MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGICAL TREES

By:

1. PUTU AYU OMI PARWASIH BUKIAN 1712021218

2. GST AYU AGUNG TANIA GAUTAMI 1712021227
3. IDA BAGUS YOGA BUANA SURYA PUTRA 1712021235
4. I GEDE PUTU DHARMA DEWANGGA PUTRA 1712021244

UNIVERISTAS PENDIDIKAN GANESHA

2019
5.1 Compounding

A compound is a complex lexeme which consist of 2 lexemes that are joined together
and it called as compound members. English allows several types of combinations of
different word classes (N= noun, A= Adjective, V=Verb), but not all combinations are
possible.

(5.1) Example of English compounds:

N + N : Lipstick = Lip (N) + Stick (N)

A + N : Hardware = Hard (A) + Ware (N)

V + N : Drawbridge = Draw (V) + Bridge (N)

N + V : Babysit = Baby (N) + Sit (V)

N + A : Leadfree = Lead (N) + Free (A)

A + A : Bitter-sweet = Bitter (A) + Sweet (A)

Like derivational rules, compounding rules may differ in productivity. There are many
languages (especially morphologically rich, polysynthetic languages) that do allow
compounds in which the notional object and the verb form a compound.

(5.2) Alutor compound (Russian language)

Example : I washed (my) hands = someone can not say it as “I hand-washed”

In a compound that consists of 2 lexemes, it is really the lexeme stems that are combined.
That the first compound member is a stem, not a inflected word-form, can be seen even more
clearly in languages with richer inflection.

(5.3) Sanskrit compound (Indian language)

Example : Lips + Stick = Lipstick not Lipsstick.

In German, many compounds even have a suffix (sometimes called interfix) on the first
compound member, which forms the stem that is appropriate for compounding.

(5.4) German compound with interfixes (N+N)

Example : People’s car = People (N) + Car (N)

The first member of a compound is a stem rather than a particular word-form is also
clearly seen in German V+N compounds.

(5.5) German V+N compounds

Example : Washing Machine = Washing (V) + Machine (N)

 Writing Desk = Writing (V) + Desk (N)

The first compound member generally serves to modify and narrow the denotation of the
second compound member or in other words, the compound is a “hyponym” of its second
member. Since semantically the second member is in this sense more important, it is reffered
to as the head of the compound, and the modifying element is called the dependent. In
english, the compound head is always the second member, but in other languages such as
Spanish, the head is the first member.

(5.6) Spanish compound

Example : Ano luz in Spanish means light year in English.

(Ano (year) + Luz (light))

(5.7) Ancient Greek compound

Example :

A flower seller - A street seller

It is our knowledge of the world that tells us that a flower-seller is someone who sells
flowers, and that a street-seller is someone who sell something on the street. But it easy to
imagine a world in which selling goes on on flowers, and even easier to imagine a world in
which people spesialize in selling entire streets.

5.8

In English there is an Exocentric compounds which contain V+N but if both of that
words are combined those word will make a new meaning.

1. Fireman : it means a person who work as a firefighter

2. Laptop : it means electronic tools.
3. Hand Bag : it does not mean a hand with bag but it means a kind of a bag

In Italian there is also an Exocentric compounds which also make a new meaning.
Example:
1. asciugacapelli 'hair dryer' (asciugare 'dry' + capelli 'hairs')

we cannot definite the word only one by one, it will make a different meaning.
5.9 Rule for Italian exocentric compounds

Here the compound word scheme on the right contains additions the meaning of the
element 'instrument for', which is not related to the particular phonological form elements,
but with the overall pattern. There is an Affix compound Affix compounds are patterns that
consist of more than one stem plus an affix.

5.10
 1. Blonde Haired Having Blonde Hair
2. Pointed Nosed Having pointed nose

In contrast with Greek exocentric compounds these English compounds have suffix -ed,
which could be described as expressing that meaning element.

5.11

Except endocentric and exocentric compounds, there are also a compound which has
more than one semantic head. Coordinative compound, in this compound, both members are
on the same footing, and they can be paraphrased with 'and'.

5.12
There is also an additive compound which has 2 compounds and has similar
references. This compound called as appositional compounds.
1. compositor-director 'composer who is also a director'

English also has some compounds of this kind (maidservant, Marxism-

Leninism), and adjective compounds such as bitter-sweet and deaf-mute can be subsumed
under this type as well.
5.13
The last type is exocentric which shares with coordinative compounds which is the
feature of semantic equality of both compound members.

5.2 Hierarchical structure and head-dependent relations in compounds

There are similarities between compounds and syntactic phrases in many cases such
as:

Compound Syntactic Phrases

a. Childcare Care for children, children's care
b. Longhouse Long house
c. Lead-free Free of lead
d. Waterproof Proof against water

There are three syntactic formal properties that heads share namely the head is the
morphosyntactic locus, i.e. it bears inflectional markers that belong to the whole phrase, the
head may govern the form of its dependents, and the head may agree in person/number with
its dependents. These properties can be illustrated in sentence “The student help the
chairwoman of the department” which shown in a tree diagram below.
 The head of each phrase is symbolized by a double line. The verb “help” is the
morphosyntactic locus of the sentence which symbolized by double line to the sentence node.
The verb “help” is also the govern of its dependent object noun phrase “chairwoman
department” and the noun chairwoman governs of its dependent complement noun phrase
“department”. The last is verb “help” agrees with its dependent subject noun phrase
“student”.

Two of three syntactic head properties cannot be applied in compound because

inflectional form cannot be governed and which cannot control agreement. But,
morphosyntactic locus can be applied in compound. For example, in word compound
“lipsticks”, the head morphosyntactic is “lip” and compound word is “sticks”. Sometimes a
compound with more than two nouns may allow two hierarchical structures simultaneously.
For example, a compound like nuclear power station can be bracketed as [[nuclear power]
[station]] or as [[nuclear] [power station]] with equal justification, because both make sense
semantically, and both the compounds nuclear power and power station exist in English.

5.2 Hierarchical structure and head-dependent relations in derived lexemes

A lot of morphologists shown the hierarchical tree structures can tell us about the
relation of the base form and the affixes. It can shown its relation in saliant way. The
different order can give another meaning in English suffix. Some derivational affixes can be
heads of its compounds or not. The similarities of the syntax notion are the tenuous and it
already shown that the useful of the notion to the affix itself.