PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF MIMO SYSTEMS USING 2-D AND 3-D
OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODES
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
K.AMEER BABU (16UEEC0109)
S.LAKSHMI PRASAD REDDY (16UEEC0225)
N.VENKATESH(16UEES0003)
Under guidance of
Mr.S.IMRAN JAVEED
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
APRIL 2018
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
APRIL 2018
Certified that this minor project report titled “PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF
MIMO SYSTEMS USING 2-D AND 3-D OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODES ”
is the bonafide work of S.LAKSHMI PRASAD REDDY (16UEEC0225) ,
K.AMEER BABU(16UEEC0109) and N.VENKATESH(16UEES0003).
SUPERVISOR:
Mr.S.IMRAN JAVEED
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Dr.G.VAIRAVEL
Associate Professor
Department of ECE
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INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deepest gratitude to our respected Founder President and
Chancellor Col. Prof. Dr. R. RANGARAJAN, Foundress President
Dr.R SAGUNTHALA RANGARAJAN, Chairperson Managing Trustee and Vice
President.
We are very thankful to our beloved Chancellor Dr.BEELA
SATYANARAYANA for providing us with an environment to complete the work
successfully.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our Vice Chancellor V.S.S
KUMAR for your kind cooperation and encouragement.
We obligated to our beloved Registrar Dr.E.KANNAN, for providing immense
support in all our endeavors.
We thankful to our esteemed Director Academics Dr. ANNE KOTESWARA
RAO, for providing a wonderful environment to complete work successfully.
We extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to our Dean Dr. V.
JAYASANKAR for his valuable guidance and support on completion of this minor
project in it presently.
We extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to our Head of Department
Dr.G.VIRAVELfor his valuable guidance and support on completion of this minor
project in it presently.
It is a great pleasure for us to acknowledge the assistance and contributions of
our Head of the Department and our Internal Guide Mr. IMRAN JAVEED for his
useful suggestions, which helped us in completing the work, in time and we thank him
for being instrumental in the completion of third year with his encouragement and
unwavering support during the entire course.
We thank our department faculty, supporting staffs for their help and guidance
to complete this project.
ABSTRACT:
OCDMA is the efficient multiple access schemes in the optical MIMO systems.
OCDMA is equipped with Spread spectrum modulation techniques with good optical
orthogonal codes. The Performance of the MIMO CDMA systems depends on the
orthogonal codes with efficient autocorrelation and cross correlation function of these
codes. In this work survey of efficient 2-D and 3-D optical orthogonal codes and
implementing the same in the system. The Performance metrics for the fiber optic
digital systems like BER, SNR are considered and Channel Capacity for 2-D and 3-D
codes are analyzed with the help of simulation tool Matlab and Optisystem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
NO NO
ABSTRACT iv
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 MIMO SYSTEM 1
1.2 ORTHOGONAL CODES 2
1.3 OPTISYSTEM 4
1.4 OPTICAL CDMA 8
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 11
2.1 2-D OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODE 11
2.2 3-D OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODE 11
3 ANALYSIS OF OOC GENERATORS 13
3.1 WALSH CODE AND HADMARD GENERATOR 13
4 SIMULATION OF OOC USING OPTISYSTEM 18
4.1 2-D BASED OCDMA 18
4.2 SYSTEM SIMULATION 19
4.3 PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A MODEL 23
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 26
5.1 RESULTS 26
6 CONCLUSION 29
7 REFERENCES 30
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 MIMO SYSTEM:
MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) is an antenna technology for wireless
communications in which multiple antennas are used at both the source (transmitter)
and the destination (receiver). The antennas at each end of the communications circuit
are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed.
Figure 1.1 Basic structure of MIMO system
MIMO is one of several forms of smart antenna technology, the others
being MISO (multiple input, single output) and SIMO (single input, multiple output).
MIMO is effectively a radio antenna technology as it uses multiple antennas at the
transmitter and receiver to enable a variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing
separate paths for each antenna to enable multiple signal paths to be used.
One of the core ideas behind MIMO wireless systems space-time signal
processing in which time (the natural dimension of digital communication data) is
complemented with the spatial dimension inherent in the use of multiple spatially
distributed antennas, i.e. the use of multiple antennas located at different points.
Accordingly MIMO wireless systems can be viewed as a logical extension to the smart
antennas that have been used for many years to improve wireless.
It is found between a transmitter and a receiver, the signal can take many paths.
Additionally by moving the antennas even a small distance the paths used will change.
The variety of paths available occurs as a result of the number of objects that appear to
the side or even in the direct path between the transmitter and receiver. Previously these
multiple paths only served to introduce interference. By using MIMO, these additional
paths can be used to advantage. They can be used to provide additional robustness to
the radio link by improving the signal to noise ratio, or by increasing the link data
capacity.
The two main formats for MIMO are given below:
Spatial diversity: Spatial diversity used in this narrower sense often refers to transmit
and receive diversity. These two methodologies are used to provide improvements in
the signal to noise ratio and they are characterised by improving the reliability of the
system with respect to the various forms of fading.
Spatial multiplexing : This form of MIMO is used to provide additional data capacity
by utilising the different paths to carry additional traffic, i.e. increasing the data
throughput capability.
As a result of the use multiple antennas, MIMO wireless technology is able to
considerably increase the capacity of a given channel while still obeying Shannon's law.
By increasing the number of receive and transmit antennas it is possible to linearly
increase the throughput of the channel with every pair of antennas added to the system.
This makes MIMO wireless technology one of the most important wireless techniques
to be employed in recent years. As spectral bandwidth is becoming an ever more
valuable commodity for radio communications systems, techniques are needed to use
the available bandwidth more effectively. MIMO wireless technology is one of these
techniques.
1.2 ORTOGONAL CODES:
An Optical Orthogonal Code (OOC) is a family of binary codes involving 0s and
1s which is having good autocorrelation and cross-correlation factors. The main
application of OOC is in multi-user fibre-optic communication systems, so as to assign
each code for different users of the multiinput multi-output (MIMO) system, which are
orthogonal to each other. The selection of codes with good autocorrelation function and
cross-correlation function will help to incorporate more number of users in the same
system and will help in faithfully detecting the desired signal, and in eliminating the
interference between other users respectively. A Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA) system employing OOC will avoid the case of high-speed network
synchronization and the need of simultaneous optical-electrical conversions, as seen in
Time/Frequency Division Multiple Access (TDMA/FDMA) techniques. The increased
flexibility and acceptability of such Optical CDMA techniques involving OOC hence
finds many applications, especially in optical communication and has extension to
wireless communication, and even in radar systems. In a wider sense of CDMA as
applied to optical domain realisations, the following codes can be the others used to
implement it. Prime Codes are binary valued codes, which also employ low CCF by
minimising coincidences between ones, so that good orthogonal property is obtained.
Prime sequences will have equal number of non-zero values (termed as weight) for all
the code sequences that will minimise the problems of having unequal values for ACF
and CCF values. Prime codes, however, can never be formed using shift generators, and
if the number of users in the MIMO system is quite large, the weight of the code become
higher values, which will result in using large number of tapped delay-lines for all
optical realizations. Quasi-Prime codes is an advanced version, where the code shows
some symmetry which will help the encoder to save the number of taps required for a
given weight to a greater extent. The limitation of such codes is that the number of
orthogonal members in such a code-set is limited to P, where it is the number of
elements in the prime code from which this quasi-prime code is derived.
Autocorrelation : for a code-word c in (c0, c1, ...., cn−1) and for an integer in 1 ≤ t ≤
n-1, its autocorrelation property can be defined as ∑𝑛−1
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑐i + 1 ≤ λa.
Cross-correlation : for any two distinct code words c and c’ and for any integer 1 ≤ t
≤ n-1, its cross-correlation property can be defined as ∑𝑛−1
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑐i + 1 ≤ λa.
1.2.1 2-D orthogonal codes:
Two-dimensional optical orthogonal codes (2-D OOCs) are being proposed to
overcome the limitations of 1-D OOCs. In 2-D OOCs, optical pulses are spread as in
the form of a matrix, which is in both time and wavelength domains. While
implementing 2-D OOC, additional restrictions on the codewords can be made to
improve the correlation properties, such as:
a) the one-pulse per wavelength (OPPW) condition : there will be an occurrence of a
binary one in all the rows of the Λ×T matrix code C.
b) the at-most one-pulse per wavelength (AM-OPPW) condition : in each of the rows
of the code-word matrix of size Λ×T, the number of occurrence of binary ones is limited
to one.
To further improve the ACF and CCF properties of 2-D OOCs, a third dimension is
introduced by adding space polarization techniques.
1.2.2 3-D orthogonal codes:
Three-dimensional optical orthogonal codes (3-D OOCs) are being proposed to
overcome the limitations of 2-D OOCs. t, the optical pulses will spread simultaneously
in three domains as space (S), wavelength (Λ) and time (T) domains. Those such optical
codes are referred to as 3-D OOCs.
We denote a 3D-OOC having constant weight (number of ones) w, Λ wavelengths,
space spreading length S, and timeslots T by (Λ × S × T, w, λa , λc ), where λa and λc
are the respective auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions. Hence, each of the
codewords can be viewed as a Λ × S × T 3-D matrix.
1.3 OPTISYSTEM
OptiSystem is an innovative, rapidly evolving, and powerful software design tool
that enables users to plan, test, and simulate almost every type of optical link in the
transmission layer of a broad spectrum of optical networks from LAN, SAN, MAN to
ultra-long-haul.
SPECIFIC BENEFITS
Provides global insight into system performance
Assesses parameter sensitivities aiding design tolerance specifications
Visually presents design options and scenarios to prospective customers
Delivers straightforward access to extensive sets of system characterization data
Provides automatic parameter sweep and optimization
Integrates with the family of Optiwave products.
KEY FUNCTIONALITY
Component Library
The OptiSystem Component Library includes hundreds of components that enable you
to enter parameters that can be measured from real devices. It integrates with test and
measurement equipment from different vendors. Users can incorporate new
components based on subsystems and user-defined libraries, or utilize co-simulation
with a third party tool such as MATLAB or SPICE.
Integration With Optiwave Software Tools
OptiSystem allows you to employ specific Optiwave software tools for integrated and
fiber optics at the component and circuit level: OptiSPICE, OptiBPM, OptiGrating, and
OptiFiber.
Mixed signal representation
OptiSystem handles mixed signal formats for optical and electrical signals in the
Component Library. OptiSystem calculates the signals using the appropriate algorithms
related to the required simulation accuracy and efficiency.
Quality and performance algorithms
In order to predict the system performance, OptiSystem calculates parameters such as
BER and Q-Factor using numerical analysis or semi-analytical techniques for systems
limited by inter-symbol interference and noise.
Advanced visualization tools
Advanced visualization tools produce OSA Spectra, signal chirp, eye diagrams,
polarization state, constellation diagrams and much more. Also included are WDM
analysis tools listing signal power, gain, noise figure, and OSNR per channel.
Data monitors
You can select component ports to save the data and attach monitors after the
simulation ends. This allows you to process data after the simulation without
recalculating. You can attach an arbitrary number of visualizers to the monitor at the
same port.
FEATURES
OptiSystem provides the most comprehensive optical communication and
photonics design suite for optical design engineers. Its key features include:
Transmitters library
OptiSystem’s Transmitters library contains an extensive selection of optical
sources (Fabry-Perot, DFB, VCSEL), electrical and optical signal pulse generators,
optical modulators (EA, MZ), electrical modulators and coders (QAM, PAM, FSK,
OFDM) and multi-mode signal generators (Laguerre-Gaussian, Hermite- Gaussian).
Designers can choose between advanced physical-based or measurement- based
(empirical) models for modeling the static and dynamic behavior of semiconductor
lasers. Our physical-based models include 1D and 2D multi-mode laser rate equations,
providing designers with the ability to switch between bulk laser rate models and the
transmission line matrix method (TLMM).
Receivers library
The Receivers library contains all the building blocks needed to accurately model
optical communication receiver sub-systems. Components include regenerators
(clock/data recovery, 3R), electronic equalizers, threshold detectors, decision circuits
for PSK/QAM modulation, PIN and APD photo-detectors, demodulators (OFDM,
frequency, phase amplitude), decoders (PAM, QAM, PSK, etc.), and digital signal
processing (DSP) tool sets for single and dual polarization coherent PSK and QAM
systems.
Optical fibers
Advanced, highly parameterized, optical fiber models can be used to characterize
single mode and multi-mode signal propagation; including linear (dispersion),
stochastic (PMD), and non-linear impairments (FWM, self-phase modulation, and
cross-phase modulation). Using OptiSystem’s Bidirectional optical fiber component, it
is possible to model and measure Rayleigh, Brillouin and Raman scattering effects.
Amplifiers
A comprehensive suite of steady state and dynamic optical amplifier models is
provided, including advanced doped fiber models (Er, Er multi-mode, Er-Yb, Yb, Yb
multi-mode, Tm, Pr) for detailed physical fiber amplifier design; EDFA and EDFA
black box (gain spectrum, noise figure measurements) for WDM network systems
design; dynamic and average power Raman models; and 1D/2D semiconductor optical
amplifier models (lumped rate equation, travelling wave, TLMM). Electrical domain
amplifiers are also provided for receiver design (transimpedance, automatic gain control
and limiting amplifier applications).
Network design tools
Network design tools include ideal and non-ideal models for optical switches,
multiplexers, de-multiplexers, array waveguides (AWGs), fiber connectors, and PMD
emulators.
Filters
A variety of electrical and optical filters are provided for sub-system and system
design simulation including standard filter functions (Bessel, Gaussian, RC, Raised
Cosine, etc.), digital IIR/FIR filters, periodic filters, reflective/FBG filters, measured
filters, S-parameters filter, and acousto-optic.
Passives
An extensive selection of optical and electrical passive components can be used
to build a variety of component and sub-system designs. Optical devices include
attenuators, couplers, splitters and combiners, polarization controllers, reflectors, taps,
isolators, and circulators. Electrical devices include 180 and 90 degree hybrid couplers,
DC blockers, power splitters and combiners, and RF transmission lines.
1.4 OPTICAL CDMA
Various multiple access techniques have been developed for optical fiber
communications. This can provide a large bandwidth by exploitation of the optical
medium capacity. Then, many channels are combined together over a single fiber link.
There are three main ways to employ themultiplexing technique in optical networks.
TimeDivision Multiple Access (TDMA) scheme assigns users to transmit data over a
dedicated time slot from a number of accessible slots. However, TDMA suffers from a
hard limitation of the number of users that is based on the availability of this resource.
The second technique is Wavelength-Division Multiple Access (WDMA). Systems that
operate by WDM assign a unique wavelength from a number of available wavelengths.
On the other hand, in OCDMA, each user has a unique code as an assignment address
that spreads over a relatively wide bandwidth. This specific code is modulated and then
a message signal is transmitted at an arbitrary time to an intended receiver, which can
match the correct code to recover the encoded information. The main OCDMA and
WDM systems have been of widespread implementation for local and metro access
network (Fouli and Maier, 2007; Wang, 2008). This is because OCDMA systems
provide users both simultaneous and asynchronous access to networks with high
security and WDM systems supply a relatively high transmission capacity.
Fundamentals of OCDMA
The general principle of coding and decoding of OCDMA is clarified. In coding
operation, the spectrum of data signal is broadened as spread spectrum designation.
Each user has been assigned to some chips of the code sequences to share the same
transmission line using power splitters or combiners. This operation can be performed
in the optical-domain and/or in the space-domain as well. Decoders at the receiver
recognize a target code by employing match filtering.
It is important to produce high auto-correlations of desired codes, while undesired codes
produce crosscorrelation with low-level power. Usually, crosscorrelations are presented
between two different codes. An excellent code design has a relatively high code length
with high auto-correlation for many users. Finally, electrical thresholding is performed
to recover the original data.
Classifications of OCDMA:
Figure 1.2 OCDMA system classifications
Advantages and challenges of OCDMA:
There are some features which make OCDMA technology to be an attractive solution
for next-generation of broadband communications. The principle of OCDMA
multiplexing leads to support of a larger channel count than other techniques, allows
asynchronous transmission with efficient access and enhances information security
potentially in the network. Furthermore, it has employment of simplified network
control and management, multi-class traffic with different formats and bit rates and can
be easily upgraded in terms of its architecture. Moreover, simpler and cheaper
configurations can be implemented and produced based on employing incoherent
sources. OCDMA’s robustness in hostile conditions can be provided by using well-
designed special codes with fair division of bandwidth.
Despite these potential advantages, there are some issues that challenge this technology.
For instance, multiple-user interference generates beat noise that degrades the system
performance, especially when optical pulses are transmitted with close wavelengths. In
addition, for spectrally coded OCDMA, the broadband light sources which are currently
available have either an inadequate generated intensity or the device is expensive.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 2-D OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODE:
A drawback of 1-D OOCs is that its ACF (λa) cannot become as low as zero
since there will be having more than one occurrence of ones within a single period. The
lowest value of auto-correlation function that can achieve in the 1-D codes is 1, and if
we are planning to maintain such a good correlation values, the code-length must be a
very large number as the number of users increases. Technology of wavelength-
division-multiplexing (WDM) enables the spreading of codewords in both wavelength
and time. So if the slots of wavelength domain is represented as Λ, then the codewords
can be represented as Λ× T binary valued matrices. These codes are referred to in the
literature as 2-dimensional OOCs.
2.2 3-D OPTICAL ORTHOGONAL CODES:
Addition of an extra dimension to the 2-D optical code, a 3- D optical code
system can be constructed, that spread in space, wavelength, and time domains. One
normal technique is by adding the WDM (Wavelength-division multiplexing) scheme
to the space-time code, where independent wavelengths are applied to the 2-D
space/time codes . Codewords in 3-D OOC are indicated by array of matrices that have
binary values as their elements. If we are representing the number of spatial channels,
time slots and wavelengths as S, T, and Λ respectively, then the bits of 3DOOC will
spread in different points of a 3-D conceptual space, represented as Λ×S ×T. In 3-D
OOC based networks, each user is get assigned with a code word, which is an array of
matrices as his address signature. The length of the array of that matrices will be the
length of the spatial domain. For instance, if we allocate horizontal and vertical
polarizations as the third dimension, then the codeword of a user in that particular
MIMO system will be of the size T×Λ×2, where T is the length of time divisions, and
Λ is the number of different wavelengths associated in the system.
By comparing 2D & 3D orthogonal codes 3D orthogonal codes have more codewords
than 2D.so, security is more in three dimensional. Since 2D has only time and
wavelength parameters but 3D has time, wavelength & spatial channels. So , 3D is best.
CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS OF OOC GENERATORS
3.1 WALSH CODE AND HADMARD GENERATOR
The Walsh code is a linear code1 which maps binary strings of length n to binary
codewords codewords of length 2 n. Further these codes are mutually orthogonal.
WALSH codes are mutually orthogonal error correcting codes. They have many
interesting mathematical properties and vital applications in communication systems.
In this paper, apart from the standard linear code model, we shall explore Walsh Codes
from view point of a orthogonal vector space over F2. Pseudo random sequences play
an important role in encoding of messages for efficient transmission of messages.
Further, many encryption schemes uses pseudo random sequences. They are easily
implemented in hardware as well as software, we give both the implementations in this
paper. Then we shall in detail discuss the working of CDMA technology specific to
Walsh Codes .
Encoding Walsh Code and Hadamard Matrices
A Hadamard matrix H of order n is an n × n matrix of 1s and -1s in which HHT
= nIn. (In is the n × n identity matrix.) For Walsh codes, we use an Hadamard matrix of
the order 2 N . Hadamard matrices are conjectured to exist for all orders which are
multiple of 4. For, powers of 2, there is a constructive proof.
Hamming distance
The Walsh code for each string of length n has a hamming distance of 2 n−1 .
Further, the Distance or the Edit Distance between any two Walsh codes is also 2^ n−1.
Advantages:
Walsh codes encodes n bit messages into 2 n bit orthogonal codewords. Original
message can be recovered even after about one-fourth of the bits have been corrupted.
MATLAB CODE:
clc
clear
code_length=100; % length of each code word: you can change.
%code=[-1 -1; -1 +1]; % Initialization: -1=0 and +1=1
code=input('enter code')
[r1 c1]=size(code);
while r1<code_length
% this line is equivelant to the next 3 loops
code = [code,code;code,-1*code];
% % loop#1: Copying the code matrix itself below for new code matrix
% for i=1:r1
% for j=1:c1
% code(i+r1,j)=code(i,j);
% end
% end
% % Loop#2: Copying the code matrix on right to itself for new matrix
% for j=1:c1
% for i=1:r1
% code(i,j+c1)=code(i,j);
% end
% end
% % Loop#3: Copying cojugate of code matrix for complentary diagonal part
% for i=1:r1
% for j=1:c1
% code(i+r1,j+c1)=-1*code(i,j);
% end
% end
[r1 c1]=size(code);
end
% this part is just verification you my disable it.
% Checking mutual orthogonality of all rows
sum=0;
data=[];
rows=[];
for i=1:r1
A=code(i,:);
for j=1:r1
B=code(j,:);
for k=1:c1
sum=sum+A(k)*B(k);
end
data=[data sum];
sum=0;
end
count=0;
for h=1:length(data)
if data(h)>0
count=count+1;
end
end
data=[];
if count<=1
rows=[rows i];
end
end
if length(rows)==r1
fprintf('All rows are orthgnal with each other')
else
fprintf('Following given rows are orthognal with each other')
rows
end
output:
Fig 3.1 two code words of two rows
Fig 3.1.1 three code words of two rows
CHAPTER 4
SIMULATION OF OOC USING OPTISYSTEM
4.1 2-D BASED OCDMA
OptiSystem is an excellent tool for designing prototype designs of communications and
sensor systems.
In OCDMA each user is assigned a unique signature code which is modulated
by the data of the corresponding user. The signal from all the users is combined on a
single optical fiber, which is broadcasted to each user in the network. Single-user
decoding is achieved by correlating the aggregate signal and the signature sequence of
the desired user. If the output of the decoder is in autocorrelation then the receiver can
detect the signal sent to it. On the other hand, if the decoder is in cross correlation then
the receiver cannot receive the signal. For OCDMA systems, optical codes should have
maximum autocorrelation and minimum cross correlation property.
As the number of user increases the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) also
increases and this is the main cause of performance degradation in OCDMA network.
So cross correlation is needed to be kept less for maintaining probability of error low.
Many codes have been proposed for the OCDMA system.
In one dimensional (1-D) codes, on increasing the number of users, the length of the
codes also increases. And hence, the bit rate decreases for a given chip width [5]. To
overcome this problem of 1-D codes in OCDMA, two dimensional (2-D) codes have
been proposed such as Time-Space (T/S) and Wavelength-Time (W/T).
Here have proposed the construction of 2-D wavelengthtime codes by hybridization
of the prime codes and the pseudorandom noise codes using differential detection with
on-off keying . Yeon have designed modified pseudo-random noise codes for W/T
spreading with two sequences having different lengths . Wan and Hu have constructed
hybrid codes by concatenating the prime codes and optical orthogonal codes. Mendez
construct 2-D codes from 1-D Golomb rulers to increase the number of code set size .
In 2D optical codes, the length of the codes reduces and hence improves the BER
performance. Large numbers of researchers are working on the design of 2D codes for
OCDMA system . In this we are proposing the design of Optical Orthogonal Codes
(OOC) using optisystem has been demonstrated and the OCDMA system performance
on Optisystem tool has been analyzed.
Block Diagram of OCDMA based 2-D system:
Figure 4.1 OCDMA based 2-D system
4.2 SYSTEM SIMULATION
The OCDMA system based on the optical codes is simulated by a commercial
fiber optic simulation tool. The transmitter and receiver section of the OCDMA system
based on W/T code is with their corresponding parameters . In transmitter section, CW
(Continuous Wave) laser is used as an optical source, Pseudo random Bit Sequence
(PRBS) generator is used to generate random data and Mach-Zehnder Modulator to
modulate the carrier signal generated by PRBS generator. Eight different wavelengths
range from 1549.2 nm to 1554.8 nm with wavelength spacing 0.8 nm are multiplexed
by WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexer) from the laser array
The modulated signal of each user is assigned a unique code by encoder. It
consists of optical filters, time delays, splitter and combiner, the splitter splits the carrier
signal and optical filters selects four specific wavelengths from the carrier signal to
produce the encoded bit sequence. The time delay in the encoder places the selected
pulses of specific wavelengths in appropriate time slot and combiner combines these
four pulses to construct the encoded signal.
The encoded data is combined and passed through single mode optical fiber
(SMF) by considering length of 50 Km. Optical CDMA systems is designed which
considers all practical impairments. The Table 3 represents time delay at 1 Gbps and
1.25 Gbps. If data rate is 1 Gbps that means the duration of 1 bit is 1 ns and since four
time slots are taken, so the duration for each time slots will be 0.25 ns. For code M4
{𝝀4 :𝝀5 :𝝀2:𝝀1}, wavelength 𝝀4 is given in first time slot with zero delay, wavelength
𝝀5 is given in second time slot with 0.25 ns delay and wavelength 𝝀2 is given in third
time slot with 0.5 ns delay and wavelength 𝝀1 is given in fourth time slot with 0.75 ns
delay. Similarly delay for data rate 1.25 Gbps can also be calculated.
4.2.1 TRANSMITTER BLOCK OF 2D OCDMA
Figure 4.2.1 OCDMA Transmitter block on optisystem
Table 4.1 tranmitter Design parameter
Figure 4.2.2 encoder subsystem on optisystem
The optical signal is passed through the receiver section followed by decoder
and photo detectors with low pass filter. The receiver extracts the information that is
transmitted by transmitter. The decoder consists of optical filters and inverse time
delays with respect to the transmitter that decodes a particular code as the corresponding
encoder.
4.2.2 RECEIVER BLOCK OF 2D OCDMA
Figure 4.2.3 receiver block in optisystem
Table 4.2 Receiver design parameter
Table 4.3 Time delay
4.3 PROCEDURE FOR CREATING A MODEL
Open the optisystem software,and select a new file.
Select various components from components library either optical or electrical.
In transmitter library
• Optical Sourcses
• Bit Sequence Generators
• Pulse Generators
• Modulators
• Optical Transmitters etc
In Receivers library
• Regenerators
• Photo detectors
• Demodulators
• Decoders
Similarly for other blocks from optisystem
Here we are showing pictures for diffeternt blocks from component library.
4.3.1 Component Library:
Figure 4.3.1 components library
Visualizer Library:
Figure 4.3.2 visualizer Library of optical blocks
In above figure 4.3.2, its shown that visualizer library. It has optical and electrical
block but fig 4.3.2 shows optical components. It has polarization meter, optical
power meter,optical spectrum etc. in fig 4.3.3 it shows electrical blocks such as RF
spectrum analyzer ,Eye diagram,BER analyzer etc.
Figure 4.3.3 Electrical block of visualizer library
Receivers library
Figure 4.3.4 Receivers library
CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 RESULTS
The OCDMA system simulated on Optisystem and various results is analyzes.
CW LASER
After clicking on it graph between power(dBm) and wavelength is seen.
Figure 5.1 output of cw laser
MULTIPLEXER
Figure 5.2 Multiplexed laser array spectrum
TIMING DIAGRAM Of 1 GBPS For 1 User
Figure 5.3 Eye diagram
Figure 5.4 Transmitted signal
Figure 5.5 Received signal
TIMING DIAGRAM Of 1 GBPS For 12 User
Figure 5.3.1 Eye diagram
Figure 5.4.1 Transmitted signal
Figure 5.5 Received signal
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
To Overcome the disadvantage of increasing code length with the increment of
number of users. The simulated design of 2D W/T OCDMA code shows that cardinality
of 2D code is high. The performance of OCDMA system has been evaluated with
increasing number of users in the form of quality factor and BER .It has been observed
that as the number of user’s increases, the eye opening decreases which results in
decrease in amplitude due to noise.While comparing with 2-D , 3D has more advantage
because as many users increases codelength should increase so , 3D is better than 2D.
CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES
E S Shivaleela, A Selvarajan, T Srinivas, “Twodimensional optical orthogonal codes
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H. Heo, S. Min, Y. H. Won, Y. Yeon, B. K. Kim and B. W. Kim, “A new family of 2-
D wavelength-time spreading codes for optical codedivision multiple-access system
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2004.
S. Kim, K. Yu, and N. Park, “A new family of space/wavelength/time spread three-
dimensional optical code for OCDMA network,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 18, No.
4, pp. 502–511, Apr. 2000.
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