Outline
Prototype series and parallel resonant circuits
- Near resonance, a microwave resonator can usually be
modeled by either a series or parallel RLC lumped-element
equivalent circuit.
Transmission line resonators
- Resonators composed of half- or quarter-wavelength
transmission line.
Excitation of resonators
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Series Resonant Circuit
The input impedance of a series resonant circuit is
The complex power delivered to the resonator is
Series and parallel resonant circuits
The power dissipated by the resistor is
The average magnetic energy stored in the inductor is
The average electric energy stored in the capacitor is
(6.3)
where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor.
The input impedance can be rewritten as
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Resonance occurs when the average stored magnetic and
electric energies are equal, or Wm = We. (energy thus conserved)
Then the input impedance at resonance is
which is a purely real impedance.
With Wm = We , the resonant frequency must be defined as
Series and parallel resonant circuits
The quality factor, or Q is defined as
average stored energy
= 2π
energy loss in one period
which is a measure of the loss of a resonant circuit.
Lower loss implies a higher Q.
From (6.7) using (6.3), and the fact that Wm = We at resonance, we
have
(6.8)
which shows that Q increases as R decreases.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Input impedance near resonance
The input impedance can first be rewritten from (6.1) as
since ω 0 = 1 LC
2
Let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small. Thus we have
ω 2 − ω 02 = (ω − ω 0 )(ω + ω 0 ) = ∆ ω (2ω − ∆ ω ) ≅ 2ω ∆ ω
The input impedance is therefore given by
6.9
This form will be useful for identifying equivalent circuits with
distributed element resonators.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Half-power fractional bandwidth of the resonator
1 V 2
Re{Pin } = R| |
2 Z in
2
When the frequency is such that Z in = 2R , then the average (real)
2
power delivered to the circuit is one-half that delivered at resonance.
If BW is the fractional bandwidth, ∆ω ω0 = BW / 2 at the upper band
edge.
Then using (6.9) gives
6.11
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Parallel Resonant Circuit (Anti-resonant circuit)
The input impedance of a parallel resonant circuit is
The complex power delivered to the resonator is
Series and parallel resonant circuits
The power dissipated by the resistor is
The average magnetic energy stored in the capacitor is
The average electric energy stored in the inductor is
(6.3)
where Vc is the voltage across the capacitor.
The input impedance can be rewritten as
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Resonance occurs when the average stored magnetic and
electric energies are equal, or Wm = We. (energy thus conserved)
The input impedance at resonance is
The resonant frequency is also defined as
The Q of the parallel resonant circuit can be expressed as
since Wm = We at resonance.
The Q increases as R increases.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Input impedance near resonance
Let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small. The input impedance can
then be rewritten from (6.12) as
1 1 ∆ω −1
= = ωo (1 + )
ω ωo + ∆ω ω0
∆ω
ω 02 = 1 LC ≅ ωo (1 − )
ω0
since ω 02 = 1 LC
When R=∞, it reduces to
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Half-power fractional bandwidth of the resonator
1 V * 1 | V |2
Re{Pin } = V ( ) =
2 R 2 R
1 1
= | I |2 | Z in |2
2 R
When the frequency is such that the average (real)
power delivered to the circuit is one-half that delivered at
resonance.
This also implies that
6.21
Series and parallel resonant circuits
Loaded and unloaded Q
The Q previously defined is a characteristic of the resonant circuit itself.
This Q is in the absence of any loading effects caused by external
circuitry, and is called the unloaded Q.
In practice, a resonant circuit is invariably coupled to other circuitry,
which will always have the effect of lowering the overall, or loaded Q,
QL, of the circuit.
Series and parallel resonant circuits
If the resonator is a series RLC circuit, the load resistor RL adds
in series with R so that the effective resistance in (6.8) is R+ RL.
If the resonator is a parallel RLC circuit, the load resistor RL
combines in parallel with R so that the effective resistance in is
RRL (R + RL ) .
If we define an external Q, Qe, as
6.22
The loaded Q can be expressed as
6.23
Transmission Line Resonator
Ideal lumped elements are usually unattainable at microwave
frequencies, so distributed elements are more commonly used.
Here we consider transmission lines sections as resonator.
Since the Q of these resonators is kind of interest, we must
consider lossy transmission lines.
Short-circuited λ/2 line
series resonator
Open-circuited λ/4 line
Open-circuited λ/2 line
parallel resonator
Short-circuited λ/4 line
Transmission Line Resonator
Short-Circuited λ/2 Line
Series type of resonance can be achieved using a short-
circuited transmission line of length λ/2.
At the frequency ω=ω0, the length of the line is l =λ/2, where
λ=2π/β. The input impedance is thus from (2.91),
or
Observe that Z in = jZ 0 tan βl if α=0 (no loss).
Transmission Line Resonator
1) In practice, most transmission lines have small loss, so we can
assume that αl << 1 , and so tanh αl ≈ αl .
2) Now let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω , where ∆ω is small, and assume a TEM
line, we have
where vp is the phase velocity of the transmisssion line.
Since l = λ 2 = π v p ω 0 for ω = ω0 , we have
and then
Transmission Line Resonator
Thus
since ∆ωα l ω0 1 is a higher order term.
Equation (6.25) is of the form
which is the input impedance of a series RLC resonant circuit,
as given by (6.9).
Transmission Line Resonator
=
The resistance of the equivalent circuit is
6.26a
The inductance of the equivalent circuit is
6.26b
The capacitance of the equivalent circuit is
6.26c
This resonator thus resonates for ∆ω=0, and its input
impedance at this frequency is Z in = R = Z 0αl .
Transmission Line Resonator
The voltage distributions for the n = 1 and n = 2 resonant modes
The Q of this resonator can be found from (6.8) and (6.26) as
6.27
since βl =π at the first resonance.
This result shows that the Q decreases as the attenuation of the
line increases.
Transmission Line Resonator
Short-Circuited λ/4 Line
Parallel type of resonance can be achieved using a short-circuited
transmission line of length λ/4.
The input impedance of the shorted line of length λ/4 is
6.28
Transmission Line Resonator
1) For small loss, tanh αl ≅ αl
2) Assume that l = λ/4 at ω=ω0. and let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω .
For a TEM line,
so
Thus, the input impedance is
Z in
where αlπ∆ω / 2ω 0 << 1 is a higher order term.
Transmission Line Resonator
This result is of the same form as the impedance of a parallel RLC
circuit.
Then we can identify
This resonator thus has a parallel type resonance for l =λ/4, with an
input impedance at resonance of Zin=R=Z0/αl.
The Q of this resonator is
6.31
since l = π/2β at resonance.
Transmission Line Resonator
Open-Circuited λ/2 Line
Parallel type of resonance can be also achieved using a open-circuited
transmission line of length λ/2.
The input impedance of the opened line of length λ/2 is
Transmission Line Resonator
1) For small loss, tanh αl ≅ αl
2) Assume that l = λ/2 at ω=ω0. and let ω = ω 0 + ∆ω .
For a TEM line,
so
Thus, the input impedance is
which is also of the form of the input impedance of a parallel resonant
The Q is given by
Transmission Line Resonator
Various types of microstrip resonator
Transmission Line Resonator
EXAMPLE
A microstrip resonator constructed from a λ/2 length of 50Ω open-
circuited microstrip line.
The substrate thickness is 0.159cm, with εr=2.08 and tanδ = 0.0004.
The conductors are copper.
Compute the length of the line for resonance at 5 GHz. Ignore fringing
fields at the end of the line.
Sol
The width of a 50Ω microstrip line on this substrate is W=0.508cm,
The effective permittivity is εe=1.80
Then the resonant length can be calculated as
2.24cm
This length should be shorten by 2∆l if the fringing fields must take into
account.
Excitation of resonators
How the resonators can be coupled to external circuitry?
Electric coupling
Magnetic coupling
Mixed coupling
Excitation of resonators
Critical Coupling
To obtain maximum power transfer between a resonator and a feedline,
the resonator must be matched to the feed at the resonant frequency.
For example, the input impedance near resonance of the series
resonant circuit is
6.71
and the unloaded Q is,
6.72
At resonance, ∆ω=0, the input impedance is Zin = R. Thus,
and the unloaded Q becomes
Excitation of resonators
But from (6.22), the external Q is
6.75
which shows that the external and unloaded Q are equal under the
condition of critical coupling.
It is useful to define a coefficient of coupling, g ,as
which can he applied to both series ( g = Z0/R) and parallel ( g = R/Z0)
resonant circuits.
1. g < 1 The resonator is undercoupled to the feedline (R>Z0).
2. g = 1 The resonator is critically coupled to the feedline (R=Z0).
3. g > 1 The resonator is said to be overcoupled to the feeclline (R<Z0).
Excitation of resonators
Smith Chart Representation
Excitation of resonators
Equivalent circuit of a Gap-Coupled Microstrip Resonator
Now consider open-circuited microstrip resonator coupled to a
microstrip feedline.
The gap in the microstrip line can be approximated as a series
capacitor.
The normalized input impedance seen by the feedline is
where bc = ωZ0C is the normalized susceptance of the coupling
capacitor, C.
Excitation of resonators
At resonance, Im{ z} must equals to zero (We=Wm). Thus
6.85
The transcendental equation are sketched in the figure. In practice, bc
<< 1, so that the first resonant frequency, ω1, will be close to the
frequency for which βl = π (the first resonant frequency of the
unloaded resonator).
ω1
In this case the coupling of the feedline to the resonator has the effect
of lowering its resonant frequency.
Excitation of resonators
Expanding z(ω) in a Taylor series about the (unloaded) resonant
frequency, ω1, and assuming that bc is small.
6.86
Since z(ω1) =0, we have
z(ω)=
where bc << 1 and A ≅ πv p / ω1 .
vp: the velocity of the transmission line (assumed TEM).
The normalized impedance is then (for lossless resonator)
6.87
Excitation of resonators
Now, include the losses for a high Q resonator by replacing the
resonance frequency (pp. 268)
j
ω1 ↔ ω1 (1 + )
2Q
we have
π π (ω − ω1 )
z (ω ) = +j
2Qbc ω1bc 2
An uncoupled λ/2 open-circuited transmission line resonator
looks like a parallel RLC circuit near resonance, but the present
case of a capacitive coupled λ/2 resonator looks like a series
RLC circuit near resonance.
The series coupling capacitor is thus the so-called inverter.
K2
Z in =
ZL
Excitation of resonators
At resonant, the input resistance is R = Z 0π / 2Qbc2 ∝ 1 / bc2 .
For critical coupling we must have R=Z0, or
6.82
The coupling coefficient of (6.83) is
6.83
bc < π 2Q < 1 and the resonator is undercoupled.
bc > π 2Q > 1 and the resonator is undercoupled.
Q → bc → C → ∆W (the gap width)
