Real Analysis - Continuous Functions
Kristiana Wijaya
Jurusan Matematika
Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam
Universitas Jember - Indonesia
Continuous Functions
Definition
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and
let c ∈ A. We say that f is
continuous at c if, given any
number > 0, there exists δ > 0
such that if x is any point of A
satisfying |x − c| < δ, then
|f (x) − f (c)| < .
Continuous Functions
Definition
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and Let A ⊆ R, and let c be a cluster
let c ∈ A. We say that f is point of A. For a function
continuous at c if, given any f : A → R, a real number L is said
number > 0, there exists δ > 0 to be a limit of f at c if, given any
such that if x is any point of A > 0, there exists δ > 0 such that
satisfying |x − c| < δ, then if x ∈ A and 0 < |x − c| < δ, then
|f (x) − f (c)| < . |f (x) − L| < .
March 17, 2019 2/5
Continuous Functions
Theorem
A function f : A → R is
continuous at a point c ∈ A if and
only if given any -neighborhood
V (f (c)) there exists a
δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) such that if
x is any point of A ∩ Vδ (c), then
f (x) belongs to V (f (c)).
Continuous Functions
Theorem
A function f : A → R is Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster
continuous at a point c ∈ A if and point of A. lim f (c) = L iff any
x→c
only if given any -neighborhood -neighborhood V (L) of L, there
V (f (c)) there exists a exists a δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
δ-neighborhood Vδ (c) such that if such that if x 6= c is any point in
x is any point of A ∩ Vδ (c), then A ∩ Vδ (c), then f (x) belongs to
f (x) belongs to V (f (c)). V (L).
March 17, 2019 3/5
Continuous Functions
Sequential Criterion for Continuity
A function f : A → R is
continuous at the point c ∈ A if
and only if for every sequence
(xn ) in A that converges to c,
the sequence (f (xn )) converges
to f (c).
Continuous Functions
Sequential Criterion for Continuity
A function f : A → R is Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster
continuous at the point c ∈ A if point of A. Then lim f (c) = L iff
x→c
and only if for every sequence for every sequence (xn ) in A that
(xn ) in A that converges to c, converges to c such that xn 6= c for
the sequence (f (xn )) converges all n ∈ N, the sequence (f (xn ))
to f (c). converges to L.
March 17, 2019 4/5
Continuous Functions
Discontinuity Criterion
A function f : A → R is
discontinuous at the point
c ∈ A if and only if there exists
a sequence (xn ) in A such that
(xn ) converges to c, but the
sequence (f (xn )) does not
converge to f (c).
Continuous Functions
Discontinuity Criterion
A function f : A → R is Let A ⊆ R and let c be a cluster point
discontinuous at the point of A. f does not have limit L at c iff
c ∈ A if and only if there exists there exists a sequence (xn ) in A with
a sequence (xn ) in A such that xn 6= c for all n ∈ N such that the
(xn ) converges to c, but the sequence (xn ) converges to c but the
sequence (f (xn )) does not sequence (f (xn )) does not converges
converge to f (c). to L.
March 17, 2019 5/5
