R

PTE
Functions
CHA

1 Fungsi

1. Ordered pairs Arrow diagram Graph

(a) {(4, 2), (6, 2), (6, 3)} 3

4 1
2

Set Q
2
1
6 3
4 6
Set P Set Q Set P

(b) {(3, 3), (6, 2), (6, 3), (9, 3)}

3

Set Q
3 2
6 2
9 3
3 6 9
Set P
Set P Set Q

(c) {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 3)} 3

Set Q
1 1
2
2 2
1
3 3
1 2 3
Set P Set Q Set P

2. Domain Codomain Objects Images Range

(a) {r, s, t, u} {5, 7, 9} r, s, t, u 5, 7, 9 {5, 7, 9}

(b) {Arnold, Bala, Arnold, Bala, {Arnold, Bala,

{a, b, c, d, e} Cindy, Dexter, a, b, c, d, e Cindy, Dexter, Cindy, Dexter,
Emilia} Emilia Emilia}

(c) {3, 5} {1, 3, 4, 6} 3, 5 1, 3, 4 {1, 3, 4}

3. (a) Many-to-one relation

(b) One-to-one relation
(c) One-to-many relation

1 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions

4. (a) No. The relation is not a function because x+5

= 2
the object 2 has two images. 2
(b) No. The relation is not a function because x + 5 =
 4
the object 4 has no image. x + 5 = 16
(c) Yes. The relation is a function because x = 11
every object has only one image.
(ii) f(s) = –3
s + 11

5. Function = –3
Description 2
notation
s + 11 =
 –6
(a) f : x → x2 Objects = –2, –1, 1, 2 s + 11 = 36
  or Images = 1, 4 s = 25
f(x) = x2 Domain = {–2, –1, 1, 2}
Range = {1, 4} (b) (i) f(x) = –2

(b) 1 Objects = –2, 0, 2 |x – 5|

f:x→ x = –2
2 Images = –1, 0, 1 x
  or |x – 5| = –2x
1 Domain = {–2, 0, 2}
f(x) = x x – 5 = –2x   or x – 5 = 2x
2 Range = {–1, 0, 1}
3x = 5 x = –5
5
(c) f : x → = x2 Objects = –2, –1, 0, 3 x =
3
  or Images = 9, 0, 1, 4
f(x) = x2 Domain = {–2, –1, 0, 3} (ii) f(t) = 4
Range = {9, 0, 1, 4} |t – 5|
= 4
t
|t – 5| = 4t
t – 5 = –4t  or t – 5 = 4t
6. (a) (i) f(0°) = 2 tan 0° 5t = 5 3t = –5
= 0 5
t = 1 t = –
(ii) f(45°) = 2 tan 45° 3
= 2(1) 1
(c) |f(u)| =  
=2 2
2u + 5 1
–1     =
(b) (i) f(–1) = u–1 2
–1 – 3
2u + 5 1
1 =
= u–1 2
4
2(2u + 5) = u – 1
1 4u + 10 = u – 1
(ii)
f(1) =
1–3 3u = –11
1 11
= – u = –
2 3
or
(c) (i) f(–2) = –2[2 – 3(–2)] 2u + 5 1
= –
= –16 u–1 2
2(2u + 5) = –(u – 1)
1 1 1
f( ) = ( )[2 – 3( )]
(ii) 4u + 10 = –u – 1
3 3 3
3u = –9
1 9
= u = –
3 5
7. (a) (i) f(x) = 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 2

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions 

8. (a) (i) gf(x) = g(3x – 2) (iii) g(|m2 – 5|) = –1

= 4 – 5(3x – 2)2 3 – |m2 – 5| = –1
= –45x2 + 60x – 16 |m2 – 5| = 4
(ii) fg(x) = f(4 – 5x2)
m2 – 5 = 4   or m2 – 5 = –4
= 3(4 – 5x2) – 2 m = ±3 m = ±1
= –15x2 + 10
Since m . 0, m = 1, 3
(iii) f 2(x) = f(3x – 2)
= 3(3x – 2) – 2 1 1
(b) (i) fk 1 4 2 = f 1 +4 2
= 9x – 8 4
9
(b) (i) fgh(x) = fg(2x2 + 1) = f 122
1 9
= f  1 2
2x2 + 1 2
=
1 9
= 2 1 +3 2 2 122 + 1
2x2 + 1
2 9
= +3 =
2x2 + 1 20

(ii) hgf(x) = hg(2x + 3) (ii) k(3 – 2r) = 5

1 3 – 2r + 4 = 5

= h 1 2
2x + 3  3 – 2r = 1
1 2
3 – 2r = 1
=2 1 +1 2
2x + 3 2r = 2
2 3 r = 1
= + 1, x ≠ –
(2x + 3)2 2
(iii) k(3 – m) = 2
–4 3 – m  + 4 = 2

9. (a) (i) f 2(–4) = f 12(–4) + 12  3 – m = –2
4 3 – m = 4
= f  172 m = –1

4
7
= x
4 10. (a) k(x) + 2 =

2 172 + 1 x–1
4 7 x
= × k(x) =
 –2
7 15 x–1
4 x – 2(x – 1)
= =
15 x–1
x – 2x + 2
=
(ii) gh(1) = g(|12 – 5|) x–1
= g(|–4|) 2–x 2 
k(x) = 1 x – 1 2 ,  x ≠ 1
= 3–4
= –1
(b) 3[k(x)]2 + 2 = x2 – 2
3[k(x)]2 = x2 – 4
x2 – 4
k(x) =
3

3 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions

1 3 11. (a) (i) g(m) =

–18
(c) =
2k(x) + 1 x–3 –|2m| – 7 =
–18
x–3 |2m| = 11
2k(x) + 1 =
3 2m = –11
x–3 11
2k(x) = –1 m = – 
3 2
x–6 or 2m = 11
= 11
3 m =
2
x–6
k(x) =
6 (ii) g(n) = –7
x – |2n| – 7 = –7
= – 1
6 |2n| = 0
2n = 0
n = 0
PAK-21 Activity
(b) (i) h(s) = 1
2
(a) n = 1 + 4x
1 2 2s + 1
x = 1
2 2 1 – 2s
Let y =  , x = 2s + 1 = 1 – 2s
x y
2 4s = 0
n(y) = 1 + 4 1 2 s = 0
y
8
=1+ (ii) h(t) = –3
y
2t + 1
8 = –3
n(x) = 1 +  ,  x ≠ 0 1 – 2t
x 2t + 1 = –3 + 6t
4t = 4
(b) n(2x + 1) = x – 2 t = 1
y–1
Let y = 2x + 1, x =
2
y–1
n(y) = –2 12. (a) (i) Let y = q–1(x)
2 q(y) = x
y–5
= 3y + 7
2 = x
y–5
x–5
n(x) = 3y + 7 = xy – 5x
2
xy – 3y = 7 + 5x
2 y(x – 3) = 7 + 5x
(c) n(2 + 3x) =
x+2 7 + 5x
y =  , x ≠ 3
y–2 x–3
Let y = 2 + 3x, x =
3 7 + 5x
2 q–1(x) =  , x ≠ 3
n(y) = x–3
y–2
+2
3
7 + 5(–2)
3 (ii) q–1(–2) =
= 2 1 2 –2 – 3
y+4 3
6 =
= 5
y+4
6
n(x) =  , x ≠ –4
x+4

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 4

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions 

(b) (i) (a) Let y = r –1(x) 6. (a) 3

r(y) = x (b) {–2, –1, 1, 2}
2
= x
y 7. (a) hg(2) = 2(2) – 1
2 =3
y =
x
2 (b) hg(x) = 2x – 1
r –1(x) =  , x ≠ 0 3g(x) + 4 = 2x – 1
x
3g(x) = 2x – 5
2x – 5
g(x) =
2 3
(b)  rr –1(x) = r  1x2
2 8. (a) Let y = f –1(x)
= f(y) = x
2
x x = y–3
=x y = x+3
f –1(x) = x+3
2
(c)  r –1r(x) = r –1 1x2
9
2 (b) f 2 1 5 r2 = 15
=
2 f [f(x)] = (x – 3) – 3
x = x – 6
=x 9 9
f 2 r = r – 6 = 15
1 2
5 5
(ii) rr  (x) = r r(x)
–1  –1
9
= x r = 15 + 6
5
9r = 105
105
SPM Practice 1 r =
9
35
r =
Paper 1 3

1. (a) {(–3, 2), (–2, 5), (1, 2)} 9. (a) When f(x) maps onto itself,
(b) {–3, –2, 1} f(x) = x
2x – 3 = x
2. h(2) = 10 x = 3
2(2) + m = 10
m = 6 (b) f(3 – t) = 5t
2(3 – t) – 3 = 5t
6 – 2t – 3 = 5t
3. (a) {4, 6, 10}
3 = 7t
(b) Many-to-one relation
3
t =
7
4. fg(x) = f(4x – 5)
= 2(4x – 5) + 3 10. gf(x) = 3px +m
= 8x – 7 g(x – 2) = 3px +m
3p(x – 2) + 5 = 3px +m
5. f(a) = 8 3px – 6p + 5 = 3px +m
a – 5a = 8 m = 5– 6p
–4a = 8
a = –2

5 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions

11. (a)
h–1(x) = y 15. (a) gf(x) = g(3x – 2)
h(y) = x = 6(3x – 2)
x = 3y – 1 = 18x – 12
x+1
y = 1
3 (b) gf(x) =  f(x)
2
x+1
h–1(x) = 1
3 18x – 12 =  (3x – 2)
2
(b) g(3x – 1) = 6x + 3 2(18x – 12) = 3x – 2
y+1 36x – 24 = 3x – 2
Let y = 3x – 1, x =
3 33x = 22
y+1 2
g(y) = 61 +3 x =
3 2 3
= 2y + 2 + 3
= 2y + 5
16. (a) 3
(–1)  = –1
g(x) = 2x + 5
(b) {(–1, –1), (0, 0), (1, 1)}

12. (a) f(q)

(b) p 17. (a) 4
(b) 4
(c) –1  x  4
13. fg(1) = 3
f[a + b(1)] = 3
2(a + b) = 3 Paper 2
3
a + b =
2 1. (a) (i) g–1(x) = y
3 g(y) = x
a = –b
2 x = 2y + 3
x–3
y =
2
14. (a) Let y = f –1(x) x–3
g (x) =–1
f(y) = x 2
2 + 5y = x (ii) h(2x + 3) = 10x + 7
x–2 Let y = 2x + 3
y =
5 y–3
x–2 x =
f –1(x) = 2
5 y–3
h(y) = 10 1 +7
2
2
7–2 = 5y – 15 + 7
(b) gf  (7) = g1
5 2
–1

= 5y – 8
= g(1) h(x) = 5x – 8
= 4 + 3(1)
= 7

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 6

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions 

(b) g(5x – 8) = 6x – 1 (b) Let y = h–1(x)

2(5x – 8) + 3 = 6x – 1 2
y =
10x – 13 = 6x – 1 3–x
4x = 12 3y – xy = 2
x = 3 xy = 3y – 2
2
x = 3 –
y
2. (a) g(x) = 4 – 3x
h(y) = x
Let y = 4 – 3x
2
4–y h(y) = 3 –
Then x = y
3
4 – y 2
g–1(y) = h(x) = 3 –  , x ≠ 0
3 x
4–x 2
g–1(x) = h(3) = 3 –
3 3
1
= 2
Hence, the function which maps from set 3
4–x
Y to set X is g–1(x) =  .
3 2. g[f(x)] = 15x – 17
g[3x – 9] = 15x – 17
(b) h(4 – 3x) = 9 – 6x
Let y = 3x – 9
Let y = 4 – 3x
y+9
4–y x =
x = 3
3
y+9
4–y
g(y) = 151 – 17
h(y) = 9 – 61 3 2
3 2 = 5y + 45 – 17
= 9 – 2(4 – y)
= 5y + 28
= 1 + 2y
Hence, h(x) = 1 + 2x
∴ g(x) = 5x + 28

(c) gh(x) = 2x + 3
g(1 + 2x) = 2x + 3 Challenge
4 – 3(1 + 2x) = 2x + 3
4 – 3 – 6x = 2x + 3 1. (a) –2
8x = –2 (b) 6
1
x = –
4
2. (a) When f(x) = 0, x = q
–|2q + 1| = 0
–(2q + 1) = 0
MRSM Cloned Questions –2q = 1
1
q = –
1. (a) 3 – x ≠ 0 2
x ≠ 3
(b) f(3) = –|2(3) + 1|
\  q = 3
= –7
The range of f(x) is –7 < f(x) < 0.

7 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 1  Functions

3. g2(x) = nx + 2 …… 1 (b) fg(x) = f(4x + 1)

g2(x) = g(3x – m) 4x + 1
= –3
= 3(3x – m) – m 2
= 9x – 4m …… 2 4x + 1 – 6
=
2
1 = 2, 
4x – 5
9x – 4m = nx + 2 =
2
9x = nx and –4m = 2
1 Let (fg)–1(x) = y
 n = 9 m = –
2 (fg)(y) = x
4y – 5
4. (a) Let f –1(x) = y = x
2
f(y) = x 4y – 5 = 2x
y 2x + 5
– 3 = x y =
2 4
y 2x + 5
= x+3 (fg) (x) =
–1
2 4
y = 2x + 6
f –1(x) = 2x + 6 (c) f –1g–1(2x) = (fg)–1(x)
Let g–1(x) = z
2x + 11 2x + 5
g(z) = x =
2 4
4z + 1 = x 4(2x + 11) = 2(2x + 5)
x–1 8x + 44 = 4x + 10
z = 4x = –34
4
x–1 17
g–1(x) = x = –
4 2
x–1
f –1g–1(x) =
f –1( )
4
x–1
= 2( )+6
4
x–1
= +6
2
x – 1 + 12
=
2
x + 11
=
2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 8

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

R
PTE
Quadratic Equations
CHA

2 Persamaan Kuadratik

1. (a) (4 – 3x)(4x + 1) = 0 3. (a) 4x2 – 7x – 2 = 0

16x + 4 – 12x2 – 3x = 0 Try x = –1, 0, 1
12x2 – 13x – 4 = 0
x 4x2 – 7x – 2
a = 12, b = –13, c = –4
–1 9
(b) 2 – x = 3x2 0 –2
4
8 – x = 12x2 1 –5

12x2 + x – 8 = 0
1
a = 12, b = 1, c = –8 Try x = –  ––,
4
1 2 1
4x2 – 7x – 2 = 4 –   — – 7 –   — – 2
1 2 1 2
4 4
2. (a) Substitute x = 4 into x – 2x – 15.
2
1 7
(4)2 – 2(4) – 15 = 11 – 8 – 15 = — + — –2
4 4
= –7 ≠ 0 =0
Therefore, 4 is not a root of the quadratic 1
equation. Therefore, – — is a root of the quadratic
4
equation 4x2 – 7x – 2 = 0.
5
(b) Substitute x = –1 into x2 + —x – 6.
2 (b) 3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0
5 5 1
(–1) + —(–1) – 6 = 1 – — – 6
2
Try x = 0, ––, 1
2 2 2
15
= –—– ≠ 0
2 x 3x2 + 14x – 5
Therefore, –1 is not a root of the quadratic 0 –5
equation.
1 3
–– 2––
2 4
(c) 6x2 + x – 1 = 0
1 1 12
Substitute x = – — into 6x2 + x – 1.
2
1
1 2 1 3 1 Try x = ––,
6 – — + – — – 1 = — – — – 1
1 2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2
1 2 1
=0 3x2 + 14x – 5 = 3 — + 14 — – 5
1 2 1 2
3 3
1 is a root of the quadratic
Therefore, – — 1 14
2 = — + — –5
equation. 3 3
=0
1
Therefore, — is a root of the quadratic
3
equation 3x2 + 14x – 5 = 0.

9 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

4. (a) x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 (b) x2 – 5x + 3 = 0
(x + 5)(x – 2) = 0
x + 5 = 0   or x – 2 = 0 –5 2 –5 2

x = –5 x = 2 x2 – 5x + 1 2 2 = –3 + 1 2 2
–5 2 25
(b) 4x2 – 19x + 12 = 0 x2 – 5x + 1 2 2 = –3 + 4
(x – 4)(4x – 3) = 0
x – 4 = 0 or 4x – 3 = 0 5 2 13
1x – 2 2 =
3 4
x = 4 x =
4 5 13

x– = ±
(c) x – 3x – 18 = 0
2 2 2
(x + 3)(x – 6) = 0 5 ± 
13
x =
x + 3 = 0 or   x – 6 = 0 2
x = –3 x=6
5 + 
13 5 – 
13
x =   or   x =
(d) 12x – 17x + 6 = 0
2 2 2
(4x – 3)(3x – 2) = 0 = 4.303 = 0.6972
4x – 3 = 0 or 3x – 2 = 0
3 2 \  x = 4.303  or  0.6972
x = x =
4 3

(e) 42 + 5x – 2x2 = 0
(c) x2 – 8x – 7 = 0
2x2 – 5x – 42 = 0
(x – 6)(2x + 7) = 0 –8 2 –8 2

x – 6 = 0 or 2x + 7 = 0 x2 – 8x + 1 2 2 =7+1 2 2
7
x = 6 x = – x2 – 8x + (–4)2 = 7 + (–4)2
2
(x – 4)2 = 7 + 16
5. (a) x2 + 8x – 3 = 0 = 23
8 2 8 2 x – 4 = ± 
23
x2 + 8x + = 3 +
1 2 1 2
2 2
x = 4 ± 
23
x2 + 8x + (4)2 = 3 + (4)2
(x + 4)2 = 3 + 16 x = 4 + 
23 or   x = 4 – 
23
19
x + 4 = ± 
= 8.796 = –0.7958
x = –4 ± 
19
x = –4 + 
19   or x = – 4 – 
19
\  x = 8.796  or  –0.7958
= 0.3589 = –8.359

\  x = 0.3589  or  –8.359

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 10

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

(d) 2x2 = 3 – 10x (f) 2x(x + 3) = 5

2x2 + 10x = 3 2x2 + 6x = 5
3 5
x2 + 5x = x2 + 3x =
2 2
5 3 5 2 3 2 5 3 2
x2 + 5x +
2
= + x2 + 3x + 1 2 = + 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2
5 2 31 3 2 19
x + = x + 1 =
2
1 2 2 4 2 4
5 31
 3 19

x + = ± x + = ±
2 2 2 2
–5 ± 
31 –3 ± 
19
x = x =
2 2

–5 + 
31 –5 – 
31 –3 + 
19 –3 – 
19
x = or   x = x = or   x =
2 2 2 2
= 0.6794 = –3.679
= 0.2839 = –5.284
\  x = 0.6794  or  –3.679
\  x = 0.2839  or  –5.284

(g) 4x(x – 5) = 3
(e) 3x2 = 5x + 8
3
3x2 – 5x = 8 x(x – 5) =
4
5 8 3
x2 – x = x – 5x =
2
3 3 4
5 –5 2 8 –5 2 –5 2 3 –5 2
x2 – x +
=
1 2 + 1 2 x – 5x +
2
= +
1 2 1 2
3 6 3 6 2 4 2
5 2 8 25 28 5
x– 1 = +
2
2
6 3 36 1x – 2 2 =
4
121 = 7
=
36 5
x – = ± 7
5 11 2
x – = ± 5 
6 6 x = ± 7
5 ± 11 2
x = 5  5 
6 x = + 7 or   x = – 7
5 + 11 5 – 11 2 2
x =   or   x = = 5.146 = –0.1458
6 6
= 2.667 = –1 \  x = 5.146  or  –0.1458
\  x = 2.667  or  –1

11 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

The roots using the formula

Values of a, b and c Punca-punca dengan menggunakan rumus
6.
Nilai-nilai bagi a, b dan c –b ± 
b2 – 4(a)(c)
x=
2(a)
(a) 2x2 + 4x – 3 = 0 – 4 ± 
42 – 4(2)
(–3)
x =
a = 2; b = 4; c = –3 2(2)
– 4 ± 
40
=
4
– 4 + 
40 – 4 – 
40
= or  
4 4
= 0.5811 or   –2.581

(b) 3x2 – 7x + 3 = 0 –(–7) ± 

(–7)2 – 4
(3)(3)
x =
a = 3; b = –7; c = 3 2(3)
7 ± 
13
=
6
7 + 
13 7 – 
13
= or  
6 6
= 1.768 or   0.5657

(c) a = 4; b = –5; c = –2 –(–5) ± 

(–5)2 – 4
(4)(–2)
x =
2(4)
5 ± 
57
=
8
5 + 
57 5 – 
57
= or  
8 8
= 1.569 or   –0.3187

(d) 2x2 – 6x + 3 = 0 –(–6) ± 

(–6)2 – 4
(2)(3)
x =
2(2)
a = 2; b = –6; c = 3
6 ± 
12
=
4
6 + 
12 6 – 
12
= or  
4 4
= 2.366 or   0.6340

(e) 2x(x + 4) = 5 –8 ± (8)2 – 4

(2)(–5)
x =
2x2 + 8x = 5 2(2)
2x2 + 8x – 5 = 0 –8 ± 104
=
a = 2; b = 8; c = –5 4
–8 + 104 –8 – 
104
= or  
4 4
= 0.5495 or   –4.550

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 12

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

The roots using the formula

Values of a, b and c Punca-punca dengan menggunakan rumus
6.
Nilai-nilai bagi a, b dan c –b ± 
b2 – 4(a)(c)
x=
2(a)
(f) (4 – 3p)(2 + 5p) = 3p –(–11) ± (–11)2 – 4
(15)(–8)
p =
8 + 20p – 6p – 15p2 = 3p 2(15)
15p2 – 11p – 8 = 0 11 ± 601
=
a = 15; b = –11; c = –8 30
11 + 601 11 – 601
= or  
30 30
= 1.184 or   –0.4505

3 –(–2) ± 
(–2)2 – 4(4)(–3)
(g) 4n – = 2 n =
n 2(4)
4n2 – 3 = 2n 2 ± 
52
=
4n2 – 2n – 3 = 0 8
2 + 
52 2 – 
52
a = 4; b = –2; c = –3 = or  
8 8
= 1.151 or   –0.6514

7. (a) x = 3 or x = 5 (f)
x = —3 or 1
x = –  —
x – 3 = 0 or x – 5 = 0 5 4
(x – 3)(x – 5) = 0 3
x – — = 0 1
x + — = 0
x2 – 8x + 15 = 0 5 4
5x – 3 = 0 or 4x + 1 = 0
(b) x = –1 or x = 6 (5x – 3)(4x + 1) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x – 6 = 0 20x2 – 7x – 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x – 6) = 0
x2 – 5x – 6 = 0 (g)
x = 15t or x = –8s
x – 15t = 0 or x + 8s = 0
(c) x = 3 or x = –4 (x – 15t)(x + 8s) = 0
x – 3 = 0 or x + 4 = 0 x2 + (–15t + 8s)x – 120ts = 0
(x – 3)(x + 4) = 0 x2 + (8s – 15t) x – 120ts = 0
x2 + x – 12 = 0
p
(h) x = — or x = 4p
(d) x = –5 or x = –2 2
x + 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 p
x – — = 0 or x – 4p = 0
(x + 5)(x + 2) = 0 2
x2 + 7x + 10 = 0 p
(x – —)(x – 4p) = 0
2
1 or x = 3 9
(e)
x = — x – —px + 2p2 = 0
2

2 2
1
x – — = 0 2x2 – 9px + 4p2 = 0
2
2x – 1 = 0 or x – 3 = 0
(2x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
2x2 – 7x + 3 = 0

13 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

8.
Quadratic equation New roots New quadratic equation
Persamaan kuadratik Punca-punca baharu Persamaan kuadratik baharu

(a) x2 – 2x + 6 = 0 [2a , 2b] x2 – (2a + 2b)x + 2a(2b) = 0

x2 – 4x + 24 = 0

a + b = 2 2a + 2b = 2(a + b)
ab = 6 = 2(2)
=4

 2a(2b) = 4ab
= 4(6)
= 24
(b) x2 + 5x + 4 = 0 [3a , 3b] x2 – (3a +3b)x +3a(3b) = 0
x2 – (–15)x + 36 = 0

a + b = –5 3a + 3b = 3(a + b) x2 + 15x + 36 = 0
ab = 4 = 3(–5)
= –15

 3a(3b) = 9ab
= 9(4)
= 36
(c) 2x2 – 4x – 3 = 0 [3a , 3b] x2 – (3a +3b)x +3a(3b) = 0
3 27
x2 – 2x –
= 0 3a + 3b = 3(a + b) x2 – 6x + –1 =02
2 2
= 3(2) 2x2 – 12x – 27 = 0
a + b = 2 =6
3
ab = –  3a(3b) = 9ab
2
3
=9– 1 2
2
27
=–
2

(d) 3x2 – 2x + 6 = 0 a b a+b ab

2
1 2  , 2 2 x2 –
2
x+1 4
=0
2 1 2
x2 – x + 2 = 0 1 1
3 a b a+b x2 – x + = 0
+ = 1 2 3 2
2 2 2
2 6x2 – 2x + 3 = 0
a + b = 1
3 =
ab = 2 3

a
ab b
1 2 21 2 2 =
4
2
=
4
1
=
2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 14

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

Quadratic equation New roots New quadratic equation

Persamaan kuadratik Punca-punca baharu Persamaan kuadratik baharu

(e) 4x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 2 2 2(a + b) 4

3 1
1 a  , b 2 x2 –
ab
x+
ab
=0
x2 +
x – = 0
4 2 2 2 2(a + b) x2 – 3x – 8 = 0
+ =
a b ab
3 3 2
a + b = – =2– –
4 4 1 1 21 2
1 =3
ab = –
2

2 2 4
1 a 21 b 2 = ab

= 4(–2)
= –8
(f) 7x2 + 5x + 1 = 0 (a + 3, b + 3) x2 – (a + b + 6)x + (ab + 3(a + b) + 9) = 0
5 1 37
x2 + x + = 0 x2 – x + 7 = 0
7 7 a + 3 + (b + 3) 7
5 = (a + b) + 6 7x2 – 37x + 49 = 0
a + b = –  
7 5
1 = –   + 6
ab = 7
7 2 37
= 5 or
7 7
(a + 3)(b + 3)
= ab + 3(a + b) + 9
1 5
= + 3 –   + 9
7 7  
=7

1 2
9. (a) 3x2 + px – q = 0 ;   , –4
3 4 (b) 4x2 – (p + 2)x = q ;  4, –
3 4
2 3
p q (p + 2) q
x2 + x – = 0 x2 – x– =0
3 3 4 4
2
Let a = 4  and  b = – .
1 3
Let a =  and b = –4.
2 p+2
p a + b =
a + b = – 4
3 2 p+2
1 p 4 – =
+ (–4) = – 3 4
2 3
7 p 10 p+2
– = – =
2 3 3 4
21 40
p = p + 2 =
2 3
40
q p = –2
ab = – 3
3 34
1 q =
(–4) = – 3
2 1 2 3
q = 6
15 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

q (b) 4x2 + (3k – 2)x + 3 = 0

ab = –
4 (3k – 2) 3
x2 + x + = 0
2 q 4 4
(4) – = –
1 2
3 4 Let a and 3a be the roots.
32 (3k – 2) 3
q = a + 3a = – , a(3a) =
3 4 4
2 – 3k 1
4a = a2 =
4 4
(c) 2x2 + (1 – p)x – 5 = 0 ;  [–q, 2] 1
16a = 2 – 3k a = ± 
2
(1 – p) 5 2 – 16a
x2 + x– =0 k =
2 2 3
Let a = –q and b = 2. 1
2 – (16) 1 2
(1 – p) 1 2
a + b = – When a =  , k =
2 2 3
p–1 = –2
–q + 2 =
2 1
2 – (16) – 1 2
–2q + 4 = p – 1 1 2
When a = –  , k =
p = 5 – 2q …… 1 2 3
10
=
5 3
ab = –
2
5 (c) 5x(x – 4) = 4(x + k)
(–q)(2) = –
2 5x2 – 20x = 4x + 4k
5 5x2 – 24x – 4k = 0
q =
4 24 4
x2 – x – k = 0
5 5
5
into 1.
Substitute q =
4
5 1
p = 5 – 2 Let a and a be the roots.
4 1 2 5
5 1 24 4 1
=
a + a = ,
2 5 5 5
k 1 5 a2 = –
a
6 1 2 24 4
a = a = – k

10. (a) 9x2 + kx + 2 = 0 5 5 5 5
1
k 2 a = 4 k = –  a2
x2 + x + = 0 4
9 9
1
= – (4)2
4
Let a and 2a be the roots. = – 4
k 2
a + 2a = – , a(2a) =
9 9
k 1
3a = – a2 =
9 9
1
k = –27a a = ± 
3
1 1
When a =  , k = (–27) 1 2
3 3
= –9
1 1
When a = –  , k = (–27) – 1 2
3 3
= 9

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 16

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

PAK-21 Activity

Value of b2 – 4ac Type of roots

Nilai bagi b2 – 4ac Keadaan punca

(a) (–12)2 – 4(9)(4) = 144 – 144 Since b2 – 4ac = 0, the quadratic

=0 equation has two equal roots.

(b) 22 – 4(3)(4) = 4 – 48 Since b2 – 4ac , 0, the quadratic

= –44 , 0 equation has no real roots.

(c) (–3)2 – 4(5)(6) = 9 – 120 Since b2 – 4ac , 0, the quadratic

= –111 , 0 equation has no real roots.

(d) 2x(4x – 3) = 5 Since b2 – 4ac . 0, the quadratic

8x2 – 6x = 5 equation has two different roots.
8x2 – 6x – 5 = 0
(–6)2 – 4(8)(–5) = 36 + 160
= 196 . 0

11. (a) 2x2 + px + 8 = 0 (d) 2(p + 1)x2 – 3(p + 1)x + 9 = 0 ; p ≠ –1

b2 – 4ac = 0 b2 – 4ac = 0
(p)2 – 4(2)(8) = 0 [–3(p + 1)] – 4[2(p + 1)](9) = 0
2

p2 – 64 = 0 9(p + 1)2 – 72(p + 1) = 0

p2 = 64 9(p + 1)[(p + 1) – 8] = 0
p = ±8 9(p + 1)(p – 7) = 0
p = –8 or 8 p + 1 = 0 or   p – 7 = 0

p = –1 p=7
(b) 3x2 – 2px + p = 0 Since p ≠ –1, hence p = 7.

b2 – 4ac = 0
(–2p) – 4(3)(p) = 0
2
(e) x2 – 2x + 7 = p(1 – 2x)
4p2 – 12p = 0
4p(p – 3) = 0 x2 – 2x + 7 = p – 2px
x2 + 2px – 2x + 7 – p = 0
4p = 0   or p–3=0 x2 + 2(p – 1)x + (7 – p) = 0
p = 0 p=3
b2 – 4ac = 0
[2(p – 1)] – 4(1)(7 – p) = 0
2
(c) px2 – 4x + 3p – 4 = 0 4(p2 – 2p + 1) – 28 + 4p = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 4p2 – 8p + 4 – 28 + 4p = 0
(–4)2 – 4(p)(3p – 4) = 0 4p2 – 4p – 24 = 0
16 – 12p2 + 16p = 0 p2 – p – 6 = 0
12p2 – 16p – 16 = 0 (p + 2)(p – 3) = 0
3p2 – 4p – 4 = 0
p + 2 = 0 or   p – 3 = 0
(3p + 2)(p – 2) = 0 p = –2 p=3
3p + 2 = 0 or   p – 2 = 0
2
p = – p=2
3
17 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.
   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

12. (a) x2 + 6x + p – 3 = 0 (e) 4x2 – 4px + p2 = 5x

b2 – 4ac . 0 4x2 – 4px – 5x + p2 = 0
(6) – 4(1)(p – 3) . 0
2 4x2 – (4p + 5)x + p2 = 0
36 – 4p + 12 . 0 b2 – 4ac . 0
48 – 4p . 0 [–(4p + 5)] – 4(4)(p2) . 0
2
– 4p . – 48 16p2 + 40p + 25 – 16p2 . 0
4p , 48 40p . –25
p , 12 25
p . –
40
5
(b) 2x2 – 3x + p – 2 = 0 p . –
8
b2 – 4ac . 0
(–3) – 4(2)(p – 2) . 0
2

9 – 8p + 16 . 0
13. (a) x2 + 3x – 4 + h = 0
25 – 8p . 0
–8p . –25
8p , 25 b2 – 4ac , 0
25 (3) – 4(1)(–4 + h) , 0
2

p , 9 + 16 – 4h , 0
8
– 4h , –25
4h . 25
25
(c) px2 + 3x – 6 = 0 h .
4
b2 – 4ac . 0
(3)2 – 4(p)(– 6) . 0 (b) x2 + 2hx + (2 – h)2 = 0
9 +24p . 0
24p . –9 b2 – 4ac , 0
9 (2h) – 4(1)(2 – h)2 , 0
2
p . –
24 4h2 – 4(4 – 4h + h­2) , 0
3 –16 + 16h , 0
p . –
8 16h , 16
h , 1
(d) 5 – 2x = (p – 3)x2
(p – 3)x2 + 2x – 5 = 0 (c) hx(x + 2) = 3 – h – 4x

b2 – 4ac . 0 hx2 + 2hx + 4x + h – 3 = 0

(2) – 4(p – 3)(–5) . 0
2 hx2 + (2h + 4)x + (h – 3) = 0
4 + 20p – 60 . 0 b2 – 4ac , 0
20p . 56 (2h + 4) – 4(h)(h – 3) , 0
2

56 4h2 + 16h + 16 – 4h2 + 12h , 0

p .
20 28h + 16 , 0
14 28h , –16
p .
5 16
h , –
28
4
h , –
7

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 18

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

14. (a) 2px2 + qx + 2p = 0

SPM Practice 2
b2 – 4ac = 0
(q) – 4(2p)(2p) = 0
2
Paper 1
q2 – 16p2 = 0
q2 = 16p2 1. Since the equation has no roots, then
q2 b2 – 4ac , 0
p2 =
16 (–4) – 4(2 – k)(6) , 0
2

q 16 – 48 + 24k , 0
p = ±
4 24k , 32
q q 4
p = –  ,  k ,
4 4 3

2. (a) Substitute x = 3 into the quadratic equation,

(b) (q – 2p)x2 – 4px + p = 0, p ≠ 0
2(3)2 + h(3) – 27 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0 18 + 3h – 27 = 0
(–4p) – 4(q – 2p)(p) = 0
2 3h = 9
16p2 – 4pq + 8p2 = 0 h = 3
24p2 – 4pq = 0
6p2 – pq = 0 (b) 2x2 + hx – 27 = 0
p(6p – q) = 0 h 27
x2 + x – = 0
p = 0  or 6p – q = 0 2 2
h
q Sum of roots = –
p = 2
6 h
q Hence, – = –2
Since p ≠ 0, hence p =  . 2
6 h = 4
(c) 2px2 + 4(p – q)x = q – p
3. (a) x(x – 3) = 6
2px2 + 4(p – q)x + p – q = 0 x2 – 3x = 6
b2 – 4ac = 0 x2 – 3x – 6 = 0
[4(p – q)] – 4(2p)(p – q) = 0
2

16(p2 – 2pq + q2) – (8p)(p – q) = 0 (b) Sum of roots = 3

16p2 – 32pq + 16q2 – 8p2 + 8pq = 0 (c) b2 – 4ac = (–3)2 – 4(1)(–6)
8p2 – 24pq + 16q2 = 0 = 9 + 24
p2 – 3pq + 2q2 = 0 = 33 . 0
(p – q)(p – 2q) = 0 Hence, the equation has two distinct roots.
p – q = 0 or   p – 2q = 0
p = q p = 2q
4. 2x2 + 5x + 8 = 0
x2 + 5 x + 4 = 0
2
a + b = – 5
2
ab = 4

Sum of new roots = 2a + 2b

= 2(a + b)
= 2 –   5
1 2
2
= –5

19 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

Product of new roots = (2a)(2b) 8. (a) x2 + (h – 5)x – h2 = 0

= 4ab
Let α and –α be the roots.
= 4(4)
= 16 Sum of roots α = + (–α) = –(h – 5)
New quadratic equation is x2 + 5x + 16 = 0. 0 = –h + 5
h = 5
Product of roots α = (–α)
5. Sum of roots = 4 + h + 6 = h + 10
= –h2
Hence, –(k – 1) = h + 10
= –52
–k + 1 = h + 10
= –25
h + k = –9 …… 1
(b)
px2 + 4qx – 2p = 0
Product of roots = 4(h + 6)
b2 – 4ac  0
Hence, 12 = 4(h + 6)
16q2 – 4p(–2p)  0
h = –3
2q2 + p2  0
Substitute h = –3 into 1,
–3 + k = –9
k = –6 9. 3px2 – 4qx + 3p =
0
(–4q)2 – 4(3p)(3p) =
0
6. (x + 2p)2 = 25 Substitute 0 16q2 – 36p2 =
x = –3
(–3 + 2p)2 = 25 36p2 16q2 =
9 – 12p + 4p2 = 25 6 q

=
4p2 – 12p – 16 = 0 4 p
p2 – 3p – 4 = 0 3
=
(p + 1)(p – 4) = 0 2
p = –1   or p = 4
6 2 6 2
10. x2 – 6x + 4 = x2 – 6x + – 1 – –
2 1 2 +4
2 2
7. Let the width of the cloth be x cm. = (x – 3) – (–3) + 4
2 2

Total area of the cloth = 69 cm2 = (x – 3)2 – 9 + 4

= (x – 3)2 – 5
2(15)(x) + 2(11 – 2x)(x) = 69
30x + 22x – 4x2 = 69 x2 – 6x + 4 = 0
4x2 – 52x + 69 = 0 Hence, (x – 3)2 – 5 = 0
(2x – 23)(2x – 3) = 0 (x – 3)2 = 5
x – 3 = ± 5
2x – 23 = 0 or 2x – 3 = 0 x = 3 ± 5
x = 11.5 or x = 1.5 = 5.236 or 0.7639
(x ≠ 11.5 because the width of the poster is
11 cm only) 1 2
11. ,
x = x = –
Hence, the width of the strip of the cloth is 4 5
1.5 cm. 4x – 1 = 0  , 5x + 2 = 0
(4x – 1)(5x + 2) = 0
20x2 + 8x – 5x – 2 = 0
20x2 + 3x – 2 = 0

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 20

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

12. 3x2 + 4px – 2p = 0 15.

x2 + 3(4x + p) = 0
4p 2p    x2 + 12x + 3p = 0
x2 +
x– =0
3 3 Sum of roots = r + 3r = –12
Let the roots be a and 3a. 4r = –12
4p r = –3
a + 3a = –
3 Product of roots = r(3r) = 3p
4p p = r2
4a = –
3 = (–3)2
p
a = – …… 1 = 9
3
2p
a(3a) = –
3
2p Paper 2
3a2 = –
3
2p 1. (a) Total area = x2 + (x + 2)2
a = –
2
…… 2
3 = x2 + x2 + 4x + 4
Substitute 1 into 2. 340 = 2x2 + 4x + 4
p 2 2p 2x2 + 4x – 336 = 0
–
1 2 = –
3 9 x2 + 2x – 168 = 0
p2 2p (x – 12)(x + 14) = 0
= –
9 9 x = 12
p2 = –2p
p + 2p =
2
0 (b) Total perimeter = 4x + 4(x + 2)
p(p + 2) = 0 = 4(12) + 4(12 + 2)
p = –2 = 104 cm

13.  5x2 – (2h + 3)x – k – 4 = 0 2. C

2h + 3 (k + 4)
x2 – x– =0
5 5 r

4 2h + 3
Sum of roots = + (–3) =
5 5 r–2 r

11 2h + 3
– = r–3
5 5 2
4

2h + 3 = –11 A B
h = –7
4 (k + 4)
(–3) =
Product of roots = –
5 5
12 (k + 4)
– = –
5 5
k + 4 = 12
k = 8

14. b2 – 4ac , 0
(–4) – 4(k)(–3) ,
2
0
16 + 12k , 0
12k , –16
4
k , –
3

21 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations

(r –2)2 + (r – 4)2 = r2 = –6
r2 – 4r + 4 + r2 – 8r + 16 = r2
r2 – 12r + 20 = 0
(r – 10)(r – 2) = 0 2. Assume that both graph intersect
r = 10  2x – k = x2 – 7x + 12
or r = 2 (rejected) x – 9x + 12 + k = 0...............................
2

Since r = 10  20, then two disks are in a row. Aim: to find the range of k so that
Thickness of disk = 0.4  does not intersect x-axis.
Total height of disk = 0.4 × 25 Thus, consider b2 – 4ac  0
= 10  12 (–9)2 – 4(1)(12 + k)  0
–4k  33
Thus, 50 disks can be kept in the box.
33
k 
4

MRSM Cloned Questions

Challenge
1. 4x2 + (–p – 3)x + q = 0
(–p – 3) q 1. (a) x(x – 4) = 2k – 5
x2 + x+ =0
4 4 x2 – 4x = 2k – 5
(–p – 3) x2 – 4x – 2k + 5 = 0
Sum of roots = –
4 Since a ≠ b, different roots,
p+3
= b2 – 4ac . 0
4
(–4) – 4(1)(–2k + 5) . 0
2
q
Product of roots = 16 + 8k – 20 . 0
4
8k . 4
1
Given roots p and – 3 , k .
2
4
sum of roots = p + (– 3 )
4
(b) x2 – 4x – 2k + 5 = 0
= p – 3
4 a + b = 4
product of roots = (p)(– 3 ) ab = –2k + 5
4
= – 3p 3x2 + hx – 2 = 0
4
x2 + h x – 2 = 0
Equating the sum of roots: 3 3
+ = –   h
a b
p
+ 3 = p – 3 3 3 3
4 4
p+3 4p – 3
=
4 4
p + 3 = 4p – 3
3p = 6
p = 2
Equating the product of roots:
q p
= – 3
4 4
q = –3p
= –3(2)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 22

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 2  Quadratic Equations 

a + b = –h 3. Let the usual walking speed of Jeffrey be x m

4 = –h per minute.
h = – 4 Time taken when walking at usual speed
600
= – 2 =
a b
1 21 2
3 3 3 x
= – 2 Time taken when walking at increased speed
ab

9 3 600
Substitute =
ab = –6 x+5
ab = –2k + 5
–2k + 5 = –6 Difference in time taken,
2k = 11 600 600
– = 20
11 x x+5
k =
2 30 30
– = 1
x x+5
2. Let the squares of the two pieces of wire be 30(x + 5) – 30x = x(x + 5)
square A and square B. 150 = x2 + 5x
x2 + 5x – 150 = 0
Square A:
(x – 10)(x + 15) = 0
Let the length of each side = x cm
x = 10  or  x = –15 (Not acceptable)
Perimeter = 4x cm
Area = x2 Hence, the usual walking speed of Jeffrey is
10 m per minute.
Square B:
Perimeter = (92 – 4x) cm
92 – 4x
Length of each side = = (23 – x) cm
4
Area = (23 – x)2

Total area = 265

x2 + (23 – x)2 = 265
x2 + 529 – 46x + x2 – 265 = 0
2x2 – 46x + 264 = 0
x2 – 23x + 132 = 0
(x – 11)(x – 12) = 0
x = 11  or  x = 12
When x = 11,
The perimeter of square A = 4(11) = 44 cm
The perimeter of square B = 92 – 4(11) = 48 cm
When x = 12,
The perimeter of square A = 4(12) = 48 cm
The perimeter of square B = 92 – 4(12) = 44 cm
Therefore, the lengths of the two pieces of the
cut wire are 44 cm and 48 cm.

23 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions

R
PTE
Quadratic Functions
CHA

3 Fungsi Kuadratik

1. Values of a, b and c (If the function is a

Quadratic function (Yes/ No)
quadratic function)
Fungsi kuadratik (Ya/ Bukan)
Nilai-nilai a, b dan c (Jika fungsi ialah fungsi kuadratik)

(a) Yes a = 3, b = –2, c = 6

(b) No –
(c) Yes g(x) = –3x2 + 5x
a = –3, b = 5, c = 0
(d) Yes h(x) = –x2 – 2x + 3
a = –1, b = –2, c = 3
(e) No –

2. Coefficient of x2 Shape of graph

(positive or negative) (maximum or minimum point)
Pekali x2 Bentuk Graf
( positif atau negatif) (titik maksimum atau titik minimum)

(a) g(x) = –x2 – 3x + 10

a = –1 , 0 (negative)

A parabola with a maximum point.

(b) h(x) = 2x2 – 15x – 8
a = 2 . 0 (positive)

A parabola with a minimum point.

(c) a = 5 . 0 ( positive)

A parabola with a minimum point.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 24

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions 

3. (a) Two equal roots.

(b) No real roots.
(c) Two equal roots.
(d) No real roots.
(e) Two different roots.

4. Type of the roots Position of the graph

Keadaan punca Kedudukan graf

(a) b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4(–3)(2) a = –3 , 0, the shape of f(x) is a parabola,  , with a

= 40 . 0 maximum point and intersects the x-axis at two points.

Therefore, f(x) = 0 has two different

roots. x

(b) 1 a = 1 . 0, the shape of g(x) is a parabola,  , with a

b2 – 4ac = (–1)2 – 4(1)( )
4 minimum point and touches the x-axis at one point.
=0

Therefore, g(x) = 0 has two equal

roots. x

(c) b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(–4)(–1) a = –4 , 0, the shape of h(x) is a parabola,  , with a

= –7 , 0 maximum point and does not meet the x-axis.

Therefore, h(x) = 0 has no real roots. x

(d) f(x) = –25x2 + 30x – 9 a = –25 , 0, the shape of f(x) is a parabola,  , with a
maximum point and touches the x-axis at one point.
b2 – 4ac = (30)2 – 4(–25)(–9)
=0 x

Therefore, f(x) = 0 has two equal roots.

(e) b2 – 4ac = (11)2 – 4(5)(7) a = 5 . 0, the shape of g(x) is a parabola,  , with a

= –19 , 0 minimum point that does not meet the x-axis.

Therefore, g(x) = 0 has no real roots.

25 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions

5. (a) f(x) = x2 – 4x + 9 (d) f(x) = –2x2 – 4x + 5

–4 2 –4 2 5
= x2 – 4x + –
1 2 1 2 +9 = –2 x2 + 2x –
3 4
2 2 2
= (x – 2)2 – (–2)2 + 9 2 2 2 2 5
= –2 x + 2x +
3 2
1 2 – 122 – 4
= (x – 2)2 + 5 2 2
5
a=1.0 = –2 (x + 1)2 – (1)2 –
3 4
2
Therefore, the minimum value of f(x) is 5 7
= –2 (x + 1)2 –
3 4
when x = 2. 2
= –2(x + 1)2 + 7
(b) f(x) = x2 – 2x + 6
a = –2 , 0
–2 2 –2 2
= x2 – 2x + –
1 2 1 2 +6 Therefore, the maximum value of f(x) = 7
2 2
= (x – 1)2 – (–1)2 + 6 when x = –1.
= (x – 1)2 + 5

a=1.0
Therefore, the minimum value of f(x) is 5
when x = 1.

1 2
x + 3x – 1
(c) g(x) =
3
1 2 9 2 9 2
= x + 9x +  – 1 2 1 2 –3
3 2 2
1 9 2 9 2
= x+ – 1 –32 1 2 
3 2 2
1 9 2 31
= x+ – 1 2
3 2 4

1
a= .0
3
Therefore, the minimum value of g(x) is
31 9
– when x = –   .
4 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 26

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions 

6. (a) f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 (b) f(x) = –x2 – 2x – 1

a = 1 . 0, the shape of f(x) is <. a = –1 , 0, the shape of f(x) is >.

b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(1)(–5) b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(–1)(–1)

= 36 . 0 =0
Therefore, the graph of f(x) is a parabola Therefore, the graph of f(x) is a parabola
with a minimum point and intersects the with a maximum point and touches the
x-axis at two points. x-axis at one point.

f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 f(x) = –[x2 + 2x + 1]

–4 2 –4 2
2 2 2
= x2 – 4x + –
1 2 1 2 –5 = –[x2 + 2x + –
2
+ 1]
2 2 2 1 2 1 2
2
= (x – 2)2 – (–2)2 – 5 = –[(x + 1)2 – (1)2 + 1]
= (x – 2)2 – 9 = –[(x + 1)2 – 0]
Therefore, the minimum value of f(x) = = –(x + 1)2
–9 when x = 2. Therefore, the maximum value of f(x) = 0
when x = –1.
When f(x) = 0,
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 When x = 0, f(0) = –1
(x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
f(x)
x + 1 = 0   or x–5=0
x = –1 x=5
(–1,0)
When x = 0 , f(0) = –5 0
x

f(x) –1

f (x) = x2 – 4x – 5

f (x) = –x2 –2x – 1

x
–1 0 5

–5

(2,–9)

27 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions

(c) f(x) = 4x2 – 6x + 3 7. (a) x2 + 2x , 15

a = 4 . 0, the shape of f(x) is <. x2 + 2x – 15 , 0

(x + 5)(x – 3) , 0
b2 – 4ac = (–6)2 – 4(4)(3)
= –12 , 0 x
–5 3
Therefore, the graph of f(x) is a parabola
with a minimum point and does not touch
the x-axis. Therefore, –5 , x , 3.

f(x) = 4x2 – 6x + 3 (b) 3x(x + 1) > 24 – 3x

3 3
= 4 x2 – x +
3 4
2 4 3x2 + 3x > 24 – 3x
3 –3 2 –3 2 3 3x2 + 6x – 24 > 0
= 4 x2 – x +
3 1 2 1 2 – + 4
2 4 4 4 x2 + 2x – 8 > 0
3 2 3 (x – 2)(x + 4) > 0
=4 x– 31 + 2 4
4 16
3 2 3
=4x– 1 + 2 –4 2
x
4 4

3
Therefore, the minimum value of f(x) = Therefore, x < –4 or x > 2.
3 4
when x =  .
4
(c) 7 – 2x > (x + 4)2
When x = 0, f(0) = 3
7 – 2x > x2 + 8x + 16
f(x) x + 10x + 9 < 0
2

(x + 1)(x + 9) < 0
f (x) = 4x2 – 6x + 3
x
–9 –1

Therefore, –9 < x < –1.

(3 , 3 )
4 4
x
0
(d) x(8 – x) , 12

8x – x2 – 12 , 0
x2 – 8x + 12 . 0
(x – 2)(x – 6) . 0

x
2 6

Therefore, x , 2 or x . 6.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 28

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions 

3. f(x) = –4x2 + 9x + 12
PAK-21 Activity –4x2 + 9x + 12 < 3
4x2 – 9x – 9 > 0
(a) s(t) = –5t2 + 60t
(4x + 3)(x – 3) > 0
= –5(t2 – 12t)
–12 –12
3 1 2 –1 24
2 2
= –5 t2 – 12t +
2 2 x
= –5[(t – 6)2 – 36] – 3 3
4
= –5(t – 6)2 + 180
The time for the projectile to reach the
maximum height is 6 s. 3
Therefore, x < – or x > 3.
The time for the projectile to hit the ground, 4
6 × 2 = 12 s
(b) Maximum altitude = 180 m
8 2 8 2
4. (a) f(x) = – x – 8x +
 122 – 122 –k

= –[(x – 4)2 – k – 16]
SPM Practice 3 = –(x – 4)2 + k + 16

Paper 1
(b)
k + 16 = 10
5 2 9 k = –6
1. (a) f(x) = x – – 1 2
2 4
By comparing f(x) = (x + p)2 + q,
5 9
p= ,q=– 5. 3x2 + 13x < 10
2 4
3x2 + 13x – 10 < 0
The coordinates of the minimum point
(3x – 2)(x + 5) < 0
5 9
= ,–1 2
2 4
5 –5 2
(b) x = —
3
2

(c)
2
x Therefore, –5 < x < .
1 4 3

The range is x , 1 or x . 4.
6. (a) Since f(x) = hx2 – 12x + 3k
5 2 has a minimum point,
2. f(x) = – x +1 + 2p 2 h . 0
2
By comparing with f(x) = –(x + a)2 + b, Given – 2 , h , 2,
The maximum point = (–a, b) h = {–1, 0, 1},
Therefore, h = 1.
5
(a) k = –a = –  
2
(b) f(x) = x2 – 12x + 3k
(b) 2p = 16
Since f(x) has same root,
  p=8
b­2 – 4ac = 0
(c) f(0) = q (–12) – 4(1)(3k) = 0
2

5 2 144 – 12k = 0
– 0 + 1 2 + 16 = q
2 12k = 144
3 k = 12
q = 9
4

29 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions

7. f(x) = x2 – 2hx + 4 – 3h (b) When f(x) = 0

a = 1, b = –2h, c = 4 – 3h –3x2 + 18x = 0
b2 – 4ac , 0 –3x(x – 6) = 0
(–2h) – 4(1)(4 – 3h) ,
2
0 x = 0 or x = 6
4h2 – 16 + 12h , 0
4(h2 + 3h – 4) , 0
x
h2 + 3h – 4 , 0 0 6
(h – 1)(h + 4) , 0

The range is 0 , x , 6.
h
–4 1

–4 , h , 1 10. f(x) = 10 + 3x – x2
\  m = –4 and n = 1 10 + 3x – x2  0
x2 – 3x – 10  0
(x – 5)(x + 2)  0

8. (a) From the graph, the maximum point is (5, 0). x

By comparing f(x) = –(x + p)2 + q –2 5

The maximum point = (–p, q)

p = –5 and q = 0
x  –2  or  x  5
f(x) = –(x – 5)2 + 0
When x = 0
f(0) = –(0 – 5)2
= –25 Paper 2
Therefore, (0, –25) is the intersection point
at y-axis, k = –25. 1. (a) f(x) = –2(x – p)2 + 4q
4q = 8
(b) x = 5   q=2
  p=4

9. (a) f(x) = 18x – 3x2 (b)

= –3x2 + 18x f(x)

= –3[x2 – 6x] (4, 8)

–6 2 –6 2
= –3 x2 – 6x +
3 122 –1224
x
= –3[(x – 3)2 – 9] 0 1 2 6 7
= –3(x – 3)2 + 27
The coordinates of the maximum point
–10
= (3, 27).

(c) Equation of the curve is f(x) = 2(x – 4)2 – 8

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 30

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 3  Quadratic Functions 

2. (a) p(x) = –3x2 + 48x + 12

MRSM Cloned Questions = –3[x2 – 16x – 4]
–16 2 –16 2
= –3 x2 – 16x +
3 1 – 2 1 2 –4 4
1. (a) Equation of the axis of symmetry is 2 2
x=4 = –3[(x – 8)2 – (–8)2 – 4]
= –3[(x – 8)2 – 68]
(b) 2k – 1 = 9 = –3(x – 8)2 + 204
k = 5

(b) (i) x = 8, 8 units must be sold per month

to maximise profit.
Challenge
(ii) Maximum profit
1. (a) f(x) = –(x + h)2 + k = 204 × 1 000
The maximum value of f(x) = k = RM204 000
when x = –h.
The axis of symmetry is x = –h
f(x) = –(x – 2)2 – 4

(b) f(x)

x
0 (2,–4)

–8

31 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations

R
PTE
Simultaneous Equations
CHA

4 Persamaan Serentak

1. (a)   2x – y = 2 …… 1 5
Substitute x = into 3,
x2 + 2y2 = 12 …… 2 3
5
1–2 132
Rewirte 1 in the equivalent form, 7
y=  = –
y = 2x – 2 …… 3 3 9

Substitute 3 into 2, Substitute x = –1 into 3,

x2 + 2(2x – 2)2 = 12 1 – 2(–1)
x2 + 2(4x2 – 8x + 4) = 12 y=  = 1
3
x + 8x2 – 16x + 8 – 12 = 0
2
5 7
9x2 – 16x – 4 = 0 \ The solutions are x = ,y=– ;
3 9
(x – 2)(9x + 2) = 0 x = –1, y = 1.
2
x = 2 or –
9
Substitute x = 2 into 3,
y = 2(2) – 2 2. (a) x + y – 3 = 0 ……… 1
= 2 x2 + 2y2 – 8 = 0 …… 2

2 Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,

Substitute x = – into 3,
9 y = 3 – x …… 3
2
y = 2 – –2
1 2
9 Substitute 3 into 2,
22 x2 + 2(3 – x)2 – 8 = 0
= –
9 x2 + 2(9 – 6x + x2) – 8 = 0
\ The solutions are x = 2, y = 2; x2 + 18 – 12x + 2x2 – 8 = 0
2 22 3x2 – 12x + 10 = 0
x = –  , y = –  .
9 9
–(–12) ± 
(–12)2 – 4
(3)(10)
x =
(b) 2x + 3y – 1 = 0 …… 1 2(3)
x2 + 6xy + 5 = 0 …… 2 12 ± 
24
=
6
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, = 2.816 or 1.184
1 – 2x
y= …… 3
3 Substitute x = 2.816 into 3,
Substitute 3 into 2, y = 3 – 2.816
= 0.184
1 – 2x
x2 + 6x 
1 + 5 = 0
2
3 Substitute x = 1.184 into 3,
x + 2x(1 – 2x) + 5 = 0
2
y = 3 – 1.184
x2 + 2x – 4x2 + 5 = 0 = 1.816
–3x2 + 2x + 5 = 0
Therefore, the solutions are x = 2.816,
3x2 – 2x – 5 = 0
y = 0.184; x = 1.184, y = 1.816.
(3x – 5)(x + 1) = 0
5
x = or –1
3

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 32

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations 

(b) 2x + y = 1 ……………… 1 3. (a)

2x2 + y2 – xy – 6 = 0 …… 2
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, ym
y = 1 – 2x …… 3
Substitute 3 into 2,
xm

2x2 + (1 – 2x)2 – x(1 – 2x) – 6 = 0 Let the length and breadth of the rectangle
2x2 + 1 – 4x + 4x2 – x + 2x2 – 6 = 0 be x cm and y cm respectively.
8x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
–(–5) ± 
(–5) – 4
2
(8)(–5) 2x + 2y = 42 …… 1
x =
2(8)  x2 + y2 = 152 …… 2
5 ± 185
=
16 Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
= 1.163 or –0.538 42 – 2x
y =
Substitute x = 1.163 into 3, 2
y = 1 – 2(1.163) = 21 – x …… 3
= –1.326
Substitute 3 into 2,
Substitute x = –0.538 into 3, x2 + (21 – x)2 = 225
y = 1 – 2(–0.538) x + 441 – 42x + x2 = 225
2
= 2.076 2x2 – 42x + 216 = 0
Therefore, the solutions are x = 1.163, x2 – 21x + 108 = 0
y = –1.326; x = –0.538, y = 2.076. (x – 9)(x – 12) = 0

(c) x – 2y = 5 …………… 1
x – 9 = 0  or x – 12 = 0
x2 + xy + 2y = 0 …… 2 x = 9   x = 12

Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, Substitute x = 9 into 3,

x = 5 + 2y …… 3 y = 21 – 9
Substitute 3 into 2, = 12
(5 + 2y)2 + (5 + 2y)y + 2y = 0
25 + 20y + 4y2 + 5y + 2y2 + 2y = 0 Substitute x = 12 into 3,
6y2 + 27y + 25 = 0 y = 21 – 12
= 9
–27 ± 
(27)2 – 4
(6)(25)
y = Hence, the length is 12 cm and the
2(6)
breadth is 9 cm.
–27 ± 
129
=
12
= –1.304 or –3.196
Substitute y = –1.304 into 3,
x = 5 + 2(–1.304)
= 2.392
Substitute y = –3.196 into 3,
x = 5 + 2(–3.196)
= –1.392
Therefore, the solutions are x = 2.392,
y = –1.304; x = –1.392, y = –3.196.

33 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations

(b) (x + 3) + (y – 1) + 13 = 30
x + y = 15 PAK-21 Activity
y = 15 – x … 1
(x + 3)2 + (y – 1)2 = 132
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 – 2y + 1 = 169 2(2x + 20) + 2(y + 10) = 88
x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y – 159 = 0 … 2 2x + 20 + y + 10 = 44
2x + y + 30 = 44
Subsitute 1 into 2.
2x + y = 14 …… 1
x2 + (15 – x)2 + 6x – 2(15 – x) – 159 = 0
x2 + (225 – 30x + x2) + 6x – 30 + 2x – 159 = 0 (2x + 20)(y + 10) = 420
2x2 – 22x + 36 = 0 2xy + 20x + 20y + 200 = 420
x2 – 11x + 18 = 0 20x + 20y + 2xy = 220
(x – 2)(x – 9) = 0 10x + 10y + xy = 110 …… 2
x = 2 or 9
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
Substitute x = 2 into 1.
y = 14 – 2x …… 3
y = 15 – 2
= 13 Substitute 3 into 2;
Substitute x = 9 into 1. 10x + 10(14 – 2x) + x(14 – 2x) = 110
y = 15 – 9 10x + 140 – 20x + 14x – 2x2 = 110
= 6 2x2 – 4x – 30 = 0
Therefore, x = 9, y = 6; x = 2, y = 13 x2 – 2x – 15 = 0
(x + 3)(x – 5) = 0
(c) Let the two numbers be x and y. x = –3  or  x = 5
xy = –48 …… 1 Since x . 0, therefore x = 5.
1 1 1 Substitute x = 5 into 3,
  + = …… 2
x y 6 y = 14 – 2(5)
Rewrite 2 in the equivalent form, = 4
xy Therefore, the length = 2x + 20
y + x = …… 3
6 = 2(5) + 20
Substitute 1 into 3, = 30 cm
– 48 and the breadth = y + 10
y + x =
6 = 4 + 10
y + x = –8 = 14 cm
y = –x – 8 …… 4

Substitute 4 into 1,
x(–x – 8) = – 48
–x2 – 8x = – 48
x2 + 8x – 48 = 0
(x + 12)(x – 4) = 0
x = 4 or x = –12
Substitute x = 4 into 4,
y = – 4 – 8
= –12
Substitute x = –12 into 4,
y = –(–12) – 8
= 4
The two numbers are 4 and –12.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 34

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations 

Substitute x = –2 into 3,
SPM Practice 4 y = 4 – 3(–2)
= 10
Paper 2 3
Substitute x = into 3,
2

1. 2x + y – 1 = 0 ………… 1
y = 4 – 3 1 32 2
2x2 – y2 – 3y + 7 = 0 …… 2 1
=–
2
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
Therefore, the solutions are x = –2, y = 10;
y = 1 – 2x …… 3
3 1
x= ,y=– .
Substitute 3 into 2, 2 2
2x2 – (1 – 2x)2 – 3(1 – 2x) + 7 = 0
2x2 – (1 – 4x + 4x2) – 3 + 6x + 7 = 0
2x2 – 1 + 4x – 4x2 – 3 + 6x + 7 = 0 3. x + 2y = 1 …………… 1
–2x2 + 10x + 3 = 0
x2 – 2xy – 3y2 = 0 …… 2
–10 ± 
(10)2 – 4
(–2)(3)
x = Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
2(–2)
x = 1 – 2y …… 3
–10 ± 124
=
–4 Substitute 3 into 2,
= –0.284 or 5.284 (1 – 2y)2 – 2y(1 – 2y) – 3y2 = 0
1 – 4y + 4y2 – 2y + 4y2 – 3y2 = 0
Substitute x = –0.284 into 3, 5y2 – 6y + 1 = 0
y = 1 – 2(–0.284) (y – 1)(5y – 1) = 0
= 1.568 1
y = 1 or
Substitute x = 5.284 into 3, 5
y = 1 – 2(5.284) Substitute y = 1 into 3,
= –9.568 x = 1 – 2(1)
= –1
Therefore, the solutions are x = –0.284,
y = 1.568; x = 5.284, y = –9.568 1
Substitute y = into 3,
5
x = 1 – 2 1 15 2
2. 3x + y = 4 …………… 1 3
=
5x2 + xy + y = 10 ……… 2 5
Therefore, the solutions are x = –1, y = 1;
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, 3 1
y = 4 – 3x …… 3 x= ,y= .
5 5
Substitute 3 into 2,
5x2 + x(4 – 3x) + (4 – 3x) = 10
5x2 + 4x – 3x2 + 4 – 3x – 10 = 0
2x2 + x – 6 = 0
(x + 2)(2x – 3) = 0
3
x = –2 or
2

35 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations

4. y – 4x – 2 = 0 ……………… 1 Substitute x = 1.180 into 3,

4x2 + 3y2 – 5xy – 16 = 0 …… 2 1 – 3(1.180)
y =
2
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, = –1.270
y = 2 + 4x …… 3 Substitute x = –0.780 into 3,
Substitute 3 into 2, 1 – 3(–0.780)
y =
4x2 + 3(2 + 4x)2 – 5x(2 + 4x) – 16 = 0 2
4x2 + 3(4 + 16x + 16x2) – 10x – 20x2 – 16 = 0 = 1.670
4x2 + 12 + 48x + 48x2 – 10x – 20x2 – 16 = 0 Therefore, the solutions are x = 1.180,
32x2 + 38x – 4 = 0 y = –1.270; x = –0.780, y = 1.670.
16x2 + 19x – 2 = 0

–19 ± 
(19)2 – 4
(16)(–2)
x =
2(16)
6.  2x + 9y = 6 …… 1
–19 ± 489 –4xy + x2 = 6 …… 2
=
32
= 0.097 or –1.285 Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
6 – 9y
Substitute x = 0.097 into 3, x= …… 3
2
y = 2 + 4(0.097)
= 2.388 Substitute 3 into 2,
Substitute x = –1.285 into 3, 6 – 9y 6 – 9y 2
y = 2 + 4(–1.285)
–4 1 2 2y+ 1 2 2 = 6
= –3.140 –24y + 36y2 81y2 – 108y + 36

2
+ 1 4 2
= 6
Therefore, the solutions are x = 0.097,
y = 2.388; x = –1.285, y = –3.140. 72y2 – 48y + 81y2 – 108y + 36 = 24
153y2 – 156y + 12 = 0
y = 0.936 or y = 0.0838
5. 3x + 2y – 1 = 0 …… 1 Substitute y = 0.936 into 3,
x2 + y2 – 2xy – 6 = 0 …… 2
6 – 9(0.936)
x= = –1.21
2
Rewirte 1 in the equivalent form,
1 – 3x Substitute y = 0.0838 into 3,
y= …… 3
2 6 – 9(0.0838)
x= = 2.62
Substitute 3 into 2, 2
1 – 3x 2 1 – 3x \ The solutions are x = –1.21, y = 0.936;
x2 + 1
2 2
– 2x
2 1 2
–6 =0
x = 2.62, y = 0.838
1 – 6x + 9x2
x2 + 1 4 2
– x + 3x2 – 6 =0
4x2 + 1 – 6x + 9x2 – 4x + 12x2 – 24 =0
25x2 – 10x – 23 =0

–(–10) ± 
(–10)2 – 4
(25)(–23)
x =
2(25)
10 ± 2400
=
50
= 1.180 or –0.780

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 36

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations 

7. 8.  x – y = 12 …… 1
x2 + y2 = 1 130 …… 2

Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,

9 cm
6 cm
y = x – 12 …… 3
x cm y cm

Substitute 3 into 2,
2πx + 2πy = 16π x2 + (x – 12)2 = 1 130
2x + 2y = 16 x + x – 24x + 144 = 1 130
2 2

x + y = 8 2x2 – 24x – 986 = 0

y = 8 – x …… 1 x2 – 12x – 493 = 0
(x – 29)(x + 17) = 0
1 1 x – 29 = 0 or   x + 17 = 0
πx2(6) + πy2(9) = 95π x = 29 x = –17
3 3
2x2 + 3y2 = 95 …… 2 (rejected)
Since x . 0, \ x = 29
Substitute 1 into 2. Substitute x = 29 into 3,
2x2 + 3(8 – x)2 – 95 = 0 y = 29 – 12
2x2 + 3(64 – 16x + x2) – 95 = 0 = 17
2x2 + 192 – 48x + 3x2 – 95 = 0
Therefore, the two numbers are 29 and 17.
5x2 – 48x + 97 = 0

–(–48) ± √(–48)2 – 4(5)(97)

x =
2(5) 9. y = 20 – 3x …… 1
48 ± √364 y = 2x2 – 4x – 7 …… 2
=
10
= 6.71 or 2.89 Substitute 1 into 2,
20 – 3x = 2x2 – 4x – 7
When x = 6.71, y = 8 – 6.71 2x2 – x – 27 = 0
= 1.29
When x = 2.89, y = 8 – 2.89 –(–1) ± (–1)2 – 4
(2)(–27)
x =
= 5.11 2(2)
Therefore, x = 6.71, y = 1.29; 1 ± 217
=
x = 2.89, y = 5.11 4
1 – 217 1 + 217
=   or  
4 4
= –3.4327 or   3.9327
≈ –3.43 or   3.93
Since x = h and h . 0,
  \  x = 3.93
Substitute x = 3.9327 into 1,
y = 20 –3(3.9327)
= 8.2019
≈ 8.20
Therefore, h = x = 3.93 and k = y = 8.20.

37 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations

10. 2x + y = 36 …… 1 Substitute 3 into 2,

450 450
x 1 – 3x + 5
2 1 = 465
2
x x
2 250
x cm 450 – 3x + = 465
x
450x – 3x + 2 250 = 465x
2

3x2 + 15x – 2 250 = 0

y cm x2 + 5x – 750 = 0
(x – 25)(x + 30) = 0
y 2 x = 25   or   x = –30
122 + 1 2 2 = x 2
Since x . 0, therefore x = 25.
y2
= x2 144 +
4 Substitute x = 25 into 3,
576 + y2 = 4x2 450
y =
4x2 – y2 = 576 ……2 25
= 18
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
y = 36 – 2x …… 3 Therefore, the length = 25 m and the breadth
= 18 m.
Substitute 3 into 2,
4x2 – (36 – 2x)2 = 576
4x2 – (1 296 – 144x + 4x2) = 576
–1 296 + 144x = 576 12.  x + y = 2 …… 1
144x = 1 872 x2 – y2 = 3 …… 2
x = 13
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
Substiture x = 13 into 3,
y = 2 – x …… 3
y = 36 – 2(13)
= 10
Substitute 3 into 2,
Therefore, the lengths of all the sides of the x2 – (2 – x)2 = 3
triangle are 13 cm, 13 cm and 10 cm. x – (4 – 4x + x2) = 3
2

– 4 + 4x = 3
4x = 7
11. xy = 450 …… 1
7
x =
4
(x + 5)(y – 3) = 450
xy – 3x + 5y – 15 = 450 7
Substitute x = into 3,
xy – 3x + 5y = 465 …… 2 4
7
y = 2 –
4
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, 1
450 =
y= …… 3 4
x
7 1
Therefore, the numbers are and .
4 4

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 38

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations 

13. Let x = radius of circle I Rewrite 2 in the equivalent form,

y = radius of circle II y = 11 – x …… 3

2πx + 2πy = 20π Substitute 3 into 1,

2π(x + y) = 20π x(11 – x) = 30
x + y = 10 …… 1 11x – x2 = 30
x2 – 11x + 30 = 0
πx2 + πy2 = 52π (x – 5)(x – 6) = 0
π(x2 + y2) = 52π x = 5 or x = 6
x2 + y2 = 52 …… 2
Substitute x = 5 into 3,
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form, y = 11 – 5
y = 10 – x …… 3 =6

Substitute 3 into 2, Substitute x = 6 into 3,

x2 + (10 – x)2 = 52 y = 11 – 6
x + 100 – 20x + x2 =
2
52 =5
2x2 – 20x + 48 = 0 Therefore, length = 6 cm and width = 5 cm.
x2 – 10x + 24 = 0
(x – 4)(x – 6) = 0
x = 4   or   x = 6
MRSM Cloned Questions
Substitute x = 4 into 3,
y = 10 – 4
1. y – 2x – 1 = 0 …… 1
=6
2x2 – 3x + 6y – 17 = 0 …… 2
Substitute x = 6 into 3,
From 1, y = 2x + 1 …… 3
y = 10 – 6
=4 Substitute 3 into 2.
Therefore, the radii of the two circles are 4 cm 2x2 – 3x + 6(2x + 1) – 17 = 0
and 6 cm. 2x2 – 3x + 12x + 6 – 17 = 0
2x2 + 9x – 11 = 0
(2x + 11)(x – 1) = 0
14. 11
x = –  or  1
2
4 cm
11 11
When x = – ,  y = 2 –
1 +1
2
2 2
y cm = –10
x cm When x = 1, y = 2(1) + 1
Let x = length of the cuboid =3
y = width of the cuboid 11
\  x = – , y = –10; x = 1, y = 3
2
4xy = 120
xy = 30 …… 1

4x + 4y + 4(4) = 60
x + y + 4 = 15
x + y = 11 …… 2

39 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations

2. 3x + y = 2 …………… 1
2x – 3y = 4xy ….......… 2 Challenge
From 1,
1.
y = 2 – 3x ….............… 3 Hypotenuse
x cm
Substitute 3 into 2. y cm
2x – 3(2 – 3x) = 4x(2 – 3x)
2x – 6 + 9x = 8x – 12x2 x + y = 46 …… 1
12x2 + 3x – 6 = 0 1
xy = 240 …… 2
x = 0.593 or –x = –0.843 2
Substitute x = 0.593 into 3. Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
y = 2 – 3(0.593) y = 46 – x …… 3
= 0.221
Substitute 3 into 2,
Substitute x = –0.843 into 3.
1
y = 2 – 3(–0.843) x(46 – x) = 240
2
= 4.529 46x – x2 = 480
\  x = 0.593, y = 0.221;  x = –0.843, y = 4.529 x2 – 46x + 480 = 0
(x – 30)(x – 16) = 0
x = 16 or 30
Substitute x = 16 into 3,
3.  3x + 2y = 13 …………… 1
y = 46 – 16
3x2 + y2  = 31 ……….....… 2
= 30
Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
Substitute x = 30 into 3,
13 – 3x x = 46 – 30
y= …...............… 3
2 = 16
Substitute 3 into 2, Hypotenuse = 
x2 + y2
13 – 3x 2
3x2 + 1 =2 31 =  162 + 302
2
= 34 cm
12x2 + 169 – 78x + 9x2 = 124
21x2 – 78x + 45 = 0
5 2. Let the two numbers be x and y and y . x.
x = 3 or x = 125
7 x2 + y2 = …… 1
Substitute x = 3 in 3, 4
13 – 3(3) y = 2x …… 2
y= =2
2 Substitute 1 into 2,
5
Substitute x = in 3, 125
7 x2 + (2x)2 =
5 4
13 – 3 1 2 4(x2 + 4x2) = 125
7 38
y= = 20x2 = 125
2 7
25
x2 =
5 38 4
∴ The solutions are x = 3, y = 2; x = ,y=
7 7 x = ±2.5
Since x . 0, substitute x = 2.5 into 3,
5
y = 2 122
=5
Therefore, the two numbers are 2.5 and 5.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 40

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 4  Simultaneous Equations 

3. 4.
8 cm
ym

y cm
xm
x cm

Perimeter = 92 2x + 2y + 32 = 80
2x + 2y = 92  …… 1 x + y = 24 ……… 1
xy = 480 …… 2 2(8x) + 2(8y) + xy = 512
Rewrite 2 in the equivalent form, 16x + 16y + xy = 512 ……… 2
From equation 1,
480
x = …… 3 x = 24 – y …… 3
y
Substitute 3 into 1, Substitute equation 3 into equation 2,
480 16(24 – y) + 16y + y(24 – y) = 512
2 1 2 + 2y = 92 384 – 16y + 16y + 24y – y2 = 512
y
y2 – 24y + 128 = 0
480
+ y = 46 (y – 16)(y – 8) = 0
y
y – 16 = 0    or y – 8 = 0
480 + y2 = 46y y = 16 y = 8
y – 46y + 480 = 0
2

(y – 30)(y – 16) = 0 Substitute y = 16 into 3,

y – 30 = 0   or y – 16 = 0 x = 24 – 16 = 8
y = 30 y = 16 Substitute y = 8 into 3,
x = 24 – 8 = 16
Substitute y = 30 into 3,
480 Therefore, the length = 16 cm and the
x = breadth = 8 cm.
30
= 16
Substitute y = 16 into 3, 5. 2x = 2 + y …… 1
480 (x + y)2 = 448 + (x – y)2 …… 2
x =
16 Rewrite 1 in the equivalent form,
= 30 y = 2x – 2 …… 3
Therefore, the length = 30 m and the breadth
16 m. Substitute 3 into 2,
(x + 2x – 2)2 = 448 + (x – 2x + 2)2
(3x – 2)2 = 448 + (2 – x)2
9x2 – 12x + 4 = 448 + 4 – 4x + x2
8x2 – 8x – 448 = 0
x2 – x – 56 = 0
(x – 8)(x + 7) = 0
x = 8 or x = –7
Since it is a positive number, therefore, x = 8.
Substitute x = 8 into 3,
y = 2(8) – 2
= 14
Therefore, the two numbers are 8 and 14.

41 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms

R
PTE
Indices and Logarithms
CHA

5 Indeks dan Logaritma

1. (a) 32 × 33 2. (a) r4s5 ÷ 2r3s–2

= 32 + 3 1
= —r4 – 3s5 – (–2)
= 35

2
= 243 1
= —rs7

2
8
(b) —–
43 (b) m3n4 ÷ 3m2n–1

= —————8
4 × 4 × 4 1
= —m3 – 2n4 – (–1)
1 3
= — 1
8 = —mn5

3
(c) (125)–1 × (25)2
1
= ­—– × (52)2 (c) 52a – 1 ÷ (25)3a – 1
125
= 52a – 1 ÷ (52)3a – 1
1
= —3 × 54 = 52a – 1 ÷ 56a – 2
5
= 52a – 1 – 6a + 2
= 54 – 3 = 51 – 4a
=5
(d) 32x – 5 ÷ 92 – 3x
2 3 3 –3
(d) 1—2 ÷ 1— = 32x – 5 ÷ 32(2 – 3x)
3 22
2 3 2 3 = 32x – 5 – 4 + 6x
= 1—2 ÷ 1—
32 = 38x – 9

3
2 3–3
= 1—2 2 p+3
× 82p – 3
3 (e) —————–
2 0 4 p+5
= 1—2 2 p+3
× 23(2p – 3)
3 = ——————–
=1 2 2(p + 5)

= 2p + 3 + 6p – 9 – 2p – 10
(e) (6–3 × 62)4 = 25p – 16
= (6–1)4
(f) 82n + 1 + 26n
=6 –4
= (23)2n + 1 + 26n
1
= —– = 26n + 3 + 26n
64 = 26n(23 + 1)
1
= ——–– = 9(26n)
1 296
(f) (33)5 × 9–8
3. (a) log2  m = 4
= 315 × (32)–8
= 315 +(–16)
1 (b) logr  m = s
=
3

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 42

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms 

(c) 5 = log3 243 7. (a) log3 60 = log3(2 × 2 × 3 × 5)

= log3 2 + log3 2 + log3 3 + log3 5
(d) 5 = logy z
= 2(0.6309) + 1 + 1.465
(e) 5 = a4 = 3.7268
12
(b) log3 2.4 = log3 —
(f) q = pr 5
= log3 12 – log3 5
4. (a) log3  x = 2 = log3 (3 × 2 × 2) – log3 5
x = 32 = log3 3 + 2 log3 2 – log3 5
= 9 = 1 + 2(0.6309) – 1.465
= 0.7968
(b) log100 x = 1
x = 1001 8 = log  8 – log  5
(c) log3 —— 3 3
= 100  5

1
= log  23 – — log3 5
3 2
(c) log2   x = –1 1
x = 2–1 = 3(0.6309) – — (1.465)
2
= 1 = 1.1602
2
1
(d) log9 x = —
2
—12
PAK-21 Activity
x = 9
= 3 (a) log3 10 – log3 20 + log3 18

2 = log3  10 × 18 2
(e) log1 000   x = — 20
3 = log3 9

2
—
x = (1 000) 3 = log3 32

2
— = 2 log3 3
= (103) 3 = 2(1)
= 102 =2

= 100
(b) log2 5 – log2 20
5. (a) log10 1 = 0
= log –—5
2 20
(b) log10 10 = 1 1
= log —
2 4
(c) log10 34 = 1.908
= log2 2–2
(d) log10 0.153 = –0.8153 = –2

(c) log4 144 – 2 log4 3

6. (a)
x = 100 000
144
= log –—
(b) x = 24.38 4 1 9 2
= log4 16
(c) x = 2.858
= log4 42
(d) x = 0.07079 = 2 log4 4
=2

43 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms

(d) log5 100 + log5 2 – log5 8 a

(c) logx — + 2 logx —–b – log a3b
100 × 2 b 2a x

= log ———–
5 1 8 2
( )
—
a b 2
× —–2

b 4a
= logx ————–
= log5 25
a3b
= log5 52 1
= log —–
=2 x 4a4

(e) log6 18 – log6 2 – 2 log6 3

log10 7.5
= log6 18 – log6 2 – log6 32 9. (a) log5 7.5 = ———–
log10 5
= log6 1 18
2 × 3 × 32 = 1.2519
= log6 1
log10 3.147
=0 (b) log2 3.147 = —————
log10 2
= 1.654
log8 1 + 3 log8 4
32
(f) ————————
log8 64 5
log101—2
5 7
(c) log — = ————
log8 1 + log8 43 2 7 log10 2
32 = –0.4854
= ———————–
log8 26
log10 1.285
log8 1 1 × 432 (d) logw3 1.285 = ————–
32 log10  3
= ———————
6 log8 2 = 0.4565
log8 2
= ———— = 1 log10 18.24
6 log8 2 6 (e) log2 18.24 = —————
log10 2
= 4.189

8. (a) 3 log2 x – 2 log2 3x

log5 70
x3 10. (a) log3 70 = ———
= log ————
2 1 3x × 3x 2 log5 3

= log —x log5 (2 × 5 × 7)
2 9 = ———————
log5 3
log5 2 + log5 5 + log5 7
1 = ————–————–––
(b) — logp 81m – 3 logp b log5 3
2
0.4307 + 1 + 1.209
= logp 81m – logp b3 = ————–————
0.6826
= logp 9 m – logp b3 = 3.867
9 m
= log ——
p1 b3 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 44

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms 

log5 63 (c) log3 3m–4

(b) log!w3 63 = ———–
log5 !w 3 = log3 3 + log3 m–4
log5 (3 × 3 × 7) = 1 – 4 log3 m
= —————–—– = 1 – 4n
1
log5 3 2
—

2 log5 3 + log5 7 (d) log3 3 m

= ——————— = log3 3 + log3 m
1
— log5 3
2 1
—

2(0.6826) + 1.209 = 1 + log3 m 2

= ————–———–
1
— (0.6826) = 1 + 1 log3 m
2 2
= 7.542 = 1 + 1  n
2
log5 12
(c) log25 12 = ———– (e) logm m – log3 m
log5  25 9 3
= logm m – logm 9 – (log3 m – log3 3)
log5 (2 × 2 × 3)
= ——————— log3 9
log5 52 = 1 – ———– – n + 1
2 log5 2 + log5 3 log3 m
= ———————–
2 =2– 2 –n
n
2(0.4307) + 0.6826
= ———————–—
2
= 0.772 12. (a) 3x + 2 = 81
3x + 2 = 34
x + 2 = 4
11. (a) logm  !w
243 x = 2
log3 !w 243
= ————– (b) 25x = 41 + 2x
log3  m
25x = 22(1 + 2x)
5
log — 3 2
5x = 2 + 4x
= ———— 3
x = 2
 log3 m
5 log 3
2 3 2 = 128
(c)
= ———— 4x
n
5
= — 4x = 1
2n 64
4 = 4–3
x

(b) log9  3m2 x = –3

log3 3m2
= ————
log3 9 (d) 3 = 92x
x

27
log3  3 + log3 m2
= ——––———— 3x = 32(2x)
log3 32 33
1 + 2 log3 m 3 = 34x
x–3
= ——––——— x – 3 = 4x
2 log3 3
3x = –3
1 +
= –——––2n
2 x = –1

= 1 + n
2

45 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms

–— 3
14. (a) log4 (3n – 2) = log4 4
(e) x   2 = 8
1 3n – 2 = 4
—
(x 2 )­–3 = 23 3n = 6
1
— n = 2
x 2 = 2–1
x = 12 (b) log6 (u – 1)2 = log6 (3 × 12)
2 (u – 1)2 = 36
= 1 u – 1 = 36
± 
4
u – 1 = 6
u = 7
13. (a) 3x = 0.4 or  
log10 3x = log10 0.4 u – 1 = – 6 (Not accepted because
x log10 3 = log10 0.4 log of a negative
log10 0.4 number is undefined.)
x = ———–
log10 3
= –0.8340 (c) log10 32 + log10 (m – 1) = –1
log10 9(m – 1) = log10 10–1

9(m – 1) = 1
(b) 31 – 2x = 8 —–
10
(1 – 2x) log10 3 = log10 8
log10 3 – log10 8 = 2x log10 3 m = —1– + 1
90
log10 3 – log10 8 =
1—–1
x = ——–————— 90
2 log10 3
= –0.4464
(d) log5 22 + log5 (4x – 1) = log5 5 + log5 (x + 8)
(c) 8.62x = 14.26 log5 [4(4x – 1)] = log5 [5(x + 8)]
2x log10 8.6 = log10 14.26 16x – 4 = 5x + 40
log10 14.26 11x = 44
x = ————— x = 4
2 log10 8.6
= 0.618 (e) logp 32 = 3 – log2 24
logp 32 = 3 – 4
(d) 32 – x = 2x
(2 – x) log10 3 = x log10 2 logp 32 = –1
2 log10 3 – x log10 3 = x log10 2 9 = p–1

p = — 1
x(log10 2 + log10 3) = 2 log10 3 9
2 log10 3
x =
log10 2 + log10 3
= 1.226

(e) 3x + 1(4x – 2) = 48
(x + 1) log10 3 + (x – 2) log10 4 = log10 48
x(log10 3 + log10 4)
= log10 48 – log10 3 + 2 log10 4
log10 48 – log10 3 + 2 log10 4
x =
log10 3 + log10 4
= 2.232

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 46

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms 

2
6. loga 324 – loga a = 6
SPM Practice 5
2
loga a
Paper 1 loga 324 – = 6
loga a
loga 2 – loga a
(2x 4 y)5 32x20 y5 loga 324 – = 6
1. = 1
8x y
3 2
8x3 y2 loga a
2
= 4x17y3 loga 324 – 2(loga 2 – 1) = 6
loga 324 – 2loga 2 + 2 = 6
2. (a) logp 125 = logp 53 loga 324 – loga 22 = 4
= 3 logp 5 324
loga = 4
= 3m 4
81 = a4
(b) log5 25p = log5 25 + log5 p
3 3 a = 3
= 2 log5 5 + 3 log5 p
3
=2+
logp 5
x2
3 7. log3 = log3 x2 – log3 y
=2+ y
m = 2 log3 x – log3 y
= 2t – s

3. (a) logx q = logx x –2

= –2 logx x loga a = 1
= –2 8. log7 4x3 = log7 4 + log7 x3
logx 4 3 logx x
3 1 = +
(b) 3 logq x =   loga p = logx 7 logx 7
logx q logp a
logx 22 3(1)
3 = +
=– logx 7 logx 7
2
2 logx 2 3
= +
logx 7 logx 7
4. log2 3 + log2 (x – 2) = 1 2p + 3
=
log2 3(x – 2) = log2 2
loga p + loga q q
= loga pq
3(x – 2) = 2
2
x = +2
3 9.   23x + y = 5 + 8x
2 2 · 2y =
3x
5 + 23x
= 2
3
mn = 5+m
mn – m = 5
5. 8(23x + 4) = 1
m(n – 1) = 5
1 5
23x + 4 = m =
8 n–1
= 2–3
3x + 4 = –3
3x = –7
7
x = –
3

47 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms

10. 2n = 3m Paper 2
n log10 2 = m log10 3
n log10 3 81p + q 34(p + q)
= …… 1 1. (a) =
m log10 2 9p 32p
3m = 6p 3 4p + 4q
=
log10 3m = log10 (2 × 3)p 32p
m log10 3 = p log10 2 + p log10 3 (3p)4 × (3q)4
=
(m – p) log10 3 = p log10 2 (3p)2
a4b4
log10 3 p =
= …… 2 a2
log10 2 m–p
= a b 2 4

1 = 2,
n p
=
m m–p 9a3
(b) log9 = log9 9a3 – log9 b
mp = mn – np b
p(m + n) = mn = log9 (32)(3p)3 – log9 3q
mn = log9 32 + 3p – log9 3q
p =
m+n log10 3 log 3
= (2 + 3p)  – (q)  10
log10 9 log10 9
1 1
11. log9 50 =
log3 50 = (2 + 3p)
2 1 2
–q 1 2
2
log3 9 3 q
=1+ p–
log3 (2 × 5 × 5) 2 2
=
log3 32
log3 2 + log3 5 + log3 5
= 2. (a) log3 (x + 2) – 2 log9 x2 + 3 log3 x
2 log3 3
p + 2q 2 log3 x2
= = log3 (x + 2) – + 3 log3 x
2 log3 9
1 2 (2 log3 x)
= p+q = log3 (x + 2) – + 3 log3 x
2 log3 32
2 (2 log3 x)
= log3 (x + 2) – + 3 log3 x
2 log3 3
12. 42(p + 3) = 40
43(h – 2) = log3 (x + 2) – 2 log3 x + 3 log3 x
42(p + 3) – 3(h – 2)
= 40 = log3 (x + 2) + log3 x
2(p + 3) – 3(h – 2) = 0 = log3 x(x + 2)
2p + 6 – 3h + 6 = 0
2p + 12 = 3h (b) log3 (x + 2) – 2 log3 x2 + 3 log3 x = 1
2
h = p + 4 log3 x(x + 2) = log3 3
3
x2 + 2x = 3
q2 x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
13. log3 = log3 q2 – log3 p (x + 3)(x – 1) = 0
p
= 2 log3 q – log3 p x = 1
= 2s – r (x = –3 is not accepted because log of a
negative number is undefined.)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 48

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms 

1
3. (a) log3 r – log9 r = 1 MRSM Cloned Questions
2
log3 r 3
log3 r – = 512
log3 9 2 1.   22x – 1 =
4x – 2

1 3
log3 r – log3 r = 29
2 2 22x – 1 = 1
2(x – 2) ×
1 3 2 2
log3 r =
2 2 22x – 1 = 29
log3 r = 3 2x – 2
r = 33 22x – 1 = 29 – (x – 2)
= 27 22x – 1 = 211 – x
2x – 1 = 11 – x
(b) 22x × 44y =
1 3x = 12
22x × 28y =20 x = 4
2x + 8y = 0
x + 4y =
0 …… 1
125x × 25y =0.04 2. v = 3x ⇒ log3 v = x
53x × 52y =5–2 w = 9y ⇒ log9 w = y
3x + 2y = –2 …… 2 27v
log9 = log9 27 + log9 v – log9 √w 
2 × 2, 6x + 4y =
–4 …… 3 √w 
–4
3 – 1, 5x = 3 log3 v 1
= log9 9 2 + – log9 w 2
– 4 x = log3 9
5 log3 v
4 = 3 log9 9 + – 1 log9 w
From 1, 4y = –1– 2 2 2 log3 3 2
5
y = 1 = 3 + x – 1 y
5 2 2 2
= 3 + x – y
2
1
4. 2x = 3 – 21
2x 2 3. 256 × 1 641 x 2 = 167x – 15
22x = 3 · 2x – 2
2 – 3 · 2 + 2 = 0
2x x 44(4–3x) = 42(7x – 15)
44 – 3x = 414x – 30
Let y = 2x, 4 – 3x = 14x – 30
y2 – 3y + 2 = 0 17x = 34
(y – 1)(y – 2) = 0 x = 2
y = 1 or   y = 2
2x = 1 2x = 2
log10 2x = log10 1 \ x = 1
x log10 2 = log10 1 Challenge
x = 0
Therefore, x = 0, 1 1. 32x(3) = 18 + 32x
32x(3) – 32x = 18
32x(3 – 1) = 18
18
32x =
2
32x = 32

x = 1

49 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 5  Indices and Logarithms

2. 2k – 1 + 2k + 1 – 2k 4. T = 80(0.89)x
When T = 37,
= 2 + 2(2k) – 2k
k

2 80(0.89)x = 37
= 2k 1 1 + 2 – 12 37
2 0.89x =
80
k 3
=2 1 2
2 37
log10 0.89x = log10 1
= 3(2k – 1) 80 2
37
Since the expression has a factor of 3, the x log10 0.89 = log10 1 2
80
expression is divisible by 3 for all positive
integers of k. 37
log10 1 2
x = 80
log10 0.89
3×7
3. (a) (i) log5 4.2 = log5
5 = 6.617
= log5 (3 × 7) – log5 5
= log5 3 + log5 7 – log5 5
= 0.892 5. (a) When k = 0, T = p
p = 120 + 62(3)0
log5 75 = 182
(ii) log3 75 =
log5 3
– k
log3 (3 × 5 × 5) (b) 124 = 120 + 62(3) 2

= 4
log5 3
– k
= 3 2
62
log5 3 + 2 log5 5
= 4 – k
log5 3 log10 = log10 3 2
62
= 3.928
4 k
log10 = 1– 2 log10 3
62 2
7 t
=
(b) 70 0001 20 000
82 log10
4
7 t
1 2 =
8
2
7
k = –2 1 62
log10 3
2
7 2 = 5
t log10 =
log10
8 7
2
log10
t = 7
7
log10
8
= 9.38

\  t = 10 years

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 50

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

R
PTE
Coordinate Geometry
CHA

6 Geometri Koordinat

3.
1. (a) Distance of PQ =  (6 – 1)2 + [2 – (–7)]2 2 + 8 ––——–
3 + (–1)
(a) Midpoint of CD = –—–– , 
2 2 1 2
=  25 + 81
= (5, 1)
= 10.30 units
–2 + 3 ––—––—–
4 + (–12)
(b) Distance of AB =  [5 – (–7)]2 + (8 – 3)2
(b) Midpoint of PQ = —–—– ,
2 1 2 2
=  144 + 25 1
= 13 units

2
= ––, –41 2
 (–9 – 4)2 + [3 – (–10)]2 3 + (–7) –––—–
–2 + 5
(c) Distance of EF = 1
(c) Midpoint of EF = –––––––– , 
2 2 2
=  169 + 169 3
= 18.38 units
2
= –2, ––1 2
 (k – 1)2 + (–2 – 10)2 =
2. (a) 13
k2 – 2k + 1 + 144 = 169 + (–1) –—––
k + 8 = (1, 4)
4. h 1
(a) ––——– ,  2
k2 – 2k – 24 = 0 2 2
(k – 6)(k + 4) = 0

h – 1 = 1 k + 8 4
k – 6 = 0 or k + 4 = 0 –—–– –—— =
2 2
k = 6 k = –4 h = 3 k = 0

 [6 – (–9)]2 + (–2 – 2k)2 =

(b) 17 2 + k = –  ––,
h + (–9) ––—– 5 4
225 + 4 + 8k + 4k2 = 289 1
(b) –––—–— ,
2 2 2 1 2 2
4k2 + 8k – 60 = 0
h – 9 = – —
5 2 + k
k2 + 2k – 15 = 0 –—–– –—— =4
2 2 2
(k + 5)(k – 3) = 0 h = 4 k = 6
k + 5 = 0 or k – 3 = 0
k = –5 k = 3 5 + k –——–
2h + 4
= 11 1 , –5
1
(c) ––—– , 
2 2 2 1
2 2
(c)  (–3 – k)2 + (2k + 1)2 =  50 5 + k 11 1 2h + 4 = –5
–—–– = –——–
9 + 6k + k2 + 4k2 + 4k + 1 = 50 2 2 2
5k2 + 10k – 40 = 0 k = 18 h = –7
k2 + 2k – 8 = 0
(k + 4)(k – 2) = 0

k + 4 = 0 or k – 2 = 0
k = – 4 k = 2

51 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

(b) Area of ∆ABC

5. 1(8) + 2(2) –––———–
1(9) + 2(3)
1
(a) M = –––———– ,
1 + 2 1+2 2 = Area of ABPM – Area of ACNM
12 15   – Area of CBPN
= ––– , –––
3 3 1 2 1 1
= (5 + 10)(13) – (5 + 3)(9)
= (4, 5) 2 2
1
 – (3 + 10)(4)
2(4) + 3(–6) 2(10) + 3(5) 2
1
(b) M = –––———–– ,
2 + 3
––––———–
2+3 2 = 97.5 – 36 – 26
10 35 = 35.5 unit2
1
= –  ––– , –––
5 5 2
= (–2, 7) 8. (a) Area of ΔPQR
1   2  6  8  2
1(2) + 3(6) ––––———–
1(–4) + 3(2)
= — 
2   5  3  9  5 
1
(c) M = –––———–– ,
1 + 3 1+3 2 1
= —(6 + 54 + 40 – 30 – 24 – 18)
20 2 2
= –––, ––
4 4 1 2 = 14 unit2’
1
= 5, —
2 1 2 (b) Area of ΔPQR
= —
1   3  5  6  3

2  2  –2  0   2 
6. 1(4) + 3(p) 1(q) + 3(3) = (4, 1)
1
(a) –––––——–,
1 + 3
–––––——–
1+3 2 1
= — (–6 + 0 + 12 – 10 + 12 – 0)
2
4 + 3p 4 q+9 =1 = 4 unit2
––—–– = ––—––
4 4
3p = 12 q = –5 (c) Area of ΔPQR
p = 4 1   –8  1  5  –8
= — 
2   6  –3  2  6 
3(q) + 2(7) ––—–—––––
3(p) + 2(2q) = (1, –2) 1
1
(b) –––———–,
3 + 2 3+2 2
2
= ––(24 + 2 + 30 – 6 + 15 + 16)

3q + 14 = 1 3p + 4q = –2 = 40.5 unit2
–––––— ––—–––
5 5
q = – 3 3p + 4(–3) = –10 9. (a) Area of PQRS
2 1  


p = —
3 = ––  7  –3  2  8  7
2  4  4  –1  3  4 
1
= ––(28 + 3 + 6 + 32 + 12 – 8 + 8 – 21)
5(–10) + 2(q) 5(3q) + 2(p) 2
1
(c) ––––———––,
5 + 2
–——–—––– = (–6, 2p)
5+2 2 = 30 unit2
–50 + 2q 15q + 2p 2p
––——–– = – 6 –––——– =
7 7 (b) Area of PQRS
q = 4 12p = 15(4) = —
1  4  –2  –1  8  4
p = 5 2    7  5  –3  2  7 
1
= –– (20 + 6 – 2 + 56 + 14 + 5 + 24 – 8)
2
7. (a) Area of ΔABC = 57.5 unit2
= Area of ACDF – Area of ABEF
– Area of BCDE (c) Area of PQRS
1 1 + 3)(2) – —(3
= —(5 + 10)(7) – —(5 1 + 10)(5)
1 0 2 5
10 0
2 2 2 = ––
2 6  –3 –7 1 6 
= 12 unit2
1
= ––(0 – 14 + 5 + 60 – 12 + 15 + 70 – 0)
2
= 62 unit2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 52

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

10. (a) Area of ∆ABC 13. (a) Gradient = –  6 = –  3

4 2
1   1 4
–2 1
= –– 
2 –3

3 –9 –3 
(b) Gradient = –  12 = 4
1 2
1 –3
= ––(3 – 36 + 6 + 12 + 6 + 9)
2
=0 14. (a) The equation of the straight line is
Therefore, A, B and C are collinear. y – 5 = 2(x – 4)
y – 5 = 2x – 8
(b) Area of ∆ABC y = 2x – 3

=  
1 3 –12 6 3
2 1 14 –  (b) The equation of the straight line is
4 1
y – (–6) = –2(x – 18)
1 y + 6 = –2x + 36
= [42 + 48 + 6 – (–12) – 84 – (–12)]
2 y = –2x + 30
= 18
Therefore, points A, B and C are non (c) The equation of the straight line is
collinear. y – 2 = 1 [x – (–6)]
3
(c) Area of ∆ABC y – 2 = 1 x + 2
3
=  

1 8 –4 6 8
y = 1 x + 4
1
2 –8 –0.5 1 3
1
= [–64 + 2 + 6 – (– 4) – (– 48) – (– 4)]
2 15. (a) The equation of the straight line is
=0 y – (–2) 4 – (–2)
––––––– = —–––––
Therefore, points A, B and C are x – 1 5 – 1
collinear. y + 2 3
——– = —
x – 1 2

11. (a) x-intercept = – 8 y + 2 = 3 (x – 1)

2
y-intercept = 6
y = 3 x – 3 – 2
(b) x-intercept = 10 2 2
y-intercept = 14 y = x – 7 3
2 2

12. (a) Gradient of AB (b) The equation of the straight line is

6 – (– 6) y – (–1) –––––——
–7 – (–1)
= ———— ––––—–– =
2 – (–1) x – 2 4 ­– 2
=4 y + 1 = –3(x – 2)
y + 1 = –3x + 6
(b) Gradient of PQ y = –3x + 5
5–3
= ——— (c) The equation of the straight line is
–1 – 2
2 y – (–5) 1 – (–5)
= – — ––––––– = –––––––
3 x – 3 –6 – 3
y + 5 = – 2 (x – 3)
3
y = – 2 x – 3
3

53 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

16. (a) The equation of the straight line is 19. (a) 3x – 5y + 2 = 0

x y =1
–– + ––
2 3 (b) x – 8y – 8 = 0

(b) The equation of the straight line is (c) 3x + 4y – 12 = 0

x y =1
–  –– + ––
5 2
20. (a) 4x – 3y = 17 …… 
(c) The equation of the straight line is 2x + y = 1 …… 
x y
–  –– – –– =1
3 4 2 × 2, 4x + 2y = 2 …… 
1 – , –5y = 15
y = –3
17. 1 1
(a) y = ––x – ––
2 4 Substitute y = –3 into equation 2.
2x + (–3) = 1
Thus, gradient = 1 and y-intercept = –   1 .
2 4 2x = 4
x = 2
4
(b) y = ––x – 3
5 Therefore, the point of intersection of the
Thus, gradient = 4 and y-intercept = –3. two straight lines is (2, –3).
5
3 +4 (b) 3x + y = –4 …… 
(c) y = –  ––x
2 x + 2y = 7 …… 
Thus, gradient = –    3 and y-intercept = 4.  × 2, 6x + 2y = –8 …… 
2
3 – 2, 5x = –15
x = –3
2x + 3y = 6
18. (a)
6 6 6 Substitute x = –3 into equation 2.
x + y = 1 –3 + 2y = 7

3 2 y = 5
Thus, x-intercept = 3 and y-intercept = 2. Therefore, the point of intersection of
the two straight lines is (–3, 5).
2x 5y 10
(b) ––– – ––– = –––
10 10 10
(c) 4x – 3y = 21 ……………… 
x y =1
–– + ––— x + 12y = 1 ……………… 
5 –2
Thus, x-intercept = 5 and y-intercept = –2.  × 4, 4x + 48y = 4 …… 
 – , –51y = 17
(c) –  3x + 5y = 15 1
3x 5y 15 y = – —
–  ––— + ––– = ––– 3
15 15 15
x y =1 1 into equation .
Substitute y = –  ––
  —–– + –– 3
–5 3
Thus, x-intercept = –5 and y-intercept = 3. x + 12 –  1 = 1
1 2
3
x = 5
Therefore, the point of intersection
1 .

1
of the two straight lines is 5, – —
3 2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 54

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

21. (a) 4x + 2y – 9 = 0  ……  (b) 4x + 2y + 1 = 0 ……… 

 2x + y + 6 = 0  ……  px + 3y – 9 = 0 ……… 
From equation a, 2y = –4x + 9 From , From ,

y = –2x + —9 2y = –4x – 1 3y = –px + 9
2 1
y = –2x – — p
m1 = –2 2 y = – ––x + 3
  3
From equation b, y = –2x – 6 m1 = –2 p
m2 = –  ––
m2 = –2 3
m1 = m2, the two straight lines are parallel. Since the two straight lines are parallel,
m1 = m2
(b) 2x – 3y + 6 = 0  ……  p
–2 = – ––
4x – 6y – 3 = 0  ……    3
p = 6
From equation , 3y = 2x + 6
––x
y = 2 +2
3
2 (c) x – py – 2 = 0 …… 
m1 = –– 4x – 5y + 10 = 0 …… 
3
From equation , 6y = 4x – 3 From , From ,
––x
y = 2 – ––1
3 2 py = x – 2 5y = 4x + 10
2 1 2 ––x
4 +2
––x
p – —
y =
m2 = ––
3 p y =
5
1
m1 = –– 4
m2 = ––
m1 = m2, the two straight lines are parallel. p 5

(c) x + y – 5 = 0  ……  Since the two straight lines are parallel,

x – y + 10 = 0  ……  m1 = m2

1 ––
–– = 4
From equation , y = –x + 5 p 5
m1 = –1
5
p = ––
4
From equation , y = x + 10
m2 = 1
m1 ≠ m2, the two straight lines are not 23. (a) 4y = 2x + 5
parallel.
y = 1 + —
––x 5
2 4

m1 = 1
––
2
22. (a) 8x + 2y – 3 = 0  …… 
m1 = m2 = 1
––
px – y + 7 = 0  ……  2
From , From , The equation of the straight line is
2y = –8x + 3 y = px + 7
y – 1 = ––(x 1 – 8)
3 m = p 2
y = –4x + –– 2 1 –4+1
2 y = ––x
m1 = – 4 2

y = — 1x–3
Since the two straight lines are parallel,
2
m1 = m2
–4 = p
p = –4

55 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

(b) 2y = 6x + 3 (b)  3x + 4y – 8 = 0  …… 

y = 3x + —3 4x – 3y + 12 = 0  …… 
2
From equation , 4y = –3x + 8
m1 = 3 3 +2
m1 = m2 = 3 y = –  ––x
4

m = – 3
––
The equation of the straight line is 1  
4
y – (7) = 3[x – (3)] From equation , 3y = 4x + 12
y = 3x – 9 – 7 4 +4
y = ––x
y = 3x – 16 3

m2 = –– 4
(c) 3y = –2x + 8 3
2 + ––
8 3 4
y =

–  ––x
3 3 4 3 1
m1m2 = –  –– 21 2
––

m1 = 2
–  –– = –1
3
2 Therefore, the two straight lines are
m1 = m2 = –  ––
3 perpendicular.
The equation of the straight line is
2 – 6) (c) x – 4y + 7 = 0  …… 
y – (–1) = – ––(x 4x – y – 10 = 0  …… 
  3
2x+3
y = – — From equation , 4y = x+7
3
y = 1 + ––
––x 7
4 4
24. (a) 2x + y – 7 = 0 ………… 
m1 = 1
––
x – 2y – 8 = 0 …………  4
From equation , y = 4x – 10
From equation , y = –2x + 7 m2 = 4
m1 = –2 1
From equation , 2y = x–8
m1m2 = –– (4)
4 1 2
1 –4 = 1
y = ––x
2 Therefore, the two straight lines are not

m2 = 1
— perpendicular.
2
1
m1m2 = (–2) —
2 1 2 25. (a) 2x – 4y + 12 = 0  …… 
= –1  hx + 3y – 4 = 0  …… 
Therefore, the two straight lines are From equation , 4y = 2x + 12
perpendicular. 1 +3
y = ––x
2

m1 = 1
––
2
From equation , 3y = –hx + 4

h 4
y = – ––x + ––
  3 3

h
m2 = –  ––
3
Since the two straight lines are
perpendicular,
m1m2 = –1
1   h = –1
—
1 2 1
– ––
2    3 2
h = 6

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 56

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

(b) 4x – y + 12 = 0  ……  26. (a) 3y = 2x + 12

x – hy + 5 = 0  …… 
y = 2 +4
––x
3
From equation , y = 4x + 12 2
m1 = ––
m1 = 4 3
From equation , hy = x + 5 m1m2 = –1
1 5 2
y =
h h
—x + —  
3 1 2 
–– m2 = –1

m2 = –  –– 3

m2 = — 1 2
h
Since the two straight lines are Therefore, the equation of the straight
perpendicular, line is

y – 1 = –  ––(x 3 – 4)
m1m2 = –1 2
1 3
= – — x + 6
(4)

— = –1
h 1 2 2
3
y = – — x + 7
h = –4
2
(c) (h – 1)x – y + 8 = 0  …… 
x + 2y – 5 = 0  ……  (b) 4y = –x + 8

y = 1 +2
–  ––x
From equation , y = (h – 1)x + 8 4
m1 = h – 1 1
m1 = –  ––
From equation , 2y = –x + 5 4

y 1 + —
= – ––x 5 m1m2 = –1
2 2 1

1
m2 = – ––

4 1 2 
–  –– m2 = –1
2 m2 = 4
Since the two straight lines are Therefore, the equation of the straight
perpendicular, line is
m1m2 = –1 y – (–2) = 4(x – 4)
y + 2 = 4x – 16
1 = –1
1 21 2
   h – 1 – —
2
y = 4x – 18
h – 1 = 2
(c) 2y = 6x + 9
h = 3

y = 3x + —9
2
m1 = 3
m1m2 = –1
3m2 = –1

m2 = 1
–  ––
3
Therefore, the equation of the straight
line is

y – 4 = –  ––[x 1 – (­–6)]
3
1x–2
= – —
3
1
y = – — x + 2
3

57 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

27. (a) (i) 3x + 2y – 16 = 0 (ii) 2x + y – 2 = 0 ……

y = 3 +8
– ––x x – 2y – 6 = 0 ……
2  × 2, 4x + 2y – 4 = 0 ……

mAB = 3
– –– 2 + 3, 5x – 10 = 0
2
5x = 10
mBC = 2
–– x = 2
3
The equation of BC is Substitute x = 2 into equation .
2 – 1) 2(2) + y – 2 = 0
y – 0 = ––(x
3 y = –2

y = 2 – ––
––x 2 The coordinates of A = (2, –2)
3 3
(iii) From ,  y = 1 x – 3
3 + 8...........a
(ii) y = – —x 2
2 \ C(0, –3)
2
2
y = —x – —...........b
3 3 mBC = 4 – (–3)
–1 – 0
a = b: = –7
3
–  —x 2 – —
+ 8 = —x 2 The equation of BC is y = –7x – 3.
2 3 3
x = 4
–(–9) 1
(c) (i) mCD = ––––– = ––
Substitute x = 4 into a. 18 2

3
y = – —(4) +8=2 1
2 mAB = ––
2
The coordinates of B = (4, 2)
The equation of AB is
(iii) y = 1 x + 6
2 1 2

D(h, k) C(1, 0) B(4, 2)

(ii) (mBC) (mAB) = –1

mBC = –2
h + 2(4) k + 2(2)
———— = 1 , ———— = 0 The equation of BC is
3 3
h = –5 k = –4 y = –2x – 9
The coordinates of D = (–5, –4)
(iii) y = 1 x + 6 ……
2
(b) (i) 2x + y – 2 =
0 y = –2x – 9 ……
y =
­­–2x + 2
mAB = –2  = 2, 1 x + 6 = –2x – 9
2
x – py – 6 =0 5 x = –15
py = x–6 2
x = –6
y = 1  x – 6
p p Substitute x = –6 into equation .
1
mAC =
p y = 1 (–6) + 6
2
1
(–2)1 2 = –1
p y = 3
p = 2 The coordinates of B are (–6, 3)

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 58

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

(iv) A(0, 6), B(–6, 3), C(0, –9), D(18, 0).

Area of ABCD

1
= ––  0 –6 0 18 0

2  6 3 –9 0 6 
1
= ––(54 + 108 + 36 + 162)
2
= 180 unit2

28. (a) AP = 5
(x – 3)2 + [y – (–4)]2 = 5
(x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 52
x – 6x + 9 + y2 +
2
8y + 16 = 25
x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y = 0

(b) AP = 4
[x – (–5)]2 + (y – 6)2 = 42
x2 + 10x + 25 + y2 – 12y + 36 = 16
x2 + y2 + 10x – 12y + 45 = 0

(c) AP = 8
(x – 2)2 + [y – (–7)]2 = 82
x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 + 14y + 49 = 64
x2 + y2 – 4x + 14y – 11 = 0

29. (a) 2AP = PB

4[(x – 3)2 + (y – 4)2] = (x – 1)2 + [y – (–5)]2
4(x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 8y + 16) = x2 – 2x + 1 + y2 + 10y + 25
4x2 + 4y2 – 24x – 32y + 100 = x2 + y2 – 2x + 10y + 26
3x2 + 3y2 – 22x – 42y + 74 = 0

(b) 2AP = 3PB

4[(x – 4)2 + (y – 3)2] = 9[(x – 2)2 + (y – 5)2]
4(x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 6y + 9) = 9(x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 10y + 25)
4x2 + 4y2 – 32x – 24y + 100 = 9x2 + 9y2 – 36x – 90y + 261
5x2 + 5y2 – 4x – 66y + 161 = 0

59 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

30. (a) (i) 3AP = 2PB

9[(x – 2)2 + (y – 4)2] = 4[(x – 5)2 + (y – 1)2]
9[x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 – 8y + 16] = 4(x2 – 10x + 25 + y2 – 2y + 1)
9x2 + 9y2 – 36x – 72y + 180 = 4x2 + 4y2 – 40x – 8y + 104
5x2 + 5y2 + 4x – 64y + 76 = 0

(ii) Assuming the locus of point P intersects the x-axis, hence y = 0.

5x2 + 4x + 76 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(5)(76)
= –1 504 , 0
Therefore, the locus of point P does not intersect the x-axis.

(b) (i) PA = AB
(x – 3)2 + (y – 2)2 =   (0 – 3)2 + (–2 – 2)2
x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 – 4y + 4 = 25
x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 12 = 0
The equation of the locus of point P is x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 12 = 0.

(ii) x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 12 = 0  ………………a
Substitute x = 0, y = p into equation 1.
p2 – 4p – 12 = 0
(p – 6)(p + 2) = 0
p = 6 or –2

PAK-21 Activity

(i) 2AP = PB
4{[x – (–4)]2 + (y – 1)2} = (x – 4)2 + (y – 6)2
4(x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 – 2y + 1) = x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 12y + 36
4x2 + 4y2 + 32x – 8y + 68 = x2 + y2 – 8x – 12y + 52
3x2 + 3y2 + 40x + 4y + 16 = 0

(ii) 3x2 + 3y2 + 40x + 4y + 16 = 0  ………………a

y = x ………………b
Substitute equation b into equation a.
3x2 + 3x2 + 40x + 4x + 16 = 0
6x2 + 44x + 16 = 0
3x2 + 22x + 8 = 0
–22 ±  222 – 4(3)(8)

x = ——————————
2(3)
= –6.950 or –0.3837
From 2, y = –6.950 or –0.3837
The points of intersection are (–0.3837, –0.3837) and (–6.950, –6.950).

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 60

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

3. P(x,y)
SPM Practice 6 8

T(0,–4)

Paper 1 The equation of the locus of P is

x y (x – 0)2 + [y – (–4)]2 = 8
1. (a) The equation of EF is + =1
–6 4 x + (y + 4)2 = 64
2

x-intercept = –6; y-intercept = 4 x + y + 8y + 16 – 64 = 0

2 2

x2 + y2 + 8y – 48 = 0
(b) Let the coordinates of Q = (h, k)
4. (a)  y = 2x + 3
4 1
Q(h,k)
F(0,4)
P(2,1) m1 = 2
  y = hx + 8
m2 = h
4(2) + 1(h)
= 0
4+1 m1m2 = –1
8 + h = 0 2h = –1
h = –8 1
h = –
2
4(1) + 1(k)
= 4
4+1 (b) y = 2x + 3 ……… 1
4 + k = 20 1
y = –   x + 8 …… 2
k = 16 2
The coordinates of Q is (–8, 16). 1
1 = 2, 2x + 3 = –   x + 8
2
1
2x + x = 8 – 3
2
2. (a) The coordinates of N
5
x = 5
–4 + 0 0 + (–6) 2
= 1 2
 , 
2 2 x = 2
= (–2, –3) When x = 2,  y = 2(2) + 3
=7
0 – (–6) 3 Coordinates of P = (2, 7)
(b) The gradient of PQ = = –  
–4 – 0 2
The gradient of the line perpendicular to 5. (a) ax – (b – 1)y + 5 = 0
PQ, (b – 1)y = ax + 5
3 ax + 5
1
m–
= –1 2 y =
2 b–1
2 a 5
= = x+
3 b–1 b–1
a
The equation of the straight line which is \  m =
b–1
perpendicular to PQ and passing through
N is (b) m1 × m2 = –1
2 1
y – (–3) =  [x – (–2)]    m2 = –
3 m1
2 1
y + 3 =  (x + 2) =–
3 a
3y + 9 = 2x + 4 b–1
3y – 2x + 5 = 0 b–1
=–
a
1–b
=
a

61 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

6. F(3, 8) Paper 2
2

1. (a) (i) 7y + 3x + 23 = 0
3 23
1 A(x, y)
y=– x–
E(–9, 2) 7 7
3
A(x, y) = 1 2(–9)2 ++ 11(3)  ,  2(2) + 1(8)
2+1 2 mBC = –
7
= (–5, 4) 3
1
mCD · –
72 = –1
Distance AE = (–5 + 9)2 +
 (4 – 2)2 7
mCD =
= 20
 3
= 4×5
 y = mCD x + 5
= 2
5 units
7
y= x+5
3
7
The equation of CD is y = x + 5.
7. 3y = 4x + p – 3 3
When x = 0, y = 2q 3 23
(ii) y = – x – …… 1
3(2q) = 4(0) + p – 3 7 7
6q = p – 3 7
y = x + 5 ………… 2
p = 6q + 3 3
1 = 2,
3 23 7
– x – = x+5
7 7 3
8. B(15, 8)
3 Multiply both sides by 21.
N(x, y)
–9x – 69 = 49x + 105
4 –58x = 174
x = –3
A(–2, 3)
Substitute x = –3 into 2.
7
4(15) + 3(–2) y = (–3) + 5
x = 3
4+3
54 = –2
= The coordinates of C = (–3, –2).
7
5
=7 (b) Substitute x = 4 into 1,
7
3 23
4(8) + 3(3) y = (4) –
y= 7 7
4+3 = –5
41 The coordinates of B is (4, –5).
=
7 B(4, –5), P(x, y) and PB = 6.
6 (x – 4)2 + 
[y – (–5)]2 = 6
=5 
7 x – 8x + 16 + y + 10y + 25 = 36
2 2

5 6 x2 + y2 – 8x + 10y + 5 = 0
∴ N = 5 , 5
7 7 1 2 The equation of the locus of P is
x2 + y2 – 8x + 10y + 5 = 0

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 62

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

2. (a) 2y – x + 10 = 0 (b) y = – 4x + 14 …… 1

1 4x + 7y = 2 …………… 2
y= x–5
2
1 For equation 1,
mRS = mPQ =
2 4x + y = 14 …………… 3
y = mRS x + c 2 – 3,
1 6y = –12
12 = (4) + c
2 y = –2
c = 10 Substitute y = –2 into equation 2.
1 4x + 7(–2) = 2
The equation of RS is y = x + 10.
2 4x = 16
x = 4
(b) 1 12 2m QR
= –1 Coordinates of A are (4, –2).
mQR = –2
(c) Let E(h, k).
y = mQR x + c
B(2, 6)
–6 = –2(–2) + c E(h, k)
c = –10 1

The equation of QR is y = –2x – 10. 3

A(4, –2)

1
(c) y = x + 10 …… 1

2
y = –2x – 10 …… 2
(h, k) =  1(4)1 ++ 3(2)
3
, 1(–2) + 3(6)
1+3
2
1 = 2: =  5 , 42
2
1
x + 10 = –2x – 10
2
5 Coordinates of E = 5 , 4 .  2
x = –20 2
2
x = –8 (d) Let D = (x, y)
Substitute x = –8 into 2. 1   4 2 –2 x 4
2   –2

–2 
= 29.5
y = –2(–8) – 10 6 5 y
= 6 (24 + 10 – 2y – 2x) – (–4 – 12 + 5x + 4y) = 59
The coordinates of R is (–8, 6). 7x + 6y = –9.................. a
4x + 7y = 2.................... b
(d) Area of rectangle PQRS a×4
= 2 × Area of ∆QRS 28x + 24y = –36............ c
1 –2 4 –8 –2 b×7
=2×  
2 –6 12 6 –6 28x + 49y = 14.............. d
= |(–24 + 24 + 48) – (–24 – 96 – 12)| d – c,
= |48 – (–132)| 25y = 50
= 180 unit2 y = 2
Substitute y = 2 into equation b.
3. (a) Gradient of BC 4x + 7(2) = 2
6 –5 1 x = –3
= =
2 – (–2) 4 Coordinates of D = (–3, 2).
Gradient of AB = –4
The equation of AB is
y – 6 = – 4(x – 2)
y = – 4x + 14

63 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

4. (a) 5. (a) (i) Area of OABC

0 10 8 –12 0
= 1   
R(6, 10)
2 0 3 21 4 0 
3
1
S(0, 7)
P(h, k) = 1  [(0 + 210 + 32 + 0)
2
(i) Let P = (h, k)   – (0 + 24 – 252 + 0)]
= 235 m2
1(6) + 3(h) = 0
1+3
(ii) Let R(x, y)
6 + 3h = 0
h = –2 4 P(8, 16)
1
1(10) + 3(k) = 7 Q(–4, 8)
R(x, y)
1+3
10 + 3k = 28
3k = 18
Q(–4, 8) = 1 4x4++1(8)
1
 , 
4y + 1(16)
4+1 2
k = 6
By comparing the x-coordinate,
The coordinates of P = (–2, 6).
4x + 8
= – 4
5
(ii) P(–2, 6) and Q(2, –3) 4x + 8 = –20
mPQ = –3 – 6 4x = –28
2 – (–2) x = –7
= –   9 By comparing the y-coordinate,
4
4y + 16
Using Q(2, –3), m = –  9
5
= 8
4
y – y1 = m(x – x1) 4y + 16 = 40
4y = 24
y – (–3) = –  9  (x – 2) y = 6
4
× 4: 4y + 12 = –9x + 18 \  R(–7, 6)
9x + 4y – 6 = 0
(b) Let W(x, y)
Equation of straight line PQ is
WQ = 1.5
9x + 4y – 6 = 0.
 (y – 8)2 = 3
(x + 4)2 +
2
(iii) Area of ∆PQR
x + 8x + 16 + y – 16y + 64 = 9
2 2

= 1   –2 2 6 –2 4
2 
6 –3 10 6 x + y + 8x – 16y + 80 = 9
2 2
4
= 1  [(6 + 20 + 36) – (12 – 18 – 20)] 4x2 + 4y2 + 32x – 64y + 320 = 9
2
4x2 + 4y2 + 32x – 64y + 311 = 0
= 1  (88)
2 The equation of the spray ring:
= 44 unit2 4x2 + 4y2 + 32x – 64y + 311 = 0

(b) XR = 2XQ
(x – 6) – 
2
(y – 10)2 = 2
(x – 2)2 + [y – (–3)]2
(x – 6) + (y – 10) = 4[(x – 2) + (y + 3)2]
2 2 2

x  – 12x + 36 + y2 – 20y + 100 = 4(x 2 – 4x + 4 + y2 + 6y + 9)

2

x2 – 12x + y2 – 20y + 136 = 4x2 – 16x + 4y2 + 24y + 52

 3x 2 + 3y 2 – 4x + 44y – 84 = 0
The equation of the locus of X is
3x 2 + 3y 2 – 4x + 44y – 84 = 0

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 64

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry 

6. (a) mPQ = 7 – 5 = –  1 2. (a) BN =  128 =  (5 – 3q)2 + (6 – 2q)2

–3 – 3 3
128 = 25 – 30q + 9q2 + 36 – 24q + 4q2
–3 + 3 7 + 5
Midpoint of PQ =
21  , 
2 2 0 = 13q2 – 54q + 61 – 128
13q – 54q – 67 = 0
2
= (0, 6)
(13q – 67)(q + 1) = 0
Substituting m = 3 and 67
q = –1  or  q = (rejected)
(0, 6) into y = mx + c 13
∴ q = –1
Equation of AB is y = 3x + 6

M = (–3, –2)
(b) (i) y = 3x + 6 ...........
mAM = mAC
y = –2x + 1 .........

 =  –6 + 2 p+6
3x + 6 = –2x + 1 =
0+3 –12 – 0
5x = –5 4 p+6
x = –1 –   = –  
3 12
Substitute x = –1 into  p = 10
y = 3(–1) + 6 = 3

∴ The coordinates of the roundabout (b) (i) mBM × mAC

= (–1, 3)
=  6 +2  × –   4  ≠ –1
5+3 3
y = –2x + 1 and when x = 5 ,
(ii) ∴ BM is not the shortest distance
2
5 from B to AC.
y = –2  + 1
2
= –4 (ii) Area of the lake ABCD
= 1   0 5 –12 –8 0
∴ The road which passes through the 2 –6 6 10 –4 –6
 zebra crossing E is y = –2x + 1 1
=  [(50 + 48 + 48) – (–30 – 72 – 80)]
2
= 164 m2

MRSM Cloned Questions

1. (a) OP = (x – 6)2 + (y – 0)2

16 = x2 – 12x + 36 + y2
Challenge
x + y – 12x + 20 = 0
2 2
1. (a) Area of ∆POQ
The equation of the locus P is
= 1  0 –6 1 0

x2 + y2 – 12x + 20 = 0 2 0 3 –4 0
= 1 [(0 + 24 + 0) – (0 + 3 + 0)]
(b) When y = 0 2
x2 + 02 –12x + 20 = 0 = 10.5 unit2
x2 – 12x + 20 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 10) = 0
x = 2 or x = 10
∴ The coordinates are (2, 0) and (10, 0)

65 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 6  Coordinate Geometry

(b) Let R = (x, y) (ii) 3y = 3x – 63

P(–6, 3)   y = 1 x – 23
3
1 R(x, y)
When x = 0,  y = –23
2
y-intercept of PS = –23
Q(1, – 4)
The coordinates of S is (0, –23 ).
(x, y) =  1(1) + 2(–6) , 1(–4) + 2(3) 
1+2 1+2
(iii) mPS = 1
Coordinates of R = – 11 , 2 3
3 3 1
mRS · = –1
3
(c) XP = 2XQ mRS = –3
(x + 6) + (y – 3)2 = 2
 2  (x – 1)2 +  (y + 4)2 y = mRS x + c
(x + 6) + (y – 3) = 4[(x – 1) + (y + 4)2]
2 2 2
–2 3 =
 –3 (0) + c
  x  + y 2 + 12x – 6y + 45 = 4x 2 + 4y 2 – 8x + 32y + 68
2

 3x 2 + 3y 2 – 20x + 38y + 23 = 0 c = –23

Hence, the equation of the locus of X is The equation of RS is

3x 2 + 3y 2 – 20x + 38y + 23 = 0. y = –3 x – 23.

(b) y

2. (a) (i) PQ = 2
(k – 6) + (2k)
2 2
Q ( 2, 4)
= k2 – 12k + 36 + 4k2 T ( x, y)
= 5k2 – 12k + 36
QR2 = (k + 2)2 + (2k)2 R P
x
= k2 + 4k + 4 + 4k2 –2 0 A ( 2, 0) 6
= 5k2 + 4k + 4
PQ2 + QR2 = PR2 S

5k – 12k + 36 + 5k2 + 4k + 4 = 82
2
TA = 4
10k2 – 8k – 24 = 0
(x – 2)2 + (y – 0)2 = 42
5k2 – 4k – 12 = 0
x2 – 4x + 4 + y2 = 16
(k – 2)(5k + 6) = 0
x2 + y2 – 4x – 12 = 0
k – 2 = 0 or 5k + 6 = 0
k = 2 k = – 6 [Not The equation of the locus of T is
5 x2 + y2 – 4x – 12 = 0 with constant
accepted]
distance 4 units from A(2, 0).

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 66

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

R
PTE
Statistics
CHA

7 Statistik

1. (a) –10, –4, –2, 0, 0, 1, 1 2. (a) (i) Modal class = (55 – 59) km
–10  +  (–4)  +  (–2)  +  0  +  0  +  1  +  1 (ii)
Mean = ––––––––––––––––—————–
7
= –2 12
Median = 0
10
Mode = 0 and 1

Frequency
8

(b) 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 15 6

10 + 11 + 11 + 12 +

12 + 12 + 13 + 15
Mean = ––––––––––––––––—–
4

8
= 12
2

12 + 12 5 7.5
Median = = 12 0
2
39.5

44.5

49.5

54.5

59.5

64.5

69.5
Mode = 12 Distance (km)

From the histogram, mode = 57.5 km

(c) 2.8, 3.3, 3.5, 4.7, 4.7, 5.3 (b) (i) Modal class = (70 – 79) marks

2.8 + 3.3 + 3.5 + 4.7 + 4.7 + 5.3
Mean = –––––––––––––––––––——–––— (ii)
6
= 4.05

3.5 + 4.7
Median = ————
2 50
= 4.1
Mode = 4.7
Frequency

40

30

20

10

0 74.5
49.5

59.5

69.5

79.5

89.5

99.5

Marks

  From the histogram, mode = 74.5 marks

67 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

3. (a) Height Cumulative

Class mark Frequency
(cm) frequency
150 – 154 152 10 10
155 – 159 157 35 45
160 – 164 162 100 145
165 – 169 167 210 355
170 – 174 172 121 476
175 – 179 177 24 500

152 × 10 + 157 × 35 + 162 × 100 +

167 × 210 + 172 × 121 + 177 × 24
(i) Mean = ———————————————–
500
= 166.69 cm
(ii) Median class = (165 – 169) cm

500
––– – 145



2
Therefore, median = 164.5 + ––––––—–
210
×5 2
= 167 cm

(b) Mass Cumulative

Class mark Frequency
(g) frequency
60 – 69 64.5 28 28
70 – 79 74.5 22 50
80 – 89 84.5 24 74
90 – 99 94.5 21 95
100 – 109 104.5 25 120

28(64.5) + 22(74.5) + 24(84.5)

+ 21(94.5) + 25(104.5)
(i) Mean = ——————————————
120
10 070
= ———–
120
= 83.92 g
(ii) Median class = (80 – 89) g

120
––– – 50



2 
Therefore, median = 79.5 + ––––––—–
24
× 10 2
= 83.67 g

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 68

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

4. (a) Length Upper Cumulative

Frequency
(cm) boundary frequency

Cumulative frequency
50
16.7 – 17.1 17.15 0 0
40
17.2 – 17.6 17.65 2 2
30
17.7 – 18.1 18.15 8 10 20
18.2 – 18.6 18.65 14 24 10
18.7 – 19.1 19.15 18 42 0
17.15 17.65 18.15 18.65 19.15 19.65 20.15
19.2 – 19.6 19.65 6 48 Length (cm)

19.7 – 20.1 20.15 2 50

From the ogive, median = 18.7 cm

(b) Time Upper Cumulative

Frequency
(minutes) boundary frequency 35

Cumulative frequency
20 – 29 29.5 0 0
30

25
30 – 39 39.5 3 3
20
40 – 49 49.5 5 8
15
50 – 59 59.5 9 17 10
60 – 69 69.5 10 27 5
70 – 79 79.5 4 31 0
29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5
80 – 89 89.5 1 32 Time (minutes)

From the ogive, median = 58.5 minutes

5. (a) (i) New mean = 18 + 14 (c) Median = 12

= 32 y + z 12
––––– =
New mode = 19 + 14 2
= 33 y + z = 24 ……a
New median = 20 + 14
= 34 Mean = 11
–––––––––——––––––– =
17 + x + y + z + 8 + 2 11
(ii) New mean = (18 × 6) – 30 6
= 78 x + y + z = 39 ……b
New mode = (19 × 6) – 30
= 84 b – a, x = 15
New median = (20 × 6) – 30 Since mode = 15,
= 90 y = x = 15
From a, z = 9
(b) New mean = 60
54
× 8 + a – 66 =
––––––––———– 60
8
a + 366 = 480
a = 114

69 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

6. 74 + 67 + 49 + 66 + 89 + 51 + 73 67
(a) Mean = ––––––––––––————–––––––––– =
7
49, 51, 66, 67, 73, 74, 89
Median = 67
The mean and the median are suitable measures of central tendency as both the values are the
central values of the set of numbers.

450 + 400 + 380 + 360 + 420 + 470 + 390 + 460 + 480 + 490 430
(b) (i) Mean = ——————————————————————————— =
10
360, 380, 390, 400, 420, 450, 460, 470, 480, 490
420 + 450 = 435
Median = —————
2
Mean and median are both suitable.
(ii) The median is the most suitable measure of central tendency as there is an extreme value,
RM150, which exists in the data.

7. (a) 2.4, 3.6, 5.1, 6.2, 7.8, 8.9

Q1 Q3
(i) Range = 8.9 – 2.4
= 6.5
(ii) Interquartile range
= 7.8 – 3.6
= 4.2

(b) Score 10 12 14 16 18
Frequency 2 10 6 2 8
Cumulative
2 12 18 20 28
frequency

Q1 Q3
(i) Range = 18 – 10
=8

(ii) Q1 = 1 1 × 282 th value

4
= 7th value
= 12

Q3 = 1 3 × 282 th value
4
= 21th value
= 18
Interquartile range = Q3 – Q1
= 18 – 12
=6

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 70

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

8. 110 + 119 – ————

(a) (i) Range = ————— 60 + 69
2 2
= 50 hours

(ii) Lifespan (hours) 60 – 69 70 – 79 80 – 89 90 – 99 100 – 109 110 – 119

Frequency 9 13 20 14 18 6
Cumulative frequency 9 22 42 56 74 80
↑ ↑
Q1 Q3

1 (80) – 9
—
3 (80) – 56
—

4
Q1 = 69.5 + —————
13
× 10  4
Q3 = 99.5 + —————–
18
× 10  
= 77.96 hours = 101.72 hours
Interquartile range = 101.72 – 77.96
= 23.76 hours

7.95 + 7.93 – —————

(b) (i) Range = ————— 7.80 + 7.82
2 2
= 0.15 g

(ii) Mass (g) 7.80 – 7.82 7.83 – 7.85 7.86 – 7.88 7.89 – 8.01 8.02 – 8.04 8.05 – 8.07
Frequency 3 6 69 92 6 4
Cumulative
3 9 78 170 176 180
frequency
↑ ↑
Q1 Q3

1
— (180) –9
3
— (180) – 78
4 
Q1 = 7.855 + —————–
69
× 0.03  4
Q3 = 7.885 + ——————
92
× 0.03  
= 7.871 g = 7.904 g
Interquartile range = 7.904 – 7.871
= 0.033 g

9. (a) Amount Upper Cumulative 80

Frequency
(RM) boundary frequency 70
61 – 70 70.5 0 0
Cumulative frequency

60
71 – 80 80.5 6 6
50
81 – 90 90.5 12 18
91 – 100 100.5 21 39 40

101 – 110 110.5 25 64 30

111 – 120 120.5 12 76 20
121 – 130 130.5 4 80
10

Q1 = RM91.5, Q3 = RM108.5
91.5 108.5
0
70.5 80.5 90.5 100.5 110.5 120.5 130.5
Therefore, interquartile range = 108.5 – 91.5 Amount (RM)
= RM17

71 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

(b)
Time Upper Cumulative
Frequency
(minutes) boundary frequency
25 – 34 34.5 0 0
35 – 44 44.5 20 20
45 – 54 54.5 240 260
55 – 64 64.5 212 472
65 – 74 74.5 96 568
75 – 84 84.5 24 592
85 – 94 94.5 8 600

600

500
Cumulative frequency

400

300

200

100

0
34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5
Time (minutes)

Q1 = 50.5 minutes, Q3 = 63.5 minutes

Therefore, interquartile range = 63.5 – 50.5
= 13 minutes

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 72

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

10. (a) 8, 6, 7, 5, 8, 8, 12 (c) 3.6, 4.2, 3.4, 4.8, 3.5

(i) – 8 + 6 + 7 + 5 + 8 + 8 + 12 (i) _x =
–––––––———–––––––––––
3.6 + 4.2 + 3.4 + 4.8 + 3.5
x = ––––––––––––––––———— 5
7
= 7.714 = 3.9
446 77.45 – (3.9)2
(ii) σ 2 = –––––
(ii) σ 2 = –––– – (7.714)2
7 5
= 4.208 = 0.28
(iii) σ =  4.208 (iii) σ =  0.28
= 2.051 = 0.5292

(b) 28, 35, 21, 42, 65 _ Σfx

(d) (i) x = ——
Σf
(i) _x =
––————––––––––––––
28 + 35 + 21 + 42 + 65
5
= 66
–––
= 38.2 46
= 1.435 mobile phones
8439
(ii) σ 2 = –––— – (38.2)2
5
(ii)
2 =
σ ——
Σfx2 – x–2
= 228.56

Σf
126
= –––– – (1.435)2
(iii) σ =  228.56 46
= 15.12 = 0.6799
(iii) σ =  0.6799
= 0.8246 mobile phone

11. (a) Number of durians Class mark, x Frequency, f fx fx2

80 – 84 82 4 328 26 896
85 – 89 87 1 87 7 569
90 – 94 92 0 0 0
95 – 99 97 5 485 47 045
100 – 104 102 12 1 224 124 848
105 – 109 107 8 856 91 592
∑f = 30 ∑fx = 2 980 ∑fx = 297 950
2

(i) 297 950 – 2–––—
980 2
30  30 2
σ 2 = ––––—–
= 64.56
(ii) σ =  64.56
= 8.035 durians

73 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

(b) Marks Class mark, x Frequency, f fx fx2

0–9 4.5 5 22.5 101.25
10 – 19 14.5 10 145 2 102.5
20 – 29 24.5 11 269.5 6 602.75
30 – 39 34.5 12 414 14 283
40 – 49 44.5 4 178 7 921
50 – 59 54.5 2 109 5 940.5
60 – 69 64.5 1 64.5 4 160.25
∑f = 45 ∑fx = 1 202.5 ∑fx2 = 41  111.25

41  111.25 – 1––——
(i) σ 2 = ————– 202.522
45 45
= 199.5

(ii) σ =  199.5
= 14.12 marks

12. (a) (i) New interquartile range = 7×3 14. (a) (i) Machine P:
= 21 2 500
Mean = ——–
(ii) New variance = 2 × 3
2 2 10
= 36 = 250 ml
(iii) New standard deviation = 2×3 Standard deviation

(b) 10
= 6

= 625 056 – 2502
10
(i) New range = —
2 = 2.366 ml
=5
5 Machine Q:
(ii) New variance = —
22
2 500
Mean = ——–
= 1.25 10
= 250 ml
5
!w
(iii) New standard deviation = —— Standard deviation
2
= 1.118

= 625 240 – 2502
10
13. (a) (i) The range will increase drastically = 4.899 ml
from 7 to 99 as number 100 is an
extreme value. (ii) The standard deviation of machine P
(ii) The variance will increase is smaller than machine Q. Therefore,
drastically as the range has become machine P is said to be more reliable
much greater. than machine Q.

(b) (i) The range will increase from 7 to

9.
(ii) The interquartile range will
remain unchanged.
(iii) The variance will decrease as the
­dispersion of the data is reduced.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 74

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

500
(b) –xA = 16 3. (a) Variance =
10
8
=2 = 50

sA =  408 – 2
2
(b) s2 =
∑x2
n
– (x)2
=1 860
50 = – (x)2
10
(x)2 = 86 – 50
–x 16
= = 36
B
8
=2 x = 6

sB =  468 – 2
2

4. (a)  x =
∑x
= 1.323 n
∑x
Set A is to be preferred as the standard 90 =
8
deviation of set A is smaller than set B. ∑x = 720 g

SPM Practice 7  ∑xn

(b)  s =
2
– x2

 5 =  ∑x
2
– 902
8
Paper 1
∑x2
25 = – 8 100
1. (a) Mean = 6 n
[6 + 9 + (x2 + 1) + 3 + 2] 8 125(8) = ∑x2
= 6
5 ∑x2 = 65 000 g2
21 + x =
2
30
x2 = 9
x = ±3 5. Bijak Team; as its score is the highest and the
Since x . 0,  x = 3 standard deviation is the smallest.

(b) 2, 3, 6, 9, 10
Median = 6 6. (a) p = 10

(b) 5 + p = 10 + 8 + 9
2. (a) 5 + 6 + 8 + 7 + 4 = 30 workers 5 + p = 27
p = 22
[(5 × 5.5) + (6 × 7.5) + (8 × 9.5) 5 + p + 10 = 8+9
+ (7 × 11.5) + (4 × 13.5)] 15 + p = 17
(b)
30 p = 2
283
= \ 2 < p < 22
30
= 9.433 km

75 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

7. Let µ be the mean of set A and set B. Cumulative

Marks Frequency
For set A, nA = 6 and sA = 4. frequency
sA2 = 42 0 0 0
∑x 2
0 – 19 3 3
A – µ2 = 42
nA 20 – 39 10 13
∑x 2 40 – 59 12 25
A – µ2 = 16
6 60 – 79 8 33
∑xA2 80 – 99 7 40
= 16 + µ2
6
3
∑xA =
1 
(40) – 25
2
96 + 6µ2 …… 1 4
Q3 = 59.5 + 20
8
For set B, nB = 4 and sB = 5. = 72
sB2 = 52 ∴ David will receive the reward
∑xB2
– µ2 = 52
nB
Paper 2
∑xB2
– µ2 = 25 3 + x + 5 + (3x + 4)
4
∑xB2 + 11 + 13
1. (a) (i) = 8
= 25 + µ2 6
4
4x + 36
∑xB2 = 100 + 4µ2 …… 2 = 8
6
x = 3
The variance of the combined set A and
set B (ii) 3, 3, 5, 11, 13, 13
∑xA2 + ∑xB2 32 + 32 + 52 + 112
= – µ2
nA + nB + 132 + 132
s2 = – 82
96 + 6µ2 + 100 + 4µ2 6
= – µ2
6+4 = 19.67
196 + 10µ2
= – µ2
10 (b) (i) Mean = 2(8) + 3 = 19
= 19.6 + µ2 – µ2
= 19.6 (ii) Standard deviation = 2
19.67 = 8.87

2. (a) (i) Mean of the number of stationery = 5

8. (a) ∑x = 8 × 6 48 – t Number of girls = 20
(b) = 5.6
= 48 7 The total number of stationery owned,
48 – t = 39.2 ∑x
Mean =
t = 8.8 n
∑x
5 =
9. (a) Frequency of [40 – 59] 20
= 40 – (3 + 10 + 8 + 7) ∑x = 100
= 12
∑x2
(ii)   s2 = – (x)2
∴ Modal class = 40 – 59 n
∑x2
  22 = – (5)2
(b) Top 10 students = 3 (40) = 30 20
4 ∑x2
Thus, student ranks from 31 to 40 will 29 =
20
receive reward.
∑x = 580

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 76

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics 

(b) (i) Mean of the number of stationery = 2, 4. (a)

Marks Number of students
total number of stationery owned by
boys = 20 0–9 5
Let the number of boys be n. 10 – 19   9–5=4
∑x 20 – 29   21 – 9 = 12
Mean =
n
30 – 39 29 – 21 = 8
20
2 = 40 – 49 32 – 29 = 3
n
n = 10
32
–5
4
Total number stationery owned by the
class,
(b) Q1 = 9.5 +  4
(10) 2
20 + 100 = 120 = 17
Mean of the number of stationery 3
 (32) – 21
owned by the class, 4
∑x
Q3 = 29.5 +  8
(10) 2
Mean = = 33.25
n
120 The interquartile range
=
30 = 33.25 – 17
= 4
= 16.25
Sum of squares of the stationery
owned by the class,
170 + 580 = 750 MRSM Cloned Questions
Standard deviation = 
∑x2
n
– x2
1. (a) Mean = 88
8
=  750 2 – (4) 2 = 11
30
=3
(b) Standard deviation =  1  040
8
– 11 2

= √ 9 
=3
(27 × 2) + (32 × 4) + (37 × m) +
3. (a) 40.5 = (42 × 10) + (47 × 5) + (52 × 3)
2 + 4 + m + 10 + 5 + 3 2. (a)
993 + 37m Mass Midpoint,
40.5 = f fx fx2
24 + m (kg) x
40.5(24 + m) = 993 + 37m 41 – 45 43 2 86 3 698
972 + 40.5m = 993 + 37m 46 – 50 48 6 288 13 824
3.5m = 21
m = 6 51 – 55 53 15 795 42 135
56 – 60 58 12 696 40 368
1
(30) – 12 61 – 65 63 5 315 19 845
2
(b) Median = 39.5 +  10
5 2 ∑f = 40
∑fx ∑fx2
= 2 180 = 119 870
= 39.5 + 1.5
= 41 years 40 – 8
Median = 50.5 +  2
15
(5) 2
= 54.5 kg

77 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 7  Statistics

Mean mass of boys and girls = 53.2

(b) s =  11940870 –  2 40180 2
2

440 + 52n = 53.2

= 5.148 kg 8+n
440 + 52n = 53.2(8 + n)
440 + 52n = 425.6 + 53.2n
14.4 = 1.2n
Challenge n = 12

1. N = 5, x = 120, median = 120

Let a, b, c, d, e as the mass from lightest to 3. Let their ages in ascending order be a, b and c.
heaviest. b = 18
a+e a+b+c
= 120 = 22
2 3
a + e = 240 …… 1 a + 18 + c = 66
a + c = 48 …… 1
Range = 20 c – a = 20 …… 2
e – a = 20 1 + 2: 2c = 68
e = a + 20 …… 2 c = 34
a = 14
Substitute 2 into 1, Their ages are 14, 18 and 34.
a + a + 20 = 240
2a = 220
a = 110 …… 3 4. (a) (i) Mean of set A,
(60 + 67 + 54 + 59 + 68 + 70)

Substitute 3 into 2, 6
e = 110 + 20 378
=
= 130 6
\ 110, b, 120, d, 130 = 63
Mean of set B,
Since there are 3 parcels with equal mass, then
(48 + 53 + 62 + 68 + 69 + 78)
b = d.
6
x = 120 378
110 + b + 120 + d + 130 =
= 120 6
5 = 63
b + d + 360 = 600
(ii) Standard deviation of set A,
b + b + 360 = 600
2b = 240
b = 120
 (60 + 67 + 54 +6 59 + 68 + 70 ) – (63)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2

=  24 010 – (63)
= d 2
6
Therefore the mass of the parcels are 110 g,
= 5.715
120 g, 120 g, 120 g and 130 g.
Standard deviation set B,
2. Total mass of boys
= 55 × 8
 (48 + 53 + 62 +6 68 + 69 + 78 ) – (63)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2

= 440 kg
=  24 426 – (63) 2
Let the number of girls = n 6
Total mass of girls = 52n = 10.10

(b) Set A is more consistent. The standard

deviation of set A is lower than set B.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 78

 R
PTE
Circular Measure
CHA

8 Sukatan Membulat

1. (a) 0.6 rad. = 0.6 × 180° (c) s = 8.5 × (2p – 1.8)

p = 38.11 cm
= 34.38°

180°
(b) 1.8 rad. = 1.8 × r = 12
4. (a)
2  p
p
= 103.1° 5
= 9.549 cm
4p rad. = 4p × 180°
(c)
5 5 p
26
= 144° (b)
r =
220 × p  
180
3p rad. = 3p × 180° = 6.771 cm
(d)
2 2 p
= 270°
5. (a) q = 20
8.5
2. (a) 158° = 158 × p = 2.353 rad.
180
= 2.758 rad. (b) q = 28.4
5.5
(b) 42.6° = 42.6 ×
p = 5.164 rad.
180
= 0.7435 rad. 6. (a) In ΔOPM,
P
p
(c) 122.8° = 122.8 × 10 cm
180
= 2.143 rad. M O

0.6 rad.
p R
(d) 252°129 = 252.2 ×
180
= 4.402 rad. sin 0.6 rad. = PM
10
PM = 10 × sin 0.6 rad.
= 5.646 cm
3. (a) s = 6 × 2.5
Length of arc PQR = 10 × 1.2
= 15 cm
= 12 cm
Perimeter of the shaded region
(b) s = 8 × (100 × p )
180 = 12 + (2 × 5.646)
= 13.96 cm = 23.29 cm

79 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure

(b) In ΔOEN, (b) (i) OR = 15

O p – 1.8
8 cm
1.2 rad. Radius = 11.18 cm
E G
N (ii) Length of arc PQ
= 11.18 × 1.8
sin 1.2 = EN = 20.12 cm
8
EN = 8 × sin 1.2 rad.
= 7.456 cm
1  (8)2(1.4)
Length of arc EFG = 8 × 2.4 8. (a) A =
2
= 19.2 cm
= 44.8 cm2
Perimeter of the shaded region
= 19.2 + (2 × 7.456)
(b) A = 1  (10)2(0.86)
= 34.11 cm 2
= 43 cm2
(c) In ΔOPN,
O
(c) A = 1  (7)2(110 × p )
6 cm 55° 2 180
= 47.04 cm2
P R
N

sin 55° = PN (d) A = 1  (7.5)2(2p – 2p )
6 2 5
PN = 6 sin 55° = 141.4 cm 2

= 4.915 cm
Length of arc PQR = 6 × 1110 × p (e) A = 1  (9)2[(360 – 105) × p ]
180 2 2 180
= 11.52 cm = 180.2 cm 2

Perimeter of the shaded region

= 11.52 + (2 × 4.915)
= 21.35 cm
9. (a) r =  2(40)
1.2
= 8.165 cm
7. (a) 80° = 1.396 rad.
Length of arc PR
= 5 × 1.396 (b) r =  2(60)
0.8
= 6.98 cm
= 12.25 cm
Length of arc QS
= 12 × 1.396

= 16.75 cm

PQ = RS
(c) r =
5p
4

2(65)

= 12 – 5 = 5.754 cm
= 7 cm



Therefore, perimeter of PQSR
= 6.98 + 16.75 + 2(7)
(d) r =

2(20.5)
30 ×
p
180
= 37.73 cm = 8.849 cm

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 80

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure 


(b)
(e) r = 2(88) E
p 10 cm
120 ×
180 M
0.6 rad.
O
= 9.167 cm

In ∆OEM,
10. (a) q = 2(43.2)
62 EM
sin 0.6 rad. = —–
= 2.4 rad. 10
EM = 5.646 cm
(b) q = 2(48.5) OM
cos 0.6 rad. = —–
62 10
= 2.694 rad. OM = 8.253 cm
1
Area of ∆OEG = —(EG)(OM)
(c) q = 2(256) 2
102 1
= —(2 × 5.646)(8.253)
= 5.12 rad. 2
= 46.60 cm2
11. (a) 1
Area of sector OEFG = — (10) 2
(1.2)
O 2
9 cm 30°
= 60 cm2
Area of segment EFG = 60 – 46.60

A
M
C = 13.40 cm2
In ∆OAM,
(c)

sin 30° AM
= —–
9
A

AM = 4.5 cm 9 cm
3π rad.

cos 30° OM
= —–
8
O M
9
OM = 7.794 cm

1
Area of ∆OAC = —(AC)(OM) C
2
In ∆OAM,

= —(2 1 × 4.5)(7.794)
2 sin 3π rad. = AM
= 35.07 cm2 8 9
AM = 8.315 cm
1 2(60 × p )
Area of sector OABC = —(9)
2 180 3π rad. = OM
cos
= 42.41 cm2 8 9
OM = 3.444 cm
Area of segment ABC = 42.41 – 35.07
1
Area of ∆OAC = —(2 × 8.315)(3.444)
= 7.34 cm2 2
= 28.637 cm2

1 2( 3p )
Area of sector OABC = —(9)
2 4
= 95.426 cm2
Area of segment ABC = 95.426 – 28.637
= 66.79 cm2

81 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure

(ii) (a) Length of arc PS

12.
(a) (i) q = 60 × ——
π
180 = 13 × 0.395
= 1.047 rad. = 5.135 cm
Perimeter of the shaded region
120 × π
(ii) Length of arc AC = 6 × ––———
180 = 5.135 + 5 + 5 + 4
= 12.57 cm = 19.135 cm

Length of arc AB = 12 × 1.047

(b) Area of OQRS = 1 (5 + 17) × 5
= 12.56 cm 2
The perimeter of the shaded region = 55 cm2
= 12.56 + 12.57 + 6 Area of sector OPS
= 31.13 cm = 1 × 132 × 0.395
2
(iii) Area of sector DAB = 33.38 cm2

= —(12) 1 2
(1.047) Area of the shaded region
2
= Area of OQRS – Area of sector
= 75.38 cm2
OPS
Area of sector OAC = 55 – 33.38
1
= —(6)2(2.094)
2 = 21.62 cm2
= 37.69 cm2
CN = !w
62 – 32 = 5.196 cm
C SPM Practice 8
6 cm

O
3 cm N
D Paper 1
Area of ∆OCD 1. Area of segment DEB
1
= —(6)(5.196) = Area of sector ABD – Area of ∆ABD
2 1 π 1
= 15.59 cm2 =  × 92 × 2 –  × AB × AD2
2 2 2
Area of shaded region 1
= 63.6255 –  × 9 × 92
= 75.38 – 37.69 – 15.59 2
= 22.10 cm2 = 23.1255 m2
(b) Area of the shaded region
R 5 cm S = 92 – 2(23.1255)
= 34.749 m2
13 cm
5 cm 5 cm

θ
π
Q 4 cm P N 12 cm
O
2. (a) 126° × = 2.1994 rad.
1 cm 180°

(i) sin q = 5 (b) Perimeter of the sector OEF

13 = Arc EF + OE + OF
= 0.395 rad. = 9(2.1994) + 2(9)
= 37.795 cm

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 82

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure 

3. (a) OG = 9 cm (b) P
2
EG = (9)
3
= 6 cm 10 cm
M
1 2 60°
(b) Area of sector OGH = (9 )q
2 O

81
= q
2
Q
1 2 In ∆OPM,
Area of sector EFG = (6 )q
2
PM
= 18q sin 60° =
10
Area of shaded region = 29.25 cm2 PM = 8.660 cm
81 OM

q – 18q = 29.25 cos 60° =
2 10
45 OM = 5 cm
q = 29.25
2
q = 1.3 rad. 1
Area of ∆OPM =  (2 × 8.660)(5)
2
4. (a) s = rq = 43.3 cm2
10.2 = 6q
1
10.2 Area of sector OPQ = (10)2(2.095)
q = 2
6
= 104.75 cm2
= 1.7 rad
Area of shaded region
= 104.75 – 43.3
(b) Area of sector OAB
= 61.45 cm2
= 1  r2(π – 1.7)
2
= 1 × 62(3.142 – 1.7) 6.
r(6α) + rp + r = 36
2 r(6α + p + 1) = 36
= 25.96 cm2 36
r =
(6α + p + 1)
5. P

θ
O

(a) ∠OQP =
∠OPQ
= 30°
q =
180° – 30° – 30°
= 120°
120°
= ×π
180°
120°
= × 3.142
180°
= 2.095 rad

83 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure

7. R
(b) Area of rectangular card
= 22 × 24
= 528 cm2
Area of sector of circle P
1 π
8 cm
= (14)2 2
2 2
= 49π
22
P = 49 ×
N 4 cm Q 7
= 154 cm2
∠RPQ = p rad Area of rectangle Q
3 = 22 × 10
RN =  82 – 42 =  48 cm = 220 cm2

Area of ∆ PNR = 1 × 4 ×  48 = 13.86 cm2 Area of card which is not used

2 = 528 – 154 – 220
Area of semicircle = (3.142)(4) = 154 cm2
2

2
= 50.27 cm2
Area of the shaded region
= 13.86 + 50.27 2. (a) ∠OPQ = 180° – 36°
2
= 64.13 cm2 = 72°
= 72 × π
180
Paper 2 = 1.257 rad.

1. (a) w = the circumference of the base of the (b) ∠POQ = 36°

 cylinder π
= 2πr = 36 ×
180
22 7 = 0.6284 rad.
=2× ×
7 2
= 22 cm Length of arc PRQ
= OP × ∠POQ
The arc of the sector of circle P = w = 15 × 0.6284
rpq = 22 = 9.426 cm
π Length of arc QS
rp
22
= 22
= PQ × ∠OPQ
rpπ = 44
= 9.27 × 1.257
22 = 11.65 cm
rp
72
= 44
rp = 14 Perimeter of shaded region
= 9.426 + 11.65 + 9.27
l = rp + height of cylinder = 30.35 cm
= 14 + 10
= 24
Therefore, l = 24 and w = 22

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 84

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure 

(c) Q (c) Area of shaded region

= Area of ∆ORQ – Area of sector OPS
1 1
=  × 12 × 52 –  × 42 × 1.1762
O
18°
N
2 2
15 cm = 20.59 cm2
P

4. (a) cos ∠BOX = 3

6
cos 18° = ON
15 ∠BOX = 60°
ON = 14.27 cm = 1.047 rad.
Area of ∆OPQ BX
(b) sin ∠BOX =
= 1 × 9.27 × 14.27 OB
2 BX = 6 (sin 60°)
= 66.14 cm2 = 5.196 cm
Area of segment PRQ (BX)2 + 
BC =  (CX)2
= Area of sector OPQ – Area of ∆OPQ =  (5.196)2
+ 92
= ( 1 × 152 × 0.6284) – 66.14 =  108
2
= 4.555 cm2 = 10.392 cm

Area of sector PQS Length of arc BC = 6 (∠BOC)

π
= 1 × 9.272 × 1.257 = 6120° ×
180° 2
2
= 54.01 cm2 = 12.568 cm
Area of the shaded region The perimeer of the shaded region
= 4.555 + 54.01 = BC + Arc BC
= 58.565 cm2 = 10.392 + 12.568
= 22.96 cm

3. (a) OQ = 9 + 4 = 13 cm (c) Area of sector OBC

OR =  13
 2 – 122 1 π
= × 62 × 120° ×
= 5 cm 2 180° 2
12 = 37.704 cm2
tan q =
5
Area of ∆OBC
q = 1.176 rad.
1
= (6)(6) sin 120°
2
(b) RS = 5 – 4
= 15.5885 cm2
= 1 cm
The area of the shaded region
Length of arc PS = Area of sector OBC – Area of ∆OBC
= 4 × 1.176 = 37.704 – 15.5885
= 4.704 cm = 22.116 cm2
Perimeter of shaded region
= PQ + QR + RS + arc PS
= 9 + 12 + 1 + 4.704
= 26.70 cm

85 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure

5. S 6. (a) r = 3, θ = 2.095 rad

Q

U (b) 18.85 = θ(6 + r) ..........

6.28 = θ(r)
6.28
P O T R r = ..........
8 cm 4 cm θ
 into 
OT 4
(a) cos ∠QOT ==
OQ 8 18.85 = θ6 + 6.28 
θ
π 18.85 = 6θ + 6.28
∠QOT = 60° ×
180° 6θ = 12.57
= 1.047 rad. θ = 2.095
r = 6.28
(b) Perimeter of the shaded region 2.095
= Arc PQ + Arc OQ + OP = 3
π
= 38 × 120° ×
180° 24
+ (8 × 1.047) + 8 Area of the chord
1 1
= 16.7573 – 8.376 + 8 =  (92)(2.095) –  (92) sin 120°
∠QRT = ∠QOT 2 2
= 33.133 cm
= 84.85 – 35.07
= 49.78 cm2
(c) Area of sector OPQ
1 π 1
= × 82 × 120° × Area of COD =  (3)2 2.095
2 180° 2 2
= 67.0293 cm = 9.43 cm2
Area of shaded reegion
Area of sector ROQ
= 49.78 + 9.43
1 = 59.21 cm2
= × 82 × 1.047
2
= 33.504

Area of ∆ROQ
1 MRSM Cloned Questions
= × OR × QT
2
1 1.
= × 8 × 
82 – 42 B
2 C
= 27.7128 1.05 rad.

Area of segment OUQ

O
5 cm
= Area of sector ROQ – Area of ∆ROQ N

= 33.504 – 27.7128 D

= 5.7912 cm2 A

The area of the shaded region Length of arc AB = OA × ∠AOB

= Area of sector OPQ – Area of segment OUQ 16.8 = OA × 1.05
= 67.0293 – 5.7912 OA = 16 cm
= 61.238 cm2
OD = 5 × 16
8
= 10 cm

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 86

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 8  Circular Measure 

tan 1.05 rad. = CN 2. E F

5
CN = 8.717 cm G
1.3 m B
Area of ∆OCD = 1 × 10 × 8.717
M
0.3 m
A
2 0.5 m N

= 43.585 cm2
0.5 m

C D
Area of sector OAB
= 1 × 162 × 1.05 (a) cos ∠ABN =
0.3
2 1.3
= 134.4 cm2
∠ABN = 76°40'
Area of the shaded region = 1.338 rad.
= 134.4 – 43.585 ∠ABD = ∠ABN
= 90.815 cm2 = 1.338 rad.

(b) The longer arc of the metal foil

= Length of arc MF
Challenge = 0.8 × (3.142 – 1.338)
= 0.8 × 1.804
1. = 1.443 m
R
(c) AE = 0.8 + 0.3
= 1.1
P
T
U Q EF = AN
= 1.32 – 0.32

= 1.2649
S
Area of trapezium, ABFE
Since the sides of ∆RPS are equal length, = 1 (AE + BF) × EF
π 2
∠RPS = . 1
3 = (1.1 + 0.8) × 1.2649
2
Area of segment RUS = 1.2017 m2
= Area of sector PRS – Area of PRS
1 π 1 Area of the shaded region
=  × 82 × 2 –  × 82 × sin 60°2 = Area of ABFE – Area of sector AGM
2 3 2
= 33.5145 – 27.7128   – Area of sector BFM
= 5.802 cm2 1
= 1.2017 –  × 0.52 × 1.3382
2
The area of grey region 1
 –  × 0.82 × 1.8042
= Area of RUS + Area of RTS + Area of two 2
 circle = 1.2017 – 0.1673 – 0.5773
= 2(5.802) + 2(π × 0.72) = 0.457 m2
= 14.683 cm2
The area of the metal foil is 0.457 m2.

87 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

R
PTE
Differentiation
CHA

9 Pembezaan

1. (a) lim
x → 2 6x (c) 1lim
x→3 
x+5
= 6(2)
1
= 12 =
3+5
(b) lim
x → –1 (4 – 2x) = 1
8
= 4 – 2(–1)
=6

2. (a) y = 5x2 – 2; P(1, 3)

Coordinates of Q Gradient of the chord PQ

4.05 – 3 = 10.5
(1.1, 4.05) ————
1.1 – 1

3.5125 – 3 = 10.25
(1.05, 3.5125) —————
1.05 – 1

3.1005 – 3 = 10.05
(1.01, 3.1005) —————
1.01 – 1

3.010005 – 3 = 10.005
(1.001, 3.010005) ——————
1.001 – 1

Hence, gradient of the tangent at point P = 10

Therefore, dy = 10
dx

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 88

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

3. (a) y = 4x2 …… 5. (a) f ′(x) = 6(4x3)

y + y = 4(x + x)2 = 24x 3
= 4[x2 + 2xx + (x)2] 1
f ′(––) = 24(––) 1 3
= 4x2 + 8xx + 4(x)2 ......... 2 2
= 3
 – , y = 8xx + 4(x)2
y
––– = 8x + 4x (b) f(x) = 5x–3
x
f ′(x) = 5(–3x–4)
lim y lim
––– = [8x + 4x] 15 = –  –––
15
δx → 0 x δx → 0 f ′(–2) = –  ––––
dy (–2)4 16
––– = 8x
dx

(c) f(x) = 3 –2
—x
5 4
(b)
y = — x ……………… 3 3
f ′(x) = ––(–2x–3
) = –  —–

5
y + y = ——— …………… 4 2x3
x + x 3
f ′(1) = –  ––
5 – — 5 2
 – , y = –––—–
x + x x

= ––––—— –5x 1 (3x2
x(x + x) 6. dy
(a) ––– = 5(2x) – ––  )
–5 dx 3
––– =
y –––––—–
= 10x – x2
x x(x + x)
lim y lim –5 = x(10 – x)
x → 0 —– = ————
x x → 0 x(x + x)
dy 5 (b) y = 6x–1 – x
––– = – ––
dx x2 dy
––– = 6(–x–2) – 1
dx

= –  –6–2 – 1

(c) 3 2 ……
y = –  ––x x
4
3 + x)2
y + y = –  ––(x
4 (c) f ′(x) = 5(–2x–3) – 2(–x–2)
3 2 – ––xx
3 3
10 2
= –  –– + ––
= –  ––x – ––(x)2
… x3 x2
4 2 4
3 3 2
5
= ––(1 – ––)
 – , y = –  ––xx – ––(x)2
x2 x
2 4
3 – ––(x)
y –  ––x 3
––– =
x 2 4 7. (a) Let u = x2, v = 3x – 2
lim y lim   3 3
––– = x → 0
[– ––x – ––(x)] du dv
––– = 2x, ––– = 3
2 4
x → 0
x dx dx
dy 3
––– = –  ––x dy dv du
dx 2 ––– = u––– + v–––
dx dx dx
= x2(3) + (3x – 2)(2x)
dy = x(3x + 6x – 4)
4. (a) = 0
dx = x(9x – 4)
dy
(b) = 5  (6x 6 – 1)
dx 6
= 5x 5

(c) f(x) = 2x –2

f 9(x) = 2(–2x –2 – 1)
4
= –  
x 3

89 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

(b) Let  u = x2 – 1, v = x + 2 (c) Let u = 4x2,  v = 5 – 2x

du
––– = 2x, dv
––– = 1
du 8x, ––– =
––– = dv –2
dx dx dx dx
dy dv du (5 – 2x)(8x) – 4x2(–2)
––– =
dx
u––– + v–––
dx dx dy
––– = ––––––––––––———–
dx (5 – 2x)2
= (x2 – 1)(1) + (x + 2)(2x)
40x – 16x2 + 8x2
= x2 – 1 + 2x2 + 4x = ––––––————–
(5 – 2x)2
= 3x2 + 4x – 1
8x(5 – x)
= –––––––—
(c) Let
x (5 – 2x)2
u = x + 4, v = x2 – ––
2
du 1, dv 2x – —1
—– = ––– = 9. (a) Let u = 3x – 5, hence y = u3
dx dx 2
du 3, dy
1 x ––– = ––– = 3u2
f ′(x) = (x + 4)(2x – ––) + (x2 – —) dx du
2 2 dy –––
dy × –––
du

1
= 2x2 – ––x + 8x – 2 + x2 x
– –– Therefore, ––– =
2 2 dx du dx
= 3x2 + 7x – 2 = 3u2 × 3
= 9u2
= 9(3x – 5)2
8. (a) Let u = 3x, v = 2x – 5

du
––– = 3, dv
––– = 2
dx dx (b) Let u = (2x + 3)3, v = (4 – x)2
du dv du dv
v––– – u––– = 3(2x + 3)2(2), = 2(4 – x)(–1)
dy dx dx dx dx
  = –––––––––––– = 6(2x + 3) = –2(4 – x)
2
dx v2
(2x – 5)(3) – 3x(2) Therefore,
= –––––––––––––––—
(2x – 5)2 dv du
6x – 15 – 6x f ′(x) = u +v
= ––––––––––– dx dx
(2x – 5)2 = (2x + 3)3[–2(4 – x)] + (4 – x)2[6(2x + 3)2]
15 = (4 – x)(2x + 3)2[–2(2x + 3) + 6(4 – x)]
= –  ––––––––
(2x – 5)2 = (4 – x)(2x + 3)2(–4x – 6 + 24 – 6x)
= (4 – x)(2x + 3)2(18 – 10x)
= 2(4 – x)(9 – 5x)(2x + 3)2
(b) Let u = 3x2, v = 2x + 5
du
––– = 6x, ––– = 2 dv
dx dx (c) Let u = 4x, v = (3x2 + 5)–2

du 4, ––– =
––– = dv –2(3x2 + 5)–3(6x)
dy (2x + 5)(6x) – (3x2)(2)
––– = –––––––––––––––––––– dx dx
dx (2x + 5)2
Therefore,
12x 2
+ 30x – 6x2 f ′(x) = 4x[–2(3x2 + 5)–3(6x)] + (3x2 + 5)–2(4)
= –––––––––––––––
(2x + 5)2 = 4(3x2 + 5)–3(–12x2 + 3x2 + 5)
–––––––—
6x2 + 30x = 4(3x2 + 5)–3(5 – 9x2)
=
(2x + 5)2 4(5 – 9x2)
= –––––––—
6x(x + 5) (3x2 + 5)3
= –––––––—
(2x + 5)2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 90

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

(b) dy
10. dy
(a) ––– = 4x + 6 ––– = 2(2x2 – 7)(4x)
dx dx
dy = 8x(2x2 – 7)
When x = 1, ––– = 4(1) + 6
dx When
dy x = 2, ––– = 8(2)[2(2)2 – 7]
= 10 dx
= 16
Therefore, the gradient of the tangent when
 y = [2(2)2 – 7]2
x = 1 is 10.
= 1
dy Therefore, the equation of the tangent at
(b) ––– = (2x + 1)(2x) + (x2 – 3)(2) point (2, 1) is
dx
y – 1 = 16(x – 2)
At point (–1, 3),
y = 16x – 31
dy
––– = [2(–1) + 1][2(–1)] + [(–1)2 – 3](2) 1
dx Gradient of the normal = –  –––
= –2 16

Therefore, the gradient of tangent at point Therefore, the equation of the normal at
(–1, 3) is –2. point (2, 1) is

y – 1 = –  –­1––  (x – 2)
16
dy (x2)(5) – (5x – 2)(2x)   1 2
(c) ––– = –––––––––––––––––– y = – –––x + ––– + 1
dx x4 16 16
–5x 2
+ 4x   1 9
= ——–––– y = – –––x + —
x4 16 8
dy –5(2)2 + 4(2)
At point (2, 14), ––– = ——–––––––

dx 3 24
= – — dy (2x – 5)(1) – (x + 3)(2)
4 (c) ––– = —————––––––––––
dx (2x – 5)2
Therefore, the gradient of tangent at point –11

3
(2, 14) is – —. = —–––––
4 (2x – 5)2
dy –11
When x = 3, ––– = ––––—––– = –11
dx [2(3) – 5]2
3 + 3
11. dy
(a) ––– = 2x + 3 y = —–––––
dx 2(3) – 5
dy = 6
At point (1, –1), ––– = 2(1) + 3
dx
Therefore, the equation of the tangent at
= 5
point (3, 6) is y – 6 = –11(x – 3)
Gradient of the tangent = 5 y = –11x + 39
Therefore, the equation of the tangent at 1
point (1, –1) is Gradient of the normal = ––
11
y – (–1) = 5(x – 1) Therefore, the equation of the normal at
y + 1 = 5x – 5 point (3, 6) is
y = 5x – 6 1
y – 6 = — (x – 3)

1
Gradient of the normal = –  — 11
5 1 63
y = — x + –––
Therefore, the equation of the normal at 11 11
point (1, –1) is
1 (x – 1)
y – (–1) = –  —
5

= –  —x 1 + — 1
5 5

y = –  —x – —1 4
5 5

91 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

12. dy
(a) ––– = 6x + 6
1
A = 6x(y) + —(6x)(4x)
dx 2
dy = 6xy + 12x2................b
At turning point, ––– = 0
dx
6x + 6 = 0 Substitute a into b.
= –1
x A = 6x(60 – 8x) + 12x2
When x = –1, y = 3(–1)2 + 6(–1) – 2 = 36x(10 – x)
= –5 dA
(ii) ––– = 360 – 72x
Therefore, the turning point is (–1, –5). dx
For maximum or minimum value
Value of x –1.1 –1 –0.9 of A,
Value of —
dy
dA
––– = 0
–0.6 , 0 0 0.6 . 0 dx
dx
360 – 72x = 0
Sketch of —
dy x = 5
dx
Value of x 4.9 5 5.1
Therefore, (–1, – 5) is a minimum point.
Value of —
dA
7.2 . 0 0 –7.2 , 0
(b) y = 3 + 5x – 2x2 dx

dy Sketch of —
dA
––– = 5 – 4x dx
dx
dy = 0 Therefore, A is maximum when x = 5.
At turning point, –––
dx
5 – 4x = 0 (iii) Maximum area = 36(5)(10 – 5)

x = 1—1 = 900 cm2
4
x = 1—,
When 1 y = 3 + 5(1—)1 1 2
– 2(1—) (b) (i) Total surface area of the box = 216 cm2
4 4 4 4xh + 2x2 = 216
1
= 6—
8
h = —–––––– 216 – 2x2 ……
4x

1 1
Therefore, the turning point is (1—, 6—).
4 8 V = x2h ……
Substitute  into .
1 1
Value of x 1 1 — 1 — = x2 ––––—–—
V 216 – 2x2
4 2 1 4x 2
Value of —
dy 1 3
1.0 0 –1 , 0 = 54x – ––x
dx 2
Sketch of —
dy
dx dV 3 2
(ii) ––– = 54 – ––x
dx 2
For maximum or minimum value of
Therefore, (1 1 , 6 1 ) is a maximum point. V,
4 8

dV
––– = 0
dx
13. (a) (i) 5x + 5x + 6x + y + y = 120
3 x2 = 0
54 – ––
16x + 2y = 120 2

–– 3 x2 = 54
2y = 120 – 16x 2
y =  60 – 8x ... a x2 = 36
x = 6

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 92

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

Value of x 5.9 6 6.1 15. (a) Volume of the cube, V = x3

dV
––– = 3x2
Value of —
dV dx
1.785 . 0 0 –1.815 , 0
dx δx = 5.9 – 6
Sketch of —
dV = –0.1 cm
dx δV dV
––– ≈ –––
δx dx
 Therefore, V is maximum when x = 6.
dV × δx
δV ≈ –––
dx
(iii) Maximum value of V = 3x2 × (–0.1)

1 3
= 54(6) – ––(6) = 3(6)2(–0.1)
2 = –10.8 cm3
= 216 cm3
Therefore, the small change in the
volume of the cube is –10.8 cm3.
14. (a) Let
V = Volume of water
h = Height of water (b) Total surface area of the cylinder,
A = 2πrh + 2πr2
V = πr2h dA
= π(15)2h ––– = 2πh + 4πr
dr
= 225πh δr = 3.05 – 3
dV
––– = 225π = 0.05 cm
dh
––– =
dV –––
dV × –––dh δA dA
––– ≈ –––
δr dr
dt dh dt
dA × δr

= 225π × 0.035
δA ≈
dr
dV
––– = 24.74 cm3 s–1 = [2π(15) + 4π(3)](0.05)
dt = 2.1π cm2
Therefore, the small change in the surface
area of the cylinder is 2.1π cm2.
(b) A = 3π( 16 + r2)
r (c) Volume of cone, V = 1 πr2h
= 3π(16r–1 + r2) 3

dA = 3π(–16r–2 + 2r) = 1 πr2(9)

dr 3

= 3πr2
dA
= dA × dr
dV 6πr
––– =
dt dr dt dr
= 3π(2r – 16 ) ( 2 ) δr = 3.96 – 4
r 3
= –0.04 cm
2 )[2(4) – 16 ]
= 3π(
3 42 δV ≈ dV
= 14π cm s 2 –1
δr dr

dV
δV ≈ ––– × δr
dr
= 6πr × δr
PAK-21 Activity = 6π(4)(–0.04)
= –0.96π cm3
Any suitable answer is accepted. Therefore, the small change in the
volume of the cone is –0.96π cm3.

93 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

16. (a) y = x4
17. (a) dy
––– = 24x3 + 9x2
dy dx
––– = 4x3 d 2
y = 72x2 + 18x
dx ––—
dx2
dy
When x = 3, ––– = 4(3)3
dx
(b) dy
= 108 ––– = 3(3x – 4)2(3)
dx
δx = 3.01 – 3
= 9(3x – 4)2
= 0.01 d 2
y =
δy dy
––– –––– 18(3x – 4)(3)
≈ ––– dx2
δx dx
dy × δx = 54(3x – 4)
δy ≈ –––
dx
(c)  f(x) = 5x 2– 2
 3
= 108(0.01)
x 
= 1.08
= 5x – 2x –2
When x = 3, y = 34 f 9(x) = 5 + 4x –3
= 81 f  (x) = 4(–3)x –4
Therefore, 3.014 ≈ y + δy = –   12 4
= 81 + 1.08 x
= 82.08
18. dy
(a) ––– = 6x + 6
dx
(b) y = 7x –3 dy = 0
At turning point, –––
dy dx
––– = –21x –4
dx 6x + 6 = 0
x = –1
When x = 2, When x = –1, y = 3(–1)2 + 6(–1) + 5
––– –21
dy = —– =2
dx 24 Therefore, the turning point is (–1, 2).
d
21
2
y =60
= –  —– ––—
16 dx2
Therefore, (–1, 2) is a minimum point.
δx = 1.95 – 2
= –0.05 (b) y = 27x – x3
δy ≈ –––
dy × δx dy
––– = 27 – 3x2
dx dx
21 × –0.05 dy
= – –— At turning point, ––– = 0
16 dx
= 0.06563 27 – 3x2 = 0
x2 = 9
7
When x = 2, y = x = ±3
23
When x = 3, when x = –3,
= 7 y = 54 y = –54
8
d 2
y d 2
y
7 ≈ 7 + 0.06563 ––— = –6x ––— = –6x
Therefore, dx2 dx2
1.953 8 = –18 , 0 = 18 . 0
= 0.9406
Therefore, (3, 54) is a maximum point
and (–3, –54) is a minimum point.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 94

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

(c) y = x–1 – 4x –2 2. (a) x = 3t 2 + 8

dx
dy = 6t
––– = –x –2 + 8x –3 dt
dx
dy
At turning point, ––– = 0 dy dy dx
dx (b) = ×
1 8 =0 dt dx dt
–  –– + — dy
x2 x3 24t 3 = × 6t
–x + 8 0 dt
——— = dy 24t 3
x3 =
x = 8 dt 6t

8
y = ——— – 4 1
= —– = 4t 2
82 16

d2y
—– =— 2 – — 24
dx2 x3 x4 3. (a) y = 2x2 – 7x

=— 2 – —24 = – —— 1 dy
83 84 512 = 4x – 7
dx
1 is a maximum point.
Therefore, 18, —
16 2
dy
At point Q(1, –5), = 4(1) – 7
dx
= –3
Hence, the gradient of the tangent to the
curve at point Q = –3.
SPM Practice 9
(b) The gradient of the normal to the curve at
1
Paper 1 point Q = .
3
The equation of the normal at point
1. Let A represent the area of the land.
Q(1, –5) is
A = 5x(5 – x)
= 25x – 5x2 1
y – (–5) = (x – 1)
dA 3
= 25 – 10x 1
dx y + 5 = (x – 1)
3
dA
At turning point, = 0 1
dx y = (x – 1) – 5
3
25 – 10x = 0
1 1
10x = 25 = x – –5
3 3
x = 2.5
1 16
y = x –
d 2A 3 3
= –10 , 0
dx2
Hence, A is maximum when x = 2.5. 4. (a) k′(x) = 3px 2 + 10x – 4
Total length of fencing material
(b)
k′(x) = 3px 2 + 10x – 4
= 2[5(2.5) + (5 – 2.5)]
= 2(12.5 + 2.5) k ″(x) = 6px + 10
= 30 m k ″(1) = 6p(1) + 10
7 = 6p + 10
6p = –3
p = – 1
2

95 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

5. Let A be the total surface area of the cube and Therefore, 2p = – 3

x be the side length. 5
A = 6x2 p = – 3
10
dA = 12x
dx 7.
V = x3
216 = x3 h cm h cm
x = 6 cm
r cm
dA = dA × dx 2πr cm
dt dx dt
dx Let length = 2πr cm
–18 = 12x × width = h cm
dt
dx = – 18 Perimeter = 27
dt 12x 4πr + 2h = 27
27 – 4πr
h =
When x = 6 cm,  dx = – 18 2
dt 12(6) = 13.5 – 2πr
= – 1 cm s–1
4 Volume of cylinder = πr2h
= πr2(13.5 – 2πr)
= 13.5πr2 – 2π2r3
6.   y = 6 – 3x dV
x+3 At maximum, = 0
dr
dy
= (x + 3)(–3) – (62 – 3x)(1) 27πr – 6π r = 0
2 2

dx (x + 3) 3πr(9 – 2πr) = 0
= –3x – 9 – 6 + 3x
3πr = 0 or  9 – 2πr = 0
(x + 3)2
r = 0 2πr = 9
=– 15 9
r =
(x + 3)2 2π
At point T, y = 0 9 9
When r = , h = 13.5 – 2π 2
6 – 3x = 2π 2π
0 = 4.5
x+3 The length = 2πr
6 – 3x = 0 9
= 2π 2
3x = 6 2π
=9
x = 2
Therefore, the length is 9 cm and the width
is 4.5 cm.
Hence, the gradient of the tangent at point T is
dy 15
= – 8. (a) C
dx (x + 3)2
(b) B
= – 15
(c) C
(2 + 3)2
= – 15
25
= – 3
5
The gradient of the straight line is 2p.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 96

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

4 3 dy
9. V = πr  (b) = 12x – 3x2
3 dx
dV 4 d 2y
=  π(3r 2) = 12 – 6x = 6(2 – x)
dr 3 dx2
At 0, – 3 2,  2 = 6(2 – 0)
= 4 πr 2 d 2y
4 dx
dV dV dr = 12 . 0
= ×
dt dr dt 3
Hence, 0, – 2 is a minimum point.
16 π = 4 πr 2 × 0.25 4
16π 1 d 2y
At 4, 31 2,  2 = 6(2 – 4)
r 2 =
4π × 0.25 4 dx
= 16 = –12 . 0
r = 4 cm 1
Hence, 4, 31 2 is a maximum point.
4

Paper 2 2. (a) y = 4x –4
dy
= (–4)4x –4 – 1
1. (a) (i) y = x2(6 – x) – 3 dx
4 = –16x–5
= 6x2 – x3 – 3 When x = 10
4
dy dy
= 12x – 3x2 = –16(10)–5
dx dx
= –0.00016
The gradient function of the curve is
12x – 3x2. (b) δx = 9.98 – 10 = –0.02
dy dy
(ii) At turning points,
= 0 δy  × δx
dx dx
12x – 3x2 = 0 = –0.00016 × (–0.02)
3x(4 – x) = 0 = 0.0000032
3x = 0  or 4 – x = 0 When x = 10, y = 0.0004
 x = 0 x=4 4  y + δy

9.984
When x = 0, y = 6(0)2 – (0)3 – 3 = 0.0004 + 0.0000032
4
3 = 0.0004032
=–
4
When x = 4, y = 6(4)2 – (4)3 – 3 3. (a) Perimeter of flower farm = 2k + 2h + πh
4
8 = 2k + 2h + πh
= 96 – 64 – 3
4 2k = 8 – 2h – πh … 1
= 31 1 Area of flower farm,
4
Hence, the turning points are at A = 1 πh2 + (k)(2h) … 2
2
3 1
0, – 4 2 and 4, 31 4 2. Substitute 1 into 2:
A = 1 πh2 + (h)(8 – 2h – πh)
2
= 1 πh2 + 8h – 2h2 – πh2
2
= 8h – 2h2 – 1 πh2
2

97 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation

(b) A = 8h – 2h2 – 1 πh2 5. (a)

dy
= 16x – 22
2 dx x
dA = 8 – 4h – 1 π(2h) dy
At turning point, x = h, =0
dh 2 dx
= 8 – 4h – πh 16(h) – 22 = 0
h
At turning point, dA = 0 16h = 22
dh h
8 – 4h – πh = 0 h = 2
3
16
h = 8  .
4+π = 1
8
d 2A = –4 – π , 0

dh2 h = 1
2
Hence, A is maximum when h = 8  .
4+π
(b)   = 16x – 22
dy
So, PT = 2h dx x
d 2y
= 2 8 = 16 – 2(–2x –3)
4 + 3.142 2
dx2
= 2.24 m = 16 + 43
x

When x = 1 ,
d 2y 4
= 16 +
2 dx2 1 3
4.
dy
= px 2 – qx
22
dx = 48 . 0
dy
At turning point, x = 2, =0 Hence, the turning point is a minimum
dx
point.
p(2)2 – q(2) = 0
4p – 2q = 0
2p – q = 0 …… 1

At x = –2,
dy
= –24
MRSM Cloned Questions
dx
p(–2)2 – q(–2) = –24 1. (a) (i) Area of rectangle, A = 2(x)(y)
4p + 2q = –24 = 2x(3x2 – 16)
2p + q = –12 …… 2 = 6x3 – 32x
1 + 2, 4p = –12
p = –3 (ii) A = 6x3 – 32x
Substitute p = –3 into 1. dA = 18x2 – 32
2(–3) – q = 0 dx
q = – 6 For maximum value of A,
dA = 0
dx
18x – 32 = 0
2

18x2 = 32
x2 = 32
18
= 16
9
x = ±   4
3

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 98

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 9  Differentiation 

d 2A
= 36x
dx2 Challenge
d 2A
When x = – 4 , = 36(– 4 ) , 0
3 dx2 3 1. Let A be the area of the whole land.
Hence, A is maximum when, x = – 4 A = xy..................... 1
3
Maximum value of A Total length of fencing material is,
4y + 2x = 240.................... 2
= 6– 4 2 – 32– 4 2
3

3 3 y = 240 – 2x
4
= – 128 + 128
9 3 = 60 – 1 x........... 3
4 2
= 28 unit 2
9 Substitute 3 into 1,

(b) At P, x = 0.5;  at P9, x = 0.505   A = x60 – x 2

2
So,
dx = 0.505 – 0.5 = 60x – x2

= 0.005 2
y = 3x2 – 16 dA = 60 – x
dy dx
= 6x
dx At turning point, dA = 0
y = 3(0.5)2 – 16 dx
= –15.25 60 – x = 0
dy x = 60
dy = × dx
dx d 2A
= –1 , 0
= 6x × dx dx2
= 6(0.5)(0.005)
Therefore, A is maximum when x = 60.
= 0.015
y9 = y + dy From 3: When x = 60, y = 60 – 1 (60)
= –15.25 + 0.015 2
= –15.235 = 60 – 30
= 30
2.   y = x3 – 8x + 5 From 1: When x = 60, y = 30,
dy A = 60(30)
= 3x2 – 8
dx = 1 800 m2
When x = 0, The maximum area is 1 800 m2.
dy
= –8
dx
Gradient of normal line = 1
8
The equation of the normal line is : y = 1 x + c
8
At (0, 5), c = 5

The equation of the normal is y = 1 x + 5

8

99 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles

R
PTE
Solution of Triangles
CHA

10 Penyelesaian Segi Tiga

7.6 3.4 (b)

1. (a) ——— = ————–
sin 71° sin /ACB A

3.4 sin 71°

m

4.
c
7.2
sin /ACB = —————

4
cm

cm
7.6

4
25.9

4.
B C1
C2
/ACB = 25.02°
sin ∠ACB sin 25.9°
————— = ————
5.4 3.2 7.2 4.4
(b) ———–– = ————–
sin 116° sin ∠BCA ∠ACB = 45.62° or 134.38°
3.2 sin 116° When ∠ACB = 45.62°,
sin ∠BCA = ———–——
5.4
∠BAC = 108.48°
∠BCA = 32.18°
4.4 sin 108.48°
BC = ——————–
(c) ∠A = 180° – 76° – 37° sin 25.9°
= 67° = 9.554 cm
AC 6.5
——— = ———–
sin 76° sin 67° When ∠ACB = 134.38°,
6.5 sin 76° ∠BAC = 19.72°
AC = —————
sin 67° 4.4 sin 19.72°
= 6.852 cm BC = ——————
sin 25.9°
= 3.399 cm
2. (a)
E
3. (a) (i) ∠DAC = 180° – 35° – 77°
8.4 cm 6.6 cm
= 68°
6.6 cm CD 8
––—— = —–——
40 sin 68° sin 35°
F G1
G2 CD = 12.93 cm
(ii) ∠BAC = 77° – 29°
sin ∠EGF = sin 40°
= 48°
8.4 6.6
BC 8
sin ∠EGF = 8.4 sin 40°
——— = –———
sin 48° sin 29°
6.6
BC = 12.26 cm
∠EGF = 54.90° or 125.10°

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 100

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles 

sin ∠EGF sin 48°

(b) (i) ————– = ——— PAK-21 Activity
6.4 5.0
∠EGF = 72.03°
(a) (i) In ∆ACD,
∠EGH = 180° – 72.03°
cos ∠ACD = 4 + 2.9 – 5.6
2 2 2
= 107.97°
2(4)(2.9)
(ii)
EH 5 = –0.2996
————— = ———
sin 107.97° sin 24° ∠ACD = 107.43°
EH = 11.69 cm (ii) In ∆ABC,
∠ACB = 180° – 107.43°
(c) (i) ∠ABD = 180° – 123° – 25° = 72.57°
= 32°
sin ∠ABC = sin 72.57°
In ΔABD,
4 5.2
AD 5.2
——— = ——— 4 sin 72.57°
sin 32° sin 25° sin ∠ABC =
AD = 6.520 cm 5.2
BC = AD = 6.520 cm = 0.7339
∠ABC = 47.21°
(ii)
BD 5.2
–——— = ———
sin 123° sin 25° (b) (i) In ΔADC,
BD = 10.32 cm 7.42 + 2.82 – 5.92
cos ∠ADC = –———————
2(7.4)(2.8)
∠ADC = 47.89°
8.32 + 5.12 – 6.72
4. (a) cos ∠LKM = ———————–
2(8.3)(5.1)
(ii) In ΔABD,
= 0.5907
∠LKM = 53.79° 7.4 sin 47.89°
sin ∠ABD = ——————
6.6
(b) ∠PRQ is the smallest angle. ∠ABD = 56.28°
11 + 13 – 8.5
cos ∠PRQ = ———————
2 2 2
(c) (i) In ∆ABD,
2(11)(13) BD2 = 72 + 92 – 2(7)(9) cos 72°
= 0.7614 = 91.06
∠PRQ = 40.41° BD = 9.543 cm

(c) AC2 = 7.42 + 5.52 – 2(7.4)(5.5) cos 68° (ii) In ΔBCD,

= 54.52 9.543 sin 52°
AC = 7.384 cm sin ∠BCD = ———–—–—
12.3
∠BCD = 37.69°
(d) LM2 = 7.32 + 5.42 – 2(7.3)(5.4) cos 126°
= 128.79
LM = 11.35 cm 5. (a) Area of ∆KLM
1
= —(8)(10) sin 53°
2
= 31.95 cm2

101 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles

(b) (i) In ΔTPQ,

(b) sin ∠QPR sin 75°
———–— = ——— TQ2 = 72 + 82
10.2 12.3
= 113
∠QPR = 53.23°
In ΔPQR,
∠QRP = 180° – 75° – 53.23°
PR2 = 82 + 122
= 51.77°
= 208
Area of ∆PQR
In ΔPRT,
1
= —(12.3)(10.2) sin 51.77° RT2 = 72 + 208
2
= 257
= 49.28 cm2
In ΔQRT,
9.72 + 12.22 – 14.92 cos
113 + 257 – 122
(c) cos ∠Y = ———–————— ∠QTR = ———————
2(9.7)(12.2) 2(!w 113)(!w
257)
∠Y = 84.93° ∠QTR = 48.46°
Area of ΔXYZ
1 (ii) Area of ∆QTR
= —(9.7)(12.2) sin 84.93°
2 1
= —(!w 113)(!w
257) sin 48.46°
= 58.94 cm2 2
= 63.78 cm2

6. (a) (i) In ΔCFG,

CF2 = 42 + 52 (c) (i) In ∆ABD,
= 41 sin ∠ADB = sin 93.58°

In ΔEFH, 11 14
FH2 = 42 + 82 sin ∠ADB = 11 sin 93.58°
= 80 14
∠ADB = 51.64°
In ΔCGH,
(ii) In ∆ADC,
CH2 = 52 + 82
= 89 ∠ADB = ∠ADC = 51.64°
In ΔCFH, ∠CAD = 180° – 51.64° – 51.64°
41 + 80 – 89 = 76.72°
cos ∠CFH = ———————
2(!w 41)(!w
80  ) CD = 8
∠CFH = 73.78° sin 76.72° sin 51.64°
CD = 8 sin 76.72°
(ii) Area of ∆CFH sin 51.64°
1
= —(CF)(FH) sin ∠CFH = 9.93 cm
2
1 (iii) In ∆ABC,
= —( 41 )( 80 ) sin 73.78°
2 ∠BAC = 93.58° – 76.72°
= 27.50 cm2 = 16.86°
Area if ∆ABC
= 1 × (11)(8) sin 16.86°
2
= 12.762 cm2

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 102

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles 

2. (a) (i) In ∆SRQ,

SPM Practice 10 cos ∠RSQ = 7 + 13 – 8
2 2 2

2(7)(13)
Paper 2 = 0.846
∠RSQ = 32.2°
1. (a) (i) In ∆CDE,
CE = ED (ii) In ∆PQS,
sin 105° sin 32° ∠PQS = ∠RSQ = 32.2°
CE = 5.4 × sin 105°
PS = QS
sin 32°
sin ∠PQS sin ∠QPS
= 9.843 cm
PS = 13
(ii) In ∆ABC, sin 32.2° sin 118°
BC2 = 4.52 + 8.72
PS = 13 sin 32.2°
  – 2(4.5)(8.7) cos 143° sin 118°
BC2 = 158.473 = 7.846 cm
BC = 12.589 cm
BE = BC – CE (b) (i) 7 cm
= 12.589 – 9.843
S R Rʹ

= 2.746 cm
13 cm 8 cm

(iii) Area of ∆CDE 118º

= 1 × ED × EC × sin ∠CED P Q
2
= 1 × 5.4 × 9.843 × sin 43° (ii) In ∆SQR9,
2
= 18.125 cm2 QR9 = SQ
sin ∠R9SQ sin ∠SR9Q
(b) (i)
8 = 13
Eʹ
E C
32º
sin 32.2° sin ∠SR9Q

sin ∠SR9Q = 13 sin 32.2°

5.4 cm 105º
8
D
= 0.866
∠SR9Q = 59.99°
(ii) In ∆CDE,
∠DEC = 180° – 105° – 32° ∠RQR9 = 180° – 2(59.99°)
= 43° = 60.02°
∠EE’D = ∠DEC
= 43° Area of ∆QRR9
∠CDE9 + ∠DCE9 = ∠DE9E = 1 (8)(8) sin 60.02°
∠CDE9 = 43 – 32° 2
= 11° = 27.718 cm2

103 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles

3. (a) (i) In ∆KLM, (b) ∠ADC = 180° – 34° – 54.18°

KM = 8 + 3 – 2(8)(3) cos 95°
2 2 2 = 91.82°
= 77.183 (AC) = (10)2 + (14.5)2 – 2(10)(14.5) cos 91.82°
2

KM = 8.79 cm AC = 17.87 cm

(ii) Given KLMN is a cyclic quadrilateral, (c) AC = 17.87, EA = 5

so, ∠KLM + ∠KNM = 180° EC =  17.872 – 52
∠KNM = 180° – 95° = 18.56 cm
= 85°
AB = 15, EA = 5
In ∆KMN,
EB =  152 + 52
8.79 = 6
= 15.81 cm
sin 85° sin ∠MKN
18.562 = 15.812 + 82 – 2(15.81)(8) cos ∠EBC
sin MKN = 6 sin 85°
8.79 cos ∠EBC = 15.81 + 8 – 18.56
2 2 2

MKN = 42.84° 2(15.81)(8)

∠EBC = 96.93°
KMN = 180° – 85° – 42.84°
= 52.16° Area ∆EBC = 1 (8)(15.81) sin 96.93°
2
= 62.78 cm2

(b) (i) Area of ∆KLM = 1 (3)(8) sin 95°

2
5. (a) (i) In ∆ ACD,
= 11.95 cm2
∠ADC = 180° – 82° – 35°
= 63°
(ii) M L
AC 8 =
h sin ∠ADC
sin 35°
AC = 8
8.79 cm sin 63°
sin 35°
AC = 8 × sin 63°
sin 35°
K
= 12.43 cm

Let h be the altitude of ∆KLM which (ii) In ∆ABC,

is the shortest distance from L to KM. 12.432 = 52 + 102 – 2(5)(10) cos
Area of ∆KLM = 11.95 cm2 ∠ABC
12.432 = 125 – 100 cos ∠ABC
1 (8.79)(h) = 11.95
cos ∠ABC = 125 – 12.43
2
2
h = 2.72 cm 100
cos ∠ABC = –0.2950
∠ABC = 107.16°
4. (a) sin 34° = sin DAC
10 14.5
sin DAC = 0.811
DAC = 54.18°

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 104

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles 

(iii) Area of quadrilateral ABCD (d) Area of ∆ABC

= Area of ABC + Area of ACD
= 1 (6.3)(11.7) sin 30°
= 1 (5)(10) sin 107.16° + 2
2 = 18.428 cm2
  1 (8)(12.43) sin 82°
2
= 73.12 cm2

(b) (i) MRSM Cloned Questions

Bʹ
B 1. (a) (i) In ∆PQR,
5 cm
PQ2 = 62 + 52 – 2(6)(5) cos 55°
10 cm
C
= 26.5854
PQ = 5.16 cm
12.43 cm
A
(ii) In ∆PQR,
sin ∠PQR = sin 55°
(ii) ∠C9B9A9 = 180° – 107.16°
6 5.16
= 72.84°
sin ∠PQR = 6 sin 55°
5.16
6. (a) In ∆ACD, ∠PQR = 72.27°
AC = 12.5
sin 68° sin 82° Since PQ is parallel to TR,
AC = 11.704 cm ∠SRT = ∠PQR = 72.27°

(b) In ∆ACD, (iii) In ∆RST,

∠ACD = 180° – 68° – 82° RT = 8
= 30° sin 35° sin 72.27°

In ∆ABC, RT = 8 sin 35°

sin 72.27°
∠CAB = ∠ACD
= 4.82 cm
= 30° (DC // AB)
  BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 – 2(AC)(AB) cos ∠CAB ∠RTS = 180° – 35° – 72.27°
= 11.72 + 6.32 – 2(11.7)(6.3) cos 30° = 72.73°
= 48.91 Area of triangle RST
  BC = 6.994 cm
= 1 (8)(4.82) sin 72.73°
2
(c) In ∆ABC, = 18.41 cm2
sin ∠ABC = sin 30°
11.7 6.994
sin ∠ABC = 11.7 sin 30°
6.994
∠ABC = 56.77°
Since ∠ABC is obtuse,
∠ABC = 180° – 56.77°
= 123.23°

105 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles

(b) (i)
T

4.82 cm 8 cm

35°
R R S

(ii) ∠TRR9 = ∠SRT = 72.27°

∠SR9T = 180° – 72.27°
= 107.73°

Challenge
1. (a)
P

5 cm 6.8 cm
5 cm
27°
R S S Q

In ∆PQS, 5 = 6.8
sin 27° sin ∠PSQ
sin ∠PSQ = 6.8 sin 27°
5
∠PSQ = 38.13° or 141.87°

Hence, = 38.13°        and ∠PS9Q = 141.87°

∠PSQ
∠QPS = 180° – 27° – 38.13° ∠QPS9 = 180° – 27° – 141.87°
= 114.87° = 11.13°
∠SPS9 = ∠QPS – ∠QPS9
= 114.87° – 11.13°
= 103.74°

5 =
In ∆PQS9, QS9
sin 27° sin 11.13°
QS9 = 5 sin 11.13°
sin 27°
= 2.13 cm

5
In ∆PSS9,
= SS9
sin 38.13° sin 103.74°
SS9 = 5 sin 103.74°
sin 38.13°
= 7.87 cm

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 106

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 10  Solution of Triangles 

Sketch of the triangles:

103.74° 11
.1
3°
5 cm 6.8 cm
5 cm

141.87°
38.13° 38.13° 27°
S 7.87 cm S 2.13 cm Q

(b) Area of ∆PQS = 1 (5)(6.8) sin 114.87°

2
= 15.42 cm2

Area of ∆PQS9 = 1 (5)(6.8) sin 11.13°

2
= 3.28 cm2

107 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number

R
PTE
Index Number
CHA

11 Nombor Indeks

16.38
1. (a) I = ——– × 100
12.60
= 130
11   
151 × 100
(b) I = ———
8 260
= 135

420
2. (a) I = —— × 100
500
= 84

1 250 × 100
(b) (i) I1 = ——–
1 000
= 125
1 600
(ii) I2 = ——– × 100
1 250
= 128

Q1
3. (a) I = —– × 100
Q0
75 =
350 × 100
——
Q0
350 × 100
Q0 = ———–––
75
= RM467

(b) Let Q0, Q1 and Q2 be the prices of item K in year 1996, year 2001 and year 2006 respectively.
Q1
—– × 100 = 110 ……
Q0
Q
—–2 × 100 = 130 ……
Q0
1 Q1 110
—– : —– = ——
2 Q2 130
110
Q1 = —— × 78
130
= RM66

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 108

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number 

– ∑Iiwi
4. (a) Composite index, I = ——–
∑wi
110
× 4 + 118 × 8 + 120 × 2 + 125 × 6
= ————————————————————
4+8+2+6
= 119

– ∑Iiwi
(b) Composite index, I = ——–
∑wi

125 × 3 + 120 × 4 + 110 × 2 + 105 × 1
= ————————————————————
3+4+2+1
= 118

– ∑Iiwi
5. (a) Composite index, I = ——–
∑wi
90 × 1 + x × 2 + 125 × 2 + 112 × 5
111 = ——————————————–——
1+2+2+5
900 + 2x
= ————
10
x = 105

– ∑Iiwi
(b) Composite index, I = ——–
∑wi
112 × 4 + 130 × 1 + 120 × 2 + x × 3
119 = ——————————————–——
4+1+2+3
818 + 3x
= ————
10
1 190 = 818 + 3x
3x = 372
x = 124

109 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number

36 × 100
6. (a) (i) x = —–
30
= 120
y
124 = —– × 100
50
y = 62
120
125 = —— × 100
z
z = 96

(ii) –I =
120 × 3 + 124 × 5 + 125 × 2
—————————————
3+5+2
= 123

(b) Price index for B,

34.20
h = ——– × 100
30
= 114
_
136 × k + 114 × 2 + 108 × 3
I = –————————————
k+2+3
136k + 552
120 = —————
k+5
120k + 600 = 136k + 552
16k = 48
k = 3

1.56
(c) (i) x × 100 = 104
x = 1.50
y = 5.58 × 100
4.50
= 124

(ii) Price Weightage,

Ingredient Iw
index, I w
Flour 120 0.4 48
Sugar 104 0.2 20.8
Butter 124 0.3 37.2
Pineapple 150 0.1 15
∑Iw
= 121

– ∑Iw
I = = 121 = 121
∑w 1

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 110

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number 

SPM Practice 11
Paper 2

1. (a) Let Q0 = Price of component A in 2012,

Q1 = Price of component A in 2014.
Q1
105 = × 100
RM12
Q1 = 105 × RM12
100
= RM12.60

(b) 108 = 105(2) + 90(1) + x(4) + 112(3)

10
1 080 = 636 + 4x
4x = 1 080 – 636
x = 444
4
= 111
Hence, the percentage of price change for component C is 11%.

(c) (i) The composite index for the expenses in 2015 based on 2012
= 108 × 109
100
= 117.72
= 118

(ii) Let P0 = Price of the toy in the year 2012,

P1 = Price of the toy in the year 2015.
P1
118 = × 100
RM60
P1 = 118 × RM60
100
= RM70.80

111 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number

2. (a) (i) 125 = RM8.00 × 100

Price of P in 2008
Price of P in 2008 = RM8 × 100
125
= RM6.40

(ii) 120 = Price of R in 2010 × 100

RM4.50
Price of R in 2010 = 120 × RM4.50
100
= RM5.40

(b) Composite index for 2010 based on 2008.

124 = 125(3) + 115(1) + 120(4) + 2n
10
124 = 970 + 2n
10
 2n = 124(10) – 970
  n = 270
2
= 135

(c) Price index for the year 2010 Pric index for the year 2012
Ingredients Weightage
based on the year 2008 based on the year 2008

P 125 125 × 96 = 120 3

100
Q 115 115 1

R 120 120 × 110 = 132 4

100
S 135 135 2

Composite index for 2012 based on 2008,

120(3) + 115(1) + 132(4) + 135(2) = 127.3
10
(d) Let Q1 be the cost in year 2012,
Q0 be the cost in year 2008.
Q
1 × 100 = 127.3
RM26
Q1 = 127.3 × RM26
100
= RM33.10

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 112

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number 

3. (a) (i) p = 100 – 15 = 85

(ii) q = 85 × 7.00 = 5.95

100 4. (a) 3.00 × 100 = 150
x
x = 3.00 × 100
(b) Composite index, I 2017 150
2015
x = 2.00
= (123.2 × 18) + (85 × 30) + (108 × 7) y = 3.20 × 100
55 2.50
= 100.43
y = 128
(c) (i)
I 2017 = 120 z × 100 = 115
2013 8.00
P2015 = 9.50 + 7.00 + 15.00 z = 115 × 8.00
100
= 31.50
z = 9.20
P2017 = 11.70 + 5.95 + 16.20
= 33.85 (b) Composite index
17(150) + 12(125) + 25(128) + 46(115)
P2015 = —––———————————–––––––
I 2015 = × 100 100
P2013 12 540
2013 =
P P 100
= 2015 × 2017 × 100
= 125.40
P2017 P2013
31.50 (c) Corresponding cost in the year 2008

= × 120
33.85
= 125.40 × RM25.00

= 111.67 100
= RM31.35
P2013 = 240
(ii)

I 2017 = 120 (d) Composite index for the year 2010 based
2013 on the year 2006
120
P2017 =
× 240 = 105 × 125.4
100 100

= 288 = 131.67

Thus,
RM1 800 ÷ RM288 = 6.25
    6 kitchen table

113 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number

5. (a) (i) h = 17.50 × 100 6. (a) Let the prices of cake flour be Q1 and Q2
14.00 in 2007 and 2010 respectively.
= 125
Q2
× 100 = 120
P Q1
(ii) 110 = 2012 × 100
14.00 9.90 × 100 = 120
110 Q1
P2012 = × 14.00
100 Q1 = 100 × 9.90
= RM15.40 120
= RM8.25

(b) (i) (b)

I w Iw Price index in
Price index in 2014
X 105 k 105k Ingredient 2010 based on
based on 2007
Y 110 1 110 2007
Z 112 5 560 110
Cake flour 120 120 × = 132
∑ k+6 670 + 105k 100

– Butter 150 150

Composite Index, I = 109
92
∑Iwi Egg 125 125 × = 115
= 109 100
∑wi
120
670 + 105k = Sugar 110 110 × = 132
109 100
k+6
670 + 105k = 109k + 654 (c) (i)
4k = 16
Price index in
k = 4 Weightage
Ingredient 2014 based on Iw
(w)
2007 (I)
(ii) Corresponding price in the year 2010
Cake flour 132 35 4 620
= 100 × RM48.50 Butter 150 30 4 500
109
= RM44.50 Egg 115 20 2 300
Sugar 132 15 1 980
(c) For ingredient z.
I – ∑Iwi
I2014/2012 = 2014/2010 × 100 I =
I2012/2010 ∑wi

= 120 × 100 = 4 620 + 4 500 + 2 300 + 1 980

112 35 + 30 + 20 + 15
= 107.1 = 33 400
100
= 134

(ii) 33.50 × 100 = 134

Q1
Q1 = 100 × 33.50
134
= RM25.00

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 114

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  Chapter 11  Index Number 

MRSM Cloned Questions Challenge

Q2012
1. (a) I2012/2008 = × 100 1. (a) x × 100 = 120
Q2008 1.80
x = 1.80 × 120
115 = 46.00 × 100 100
Q2008 = 2.16
2.80 × 100 = y
Q2008 = 46.00 × 100
115 2.00 y = 140
= RM40.00
(b) Angle of sector for component D
Q = 360° – 160° – 96° – 24° – 32°
(b) I2016/2008 = 2016 × 100
Q2008 = 48°
Q Q A:B:C:D:E
= 2016 × 2012 × 100 = 96 : 24 : 32 : 48 : 160
Q2012 Q2008 = 12 : 3 : 4 : 6 : 20
= 130 × 120 × 100
100 100 Component I w Iw
= 156 A 110 12 1 320
B 120 3 360
(c) I2012/2008 = (115)(6) + (120)(n) + (105)(2) + (110)(n + 2) C 150 4 600
6 + n + 2 + (n + 2)
690 + 120n + 210 + 110n + 220 D 116 6 696
113.5 =
2n + 10 E 140 20 2 800
113.5 = 230n + 1 120 Total 45 5 776
2n + 10
–
113.5(2n + 10) = 230n + 1 120 I = 5 776
227n + 1 135 = 230n + 1 120 45
3n = 15 = 128.4
n = 5
(c) Production cost of watch in year 2006
(d) I2016/2012 = (110)(6) + (130)(5) + (125)(2) + (120)(7) = RM40 × 128.4
20 100
= 2 400 = RM51.36
20
Production cost of watch in year 2009
= 120
= RM51.36 × 110
Corresponding cost in year 2012 100
= RM56.50
= 100 × RM540
120
= RM450

115 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 End-of-Year Assessment

Paper 1 √
95 – x
5.  32x – 1 =
81
1. (a) The coordinates of the maximum point is
(–1, 9).
1

 3 = (3 4 )
2(5 – x 2
2x – 1
(b) C 3
(c) Equation of the axis of symmetry of the 3 5–x
 32x – 1 =
curve is x = –1. 34
 32x – 1 = 35 – x – 4
2. (a)   x = 2t + 5 2x – 1 = 1 – x
dx 3x = 2
= 2
dt 2
x =
dy dy dt 3
(b) = ×
dx dt dx
1
= (12t – 4) × 6. (a) f : x → 2x – 5
2
x–5 1 When f(x) maps onto itself,
= 3121 – 44 ×
2 2 2 f(x) = x
1 2x – 5 = x
= [6(x – 5) – 4] × x = 5
2
1
= (6x – 34) × (b) f(4 – p) = 2p
2
1 2(4 – p) – 5 = 2p
= 2(3x – 17) × 8 – 2p – 5 = 2p
2
= 3x – 17 4p = 3
3
p =
3. 52x – y = 25–x + 10 4
52x 1
= + 10
5y 52x 3
7. (a)
a 1 2
= + 10
b a
(b) Let y = 1 + x
(× ab) on both sides of the equation. 2x – 3
a2 = b + 10ab y(2x – 3) = 1 + x
b(1 + 10a) = a2 2xy – 3y = 1 + x
a2 2xy – x = 1 + 3y
b =
1 + 10a x(2y – 1) = 1 + 3y

4. (a) logp 256 = logp 162 x = 1 + 3y

2y – 1
= 2 logp 16 1 + 3y
h (y) =
–1
= 2m 2y – 1
4 1 + 3x 1
= log16 4 – log16 p
(b) log16 h (x) =
–1
 , x ≠
p 2x – 1 2
1
1

= log16 16 2 – 1 + 3(8) 25 5
logp 16 h–1(8) = = =
1 1 2(8) – 1 15 3
= –
2 m
m–2
=
2m

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 116

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment 

8. (a)   gf(x) = 4kx – r 12. h = 50t – 5t2

2 + k[f(x)] = 4kx – r = –5(t2 – 10t)
2 + k(4x – 3) = 4kx – r = –5[t2 – 10t + (–5)2 – (–5)2]
2 + 4kx – 3k = 4kx – r = –5[(t – 5)2 – 25]
3k = 2+r = –5(t – 5)2 + 125
2+r
k = The maximum height = 125 m.
3

3
13. f(x) = x2 – kx + k –
9. g : x → x + k
2 4
g : 3 → 13 b – 4ac , 0
2

32 + k = 13 3
(–k) – 4(1)(k – ) , 0
2
k = 4 4
k2 – 4k + 3 , 0
(k – 1)(k – 3) , 0
10. (a) h(x) = 2x + 1
Let y = 2x + 1 1 3
k

2x = y – 1
y–1
x = 1 , k , 3
2
y – 1 \  m = 1  and  n = 3
h–1(y) =
2
x–1 14. 2x2 – (k + 1)x + 2 = 0
h–1(x) =
2 Let the roots be a and 4a.
b
(b) h2(x) = h[h(x)] a + 4a = –
a
= 2[2x + 1] + 1 –(k + 1)
= 4x + 3 = –
2
q q (k + 1)
h 21 = 41 2 + 3 5a =
52 5 2
q k = 10a – 1 …… 1
41 2 + 3 = 27
5 c
q = 30 a × 4a =
a
2
=
2
11. 4x2 + 5x – 2 = 0 4a2 = 1
5 1
Sum of roots = p + q = – a2 =
4 4
2 1 1
Product of roots = pq = – = – a = ±
4 2 2
Quadratic equation with roots 4p and 4q is 1
Subsitute a = into 1,
x2 – (4p + 4q)x + (4p)(4q) = 0 2
1
x2 – 4(p + q)x + 16pq = 0 k = 101 2 – 1 = 4
2
5 1
x2 – 41– 2x + 161– 2 = 0 1
4 2 Subsitute a = – into 1,
2
x2 + 5x – 8 = 0 1
k = 101– 2 – 1 = –6
2
Since k . 0, k = 4.

117 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment

15. log2 (4 + x2) = log√2 (1 – x) y = 0 (not accepted),

log2 (1 – x) y = 16
log2 (4 + x2) = x = 24 – 16
log2 
2
=8
log2 (1 – x)
log2 (4 + x2) = Therefore, the length is 16 cm and the width is
1
log2 2 8 cm.
2
log2 (4 + x2) = 2 log2 (1 – x)
log2 (4 + x2) = log2 (1 – x)2 4 3
17. πr = 288π
4 + x2 = 1 – 2x + x2 3
r3 = 216
2x = –3 r = 6
3
x = –
2   A = 4πr2
dA
= 8πr
16. Let the length of the rectangle = y cm dr
the width of the rectangle = x cm dr dr dA
the radius of the cylinder = r cm = ×
dt dA dt
1 dA
= × 12π   = 12π cm s–1
8πr dt
3
x cm x cm =
2r
y cm When r = 6 cm,
r cm
dr 3
=
dt 2(6)
2x + 2y = 48 = 0.25 cm s–1
x + y = 24
x = 24 – y …… 1
2pr = y 18. (a) y

r = y …… 2
7x – 3y = 3
2p 5

Volume of cylinder, V = pr 2x …… 3 x+y=5

x
0 5
Substitute 1 and 2 into 3.
V = p1 y 2 (24 – y)
2

2p
x + y = 5
= y  (24 – y)
2

4p y = 5 – x …… 1
6y2 y3 7x – 3y = 3 …… 2
= –
p 4p Substitute 1 into 2,

dV 12y 3y2 7x – 3(5 – x) = 3
= – 10x = 18
dy p 4p
dV x = 1.8
When = 0, Substitute x = 1.8 into 1,
dy
12y 3y 2 y = 5 – 1.8 = 3.2
– =0
p 4p Therefore, the coordinates of the
48y – 3y = 0
2 intersection point is (1.8, 3.2).
3y(16 – y) = 0
(b) The height of the isosceles triangle is 1.8
units.

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 118

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment 

19. 21. (x – 3)2 + (y + 4)2 = 62

y x2 – 6x + 9 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 36
A(2, 9) x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 11 = 0
2 The equation of the locus of P is
x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y – 11 = 0
1 N(h, k)
x
O
B(–10, –3) 22. Let the number be x.
x2 – x = 182
Let both the ants meet at N(h, k). x – x – 182 = 0
2

2(–10) + 1(2)
h = x = –(–1) ± (–1) – 4(1) (–182)
 2 
2+1
2(1)
–20 + 2
= 1 ± 729

3 =
= –6 2
1 + 27 1 – 27
2(–3) + 1(9) =   or  
k = 2 2
2+1
= 14 or –13
–6 + 9
=
3
=1
280
23. (a) Mean =
Distance of ant A from its initial location, NA 7
[2 – (–6)]2 
=   + (9 – 1)2 = 40
=  
82 + 82
11 312
=  
128 (b) Standard deviation = – 402
7
= 11.31 units
= 
16
=4
20. 3y = –8x + 4
8
m1 = – 24. Ben; standard deviation of his marks is the
3
smallest.
y = (h – 2)x + 7
m2 = h – 2
25. (a) s = rq
m1m2 = –1
34 = 9q
8 34
–  (h – 2) = –1   q =
3 9
3
h – 2 = = 3.778 rad.
8
9
h = (b) Area of minor sector
8
1
= × r2[2π – q]
2
1
= × 92[2(3.142) – 3.778]
2
= 101.5 cm2

119 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment

Paper 2 3. (a) 2x2 – 4x + 5 = p

2x2 – 4x + 5 – p = 0
1. (a) 11x2 + 14xy = 1 470 ……... 1 a = 2, b = – 4, c = 5 – p
14y = 385 – 36x … 2 Using b2 – 4ac . 0,
(–  4)2 – 4(2)(5 – p) . 0
Substitute 2 into 1. 16 – 40 + 8p . 0
11x2 + (385 – 36x)x = 1 470 8p – 24 . 0
11x2 + 385x – 36x2 = 1 470 p . 3
25x2 – 385x + 1 470 = 0
5x2 – 77x + 294 = 0 – 4
(b) α + b = – 1
2 2
a + b = 2 …… 1
x = –(–77) ± (–77) – 4(5)(294)
 2 
2(5) 5–p
ab = …… 2
= 77 ± 49 2

10 4x(x – q) – 3 = 0
= 8.4 or 7 4x2 – 4qx – 3 = 0
a b – 4q
When x = 8.4, + = – 1
4 4 4 2
385 – 36(8.4)
y = = 5.9 a+b
14 = q
4
When x = 7, a + b = 4q …… 3
385 – 36(7) –3
y= = 9.5
a b
× =
14 4 4 4
ab = –12 …… 4
2. (a) y = 18(x – 2)–2
dy Compare 1 and 3.
= 18(–2)(x – 2)–2 – 1(1)
dx 4q = 2
= –36(x – 2)–3 1
36 q =
= –   3 2
(x – 2)
Compare 1 and 2,
5–p
(b) δx = 4.02 – 4.00 = –12
2
= 0.02 5 – p = –24
dy p = 29
δy  × δx
dx
36
= –   × 0.02
(x – 2)3
= –4.368 × 0.02
= –0.087
When x = 4, y = 18(4 – 2)–2
= 4.5
18
 y + δy
(x – 2)2
= 4.5 + (–0.087)

= 4.413

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 120

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment 

RT 9 1
4. (a) tan θ == =3 (b) (i)
 15k – 15  = 30
OT 3 2
θ = 1.249 rad. 15k – 15 = 60
15k – 15 = 60 or 15k – 15 = –60
(b) Length of arc PQ = 12 × 1.249 15k = 75 k = –3
= 14.988 k = 5
π 1
Length of arc PR = 9 × (ii)
(15k – 15) = 0
2 2
= 14.139 15k – 15 = 0
15k = 15
OR =  RT   2 + OT  2 k = 1
=  92 + 32
= 9.4868 (c) Q = (5, 12)
7–2 6+3 5 9
OR = 12 – 9.4868 Midpoint of PR, T = 1 , = ,
2 2 2 12 22
= 2.5132
9
12 –
Perimeter of shaded region mQT = 2 =3
= 14.988 + 14.139 + 2.5132 5
5–
= 31.64 cm 2
y – 12 = 3(x – 5)
(c) Area of sector OPQ y – 12 = 3x – 15
1 y = 3x – 3
= (12)2(1.249)
2 The equation of the median is y = 3x – 3.
= 89.928
Area of circle quadrant
1 π (1.3 × 10) + (1.8 × 15) + (2.3 × p)
= (9)2 + (2.8 × 23) + (3.3 × 15)
2 2 6. (a) 2.4 =
= 63.626 10 + 15 + p + 23 + 15
153.9 + 2.3p
Area of ∆ORT 2.4 =
63 + p
1 2.4(63 + p) = 153.9 + 2.3p
= (OT )(RT )
2 151.2 + 2.4p = 153.9 +2.3p
1
= ­ (12 – 9)(9) 2.4 – 2.3p = 153.9 – 151.2
2
0.1p = 2.7
= 13.5
p = 27
Area of shaded region
= 89.928 – 63.626 – 13.5
= 12.802 cm2 90
– 25
(b) Median = 2.05 + 3 2
27
4
(0.5)
5. (a) Area of ∆PQR = 2.42
1 7 k –2 7
=
2 6 2k + 2 3 6
1
=  (14k + 14 + 3k – 12) – (6k – 4k – 4 + 21)
2
1
=  17k + 2 – (2k + 17)
2
1
=  15k – 15 
2

121 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment

7. (a) (i) Area of the turf (ii) On the y-axis, x = 0.

1 –8 12 16 –4 –8 4y2 – 20y + 73 = 0
=     u  
2 –8 0 13 5 –8
    u b2 – 4ac = (–20)2 – 4(4)(73) , 0
1 The equation has no roots.
=  [(0 + 156 + 80 + 32) –
2 Thus, the circle does not intersect the
   (–96 + 0 – 52 – 40)]
y-axis.
1
=  [268 – (–188)]
2
= 228 m2
8. (a) Volume of cylinder, pr2h = 750p
(ii) Let the coordinates of E = (p, q) 750
h =
r2
3 C(16, 13)
2
E(p, q)
Cost of materials, P
= 2prh × 0.02 + pr2 × 0.03
B(–4, 5)
750
= 2pr1 2 2 × 0.02 + pr2 × 0.03
2(16) + 3(–4) r
p = 30p
2+3 = + 0.03pr2
20 r
=
5
= 4 30p
(b) P = + 0.03pr2
2(13) + 3(5) r
q =
2+3 dP 30p
41 = – 2 + 0.06pr
= dr r
5
1 dP
= 8 When = 0,
5 dr
1 30p
The coordinates of E are 14, 8 2. – 2 + 0.06pr = 0
5 r
30p
(b) (i) Midpoint of AC = 0.06pr
r2
–8 + 16 –8 + 13 30p
= 1 , 2 r3 =
2 2 0.06p
5
= 14, 2 500
r = 3
2
= 7.937 cm
Let (x, y) is a point which moves such
that its distance from the midpoint of d2P 60p
When = 3 + 0.06p = 0.566 . 0
AC is always 2 m. dr2 r

The equation of the track of powder r = 7.937 when P is minimum,

is 750
h= = 11.906 cm
7.9372
5 2
(x – 4)2 + 1y – = 2
22 The radius = 7.937 cm and the height
= 11.906 cm.
5 2
(x – 4)2 + 1y – = 22
22
25 (c) The minimum cost, P
   1x2 – 8x + 16 + y2 – 5y + = 4
42 30p
= + 0.03p × 7.9372
73 7.937
x­2 + y2 – 8x – 5y + = 0 = RM17.81
4
4x2 + 4y2 – 32x – 20y + 73 = 0

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 122

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment 

4 + 5 + 8 + 3 + 10 + 6 + 6 + 8 + 8 + 9
9. (a) (i) Mean =
10
67
=
10
= 6.7 hours

42 + 52 + 82 + 32 + 102 + 62 + 62 + 82 + 82 + 92
Variance = – (x)2
10
495
= – 6.72
10
= 4.61

(ii) New standard deviation = 2s

= 24.61
= 4.294

(b) Number Class mark,

f fx fx2
of hours x

2–4 3 5 15 45

5–7 6 12 72 432

8 – 10 9 15 135 1 215

11 – 13 12 8 96 1 152

∑ f = 40 ∑ f = 318 ∑ fx2 = 2 844

∑ fx 318
Mean = = = 7.95 hours Standard deviation = 
7.8975
∑ f 40
= 2.810
∑ fx2
Variance = – x 2
∑ f
2 844
= – 7.952
40
= 7.8975

123 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment

10. k
11. (a) (i) f(x) = hx +
1.4 cm
x
k
C
f 9(x) = h – 2
B
x
At turning point, f 9(x) = 0, x = 2
3
5 cm

k

f 9(x) = h –
x2
k
θ 82.9°
0 = h –
A B A D (2
3 )2
k
h=  
(a) AB = 
52 + 1.42 12
= 5.192 cm 3 ,  x = 2
When f(x) = 24 3
Circumference of the base of the cone k
22 f(x) = hx +
=2× × 1.4 = 8.8 cm x
7 k
3 = h(2
24 3 ) +
Length of arc BC = 8.8 cm 23 
5.192 × q = 8.8 k k 3
3 =
24 (23 ) +
8.8 12 6
q = = 1.695 rad
5.192 k k
180° 24 = +
= 1.695 × 6 6
= 97.1°
π k = 72
k
∠CAD = 180° – 97.1° h =
12
= 82.9°
72
CD =
tan 82.9° = 12
AD = 6
5.192
AD =
tan 82.9°
= 0.647 cm (ii) When f 9(x) = 0
Length = BA + AD 72
= 0 6–
= 5.192 + 0.647 x2
x = ±
12
= 5.839 cm
= ± 2 3
Therefore, the length and the width of
the card are 5.839 cm and 5.192 cm At the second turning point,
respectively. x = –23 ,
72
f(x) = 6x +
x
(b) The area of the net of the cone 72
1 3 ) = 6(–2
f(–2 3 ) +
= × 5.1922 × 1.695 (–2
3 )
2 36
= 22.85 cm2 = –12 3–
3 
= –12 3– 36 3

(c) The area of the card unused 3
= 5.839 × 5.192 – 22.85
= –24 3
= 7.466 cm2
The second turning point is
(–2
3 , –24
3 ).

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 124

 Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment 

72 13. (a) (i) PR2 = 42 + 92 – 2(4)(9) cos 125°

(b) f 9(x) = 6 –
x2 = 138.3
144 PR = 11.76 cm
f 0(x) =
x3
144 (ii) ∠PQR = 180° – 125°
3 ) =
f 0(2 = 55°
(23 )3
= 3.464 . 0 sin ∠QPR sin 55°
=
10 11.76
Hence, (2
3 , 24
3 ) is a minimum point. 10 sin 55°
sin ∠QPR =
11.76
144
3 ) =
f 0(–2 ∠QPR = 44.15°
(–2
3 )3
= –3.464 , 0
(b) (i) Area of ∆PRS
Hence, (–2
3 , –24
3 ) is a maximum 1
= × 4 × 9 × sin 125°
point. 2
= 14.74 cm2

PR 14.4 (ii)
12. (a) (i) =
sin 105° sin 36° R

PR = 23.664 cm

(ii)
RT2 = 19.52 + 27.62 – 2(19.5)(27.6)
S

h
cos 126°

RT = 42.127 P

PT = RT – PR
= 42.127 – 23.664 1
= 18.463 cm × 11.76 × h = 14.74
2
14.74 × 2
(iii) ∠RPQ = 180° – 105° – 36° h =
11.76
= 39° = 2.507 cm
Area of ∆PQR Shortest distance from S to PR
1 = 2.507 cm
=  (23.664)(14.4)(sin 39°)
2
= 107.224 cm2

(b) (i) Rʹ Pʹ P
39º
105º
36º 14.4 cm

Qʹ

(ii) ∠P′Q′R′ = 105° – (180° – 39° – 39°)

= 3°

125 © Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

   Additional Mathematics  Form 4  End-of-Year Assessment

14. (a) (i) Let Q2015 = Cost of ingredient C in the year 2015
Q2014 = Cost of ingredient C in the year 2014
Q2015
Price index =× 100
Q2014
Q
85 = 2015 × 100
24
Q2015 = 20.40
Therefore, the cost of ingredient C in the year 2015 is RM20.40.

∑Iiwi
(ii) Composite index =
∑wi
(110 × 8) + (k × 5) + (85 × 3) + (107.5 × 4)
112 =
8+5+3+4
1 565 + 5k
112 =
20
(112)(20) – 1 565
k =
5
= 135

105
(b) (i) Composite index = 112 × = 117.6
100
117.6
(ii) Price of ice-cream = RM28 × = RM32.93
100

15. (a) For food A,

Q15
× 100 = 120
Q13
4.80 × 100
Q13 =
120
= RM4.00

125
(b) IA = × 120 = 150
100
IB = 115
110
IC = × 135 = 148.5
100
95
ID = × 130 = 123.5
100

– ∑Iwi
(c) (i) I =
∑wi

= (150 × 120) + (115 × 90) + (148.5 × 50) + (123.5 × 100)

120 + 90 + 50 + 100
= 48 125
360
= 133.68

(ii) Total monthly expenses in 2013 = RM320 × 100

133.68
= RM239.38

© Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd. 126