HUMAN LEARNING – A relatively POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT –
permanent change in a person’s behavior rewarding stimulus is “added”
that occurs as a result of prior practice or
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT -
experience
aversive (unpleasant) stimulus is
“removed”
4 main types of learning:
1. CLASSICAL (Responding) Punishment decreases behavior:
behavior followed by aversive
2. OPERANT (Acting)
consequence
3. OBSERVATIONAL (Observing)
POSITIVE PUNISHMENT – aversive
4. INSIGHTFUL (Discovering) (unpleasant) stimulus is “added”
NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT –
rewarding stimulus is “removed”
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING – the simplest
form of learning, pertains to the process by
which one learns a response to a previously
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING – learning that
neutral or indifferent stimulus which has
occurs when a person observes and
been repeatedly paired or associated with
imitates behavior (modeling)
an unconditioned stimulus.
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (ALBERT
– pioneered by IVAN PETROVICH PAVLOV
BANDURA) – emphasizes the value of the
social environment in one’s learning
process that is built in observational
OPERANT CONDITIONING – better at learning
explaining voluntary behaviors
3 Factor Interactively influence
– the consequences of a behavior change particular behavior:
the probability of that behavior’s
occurrence 1. PERSONAL – cognition,
personality, motivation
2. ENVIRONMENTAL – family,
Reinforcement increases behavior: schools, peers and social
relationships
behavior followed by rewarding
consequence 3. BEHAVIORAL – feedback and
consequences
Notion of Learning 3. SELF-REACTIVENESS –
constructing and regulating behavior
SELF EFFICACY – is defined as the extent to
appropriately
which people believed that they can
confidently learn and master a particular 4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS – reflecting
skills and evaluating one’s thoughts and
behavior
can be developed through the ff:
1. MASTERY EXPERIENCE –
accomplishing simple task that lead STATEGIES OF LEARNING
to more complex
SURFACE LEARNING – students simply
2. SOCIAL MODELLING – observing accept information presented and
and identifiable model who memorize them in an isolated and unlinked
accomplishes the task manner
3. IMPROVING PHSICAL AND DEEP LEARNING – students are self-
EMOTIONAL STATES – being relaxed regulated learners; they practically teach
and calm before pursuing a themselves and engage in learning
challenging task opportunities and characterized by
collaboration and high metacognition
4. VERBAL PERSUASION – providing
encouragement and feedback during
the accomplishment of a challenging
To adopt Deep Learning strategies students
task
can engage in the ff. habits:
1. Taking down notes
HUMAN AGENCY – is another principle in
2. Asking questions during class sessions
the learning process
3. Creating cognitive maps
– people influence other people and they
influence social group in attaining benefits 4. Engaging in collaborative learning
that can be experienced by many activities with mentor and peers
1. INTENTIONALITY – making an 5. Going beyond the mandatory course
active decision to engage in requirements
particular activities
2. FORETHOUGHT – anticipating
outcome and consequences of
particular actions
4 Stages in Observational Learning 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEARNER – the
qualities that a learner brings into a learning
1. ATTENTION or ACQUISITION – for any
situation influenced the success of
observational learning to take place the
acquisition
model stimulus must be attended to by the
observer 3. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES – differences in
the mode and acquisition of learning
2. RETENTION – if the models behavior is to
exert influence, his observed behavior must 4. LEARNING METHODS – methodologies
be retained or remembered by the observer are utilized to maximize the result of
in some symbolic form learning
3. MOTOR REPRODUCTION – imitation of 5. LEARNING MATERIALS – the key to
the models behavior follows an individual effective and efficient learning is the
motoric reproduction or an actual imitation meaningfulness of the materials achieved
of his models behavior through good organization wealth of
association and practical usefulness
4. MOTICATIONAL – the model behavior is
strengthened by reinforcement
INSIGHTFUL LEARNING – premised upon the
Gestalt theory of learning
– advanced by German psychologist
Wolfgang Kohler and his associates in 1925
– viewed learning as problem solving
process in which the organism developed a
sudden insightful discovery or
understanding of a solution to a problem
Factors Affecting Learning:
1. BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND – principals of
heredity clearly point out that genetic
background of individuals makes up their
capacity to learn
