
compensation for the line. Thus VSC1 can be operated at a unity power factor or to be controlled to have
a reactive power exchange with the line independent of the reactive power exchanged by VSC1.
Obviously, there can be no reactive power flow through the UPFC dc link.