Alido, Charlito V.

2019

Ebenezer Bible College and Seminary Inc.

Course Outline in Natural Science II-Botany
Second Semester SY 2018-2019

I. Primary Root System

1.Give the origin of the primary root.

- The first root of a plant, originating in the embryo. In gymnosperms, eudicotyledons,
and magnoliids, the primary root develops into the taproot. In monocotyledons,
theprimary root disintegrates as the lateral roots develop into a system of fibrous roots.

2. What are the types of root systems? Describe each.

- There are two main types of root systems. Dicots have a tap root system, while
monocots have a fibrous root system, which is also known as an adventitious root system. A
tap root system has a main root that grows down vertically, from which many smaller
lateral roots arise.

3. Give the function of the following.

a) root cap- protects the growing tip in plants. It secretes mucilage to ease the movement
of the root through soil, and may also be involved in communication with the soil microbiota.
The purpose of the root cap is to enable downward growth of the root, with the root cap covering
the sensitive tissue in the root.
b) meristem tic region- The apical meristem, also known as the “growing tip,” is an
undifferentiated meristematic tissue found in the buds and growing tips of roots in plants. Its
main function is to trigger the growth of new cells in young seedlings at the tips of roots and
shoots and forming buds.
c) elongation region- The zone of cell division is closest to the root tip and is made up of
the actively-dividing cells of the root meristem, which contains the undifferentiated cells of the
germinating plant. The zone of elongation is where the newly-formed cells increase in length,
thereby lengthening the root.
d) maturation or differentiation region- Cell Differentiation. Cell differentiation takes
place in the zone of maturation. This is where cells take on an identity about what function they
will serve within the plant's root system. Cells become parenchyma cells, to store and move
nutrients.

4. Describe the following structure of the root:

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a) epidermis- The epidermis (from the Greek meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of
cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary between the
plant and the external environment.
b) cortex- The cortex is the outermost layer of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the
outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis. In plants, it is composed mostly of
differentiated cells, usually large thin-walled parenchyma cells of the ground tissue system.
c) endodermis- The endodermal layer in a plant, almost always in theroot, regulates the
water and other substances that get into the plant. The endodermis is a single layer of cells that
borders the cortex of a root. The whole system in which the endodermis functions allows
theroots to select what gets into the vascular core.
d) vascular cylinder- The endodermal layer in a plant, almost always in theroot, regulates
the water and other substances that get into the plant. The endodermis is a single layer of cells
that borders the cortex of a root. The whole system in which the endodermis functions allows
theroots to select what gets into the vascular core.
e)pericycle- In dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin, and it
originates from a portion ofpericycle tissue. The pericycle regulates the formation of
lateral roots by rapidly dividing near the xylem elements of the root. It has been known to often
be confused with other parts of the plant.

5. Give three examples of modified roots.

- Aerial prop roots develop from the branches and eventually reach the ground, providing
additional support. Over time, many roots will come together to form what appears to be a trunk.
The epiphytic roots of orchids develop a spongy tissue to absorb moisture and nutrients from any
organic material on their roots. In screwpine, a palm-like tree that grows in sandy tropical soils,
aerial roots develop to provide additional support that helps the tree remain upright in shifting
sand and water conditions.
- Storage roots, such as carrots, beets, and sweet potatoes, are examples of roots that are
specially modified for storage of starch and water. They usually grow underground as protection
from plant-eating animals. Some plants, however, such as leaf succulents and cacti, store energy
in their leaves and stems, respectively, instead of in their roots.

II. The Shoot System

A. Stem
1. What is a stem?
- A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant, the other being the root.
The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes: The nodes hold one or more leaves, as
well as buds which can grow into branches (with leaves, conifer cones, or inflorescences
(flowers)).
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2. Describe the following:

a) Nodes- The nodes hold one or more leaves, as well as buds which can grow into
branches (with leaves, conifer cones, or inflorescences (flowers)). Adventitious roots may
also be produced from the nodes.

b) Internodes- between the nodes are called internodes.

c) Leafscars- A leaf scar is the mark left by a leaf after it falls off the twig. It marks the
site where the petiole attached to the stem. A leaf scar is typically found below a branch
as branches come from axillary buds located above leaf scars.
d) Buds- Buds arise from meristem tissue. In temperate climates, trees form
restingbuds that are resistant to frost in preparation for winter. Flower budsare modified
leaves.
e) Lenticels- A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces
in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and
roots of dicotyledonous flowering plants.
f) Apical dominance- apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main, central
stem of the plant is dominant over.
g) Pith - Pith, or medulla, is a tissue in the stems of vascular plants.
h) Cuticle- is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other
aerialplant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid and hydrocarbon polymers
impregnated with wax, and is synthesized exclusively by the epidermal cells.

3. Describe the primary tissues of the stem:

a) epidermis- The epidermis (from the Greek meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of
cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants. It forms a boundary
between the plant and the external environment.
b) cortex- A cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a plant, lying below the
epidermis but outside the vascular bundles.
c) phloem- Phloem is responsible for transporting food produced from photosynthesis
from leaves to non-photosynthesizing parts of a plant such as roots and stems.
d )xylem- Xylem tissue is used mostly for transporting water from roots to stems and
leaves but also transports other dissolved compounds.

4. Give four examples of modified stems and describe each.

* Stolons or runners-are horizontally oriented stems that grow along the soil surface.
* Tendrils and twining shoots-coil around objects and help support the plant.
* Cladodes or cladophylls-are flat, leaflike stems modified for photosynthesis.
* Searcher shoots-are stems with long internodes that move in circles through the air seeking a
support.
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B. Leaves
1. What is a leaf?
- A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem.
The leaves and stem together form the shoot.

2. Describe the following:

a) blade- The leaf blade, or lamina, consists of a central tissue, called the mesophyll,
surrounded on either side by upper and lower epidermis.
b) stipules- is a term coined by Linnaeus which refers to outgrowths borne on either side
(sometimes just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole).

3. What are the two types of arrangement of leaf veins or venation?

- Two types of venation are reticulatevenation and parallel venation.

4. Describe the following:

a) simple leaves
b) compound leaves
c) palmately compound
d) pinnately compound

C. Flowers

1. What are the parts of a flower? Describe each.

Peduncle: The stalk of a flower.
Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk where the parts of the flower are attached.
Sepal: The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose a developing bud.
Petal: The parts of a flower that are often conspicuously colored.
Stamen: The pollen producing part of a flower, usually with a slender filament supporting the
anther.
Anther: The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Pistil: The ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a
stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
Stigma: The part of the pistil where pollen germinates.
Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced.

2. Describe a/an:
a) Perfect flower- Perfect flowers will have structures called stamens that produce the
pollen (male gametes). A stamen consists of the anthers where the pollen is made and
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filaments which support the anther. Perfect flowers will also have the female
reproductive structures called the pistil.
b) Imperfect flower- Species with both staminate flowers and carpellate flowers on the
same plant are mono ecious
c) Complete flower- In order for a flower to be considered complete it must have four
parts: sepals, petals, stamens and pistils. Incomplete flowers lack one or more of these
parts.
d) Incomplete flower- A flower lacking one or more of the four parts found in a
complete flower: sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils.
e) Regular flower- A radially symmetric flower. In aregular flower, all of the members of
a single whorl, such as the petals, are similar in shape and size. Lilies and the apple tree,
for example, bear regular flowers. Compare irregular flower.
f) Irregular flower- A flower in which one or more members of a whorl, or of
severalfloral whorls, differ in form from other members. Irregular flowers, such as those
of the violet or the pea, are often bilaterally symmetric.

References:
https://www.flowers-gardens.net/types-of-flowers.html
https://extension.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2d.html
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/anatomy-of-flowering-plants/flower/
https://www.amnh.org/learn/biodiversity_counts/ident_help/Parts_Plants/parts_of_flower.ht
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