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Chapter 1: FLOW IN SOIL: Cohesion Force Adhesion Force

The document discusses several key concepts related to water flow in soil: 1) It describes the concepts of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension that cause capillary action - the upward movement of water through narrow tubes against gravity. 2) It explains how soil texture impacts water movement, with finer soils having more pores for water flow. 3) It discusses how soil volume changes with water content, with drying causing shrinkage as meniscus forms and compressive forces increase, and wetting causing swelling as meniscus is destroyed and compressive stresses decrease.

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Suwarna subramaniam
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134 views7 pages

Chapter 1: FLOW IN SOIL: Cohesion Force Adhesion Force

The document discusses several key concepts related to water flow in soil: 1) It describes the concepts of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension that cause capillary action - the upward movement of water through narrow tubes against gravity. 2) It explains how soil texture impacts water movement, with finer soils having more pores for water flow. 3) It discusses how soil volume changes with water content, with drying causing shrinkage as meniscus forms and compressive forces increase, and wetting causing swelling as meniscus is destroyed and compressive stresses decrease.

Uploaded by

Suwarna subramaniam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1: FLOW IN SOIL

Amount of water in the soil

- Due to climate, long term precipitation patterns and area.


- Depends upon how much water a soil may hold

Concept of capillarity.

Water molecules behave in two ways:

- Cohesion Force: Because of cohesion forces, water molecules are attracted to one another.
Cohesion causes water molecules to stick to one another and form water droplets.
- Adhesion Force: This force is responsible for the attraction between water and solid
surfaces. For example, a drop of water can stick to a glass surface as the result of adhesion.

Water also exhibits a property of surface tension:

- water molecules are more attracted to other water molecules as opposed to air particles,
water surfaces behave like expandable films. Tats y insect cn walk on the water surface.

Capillary Action:

Capillary action- combination of cohesion/adhesion and surface tension forces.

- upward movement of water through a narrow tube against the force of gravity.

- adhesive intermolecular forces between a liquid, such as water, and the solid surface of the
tube are stronger than the cohesive intermolecular forces between water molecules.

- Capillary rise is the height to which the water rises within the tube, and decreases as the
width of the tube increases. Thus, the narrower the tube, the water will rise to a greater
height.
- a concave meniscus (or curved, U-shaped surface) forms where the liquid is in contact with a
vertical surface.
- Fine texture soil have more pores than coarsely-textured soils.

Soil shrinkage & soil swelling

- volume change when the water content is changed


- Decrease in water content cause shrinkage.
- Increase of water content cause swelling.

SHRINKAGE OF SOILS

- saturated soils is dry, meniscus develops in each void at the soil surface. Formation of
meniscus causes tension in the soil, water leading to a compression in the soil structure and
consequent reduction in the volume. When meniscus attains its minimum value,
compressive forces are maximum and shrinkage is also maximum.
SWELLING OF SOILS

- water is added to a soil, , meniscus are destroyed resulting in tension in the pore water and
consequent reduction in compressive stresses in solid grains. result in elastic expansion of
the soil mass, causing swelling.

Bernoulli’s principle

, :

Seepage analysis

- instability of soil masses due to ground water flow is a failure caused by geotechnical
engineering.

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