Floating Windmills

ABSTRACT

A floating wind turbine system with a tower structure that

includes at least one stability arm extending there from and that

is anchored to the sea floor with a rotatable position retention

device that facilitates deep water installations. Variable

buoyancy for the wind turbine system is provided by buoyancy

chambers that are integral to the tower itself as well as the

stability arm. Pumps are included for adjusting the buoyancy as

an aid in system transport, installation, repair and removal. The

wind turbine rotor is located downwind of the tower structure to

allow the wind turbine to follow the wind direction without an

active yaw drive system. The support tower and stability arm

structure are designed to balance tension in the tether with

buoyancy, gravity and wind forces in such a way that the top of

the support tower leans downwind, providing a large clearance

between the support tower and the rotor blade tips.

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INTRODUCTION TO FLOATING WINDMILLS

➢ A floating wind turbine is a wind turbine mounted on a floating

structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity in water depths

where bottom-mounted towers are not feasible.

➢ The wind can be stronger and steadier over water due to the absence of

topographic features that may disrupt wind flow.

➢ The electricity generated is sent to shore through undersea cables. The initial

capital cost of floating turbines is competitive with bottom-mounted, near-shore

wind turbines while the rate of energy generation is higher out in the sea as the

wind flow is often steadier and more unobstructed by terrain features.

➢ The relocation of wind farms into the sea can reduce visual pollution if the

windmills are sited more than 12 miles (19 km) offshore, provide

better accommodation of fishing and shipping lanes, and allow siting

near heavily developed coastal cities.

➢ Floating wind parks are wind farms that site several floating wind turbines

closely together to take advantage of common infrastructure such as power

transmission facilities.

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DEFINITON OF FLOATING WINDMILLS

a floating structure that allows the turbine to generate electricity

in water depths where fixed-foundation turbines are not feasible.

Floating wind farms have the potential to significantly increase

the sea area available for offshore wind farms, especially in

countries with limited shallow waters, such as Japan. Locating

wind farms farther offshore can also reduce visual pollution,

provide better accommodation for fishing and shipping lanes,

and reach stronger and more consistent winds.

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 Floating Windmills

NEED FOR FLOATING WINDMILLS

A few hundred meters offshore, winds are twice as strong as on

land in much of the world. Offshore wind energy has huge

potential, and floating windmills is a promising technology. Such

windmills are now being developed. They are meant to be used

out at sea in deep waters, and they do not need to be permanently

moored to the ocean bed. Criteria for location of an offshore

wind farm is excellent wind conditions and suitable water depth.

The wind farm must be situated near a strong onshore power grid

and near harbours and shipyards. The present-day conventional

windmills have many drawbacks. Our paper suggests an

alternative to overcome the drawbacks. These alternatives are

Floating Windmills. The wind is much stronger at offshore, so

you get even more advantage over conventional windmills in this

New Generation Windmills.

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 Floating Windmills

❖ Energy is a major factor in today’s society.

❖ Alternative fuel and alternative energy resources are in great

demand.

❖ Most everyone in the world is looking for more energy

efficient ways to live.

❖ Hybrid vehicles and other fuel-efficient technology is arising

around the world.

❖ The world has to change, this emergency that we are

experiencing today should have been taken care of long before

now.

❖ Now we have no choice but to develop new technology in

very little time.

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 Floating Windmills

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Humans have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years to

propel sailboats and sailing ships, and architects have used wind

driven natural ventilation in buildings since similarly ancient

times. Windmills have been used for irrigation pumping and for

milling grain since the 7th century AD in what is

now Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. In the United States, the

development of the "water-pumping windmill" was the major

factor in allowing the farming and ranching of vast areas

otherwise devoid of readily accessible water. Wind pumps

contributed to the expansion of rail transport systems throughout

the world, by pumping water from water wells for the steam

locomotives. The multi-bladed wind turbine atop a lattice tower

made of wood or steel was, for many years, a fixture of the

landscape throughout rural America. When fitted with generators

and battery banks, small wind machines provided electricity to

isolated farms. In July 1887, a Scottish academic, Professor

James Blyth, undertook wind power experiments that culminated

in a UK patent in 1891.

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 Floating Windmills

In the United States, Charles F. Brush produced electricity using

a wind powered machine, starting in the winter of 1887-1888,

which powered his home and laboratory until about 1900. In the

1890s, the Danish scientist and inventor Poul la Cour constructed

wind turbines to generate electricity, which was then used to

produce hydrogen. These were the first of what was to become

the modern form of wind turbine. Small wind turbines for

lighting of isolated rural buildings were widespread in the first

part of the 20th century. Larger units intended for connection to

a distribution network were tried at several locations including

Balaklava USSR in 1931 and in a 1.25 megawatt (MW)

experimental unit in Vermont in 1941. The modern wind power

industry began in 1979 with the serial production of wind

turbines by Danish manufacturers Kuriant, Vestas, Nordtank,

and Bonus. These early turbines were small by today's standards,

with capacities of 20–30 kW each. Since then, they have

increased greatly in size, with the Enercon E-126 capable of

delivering up to 7 MW, while wind turbine production has

expanded to many countries.

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 Floating Windmills

❖ The concept for "large-scale offshore floating wind turbines

was introduced by Professor William E. Heronemus at the

University of Massachusetts in 1972. It was not until the mid-

1990’s, after the commercial wind industry was well

established, that the topic was taken up again by the

mainstream research community.

❖ As of 2003, existing offshore fixed-bottom wind turbine

technology deployments had been limited to water depths of

30- meters. Worldwide deep-water wind resources are

extremely abundant in subsea areas with depths up to 600

meters, which are thought to best facilitate transmission of the

generated electric power to shore communities.

❖ Developed by Hydro, a Norwegian offshore producer of oil

and gas and the third largest aluminum supplier in the world.

❖ Hydro is a fortune 500 country that was founded in 1905, with

33,000 employees in 40 countries.

❖ Hydro has researched this plan for more many years, and the

results look promising.

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 Floating Windmills

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

What if wind farms could be built in harbours and installed with

a standard tug boat in deep water, where winds are strongest,

without requiring underwater foundations or heavy offshore

construction techniques?

This is the promise of floating offshore windmills.

The windmill will be mounted on a semi-submersible platform

that combines steel columns connected to a central concrete

base. Not only can it withstand offshore conditions and be

moored to a wide range of sea beds with minimal disruption to

the habitat, it can be manufactured at most ports using local steel

and concrete manufacturing facilities. The floater will be

between 40 and 60 meters wide. Thanks also to the floating

design, the structures can be assembled in port rather than in

open sea and brought back to port for heavy maintenance.

This reduces the time and cost associated with assembly and

maintenance by removing the need for lengthy offshore

campaigns.

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 Floating Windmills

There are three common types of engineered design for

anchoring floating structures include Tension-leg, Ballast and

Catenary loose mooring systems.

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 Floating Windmills

1) Tensioned Moorings: Tension leg mooring systems have vertical

tethers under tension providing large restoring moments in pitch and roll.

TENSION LEG PLATFORM

The TLP structure has a much smaller displacement at just

over 5000 metric tons. It is a much shallower, with a draft of

just over six meters.

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Accelerations of the structure are significantly higher than the

first TLP. The smaller mass and higher static tensions result in

a larger surge natural frequency, and thus a larger RMS values

of surge. It has the advantage of a shallower draft meaning that

it would be more practical for coastal facilities with water

depth limitations.

2) Ballast Moorings: It is Created by adding multiple-tone weights hanging

from the midsection of each anchor cable in order to provide additional cable

tension and therefore increase stiffness of the above-water floating structure.

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 Floating Windmills

3) Catenary Loose Mooring: This system Provides station keeping for

an offshore structure yet provide little stiffness at low tensions.

The first slack catenary design is a spar like structure with a

relatively large displacement and is shown in figure. Because the

mooring system provide little restoring, a larger draft and more

concrete are necessary than the spar like TLP structure which is

Pareto optimal for a six-meter sea state.

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 Floating Windmills

ENERGY PRODUCTION FROM WINDMILLS

1. The wind blows on the blades and makes them turn.

2. The blades turn a shaft inside the nacelle (the box at the top of

the turbine).

3. The shaft goes into a gearbox which increases the rotation speed

enough for.

4. The generator, which uses magnetic fields to convert the

rotational energy into electrical energy. These are similar to

those found in normal power stations.

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 Floating Windmills

5. The power output goes to a transformer, which converts the

electricity coming out of the generator at around 700 Volts (V) to

the right voltage for distribution system, typically 33,000 V.

6. The national grid transmits the power around the country.

Instruments to measure the wind speed and direction are fitted on

top of the nacelle. When the wind changes direction motors turn

the nacelle, and the blades along with it, around to face the wind.

The nacelle is also fitted with brakes, so that the turbine can be

switched off in very high winds, like during storms. This

prevents the turbine being damaged. All this information is

recorded by computers and transmitted to a control centre, which

means that people don't have to visit the turbine very often, just

occasionally for a mechanical check. This is often done by local

firms.

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 Floating Windmills

WIND POWER USAGE

Wind power has a pivotal role to play in the world's energy

supply over the next few years. By providing huge amounts of

clean, affordable power, it can buy us time in the fight against

global warming while revolutions in energy efficiency and solar

power gain momentum. Wind power could be supplying up to 19

percent of the world's electricity and avoiding over three billion

tonnes of CO2 a year by 2030. By 2050, 25-30 percent of global

power could come from harnessing the wind.

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 Floating Windmills

The Wind Power Capacity Worldwide Reaches 600 Gigawatts,

53, 9 Gigawatts added in 2018 China with more than 200

Gigawatts, USA close to 100 Gigawatts, Europe in decline Bonn.

The overall capacity of all wind turbines installed worldwide by

the end of 2018 reached 600 Gigawatt, according to preliminary

statistics published by World Wind Energy Association

(WWEA) 53’900 Megawatt were added in the year 2018,

slightly more than in 2017 when 52’552 Megawatt were

installed. 2018 was the second year in a row with growing

number of new installations but at a lower rate of 9,8%, after

10,8% growth in 2017. All wind turbines installed by end of

2018 can cover close to 6% of the global electricity demand.

From China to Brazil, these are the world top 10 titans of wind

power according to World Wind Energy Association (WWEA):

1. China. 2. US. 3. Germany. 4. India. 5. Spain.

6. UK. 7. France. 8. Brazil. 9. Canada. 10. Italy.

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 Floating Windmills

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages:

Compared to other energy sources, windmills are very kind to the environment.

Compared to power stations driven by coal they will save the environment for:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2) 850,0g

• Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 2,9g

• Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 2,6g

• Dust 0,1g

• Cinders, and flying ashes 55,1g

The brand-new windmills are today so competitive on good

places, that the use of windmill power is one of the cheapest

methods to reduce the emission of CO2 from the production of

electricity. Windmills have no form of emissions of gases and

other harmful substances. The wind which tries to press the

blade speed a little longer up causes the generator to start

producing power on the net. When the speed of the wind has

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reached wind power at 13-15 m/s the mill grants on its maximum

at 500 kw for a 500-kw mill.

Disadvantage:

Windmills are tall and they stand on places were the terrain is

very open and free. Therefore, there is also free outlook to the

windmills. If the windspeed has reached its maximum the mill is

forced to reduce speed to not hurt the mills machinery. It is a

disadvantage that the windmills don't have an engine with a

greater capacity. The technology we use on windmills is very

valuable and advanced, therefore the government hesitates to

exploit wind power.

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 Floating Windmills

ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

Compared to the environmental effects of traditional energy

sources, the environmental effects of wind power are relatively

minor. Wind power consumes no fuel, and emits no air pollution,

unlike fossil fuel power sources. The energy consumed to

manufacture and transport the materials used to build a wind

power plant is equal to the new energy produced by the plant

within a few months of operation. Danger to birds and bats has

been a concern in some locations. However, studies show that

the number of birds killed by wind turbines is very low,

compared to the number of those that die as a result of certain

other ways of generating electricity and especially of the

environmental impacts of using non-clean power sources. Fossil

fuel generation kills around twenty times as many birds per unit

of energy produced than wind-farms.

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 Floating Windmills

FLOATING WINDFARMS vs
OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS

➢ 1 Barrel of Oil ~ 130 kg ~ 1.5 MWh of Energy (~ 12 kWh / kg).

➢ 1 MW of Rated Wind Turbine Power @ 40% Capacity Factor ~ 9.6

MWh / Day ~ 6.4 Barrels of Oil / Day.

➢ Conversion Efficiency of Oil & Gas Engines / Turbines, Wind

Turbines ~ 40-50%.

➢ 1 GW Wind Farm (30-year life) ~ 70 M Barrel Oil Field ~ 6,400

Barrels / Day.

➢ Breakeven Cost of Wind Turbines $3M / Rated MW = $3 B /

Rated GW.

➢ Equivalent Cost per Barrel of Oil ~ $43 / Barrel.

➢ Investment Risk in Oil & Gas: Exploration Costs & Volatility of Oil

& Gas Prices.

➢ Investment Risk in Wind: Volatility of Wind Speed & Electricity

Prices.

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CONCLUSION

➢ Optimized Spar Buoy and TLP Wind Turbine Floaters.

➢ Low Responses – Use of Onshore Wind Turbines.

➢ Hybrid Offshore Wind & Wave Farms.

➢ Optimal Control to Enhance Wind and Wave Power Output.

➢ Design of Offshore Electric Grids.

➢ Attractive Economic Attributes.

➢ Project Finance for Utility Scale Offshore Wind & Wave Farms.

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REFRENCES

➢ Musial, W.; S. Butterfield, A. Boone (2003-11). "Feasibility of Floating

Platform Systems for Wind Turbines". NREL preprint (NREL) (NREL/CP-500-

34874): 14. Retrieved 2009-09- 10.

➢ Mark Sevenfold (2009-09-09). "The world's first floating wind turbine goes

online in Norway". Daily finance.com. Retrieved 2009-10-20.

➢ Union of Concerned Scientists (2003-07-15). "Farming the Wind: Wind Power

and Agriculture". Retrieved 2009-10-20.

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