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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Humankind are more favourable to comforts and inventing new things without
knowledge of hazard of the inventions, creating disturbance on the ecosystem of the
earth. As fuel depletion and changes in climate drive us into an energy crisis. We
realized the urgency of finding alternatives to our growing demand for energy. The
conventional sources are mainly non-renewable energy sources, their extensive use has
resulted in the rapid depletion of the known reserves. The known petroleum deposits
remain to last only a few decades in India alone, while coal reserves will last for just
another hundred years. Solving this energy crisis requires combined efforts from
economies around the world, which can only be accomplished with universal
government support. The rising energy costs have begun to force global leaders to
realize the importance of alternative energy sources research. It is hoped that this will
drive power - hungry nations to find ways to stop further deterioration of our planet's
resources.

Generally speaking, renewable energy sources are those that are naturally
continuously replenished. They are also called Green Energy or Clean Energy because
they are not contributing to global warming. In India in 2017-18, there was 1,303.49
TWh of gross electricity generated by utilities in India and 1,486.5 TWh of total
electricity generation in the country. India installed 350.162 GW capacity as of
February 28, 2019. Renewable power plants accounted for 21.4% of the total capacity
installed. Indian electricity generates electricity using approximately 72 percent of the
country's coal produced. In 2017 - 18 developed countries, coal consumption by utility
power is 608 million tons to indicate the role of power generation in greenhouse
emissions.

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India’s present installed capacity is as follows:

• Coal: 197,352 MW (56.4%)

• Large Hydro: 45,399 MW (13.0%)
• Small Hydro: 4,528.15 MW (1.3%)
• Wind Power: 35,288.01 MW (10.1%)
• Solar Power: 26,025.907 MW (7.4%)
• Biomass: 9,213.5 MW (2.6%)
• Nuclear: 6,785 MW (1.9%)
• Gas: 24,947.22 MW (7.1%)

In India, solar power is a fast-growing industry. India increased its solar power
capacity from 2650 MW on 26 May 2014 to more than 20 GW on 31 January 2018
eight times. The capacity of 20 GW was initially targeted for 2022, but four years ahead
of schedule, the government achieved the target. In 2015-2016, the country installed 3
GW of solar capacity and more than 5 GW in 2016-2017, the highest of any year, with
the average current solar electricity price falling to 18 percent below its coal-fired
average price. The Indian government expanded its interest in solar generation in
January 2015, targeting investment of US$ 100 billion and solar capacity of 100 GW
(including 40 GW from rooftop solar) by 2022. India's 100 GW solar energy initiative
by 2022 is an ambitious target, with 303 GW expected to be the world's installed solar
power capacity in 2017. This task has been made possible by the improvements in solar
thermal storage power technology in recent years as the cheaper solar power does not
need to rely on costly and polluting coal-based power generation to ensure stable grid
operation.

1.2 Problem statement

The changes in time has resulted in drastic development in technology, so with
technology machines and devices has become advanced but they are still prone to power
fluctuations and power outages due to which even most advanced devices are getting
damaged . In order to protect the devices, we a need a power supply which is reliable
and should give us an uninterrupted power supply(UPS).

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In the energy industry, making solar base energy costs competitive with
traditional, fossil-based sources is a major challenge. If UPS and solar power systems
could be combined successfully (resulting in the lower overall cost of the system), many
users of UPS systems could consider investing in their own solar generation.

This would benefit users, energy systems as a whole, and the environment. The
benefit would be the installed system's lower lifetime cost compared to a conventional
stand-alone solar power system for users of the proposed system. Increased use of solar
energy also reduces the intensity of emissions if the energy sector contributes to a more
sustainable energy sources

The objective of the economic study is to assess the cost reduction of the
combined system compared to two separate systems as well as potential gains in total
system efficiency and therefore total energy generation.

1.3 Objective

The main objectives of this project are:

1) Modelling and simulation of an inverter

2) Design and implementation of a Solar UPS system.

1.4 Methodology

In this project, we are using solar energy for charging 12V DC battery. Solar
panel will constantly charge battery with a proper designed charge controller circuit
providing over voltage, under voltage protection and over charge protection. The charge
from the battery can be inverted to AC by designing an inverter circuit and stepping up
the voltage from 12V AC to 230 V AC. To design a circuit that can be suitable to switch
the source from the grid to the U.P.S by a proper relay logic circuit that can be
successfully used for emergency cases.

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1.5 Outline

Chapter 2 The literature review presents relevant literature on Solar Energy, UPS,
Power Electronics and Microgrids. Previous research is also discussed in the
combination of solar power and UPS.

Chapter 3 Simulation experiments are presented in detail in this section on a prototype

and economic analysis. Also discussed are the advantages and disadvantages.

Chapter 4 The results of each study are presented individually in this section. The
prototype results focus primarily on technical feasibility, while the economic analysis
compares the combined system with the standalone system.

Chapter 5 The conclusion of the combined studies and applications is presented in this
final section of the thesis.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Solar energy is the energy comes from sunlight radiation to earth surface
captured using the photovoltaic panels (PV). The arrangement consists of several
components for absorbing and converting sunlight into electricity, such as solar panels,
a solar inverter for changing the electric current from DC to AC. It splits into two types
of systems stand-alone and grid tied.

2.1.1 Stand-alone system

Electricity generation system from solar that composed of the PV panels capture
the energy from sun light, the panels must be enough to cover the power needed. Using
a charge controller to have a suitable DC to charge the battery, to ensure the use of the
energy produced in the absence of sunlight and a battery bank for storage until energy
needed by the load. It will produce a DC current to the inverter for conversion to AC.
The main use of stand-alone systems is that it is used in applications in the rural and
the remote areas of the developing countries in telecommunication towers, water pumps
and the lightning uses, which can be considered as a social benefit. Although there was
a price reduction of the PV panels and the inverters involved, the batteries cost is the
main concern in off grid (stand-alone) systems, that it stays expensive specially if
energy stored in terms of KW or MW which increase the size of the batteries, they
should be replaced in every ten years and thus require regular maintenance, which
requires more investments in the application of off grid systems. A stand-alone system
is shown in the Figure (2.1).

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Figure 2.1 Off grid (stand-alone) System

2.1.2 Grid tied system

The simplest and most cost-effective PV design is also sometimes referred to as
the "Grid-Tied" system (user-interactive). Solar system consisting of PV solar panels,
inverter and load as in stand-alone systems, but the difference is that the inverter used
in this system is called the "Grid tie inverter" and it is an electronic power device that
converts the direct current into the alternating current. (GTI) is a special inverter can
synchronize voltage and frequency with the main grid parameters. There is not battery
storage to store the energy, it is consumed immediately, and the excess power
transferred to the grid which can considered as battery storage “virtual battery” without
the need for maintenance regularly or replacement in every decade. The grid is used to
store the power for further use at night and during cloudy days or can be sold to the
utility company with “net metering” technique that consider a power meter to measure
the power in both directions from the grid to the appliances and vice versa which result
in reduction of the electricity bill. Moreover, it does not require any rewiring which
reduce the installation cost. The weakness in grid tied system that it does not supply
electricity to the electrical appliances during a power outage as the utility company
wants to do some repairs in the transmission lines for the safety of the workers or during
brownout the power waveform is fluctuates the system shutdown and blocks the supply
to the appliances. A typical grid tied system is shown in Figure (2.2)

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Figure 2.2 Grid Tied system

2.2 Inverter
It pushes the design of the PV system to the limit with the increase in PV
system capacity and the interconnection with the existing power grid. One of the major
components of the PV system is to convert the DC power from the photovoltaic module
to the AC source, which allows the system to connect to the existing power grid. This
conversion is done using a circuit called an inverter called a power electronic device.
A typical inverter divided into two parts, the first circuit is the power circuit
and the second circuit is the control circuit. The power circuit built from MOSFET or
IGBT switches the simplest built from four switches shown in Figure 2.3.
Grid tie inverter main function is to convert the DC absorbed by the PV panels
to AC electricity equals to the grid voltage magnitude and frequency with phase leading
the grid voltage phase by suitable value.

Figure 2.3 MOSFET switches

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The MOSFET switches are switching in predetermined sequence by sending

signal to the gate. The signal is sent from the control signal, which built from IC 4047.
The control signals are generated from an Astable multivibrator i.e. IC4047. Square
wave output from IC 4047 is given as a triggering pulse for the gate of the MOSFET.

2.2.1 Design operation

As we can’t store AC for future use, whereas DC provides us with the possibility
of storage using a battery. The stored DC can be inverted to AC by using power
inverters.
Working of DC to AC Inverter
1) Solar charge controller is used to charge 12V DC battery.
2) The inverter is built with the help of IC CD4047 which is wired as Astable
multivibrator.
3) The operating frequency of Astable multivibrator is set to 50Hz.
The IRFZ44 MOSFETs are directly driven by CD4047's Q and Q output.
1) The MOSFETs are connected to the Push Pull (Power amplifier) configuration.
The MOSFETs are triggered by the CD4047 Astable multivibrator pulse. Thus,
an output AC voltage is transferred to the transformer primary; it is increased to
230V.
2) The transformer used here is an ordinary inverted step-down transformer. That
is, for this Solar UPS project, the primary step-down transformer from 230V to
12V-0-12V can be treated as secondary.
3) The C2 condenser filters the inverter output.

2.3 Uninterruptable Power Supply

In a wide range of applications, a UPS is used to supply sensitive electrical
loads. The UPS is located upstream from the load to be protected and is tailored to meet
the individual load requirements it is used to power. Generally speaking, a UPS system
consists of electronic power components to rectify and invert electricity, an energy
storage medium (usually a battery), a filter to suppress power output distortions and
static switches to detect power failures and switch the system to insulating mode to
power the load from the integrated energy storage (i.e. battery).

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The amount of computerized equipment in operation has exponentially

increased with the introduction of the internet. They require absolute reliable power
supply and high-power quality due to the sensitivity of such loads, so the use of UPS
systems has increased in the same pace. Many companies that rely on computerized
systems have more losses as systems go down due to power failures. These losses are
much higher than the UPS system's cost, so when building a computerized system, UPS
has become a core technology. As the development of computerized systems continues,
the demand for UPS systems also increases.

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) systems provide continuous, reliable and

high-quality power for significant loads. They avoid damage due to power outages and
voltage surges caused by toe-sensitive loads. UPS systems filter the transient line as
well as the harmonic disturbances. Locations requiring UPS systems as well as
expanding these locations include medical facilities, life support systems, data storage
and computer systems, emergency equipment, telecommunications, industrial
processing, and online management systems.

Ideally, a UPS should be able to deliver uninterrupted power and provide the
power conditioning needed for power applications. It should therefore meet the
requirement of regulated sinusoidal output voltage with low total harmonic distortion
and be independent of changes in input voltage or load.

Figure 2.4 UPS mode of operation

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Typically, OFFLINE UPS topologies are under tremendous pressure of cost

reduction, this line of thinking has evolved a typical configuration of transformer in
which inverter, charger, and AVR winding are wound around same magnetic, the
transformer works for AVR and charger while input AC is present while it works for
inverter when input AC is absent. The UPS output is available after AVR or inverter
depending upon whether input AC is present or not.

2.4 Island circuitry

The grid tied system shuts off during power outages, so we need the grid tie
inverter to keep working during power outages without injecting this power to grid to
avoid danger to the utility workers sent for fixing the lines here comes the islanding
process by connecting a distribution generation, conventional sources oil, gas, and coal
can be used or the use of the renewable sources such as hydro dams , wind farms , solar
stations always located close to the load to maintain a constant supply.

Micro ac grid is an appropriate example for the islanding. If irradiance is

sufficient, the solar panels will continue to supply power. In this case, the circuit
detached by the outage becomes an "island" by providing power to the critical loads in
the subpanel during utility blackouts inverter creates a "local grid." The grid-tie inverter
does not disconnect as it does not know the difference between the grid produced by
the utility and the UPS-created "local grid." The UPS allows solar power generated by
the grid tie array to feed back to the main utility when the grid is working.

2.5 AC coupling
AC Coupling allows a grid-tie system to work together with a backup battery
system that is charged even during grid blackouts. It is perfect for people who want to
add a back-up package of batteries to their existing solar power grid-tie system. A grid-
tied inverter will continue to operate in an AC Coupled solar power system during grid
power outages by synchronizing with a battery-based inverter output. Both inverters
are connected to the sub-panel "critical loads" in this scenario.

By providing power to the critical loads in the subpanel, the off-grid inverter
creates a "local grid" during utility blackouts. The grid-tie inverter does not disconnect
because it does not know the difference between the grid produced by the utility and
the "local grid" of the inverter. When the grid is working, the inverter allows the grid
tie array to feed back to the main service breaker panel.
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2.6 A self-powered home Power wall

It uses a home battery that stores solar energy so that it can be used to reduce
your reliance on demand and self-powering grid electricity in your home. The power
wall automatically integrates with the solar system in case of a grid breakdown to
ensure that your home is powered 24/7. You ensure energy security with power wall
and a clean energy lifestyle.

The power wall is compact, safe and includes a built-in battery inverter for
easier integration.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter is divided into two studies

1) Computer simulation of designed inverter system

2) Experimental setup on a small-scale prototype

3.2 Computer simulation

The simulation is intended to ensure that the proposed circuit is safe, flexible
and provides a reliable design environment in which the system can be easily adjusted
and tested without changing the physical system. The simulation's primary results
provide information on how to build the physical system in practice and how to operate
the system. The identification of potential system problems that may cause failure is
also an important part of the computer simulation. Thus, the MATLAB system helps to
find out the limitations of the simulation correspondence with the prototype system.

The inverter input impedance, transformer source impedance and load are one
of the major concerns related to simulation and practical output. As it has a large
capacitance element in the prototype system, it is modelled during simulation as a pure
resistive. The reason for this is that the simulation was conducted before selecting a
specific inverter and therefore the inverter topology was not known. Due to simplicity
and simulation speed, a purely resistive inverter was selected in the simulation. This
difference has the effect that the current entering the inverter in the prototype system is
significantly higher than the simulated system.

3.2.1 MATLAB Inverter model

The simulation representation of the inverter can be shown in the figure 4.1. The
inverter converts the 12V DC supply voltage to the 12V AC. The output of the inverter
is fed to the filter circuit where the harmonics are filtered out. Based on the required
output, the triggering is provided to the MOSFETs.

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Figure 3.1 MATLAB simulation of an inverter circuit

Output of Pulse generator 1

Output of Pulse generator 2

Figure 3.2 Output of the triggering circuit of the MOSFET.

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Without Filter

With Filter

Figure 3.3 OUTPUT of the inverter circuit with and without the filter circuit

3.3 Prototype model

The prototype system's objective was to test the concept, a general indication is to be
the conclusion of the experiments conducted.

Figure 3.4 Overview of Prototype System

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3.3.1 Solar panel

We have chosen 12v,10wp solar panel for our setup. Solar has the major role in our
project.

Panel name plate details:

Maximum power : 10wp

Voltage at maximum power: 17.5 V

Current at maximum power: 0.54 A

Open circuit voltage : 21.5 V

Short circuit current : 0.65 A

Tolerance : +5%

Specifications are at STC 1000W/m2 Irradiance, cell temperature 25ºC

Figure 3.5 Solar panel

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3.3.2 Charge Controller:

Solar panel is used to charge the 12V lead acid battery for increasing the reliability
of the supply from solar and to store the energy. We can directly connect the solar panel
to the lead acid battery but due to variation in the irradiance the current may follow in
the reverse direction from battery to panel. High voltages may damage the battery and
under voltages may decrease the charge of the battery. To overcome the above problems
charge controller is used. In our project we have designed a charge controller which has

• Over voltage protection

• Under voltage protection
• Reverse current protection
• Charging bandwidth changer

Figure 3.6 Charge controller circuit diagram

3.3.3 Battery:

We used lead acid rechargeable battery in our project for storing solar energy in
form of chemical energy in sunny hours and to supply the energy in the off sunny hours
to the utilities.

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Battery ratings:

12V/1.3AH/20HR

Figure 3.7 Lead acid battery

3.3.4 Inverter:

Inverter is used to convert DC into AC. In our project the voltage of 12V is
obtained from the solar panel and charged the battery. The inverter is connected in
parallel to the battery. During sunny hours inverter is operated using solar panel power
and during off sunny hours inverter is operated using battery power

Inverter input will 12V DC and the output will be 12V AC, now we need to step
up the voltage from 12V to 220V using transformer.

MOSFET’s are the switching devices we used in inverter as it has frequency of

switching and can be used for medium power. Switching devices needs pulse to turn it
ON and OFF. These pulses are send using astable multivibrator, IC 4047 provides
pulses which is an astable multivibrator

We are using an IC 4047 which is connected to work as Astable multivibrator.

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Figure 3.8 PIN diagram of IC 4047

The formula for calculating the R, C component frequency or values is

f = 1/8.8RC at pin#10 and pin#11

f = 1/4.4RC at pin#13

Where f is at Hz, R at Ohms and C at Farads.

By solving t = 2.48RC where t is in seconds, R in Ohms and C in Farad, pulse time can
be obtained

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PIN description of IC 4047

Pin No Pin Name Pin Description

1 C Connected to an external capacitor

2 R Connected to an external resistor

3 R-C Common pin for establishing a connection with resistor and

Common capacitor

4 Astable’ Must be kept low when used in Astable mode

5 Astable Must be kept high when used in Astable mode

6 -Trigger High to Low transition will be given to this pin when used
in Monostable mode

7 Vss Ground Pin

8 +Trigger Low to high transition will be given to this pin when used
in Monostable mode

9 EXT Reset External reset triggers when a high pulse is provided to this
pin, resetting the output Q to low and Q’ to high

10 Q Generates high output

11 Q’ It is an inverse output of pin 10, producing a low output

12 Retrigger This pin is used in Monostable mode for simultaneously

retriggering +trigger and –trigger pin

13 Osco Out Generate oscillated output

14 Vdd Voltage supply pin

Table 3.1 PIN Description of IC 4047

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Figure 3.9 Inverter with IC 4047

We have chosen 2 MOSFETs inverter instead full bridge inverter to avoid the
leg shorting problem in practical scenario. So, in this circuit we need centre tapped
transformer to collect the output and step up the output. Here we used 9V-0V-9V to
220V transformer to get more output voltage as theoretical is not possible in practical.

3.3.4.1 N channel MOSFET

Traditional FETs have a few features that are disadvantaged, such as high
drain resistance, moderate input impedance and slower operation. An advanced FET
that is MOSFET is invented to overcome these disadvantages.

MOSFET abbreviates as "Silicon Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor or

Field Effect Transistor Metal Oxide Semiconductor." Another MOSFET name is
IGFET, which means "Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor." The FET is operated in
both operating modes of depletion and enhancement. The following figure shows how
it looks like a practical MOSFET.

Figure 3.10 N Channel MOSFET

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3.3.4.2 Construction of a MOSFET

Building a MOSFET is similar to FET. On the substratum to which the gate
terminal is connected, a layer of silicon oxide is deposited. This layer of oxide acts as
an insulator (SiO2 is insulated from the substrate), and therefore the MOSFET has
another name as IGFET. Substrate is slightly doped in the construction of MOSFET
and is diffused with a heavily doped region. They are called MOSFETs as P-type and
N-type depending on the type of substrate used.

Figure 3.11 Construction Diagram of MOSFET

The MOSFET operation is controlled by the voltage level at the gate

terminal. As it is insulated from the channel, any voltage of any polarity and value can
be given to the gate. MOSFET acts in depletion mode when negative gate voltage is
given while MOSFET acts in an Enhancement mode with positive gate voltage.
3.3.4.3 Classification of MOSFETs
MOSFETs are classified depending upon the type of materials used in the
construction, and the type of operation, Classification is done as in figure given below

Figure 3.12 Classification of MOSFET

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The N-channel MOSFETs are simply called as NMOS. The symbols for N-channel
MOSFET are as shown in figure below.

Figure 3.13 Symbols of N-channel MOSFET

The P-channel MOSFETs are simply called as PMOS. The symbols for P-channel
MOSFET are as shown in figure below.

Figure 3.14 Symbols of P-channel MOSFET

Now let's look at the construction details of a MOSFET N - channel. Usually a

MOSFET N - channel is mostly used for explanation. There is also no need to mention
that one type's study also explains the other as both types are identical except for
materials.

3.3.4.4 Working of N-Channel MOSFET (Enhancement Mode)

If we can change the VGG voltage polarities, the same MOSFET can be worked in
enhancement mode. So, let us consider the VGG gate source voltage MOSFET as
shown in the figure below.

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Figure 3.15 Symbols of N-channel MOSFET

Because of the voltage between drain and source, some current is called leakage current
flows when no voltage is applied between gate and source. Let some positive voltage
apply to the VGG. Then the minority carriers are repelled, i.e. hole, and the SiO2 layer
attracts the majority of carriers.

A certain amount of drain current ID flows through source to drain with a certain
amount of positive potential at VGG. When this positive potential is further increased,
due to the flow of electrons from source, the current ID increases and these are further
pushed due to the voltage applied at VGG. The current ID of the drain is therefore
proportional to the level of voltage applied at the gate terminal. The current flow is
increased better than in depletion mode due to the increase in electron flow. This mode
is therefore referred to as MOSFET Enhanced Mode.

3.3.4.5 Characteristics Of MOSFET

Drain Characteristics
A MOSFET's drain characteristics are drawn between the drain current Id and the
Vds drain source voltage. The characteristic curve for different input values is as shown
below.

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Figure 3.16 Drain characteristics

The drain current Id should increase when Vds is increased, but the drain
current is controlled at some level due to the applied Vgs. Therefore, the current at the
gate controls the current at the output drain.
Transfer Characteristics
Transfer characteristics are defined as Vds value change with Id and Vgs change
in both depletion and enhancement modes. The characteristic curve below is drawn for
drain current versus gate to source voltage.

Figure 3.17 Transfer characteristics of N-channel MOSFET

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3.3.4.6 Details of MOSFET Used

IRFZ44N (N- Channel Enhancement MOSFET. The device has very low
ON state resistance and integral Zener diodes that provide up to 2kV of ESD protection.
It is generally used for switching.

Table 3.2 Specifications of IRFZ44N

Figure 3.18 Symbolic representation of MOSFET

Figure 3.19 Characteristics of N- channel MOSFET

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3.3.5 Relay logic:

We used Arduino as controller for the logic controller for alternating the supply
between the solar power and conventional mains.

For this purpose, we must sense the voltage of solar incoming and have to set a
value below which the solar system should not supply the load to protect the battery
from over draining and under voltage problems in the utilities which will damage the
appliances. The set point of voltage varies with the battery manufacturers.

Figure 3.20 Channel Relay module

Figure 3.21 Internal circuit of a 2-channel relay module

Module has two relay which are Switched on and off based on the input given
to IN1 & IN2 Pins. Module has two 817C optocouplers which are used as switch to turn
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on a BJT which in turn turns on the relay. Optocoupler plays an important role in this
module. Basically an Optocoupler is a an electronic component that transfers
electrical signals between two isolated circuits by using light.

An opto-isolator contains a near-infrared light emitting diode (LED) that acts

as a light source (emitter) that converts electrical input into light, a closed optical
channel (also known as a dielectric channel) and a photo-sensor that detects incoming
light and either directly generates electrical energy or modulates electrical current from
an external power supply. It can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a
SCR, or a triac. Because LEDs can feel light in addition to emitting it, symmetrical,
bidirectional opto-isolators can be built. An optocoupled solid-state relay contains an
opto-isolator photodiode, usually an additional MOSFET pair, which drives a power
switch. A slotted optical switch contains a light source and a sensor, but its optical
channel is open so that the light path can be modulated by external objects or light
reflected in the sensor.

Figure 3.22 Optocoupler

When logic low is given to Optocoupler it closes the circuit which gives
a current to base of BJT which is connected in series in with the relay coil.

3.3.6 Voltage sensor:

Voltage sensor is used to sense the voltage level of the battery. It has a voltage divider
circuit with two resistances of 30kohms and 7.5kohms in series. Output voltages is
taken across 7.5Kohms resistor. Here Output of sensor is an Analog signal, so it is
connected to Analog input pin of the Arduino.

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Figure 3.23 Voltage sensor

𝟕.𝟓
Output Voltage (Vo) =Vi* 𝟑𝟎 =Vi*1/5 Volts

3.3.7 Arduino:

Arduino is a micro controller designed for low power applications with ranges to a few
volts.

3.3.7.1 Overview

Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board as a microcontroller with an 8-bit

ATmega328P chip. ATmega328P also includes other components to support the
microcontroller, such as crystal oscillator, serial communication, voltage regulator, etc.
Arduino Uno has 14 digital input / output pins, 6 analog input pins, a USB connection,
a power barrel jack, an ICSP header and a reset button.

Figure 3.24 Arduino UNO

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3.3.7.2 Pin Details of Arduino

Pin Pin Name Details

Category

Vin, 3.3V, 5V, GND Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an
external source.

5V: Regulated power supply of 5V

3.3V: 3.3V supply generated by on-board

voltage regulator. With maximum current draw
is 50mA.

GND: Ground pins for Arduino and others

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller and reboots it

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Can only read analog input in the range of 0-

5V

I/O Pins Digital Pins 0 - 13 Can read and write digital values .

Serial 0(Rx), 1(Tx) Used to receive and transmit TTL serial data.

External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt externally

Interrupts

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 11 Can Provide 8-bit PWM output.

SPI 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), Pins used for SPI communication.

12 (MISO) 13 (SCK)

TWI A4 (SDA), A5 (SCA) Used for I2C communication.

AREF AREF Provides a reference voltage value for input

voltage.

Table 3.3 PIN Description of Arduino UNO

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3.3.7.3 Arduino Uno Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328P – 8-bit AVR family microcontroller

Operating Voltage 5V

Recommended Input Voltage 7-12V

Input Voltage Limits 6-20V

Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)

Digital I/O Pins 14 (In which 6 pins can provide PWM output)

DC Current on I/O Pins 40 mA

DC Current on 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (about 0.5 to 1KB is used for Bootloader)

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Frequency (Clock Speed) 16 MHz

Table 3.4 Arduino UNO technical specifications

3.3.7.4 How to use Arduino Board

Using functions like pinMode(), digitalRead() and digital Write() in Arduino

programming, the 14-digital input / output pins can be used as input or output pins.
Each pin operates at 5V and can supply or sink a 40mA maximum current and has a
20-50 KOhms internal pull-up resistor that is disconnected by default.

3.3.8 Transformer

Basically, a transformer is a very simple static (or stationary) electro-magnetic

passive electrical device that works by converting electrical voltage from one value to
another on the principle of Faraday's induction law. This is done by linking two or more
electrical circuits together using a common magnetic oscillating circuit that the
transformer itself produces. A transformer operates in the form of Mutual Induction
under the Faraday law of "electromagnetic induction."

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Mutual induction is the process by which a wire coil magnetically induces a

voltage into another nearby coil if the current changes. Then we can say that in the
"magnetic domain" transformers work, and transformers get their name from
"transforming" one voltage or current level into another. Transformers can be used to
either increase or decrease their supply voltage and current levels without altering their
frequency through the magnetic circuit from one winding to another. Note that there is
no change in the amount of Power transferred.

A single-phase voltage transformer consists essentially of two wire electrical

coils, one called the "Primary Winding" and the other called the "Secondary Winding."
The transformer's "primary winding" is the side that usually takes power, and the
"secondary winding" is the side that usually provides power. These two coils are
wrapped together around a common closed circuit of magnetic iron called the "core"
instead of electrical contact. Instead of solid one, this core consists of several individual
laminations that are stacked together to help reduce the core losses.

The two coil windings are electrically isolated from each other but are
magnetically coupled through the common core allowing the transfer of electrical
power from one coil to the next. When an electrical current passes through the primary
winding, a magnetic field is developed that induces a voltage into the secondary
winding that is supplied for loading as shown below.

3.25 Transformer Circuit

In other words, there is no direct electrical connection in the transformer

between the primary and secondary windings, thus giving it another name,
"Transformer of Isolation." The winding connected to the supply of input voltage is
generally called primary winding, which converts or transforms the electrical power

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into an alternating magnetic field. While the secondary winding work is to convert this
alternating magnetic field into electrical power that produces the required voltage
output.

In our project transformer is used to step up 12V produced by Inverter to 230V

AC which is connected to the load.

Here we used a 12-0-12V/230V transformer for our project. Power rating of

transformer is 18 W at unity Power factor. Figure of transformer is shown below in fig
3.24.

Fig 3.24 12-0-12V/230V step-up transformer

3.3.9 The operation of the designed circuit

The design is providing the halls with electricity in two ways depending on whether the
grid is on or not.

3.3.9.1 Scenario 1: grid is OFF

The primary source is the Solar providing the load with power through the
charge controller, inverter and the step-up transformer. This bus is the one whom the
load takes its power from. In case of failure of solar, the UPS stop charging and the
load is fed through the energy stored in the batteries acting as standalone system.

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3.3.9.2 Scenario 2: grid ON

In this case the switch between the load and the grid is close which happens only when
both the solar and the UPS fails, that means the system is isolated from the solar and is
connected to the conventional grid.

3.3.10 Load

Load we have connected here is a 5W LED bulb which is connected to common

terminals of relay. Power to Load can be supplied by three sources

1.Solar Panel

2.Battery

3.Conventional Source(Grid Power)

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Chapter 4

HARDWARE SETUP

4.1 Introduction

A PCB is used for mechanical support and electrical connections between electronic
components, they are wire-wrapped, or point-to-point constructed circuits

4.2 Components required and Cost estimation

S No Component Ratings Qty Cost(in Rs)

1. SOLAR PANEL 12V,10W 1 1000/-
2. SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
i. MOSFET IRFZ44N 3 90/-
ii. Zener diode 1N4740A (8 V) 1 5/-
Zener diode 1N4744A (15V) 1 5/-
iii. Transistor 2N3904 1 5/-
iv Resistors 2K, 1K, 1.5K, 10K 10/-
v. Relay_SPDT 12VDC 2 30/-
vi. Capacitors 2200uf 2 5/-
vii. LED LED5 2 5/-
ix. Battery 12V, 1.3AH 1 400/-
3. INVERTER
i. IC CD4047 CD4047 1 10/-
ii. Resistors 1K,10K,100Ω-0.5w 10/-

iii. Capacitors 0.22uF 1 3/-

iv. MOSFET IRFZ44N 2 60/-
v. Step-down 230V/12V-0-12V, 1A 1 200/-
transformer
4. 2 CHANNEL RELAY MODULE 1 40/-
5. ARDUINO UNO 1 650/-
6 Voltage Sensor 1 50/-
7 2Channel Relay module 1 50/-

Table 4.1 Components required and Cost estimation

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4.3 HARDWARE SETUP

4.3.1 Soldering

Soldering is the process by which two metallic conductors are joined together,
the place where the two metallic conductors are to be joined or fused is heated with a
soldering iron device and then an alloy of tin and lead called soldering alloy is used
which melts on heating and is deposited in the joint thus covering it. .

4.3.2 Charge Controller

Figure 4.1 Hardware implementation of Solar Charge Controller

4.3.3 Inverter

Figure 4.2 Hardware implementation of Inverter

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4.3.4 Relay module, Voltage sensor, Arduino UNO

Figure 4.3 Relay module, Voltage sensor, Arduino UNO

Arduino code used for Voltage sensing is given in annexture 1

4.3.5 Hardware Arrangement

Figure 4.4 Hardware arrangement of the Solar power UPS system

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4.4 Working

Here we have two circuit which are to be explained

1. Charge Controller circuit

Used to charge lead acid battery and provides protection to battery
2. Inverter circuit
Used to convert 12V DC to 12V AC

Now let us understand both the circuits one by one.

4.4.1 Charge Controller Circuit

Figure 4.5 Solar Charge controller circuit

Here when the panel voltage is less than 8V Zener diode will not conduct so
no current passes through it which makes MOSFET Q2 to be in OFF condition. As soon
as voltage becomes greater than 8V Zener diode conducts and voltage is given to gate
of MOSFET Q2 which turns ON Q2 So, relay 1 connected to Q2 to will be switched
ON. Thus, providing Undervoltage Protection to battery.

Now, if voltage is greater than 15V then 15V Zener diode conducts turning ON
the BJT Q4 which connects gate terminal of MOSFET Q2 to ground turning it OFF,

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which in turn turns OFF relay 1 connected to it, Thus ,Providing Overvoltage
Protection.

MOSFET Q1 is used to prevent reverse flow of current when solar panel output
is less than battery voltage. This circuit can be used to charge any battery by using the
Bandwidth Setter, in which we have a rheostat whose movable terminal is connected
to gate terminal of MOSFET Q3 .By changing the value of resistance we can change
the voltage at which MOSFET gets turned ON ,so relay 2 connected to it switches ON.

LED across the relay are used to indicate the ON state of relays. Diodes are to
protect against reverse Polarity of solar panel.

4.4.2 Inverter circuit

Figure 4.6 Inverter circuit using IC 4047

CD4047 is used to get square wave output which are connected to gate
terminals of MOSFETs switching them ON and OFF periodically. Connections should
be done as per the diagram to configure so that it runs in Astable mode .the frequency
of the pulses produced are decided based on the RC values used .We has used RC values
such that frequency of pulses is 50Hz.

By this if Q1 is switched ON current flows in upper half of the transformer

which induces voltage in secondary of transformer. Later when Q1 is OFF and Q2 is
ON current flows in lower part of the transformer which induces voltage in secondary
but this time in opposite direction .thus Ac voltage is produced .but Output waveform
is not a square wave to get a sinewave we need to use a filter which removes the
harmonics and can give nearly sinusoidal wave as output.

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This output is given to Transformer which is stepped up to 230V AC and is given to

load.

Figure 4.7 Hardware implementation of Inverter circuit

Figure 4.8 Output of the Inverter circuit

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4.4.3 Overview of Working Procedure

Depending of the output of solar panel Zener diode conducts and relay
switches ON and charge controller continuous to charge the battery. But when voltage
is higher than predetermined relay switches OFF and disconnects the battery.

Among all the sources power from solar panel is given the highest priority.it
is used to power load as default source and a part of solar energy is used to charge
battery simultaneously along with load but if voltage from solar panel is not enough
then power from battery is used to feed the load.

When voltage from battery also is low then Arduino senses this using voltage sensor
and switches the relay module to ON position and connects conventional source to
load. During this time solar panel can charge the battery in sunlight.

4.5 Applications

4.5.1 DC power source utilization

An inverter converts DC electricity into AC electricity from sources such as

batteries, solar panels, or fuel cells. The electricity can be used at any required voltage,
it can operate AC equipment designed for the operation of the mains or rectified at any
desired voltage to produce DC.
4.5.2 Uninterrupted power supply
When the main power is not available, an uninterrupted power supply (UPS)
uses batteries and an inverter to provide AC power. A rectifier provides DC power to
recharge the batteries when the main power is restored.
4.5.2 HVDC power transmission
AC power is converted to DC with HVDC power transmission and high
voltage DC power is transmitted to a different location. An inverter in a static inverter
plant converts the DC power back into AC at the receiving location.
4.5.4 The general case
A transformer can convert AC power to any desired voltage, but at the same
frequency. Inverters, plus DC rectifiers, can be designed at any desired frequency to
convert from AC to DC, DC to AC. The output power can never exceed the input power,
but there can be high efficiencies, with a small proportion of the power being dissipated
as waste heat.

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4.6 Advantages
1. Constant and continuous supply.
2. Circuit can be controlled with a universal power supply of 12 volts (DC).
3. Its efficiency is further enhanced without any moving parts involved.
4. It acts as a solution for power backups.
5. Electricity and manpower are not required to operate the device.
6. It can be used in remote villages where there is a high transmission cost.
7. This is an environmentally friendly means of generating power.
8. It's one of the renewable generation methods.
9. Reduction of consumption from conventional energy sources.

4.7 Disadvantages
1. Initial installation costs are very high.
2. There is a large area required to install solar panels.
3. Because of lack of sunlight, it will be less effective in rainy days.
4. Protection system installation is complex.
5. Can cause eye problems due to solar reflectors.

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Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion

The main objective of this project was to design a circuit that would minimize
the cost of the grid to the consumer while the grid is on and provide us with continuous
supply to the load regardless of the grid. The conclusions drawn regarding the combined
system's technical feasibility are that the combination of solar energy and UPS systems
is technically possible.

Adding solar energy has no significant impact on the UPS system's power
quality. In the event of power outages in the electricity grid, solar power can benefit the
system at the point of disconnection from the grid with both less impact on power
quality and increase the UPS ' autonomy time.

The economies of combining solar power and UPS systems are double: the
system's investment cost and the total energy generated. Based on prices for
commercially available inverters and solar charge controllers, it is concluded that the
combined system's investment cost is significantly lower than for separate systems

The combined system is concluded to have higher overall system efficiency in

the solar generation model than a stand-alone solar power system. This is because in
Stand-alone AC batteries are rectified and DC is reversed to use so that losses are
rectified and reversed, reducing efficiency but in our DC system

But in the bright side this design allows us to:

3. To feed the load with both systems what makes the consumed watt per hour for
consumer is reduced.
4. The ability to provide continuous supply for the load in sunny good days.
5. During black out the load is sufficiently supplied.

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5.2 Future Work

The possibility of using the energy storage capacity in the UPS batteries to store
excessive energy from the solar panels is an interesting aspect when combining solar
panels and UPS. Dedicating a predetermined amount of battery capacity to be used by
solar panels would allow the solar energy system to provide a higher nominal solar
power installation and thus a higher percentage of total load demand.

The fluctuating output of the solar panel will be one issue of concern, which can
be eliminated by proper MTTP technique. Due to its many advantages, photovoltaic
power generation is gaining more importance as a source of renewable energy. These
benefits include eternal pollution-free energy generation scheme, ease of maintenance,
and direct sunbeam conversion to electricity. The high cost of installing PV, however,
is still a hindrance to this technology. In addition, the output power of the PV panel
fluctuates as weather conditions such as the level of insulation and the temperature of
the cell. Further improvements in functional and packaging integration will come.
Integration will be affected by
1. Further improvement in electronic and magnetic components and their material
2. Further improvement of topologies and control methods
3. Design of integrated housing with support of thermal simulation and new housing
materials.
The development of new power semiconductors based on Si, SiC or GaN gives
changes to reduce losses which results in a reduction of the cooling system. The change
to higher operation temperatures will influence the size of the cooling system
additional. Higher switching frequencies require new solutions for magnetic
components, magnetic materials and topologies. Topologies and control method have
to consider under the aspect of smaller components sizes. Thermal simulations will
establish better understanding of cooling processes and push the development of high
integrated housings of solar inverters.

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REFERENCES

1) Khan,B.H;Non-conventional source of energy,5/e, Mc Graw Hill

Education(India)
2) Milliman, Jacob & Christors Halkias: Integrated electronics, 2/e, Mc Graw Hill
Education India.
3) J.B Gupta; Electronics Devices & circuit, 3/e Vikas Publication.
4) Ashfaq Hussain: Electrical Machine, Dhanpat Rao Publication.
5) S Salivahanan & S.Arivazhagan: Digital Electronics, Vikas publication.
6) Muhammad H.Rashid “Power Electronics” Pearson.
7) Regine Mallwitz, Bernd Engel, “Solar power inverters” IEEE transactions,
INSPEC Accession Number 11874184, 6th International conference on
Integrated power electronics systems, Nuremburh, Germany, 16-18th March
2010.
8) C. Cavallaro, S. Musumeci, C. Santonociti, M. Pappalardo, “Smart photovoltaic
UPS system for domestic appliances” IEEE transactions, INSPEC Accession
Number 10846357, International conference on clean electrical power, Capri,
Italy, 9-11th June 2009.
9) Kanakasabapathy p, Vinod Kumar Gopal, Adhijith V, Athul Mohan, E. Hema
Sridhar Reddy, “Energy management and control of solar aided UPS” IEEE
transactions, INSPEC Accession Number 15416040, International conference
on Technological Advancements in Power and Energy (TAP Energy), Kollam,
India, 24-26th June 2015.
10) Ned Mohan, William Robbins, Tore Undeland, Power Electronics: Converters
Applications and Design, 2011, ISBN 978-81-265-1090-0.

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ANNEXTURE 1

Arduino code for voltage sensing and Switching using Voltage sensor and 2
Channel relay module

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(9,OUTPUT);

pinMode(10,OUTPUT);

pinMode(A0,INPUT);

void loop() {

double vin=analogRead(A0);

double voltage=(vin*25/1024);

Serial.println(voltage);

if(voltage<12)

{digitalWrite(9,LOW);

digitalWrite(10,LOW);

else

{digitalWrite(9,HIGH);

digitalWrite(10,HIGH);

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