Topics
1) Linear-Strain Triangular Element
2) 4 Node Rectangular Element and B matrix derivation
3) Problem on Rectangular element
1)Linear-Strain Triangular Element
The unknown nodal displacements
u1
v
1
u 2
d1 v 2
d u
2 3
d
d 3 3
v
d 4 u 4
d 5 v 4
d 6 u 5
v
5
u 6
v
6
Displacement Function
Select a quadratic displacement function in each element
u ( x, y) a1 a2 x a3 y a4 x 2 a5 xy a6 y 2
v( x, y) a7 a8 x a9 y a10 x 2 a11 xy a12 y 2
The general displacement functions expressed in matrix form
a1
u 1 x y x 2 xy y 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 a 2
2 .
v 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x y x xy y 2
.
12
a
The coefficients a1 through a12 can be obtained by substituting the coordinates into u and v
u1 a1
u 2 1 x y1 x12 x1 y1 y12 0 0 0 0 0 0 a2
1
2 2
.. 1 x 2 y 2 x 2 x 2 y 2 y 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
u
0 a6
v6 0 06 06 06 60 6 06 1 x y x 2
2 2
1 x y x x y y 0 0 0 0 0
x1 y1 y12 a 7
1 1 1 1
. .
.. . . . . . . . . . . .
.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 5 y 5 x 52 x5 y 5
y 52 .
v 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 6 y 6 x 62 x6 y 6 y 62 a11
v 6 a12
From the below equations we can obtain the coefficients
d X a
a X 1 d
we can obtain the general displacement expressions in terms of the shape functions and the nodal
degrees of freedom as
N d
N M * X 1
Define the Strain Displacement and Stress Strain Relationships
The element strains are again given by
u
x x
y v
y
xy v u
x y
We can write the above equation as
a1
a2
0 1 0 2 x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 x 2 y
.
.
0 0 1 0 x 2 y 0 1 0 2 x y 0
a
12
We observe that above equation yields a linear strain variation in the element. Therefore, the
element is called a linear-strain triangle (LST). Rewriting the above Eq., we have
M | a
where [M|] is the first matrix on the right side of above Eq.
we have in terms of the nodal displacements as
Bd
where [B] is a function of the variables x and y and the coordinates (x1, y1) through
(x6, y6) given by
B M | X 1
Note that [B] is now a matrix of order 3X12. The stresses are again given by
x x
y [ D] y [ D][ B]{d }
xy xy
Where [D] is a material matrix
Derive the Element Stiffness Matrix
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
1
[ B] 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6
2A
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
where the β’s and γ’s are now functions of x and y as well as of the nodal coordinates, as is
illustrated for a specific linear-strain triangle The stiffness matrix is then seen to be a 12X12
matrix on multiplying the matrices as in the below formula
[k ] [ B]T [ D][ B]dv
V
2)4 Node Rectangular Element and B matrix derivation
u1
v
1
u 2
v
[ ] 2
(e)
u 3
v3
u 4
v
4
[ F ( e ) ]8 x1 [k ( e ) ]8 x8 [ ( E ) ]8 x1
F1x
F
1 y
[F ] .
.
F4 y 8 x1
Polynomial function can be given as
u 1 2 x 3 y 4 xy
v 5 6 x 7 y 8 xy
The above equations can be written in the matrix form as below
1
2
3
u 1 x y xy 0 0 0 0 4
v 0 0 0 0 1 x y xy 5
6
7
8
The above equation can be written in simple form as below
{ } =[X]{α}
{α}=[X]-1 { }
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 u1
1 / a 0 0 0 1/ a 0 0 0 v1
2
3 1 / b 0 1/ b 0 0 0 0 0 u 2
4 1 / ab 0 1 / ab 0 1 / ab 0 1 / ab 0 v 2
5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 3
6 0 1/ a 0 0 0 1/ a 0 0 v3
7 0 1/ b 0 1/ b 0 0 0 0 u 4
0 1 / ab 1 / ab 1 / ab v 4
8 1 / ab 0 0 0
Strain can be given as below
u
x x 2 4 y
v
y 1 8 x
y x y
xy v u 3 4 6 8
x y
The above strain can be rewritten as
1
2
3
0 1 0 y 0 0 0 0
{ } 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 4
0 0 1 x 0 1 0 y 5
6
7
8
Substituting {α} in terms of [X]-1 { }
[ B]{ }
u1
v
1 y y
1
1 y y
a ab 0 0 0 0 u 2
ab a ab ab
1 x 1 x x x v2
[ B ]{ } 0 0 0 0
b ab b ab ab ab u3
1 x 1 y
1 x
y x 1 y
x y
v3
b ab a ab b ab ab ab a ab ab ab
u 4
v
4
1 y y 1 y y
a ab
0
ab
0
a ab
0
ab
0
1 x 1 x x x
[ B] 0 0 0 0
b ab b ab ab ab
1 x 1 y 1 x y x 1 y x y
b ab a
ab
b ab ab ab
a ab ab ab
The stiffness can be found by the following equation
[k ] [ B]T [ D][ B]dv
V
The derivation of the [B] can be done as above
3)Problem on Rectangular element
b c b c
4 , 3 ,
2 2 2 2
b c b c
1 , 2 ,
2 2 2 2
Given a Rectangle with the origin at the center as shown in the above fig. and the coordinates are
also as mentioned.
The polynomial equations can be given as
u 1 2 x 3 y 4 xy
v 5 6 x 7 y 8 xy
1
2
3
1 x y xy 0 0 0 0 4
{ }
0 0 0 0 1 x y xy 5
6
7
8
The reduced form of above matrix is
u1 1 x1 y1 x1 y1 1
u 1 x2 y 2 2
2 x2 y2
u3 1 x3 y3 x3 y3 3
u 4 1 x4 y4
x4 y 4 4
1
1 1 x1 y1 x1 y1 u1
1 x2 y2 u
2 x2 y2 2
3 1 x3 y3 x3 y3 u3
4 1 x4 y4
x4 y 4 u 4
After substituting the coordinates and solving the above matrix
1 1 1 1 1 u1
1 / b 1 / b 1 / b 1 / b u 2
2 1
3 4 1 / c 1 / c 1 / c 1 / c u3
4
1 / bc 1 / bc 1 / bc 1 / bc u 4
1
1 [u1 u2 u3 u4 ]
4
1
2 [u1 u2 u3 u4 ]
4b
1
3 [u1 u2 u3 u4 ]
4c
1
4 [u1 u2 u3 u4 ]
4bc
Substituting α1, α2, α3 & α4 in u
1
u [(b x)(c y )u1 (b x)(c y )u 2 (b x)(c y )u3 (b x)(c y )u 4 ]
4bc
Simillarly
1
v [(b x)(c y )v1 (b x)(c y )v2 (b x)(c y )v3 (b x)(c y )v4 ]
4bc
u
x x
y v
y
xy v u
x y
B
u1
v
1
u
(c y ) 0 (c y ) 0 (c y ) 0 (c y ) 0 2
1
v2
4bc
0 (b x ) 0 (b x ) 0 (b x ) 0 (b x ) u
(b x) (c y ) (b x) (c y ) (b x) (c y ) (b x) (c y ) 3
v3
u 4
v
4
Stiffness can be solved by following Eq.
[k ] [ B]T [ D][ B]dv
V
