OBJECTI
VES
1.Toi
nvest
igat
eFour
ier
’sLawofl
i
nearconduct
ion.
2.Toi
nvest
igat
ethet
emper
atur
epr
ofi
l
eandheatt
ransf
eri
nsi
mpl
econduct
ingbar
.
RELEVANTTHEORYWI
THRELEVANTEQUATI
ONS
Thet
ransf
eroft
her
malener
gyf
rom ahotbodyt
othecol
dersur
facest
akespl
acei
ndi
ff
erent
way
sdependi
ngupont
hepr
esenceandabsenceofmedi
um ort
het
ypeofmedi
um i
fpr
esent
.
Heatconduct
ioni
soneoft
hemodesofheatt
ransf
eri
nwhi
cht
het
ransf
eroft
her
malener
gy
t
akespl
acegener
all
ybyt
hev
ibr
ati
onofmol
ecul
eswi
thi
ntheconduct
or.Conduct
ioni
samode
ofheatt
ransf
eri
nwhi
chener
gyt
ransf
ert
akespl
acef
rom hi
ght
emper
atur
eregi
ont
olow
t
emper
atur
eregi
onwhenat
emper
atur
egr
adi
entexi
stsi
nabody
.
Theconduct
ionofheati
sdescr
ibedbyt
heFour
ier
’sl
aw.Accor
dingt
othi
slaw,t
heheatf
low
byconduct
ioni
nacer
tai
ndi
rect
ioni
spr
opor
ti
onalt
othear
eanor
malt
othatdi
rect
ionandt
o
t
het
emper
atur
egr
adi
enti
nthatdi
rect
ion.
Mat
hemat
ical
l
y,
dT
Q =-
kA
dx
Wher
e,Q=Rat
eofheatt
ransf
er
k=Ther
mal
conduct
ivi
tyofmat
eri
almedi
um
A=Ar
eaofcr
osssect
ion
dT=Temper
atur
egr
adi
ent
dx
Negat
ivesi
gni
sthei
ndi
cat
ionoft
ransf
erofheatt
owar
dst
hebodyofl
owert
emper
atur
e.
Heati sconductedinsoli
dsint woway s:transpor
tofener gybyf reeelect
ronsandl at
ti
ce
vibrat
ion.Ingoodconductor
s,al argenumberoff reeelect
ronsmov eabouti nthel at
ti
ce
struct
ur eofthemat er
ialwhich t
ranspor
theatf r
om high temperatureregion tothel ow
temper atur
eregi
on.Theport
ionofenergytransport
edbyf reeelect
ronsislargerthanthatby
l
atti
cev i
brati
on.Ani ncr
easei ntemper aturecausesi ncreaseinbot hthelat
ti
cevibr
ati
onand
speedoff r
eeel ectrons,buti ncreasedv ibrat
ionofl atti
cedi stur
bst hemovementoff ree
el
ectronscausingr eductioni ntr
anspor tofener gybyf r
eeel ectr
onswhi chmeanstheoveral
l
conducti
oni sreduced.Ini nsulat
orsandal loys,thetr
anspor tofenergyismainl
yduetolatt
ice
vi
brati
onandani ncreaseint emperatureincreasesconduct i
on.
Conduct
ionofheatal
ongasi
mpl
econduct
ingbari
sshowni
nthef
igur
ebel
ow.Letusconsi
der
Four
ier
’sl
awofconduct
ionf
ort
hecaseoft
hisbarwi
thl
ater
alsur
facei
nsul
ated.
Insult
ed
surface
Q Q
Fig.1.Conducti
onofheati nasimpl einsulated
bar
Thisisanappr oxi
mationofone- dimensionalconductionforapl anewallasshowni nFig.:
1.2.
Forsteadystateconditi
on, i
tisassumedt hatthepowergener atedbyanel ect
richeaterent
er s
atoneendandl eavesf r
om t heotherendandl eavesf r
om t heot herenduniformly
.Thent he
ther
mal conducti
vit
yoft hespecimencanbedet er
mi nedas:
Q △x
k(
T)= w/
Mk………(
1)
AT
Wher
e,Q=heat
erpower
k(
T)=meanv
alueoft
her
mal
conduct
ivi
tybet
weenT1andT2
T=di
ff
erenceofT1andT2
Fort
hiscase,
thear
eaoft
hecy
li
nderi
s:
A =2πr
L
Ther
efor
e,
dT
Q =-
2πr
LkA
dx
Sol
vi
ngt
heseequat
ions,
weget
r
l
nr
T(
r Ti–To) i ………….
)=Ti–( .(2)
r
o
l
nr
i
Ti-To
Q=
1 r o
l
n
2πkL ri
wher
e,T(r)=Radialtemperature
Q =Powert ransferi
nr adi
al di
rect
ionofthecy
li
nder
L=Lengt hofspeci men( t
hicknessofdisc)
To =Temperatureattheout erdiameter
Ti =Temperatur
eatt heinnerdiameter
APPARATUSREQUI
RED
1.Ar
mfi
eldt
her
mal
conduct
ionappar
atus
Powerswit
ch
Temperat
uresel
ect
ion
swit
ch
Temperat
ure(T)
Insulatedbr
ass
sampl e
Brasssample
Heaterpowersocket
Heat
erpowercont
rol
knob
Fi
g.3.Ar
mfi
eldt
her
mal
conduct
ionappar
atus
OBSERVATI
ONS
Forconduct
ional
ongsi
mpl
ebar
:
Speci
menmat
eri
al:
Brass
Ther
mal
conduct
ivi
tyoft
hespeci
menf
rom t
het
abl
es:
109.
0w/
mK
Di
amet
eroft
hespeci
men:
25mm
Lengt
hoft
hespeci
men:
30mm
Di
stancebet
weent
het
emper
atur
epr
obes:
10mm
Obser
vat
iont
abl
e
Test Wat
tmet
e T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9,
no. rwat
ts,
Q
˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C ˚
C
1 10 33.
7 32.
6 31.
2 30.
2 28.
6 26.
9 23.
1 19.
2 18.
4
2 15 46.
2 45.
6 44.
1 42.
3 40.
2 38.
2 37.
2 35.
1 32.
2
CALCULATI
ON
1 2
Ar
eaofcr
osssect
ion( 91×10-4m2
A)= πD =4.
4
Forheat
erpower10wat
ts:
(
k1) t=1
10wat 29wm-1K-1
27.
(
k2) t=1
10wat 80wm-1K-1
19.
Forheat
erpower15wat
ts:
(
k1) t=1
15wat 5wm-1K-1
45.
(
k2) t=1
15wat 74wm-1K-1
52.
(
127.
29 +119.
80 +145. 74)
5 +152.
Ther
mal
Conduct
ivi
tyofmat
eri
alK)=
(
4
3wm-1K-1.
=136.
RESULTSANDANALYSI
S
Thev
alueoft
her
malconduct
ivi
tyf
or10wat
tsar
efoundt 29wm-1K-1 and119.
obe127. 80wm-
1 -
1
K andt
hev
alueoft
her
malconduct
ivi
tyf
or15wat
tsar
efoundt 5wm-1K-1and
obe145.
74wm-1K-1
152.
Ther
efor
etheav
eragev
alueoft
her
mal
conduct
ivi
tyofspeci
men( 3wm-1K-1.
kmean)=136.
Temper
atur
e-Lengt
hgr
aphofspeci
men:
DI
SCUSSI
ON
Theexper
imentwasdoneusi
ngt
heAr
mfi
eldt
her
malconduct
ionappar
atus.Ni
net
emper
atur
e
i
ndi
cat
ingpr
obesar
econnect
edt
othebr
assspeci
menwi
th10mm separ
ati
onf
rom each
ot
her
.Weusedv
ari
abl
epoweri
nputandobser
vedt
her
eadi
ngsf
ort
hei
nput
sof10wat
tsand
15wat
tsr
eachi
ngnecessar
yst
eadycondi
ti
ons.
Fr
om t
hev
aluesoft
emper
atur
esobt
ainedf
rom t
het
emper
atur
epr
obesconnect
edt
othe
speci
men,t
hev
alueoft
her
malconduct
ivi
tyoft
hemat
eri
al(
brass)wascal
cul
ated.The
av
erage v
alue oft
he t
her
malconduct
ivi
tyi 3wm-1K-1.Howev
s 136. er,t
he act
ualt
her
mal
conduct
ivi
tyoft
hebr
assi 0wm-1K-1.Thi
s109. sshowst
hatt
her
eisanov
eral
ler
rorof25.
05%i
n
t
hecal
cul
atedv
aluef
rom t
heor
igi
nal
val
ue.Thepossi
blecauseoft
heer
rormaybebecauseof
t
hei
naccur
acyi
nexper
iment
alpr
ocedur
e,ort
hei
nsuf
fi
cientt
imepr
ovi
dedt
otheappar
atust
o
gai
nnecessar
yst
eadyst
ate.
CONCLUSI
ON
From t hegivenexperiment ,wecanconcl udet hatthermalconduct ionisamodeofheat
transferi
nwhi chener
gyt ransfertakesplacef rom hi
ght emperatureregiontolowtemperat
ure
regionwhenat emperaturegradientexistsinabody .Wehav ealsoinvesti
gatedtheFouri
er’
s
l
awofl i
nearconducti
on.Si mil
arl
y, wehavest udiedthenatureoft hegraphobtainedbypl
ott
ing
thet emperatureofpr obesv ersust hedi stancebet weent het emperatur
epr obes.Forthe
bettermentofourresult,
weshoul dt akesomepr ecauti
onsdur i
ngt heexperi
ment .
