CHAPTER I

THE BACKGROUND AND ITS PROBLEM

Background of the Study

According to World Health Organization (2018), road traffic injuries

are the leading cause of mortality among young people aged between 5 and

29 years old. Furthermore, around 90% of the world's fatalities on the

roads occur in low and middle-income countries, even though these

countries have only approximately 54% of the world's vehicles. Almost

1.25 million lives are cut short because of road traffic crashes every year.

To prevent and control the injuries cause by the road traffic crashes,

sports, and other hazardous pursuits, multi-sectoral integrated action is

needed.

People cannot deny the fact that in everything that people do each

and every day, there will always be risks of getting into an accident or even

injuries. Unintended injuries or accidents in schools are the most common

and need immediate life-saving care which is known as first aid. A basic

knowledge and understanding of first aid can be invaluable for individuals

to be able to provide emergency care in the event of an accident, possibly

saving lives and minimizing injury.

Immediate first aid when provided to patients who require

emergency care makes a huge difference to the outcome. In certain self-

limiting medical conditions, correct first aid measures are sufficient to

 2

avoid a medical consultation. It may on occasion obviate the need to visit

a hospital or clinic, lessening demand on medical facilities. Many experts

from the International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health

believe that even a limited understanding of first aid would be an

invaluable service to individuals who find themselves in emergency

situations.

This awareness can help the people to provide a solution if a tragedy

ever happens. First aid training courses are suitable for the people of all

over the world, belonging to different age groups of more than 10 years.

Essential first aid training will offer them the ABC of treatment and guiding

principles of most minor injuries and emergency medical conditions.

Building skills in first aid with the vulnerable people can help to build safer

and healthier communities.

Glendon et al (2000) suggested that the teaching of first aid to

students is probably cost-effective in terms of saving lives. They also

recommended that first aid should be taught within schools.

With this kind of problem arising to most students, the researchers

will conduct the study to know the extent of knowledge of Senior High

School Students in PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y. 2018-2019

towards Basic First Aid Skills during emergencies. The purpose of this

study is to assess the knowledge and attitude of Senior High School

Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan regarding first aid and later

 3

impart them training. This study’s goals are to assess the basic knowledge

& understanding of first aid among Senior High School Students of

PHINMA University of Pangasinan, to find out their attitude about first aid

and to provide appropriate education regarding first aid. This will be

beneficial for prevention of many morbidities and mortalities in future.

Statement of the Problem

This study entitled Knowledge of Senior High School Students of

PHINMA-University of Pangasinan S.Y. 2018-2019 Towards Basic First Aid

Skills During Emergencies aimed to determine the knowledge in applying

basic first aid during emergencies of Senior High School students of the

said university for school year 2018-2019.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the factors of basic first aid?

2. How do Senior High School students react during emergencies?

3. What should a knowledgeable student do during emergency?

Hypothesis

This study aimed to determine the knowledge in applying basic first

aid during emergencies of Senior High School students of the said

university for school year 2018-2019.

 4

H0: Senior High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan are

no more likely to be knowledgeable about Basic First Aid Skills during

emergencies.

HA: Senior High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan are

more likely to be knowledgeable about Basic First Aid Skills during

emergencies.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT OUTPUT

KNOWLEDGE OF SENIOR
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
BASIC FIRST AID SKILLS
OF PHINMA UNIVERSITY OF
DURING EMERGENCIES
PANGASINAN OF S.Y. 2018-
2019

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Knowledge of Senior High School

Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan of S.Y. 2018-2019 Towards

basic first aid skills during emergencies.

Significance of the Study

In this research study entitled Knowledge of Senior High School

Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y. 2018-2019 towards

 5

Basc First Aid Skills During Emergencies, the findings of this study will be

beneficial to the following:

Students. This study will provide students with invaluable life skills. This

study will also help them to have the ability to save lives, to be aware and

be able to reduce certain injuries within themselves and the people around

them during a certain emergency.

Teachers. This study will help them to have at least a basic knowledge of

First Aid to ensure that they will meet their specific first aid needs to the

students and this study will also help them to reduce fatalities and it will

enable faster treatment of injuries in their schools.

Society. This study will help them promote a safer and healthier

environment.

Medical Inclined People. This study will help them to easily determine if

a certain patient should be aided immediately or should undergo processes

administered to a patient.

Researchers. This will serve as a guide for further research.

Scope and Delimitation

This study is delimited to Senior High School Students of PHINMA

University of Pangasinan who are currently enrolled for the School Year

2018-2019. The researchers gathered information from 20 Grade 11 STEM

Students, 20 Grade 11 ABM Students and 10 Grade 11 GHT Students.

 6

Same goes to Grade 12 students wherein the researchers handed

questionnaires to 20 STEM Students, 20 ABM Students and 10 GHT

Students. The number of students per grade level is equal – 50 Grade 11

Students and 50 Grade 12 Students for a total of 100 respondents. The

researchers gathered the data inside the premises of University of

Pangasinan only which is located at Arellano St., Dagupan City,

Pangasinan. This study is also limited to the extent of the students’

knowledge about Basic First Aid Skills during certain emergencies.

Definition of Terms

To ensure the better understanding in this study, the following

terms shall be defined operationally:

Mortality. It is the number of deaths in a given time or place.

Fatalities. The death of human caused by an accident.

Hazardous pursuits. Refers to specific activities that are considered to be

somewhat dangerous.

Multisectoral action. Actions undertaken by non-health sectors to

protect the health of population.

Invaluable. Something that very useful

Obviate. Means to eliminate the need for something or to prevent

something from happening.

Vulnerable. Able to easily hurt, influenced or attacked.

Morbidities. Is a term used to describe how often a disease occurs in a

 7

specific area or used to describe a focus on death.

 8

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter dealt with the review of related literature and studies

in relation to what has been written and done in the present study.

Related Literature

Foreign

From the 'Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics'

(2007), the importance of the attitudes, knowledge, and skills of students

with respect to first aid and basic life support (BLS) procedures, such as

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), has long been recognized by the

chiropractic profession. As early as 1918, first aid coursework was

provided in the chiropractic program. The aim of such a first aid and/or

emergency care course is to train chiropractic students in the basics of

first aid and emergency care-ie, to help them recognize and respond

confidently and appropriately to potential emergency situations. At

present, courses in first aid and emergency care in chiropractic colleges

are often designed to prepare students for recognition, assessment, and

management of potential medical and traumatic emergencies that may be

encountered in chiropractic settings. The results of a recent preliminary

survey of 22 chiropractic institutions in Australia, Canada, Europe, and

the United States that are currently accredited (reciprocally and

internationally) by their respective national accrediting organizations show

 9

that 21 of these institutions had first aid and emergency care courses with

CPR in their chiropractic curricula. Chiropractic students at two colleges

took CPR externally through accredited CPR teaching organizations.

According to 'Scandinavian Journal of Trauma' (2010),

unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death among persons 1-34

years of age in Canada and 1-44 years in the United States, resulting in

approximately 2.6 million hospitalizations, 34.9 million emergency room

visits and 87.6 million medical office visits per year for all workers in the

U.S. Basic first aid training prepares bystanders to react and provide

immediate and efficient treatment for a wide variety of incidents including

alerting the emergency medical system (EMS), maintaining the airway,

breathing and circulation, respiratory and cardiac arrest, and hemorrhage

control. The response time in emergency situations is critical, but the first

aid provided must be performed properly in order to prevent further

complications and potentially save lives. To improve the emergency

response and outcome, first aid must be taught correctly to a broad

spectrum of individuals within the community, workplace, and health care

environment. However, with the need for effective initiation of intervention

being known, healthcare professionals and laypersons often face criticism

for inadequate basic lifesaving skills. Insufficient skills of basic lifesaving

are caused by a lack of training and appropriate instruction, limited

practice, lack of self-efficacy, and poor skill retention. While millions of

people are being trained each year, the efficacy of this training, and the
 10

subsequent performance of the skills learned, has come into question.

Current literature states that many necessary skills of first aid are

forgotten shortly after certification with rapid deterioration of skills and

knowledge in two to six months. As there is an expectation that immediate

and effective emergency life-saving procedures will be provided within the

workplace by trained personnel, the purpose of this study was to examine

the extent to which first aid skills are retained in an industrial or service

oriented workplace environment.

According to 'Aga khan University' (2010) from UAE, the efficacy of

first aid training programme for first year medical students showed that

the programme provides students with sound first aid knowledge and

practical Basic lifesaving skills. Another study done in Turkey stated that

it was highly effective to teach medical students First aid and Basic

lifesaving skills as they can form effective peer first aid trainers for other

university students. In Brazil, a study was conducted to evaluate the first

aid skills of adult population. It was concluded that those who had a

previous exposure to televised first aid training performed 9-96% of the

skills correctly while in the control group 1-34% correctly performed the

skills. A study conducted in Germany showed that vast majority of

bystanders had little or no first aid training and that there was a direct

relationship between the level of first aid training and quality of first aid

measures taken by the bystanders. In a study of 166 resuscitations before

reaching hospital, all of them were done by medical personnel who were
 11

there by chance at the time, and 28.3% were successful, thus this further

stresses the need for proper first aid training.

By Anthony Cordina (2010), First-aid training in schools must be a

compulsory part of the curriculum forming part of Personal, Social and

Health Education (PSE). It plays an important part in preventative health

education or even death. One of the common causes of injury in young

drivers is over-speeding. When an injury does takes place, whether it is to

ourselves or a fellow employee, knowing what to do and being able to react

quickly can reduce complications after serious injuries. Learning first aid

will enable students to think about the potential consequences of their

actions as well as teaching them how to respond in an emergency.

Students should be instructed as regards life-supporting skills which

include choking, bleeding, fractures, shock, drowning, electrocution,

spinal injuries, burns and scalds etc. They should be taught and made to

practise how to put a person in the recovery position, how to perform CPR

and how to use an AED (automated external defibrillator).

According to Journal of Community & Health Sciences (2012) from

the Nigerian University, because of the importance of first aid, most

modern cars have a provision for first aid kits and everyone should learn

first aid and be willing to administer basic care until medical help arrives.

Nigeria is a country with a serious and growing road accident problem that

is about the worst in the world. Carnages on roads are important

 12

situations that may need first aid. Globally and locally, statistics reflects

one clear fact, that young people (17-29 years) are most at risk, as they

are amongst the highest number involved in accidents. First aid provided

by bystanders is very crucial and lifesaving at times. Several studies have

showed poor first aid knowledge and practice among university students

in Kuwait, Australia and Pakistan. A similar study reported that the

medical profession in Canada has encouraged the teaching of

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to school students in the public

schools. Some researchers also suggested that the teaching of first aid to

students is probably cost-effective in terms of saving lives and

recommended its teaching in schools. However, it showed that first aid

training must be repeated periodically in order to maintain adequate levels

of skill and expertise. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the efficacy of a

first aid training programme for first year medical students showed that

the programme provides students with sound first aid knowledge and

practical basic life-saving skills. A similar study carried out in Turkey

revealed that it is highly effective to teach medical students first aid and

basic life-saving skills, as they can form effective peer first aid trainers for

other university students.

Local

The guidelines were produced by developing a questionnaire

containing possible first aid actions and asking an expert panel of 34

 13

Filipino mental health clinicians to rate whether each action should be

included in the guidelines. The content of the questionnaire was based on

a systematic search of the relevant evidence and claims made by authors

of consumer and career guides and websites. The panel members were

asked to complete the questionnaire by web survey. Three rounds of the

rating were carried and, at the end of each round, items that reached the

consensus criterion were selected for inclusion in the guidelines. During

the first round, panel members were also asked to suggest any additional

actions that were not covered in the original questionnaire (to include

items that are relevant to local cultural circumstances, values, and social

norms). Responses to these open-ended questions were used to generate

new items.

Results. The output from the Delphi process was a set of agreed

upon action statements. The Delphi process started with 138 statements,

48 new items were written based on suggestions from panel members and,

of these 186 items, 102 met the consensus criterion. These statements

were used to develop the guidelines appended to this paper. The guidelines

are currently being translated into local languages. (International Journal

of Mental Health Systems, 2010)

The Philippine Red Cross (PRC) with the support from the American

Red Cross (AmCross) and SM Mall of Asia, conducted a free lecture on first

aid and basic life support in celebration of the World First Aid Day at the
 14

South Pavilion, SM Mall of Asia in Pasay City. World First Aid Day was

organized in year 2000 by the International Federation of the Red Cross

(IFRC), aimed at raising global awareness on the importance of basic first

aid skills which can save lives in emergency situations.

With this year’s theme, “First Aid for Domestic Accidents,” the PRC

demonstrated a lecture on First Aid and Basic Life Support-Cardio

Pulmonary Resuscitation (BLS-CPR) to increase awareness of the possible

dangers in a domestic environment, to prepare every member of the family

for unexpected incidents, and to teach them basic first aid measures in

case of emergency situations. The Safety Services, one of the service arms

of the PRC that secures the health and safety of Filipino communities, set

up stations to impart skills on Bandaging and Bleeding Control, Lifting

and Transfer, BLS -Adult and Child CPR, and BLS-Infant CPR. More than

400 information education campaign (IEC) materials were also distributed

to promote safety tips and precautionary measures in dealing with

emergency situations.

More than 200 participants from all ages, especially kids hanging

around with their parents at the mall, joined the activity and learned how

to administer basic first aid. Even employees from the SM Mall of Asia had

the opportunity to acquire common life-saving lessons.

In addition, the event also showcased the importance of Child

Restraint System, which is one of the safety campaigns of the PRC. Child
 15

restraint system is commonly known as “child car seat,” designed for

children to diminish the risk of injury during collision or car crashes.

During the event, children were able to experience and be buckled

up on car seats for a simple demonstration on how the car seat works.

(World Health Organization, 2013)

Using a train-the-trainer approach, Filipino health professionals

learn how to teach others to provide psychological first aid to support

typhoon survivors. People are more likely to suffer from a range of mental

health problems during and after emergencies. One month after the

devastating Typhoon Haiyan, one of WHO’s top health priorities is scaling

up mental health and psychosocial support as the country recovers. "The

typhoon will have long-lasting effects," says Dr Julie Hall, the WHO

Representative in the country. "We must be prepared to give support to

families and communities for the long-term, and we need more trained

field workers to do it."

In response, the Philippine Department of Health (DOH), with WHO

support, brought together 25 professionals from government, professional

associations, universities and community agencies to learn about WHO-

recommended psychological first aid to support typhoon survivors.

Using a train-the-trainer approach, Filipino psychologists, physicians and

psychiatrists who took part in the one-day workshop will teach others in
 16

their communities to perform the first aid so more survivors have access

to basic support.

According to training facilitator Mark van Ommeren, a WHO mental health

expert, disseminating this approach widely is a way of ensuring that

anyone – teachers, aid workers, police officers and health workers – can

be a helper in crisis situations like the typhoon aftermath.

“When they interact with people who are very upset, they will have the

skills and confidence to be supportive,” says van Ommeren. (Philippine

Information Agency, 2017)

According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases

are the most common cause of death worldwide and account for about

one-third of deaths. As our population ages, the prevalence of these

diseases is expected to increase. This program will help prepare

participants to handle these events and other life-threatening incidents.

The Basic Life Support (BLS): CPR and First Aid provider program is

designed to provide course participants with foundational knowledge and

teach skills needed to perform Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and

other lifesaving skills. During this course, participants will become

familiar with the signs and symptoms associated with cardiovascular

diseases such as heart attack as well as with other diseases and conditions

that may also pose an immediate threat to life. Those conditions — such

as shock, choking and external bleeding — are included in this course.

 17

The first-aid component of this course addresses additional circumstances

and diseases that may require intervention and assistance from emergency

medical services (EMS). Successful completion of the BLS: CPR and First

Aid course includes demonstration of skill competency and passing a

knowledge assessment. Upon completion, you will receive a provider card

indicating that you have been trained in basic life support (including CPR)

and first-aid measures. Reading this handbook without instruction and

skill practice will not make someone competent to provide CPR or first-aid

assistance. First Responder Roles and Responsibilities. First aid is

providing initial care for an injury or illness. The three key aims of first aid

are to (1) preserve life, (2) prevent the condition from worsening and (3)

promote recovery. Since emergency-response skills deteriorate with time,

retraining is required every two years to maintain BLS: CPR and First Aid

provider certification. In addition, regular practice is encouraged, when

possible, to retain skill proficiency. All skills performed in an emergency

should be within the scope of one’s training. (World Health Organization,

2017)

Basic first‐aid skills can be useful in treating minor injuries that

commonly result from natural disasters in the United States. Yet there has

been insufficient research on training and competence in first‐aid skills

among community residents. This study utilizes panel data for 414 adults

in Los Angeles, California, who were interviewed within three years of the

1994 Northridge earthquake and re‐interviewed in 1999 after the El Niño

 18

winter of 1997–98. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analyses were

performed. Results showed that 24 percent of the members of the sample

had received first‐aid training since their Northridge earthquake interview.

First‐aid training, particularly recent training, was associated with greater

perceived first‐aid skills, as well as with increased expected and actual

employment of those skills. With the appropriate training and skill

retention, lay members of the public can potentially contribute to a post‐

disaster medical response. (John Wiley, 2018)

Related Studies

Foreign

According to the study of Kasturba Medical College (2014), Manipal

University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. This cross-sectional study was

conducted during May 2011 among 152 medical students. Data was

collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Based on the scores

obtained in each condition requiring first aid, the overall knowledge was

graded as good, moderate and poor. Only 11.2% (17/152) of the total

student participants had previous exposure to first aid training. Good

knowledge about first aid was observed in 13.8% (21/152), moderate

knowledge in 68.4% (104/152) and poor knowledge in 17.8% (27/152)

participants. Analysis of knowledge about first aid management in select

conditions found that 21% (32/152) had poor knowledge regarding first

aid management for shock and for gastro esophageal reflux disease and
 19

20.4% (31/152) for epistaxis and foreign body in eyes. All students felt

that first aid skills need to be taught from the school level onwards and all

of them were willing to enroll in any formal first aid training sessions.The

level of knowledge about first aid was not good among majority of the

students. The study also identified the key areas in which first aid

knowledge was lacking. There is thus a need for formal first aid training to

be introduced in the medical curriculum.

According to the study of Alhejaili AS, Alsubhi SA (2016) in Taibah

University, the pre- awareness results of this study showed that the

majority of the female students (98.2%) thought that they had previous

knowledge about first aid, only 16.4% reported to have the ability to do

first aid in emergency case. A Peruvian study reported that 52.5% of

medical students had prior training in management of medical

emergencies; however, 60.4% of them had poor knowledge about first aid.

Abd El- Hay et al. [8] determined that all students had poor mean score of

knowledge and practice regarding first aid and basic life support.In this

study, the knowledge of first aid management in suspected bone fractures

was about 89.1% and in bleeding was 47.3%, similar to studies in

Mangalore in South India was 12.5% for both fracture and bleeding

management [3]. A study in Kuwait University for knowledge about wound

bleeding revealed 42.3% and for bone fracture was 59.6% [5]. The first aid

management of burns was known correctly by 73.6% students in this

study, as against 23.2% in an Irish study, 13.8% in south Indian study

 20

and 32.6% in Kuwait University. Analysis of knowledge about first aid

management of epistaxis 55.5% had good knowledge, against 13.8% in

Mangalore University study in South India. First aid followed by accidental

choking by a foreign body was good in 75.5% in this study against 43.6%

cases in the Karachi based study, 53.4% in the Peruvian study and 13.2%

in South Indian study. This study also reported that 83.6% of the students

had good knowledge of first aid management in cases of accidental

ingestion of poisons as against 15.8% in study of South India study.With

respect to correct management of convulsions, 70.9% was good in this

study, as compared to 24.8% medical students in the Karachi and 13.8%

students in South Indian study. In correct management of recovery

position, 24.8% medical students in the Karachi study knew of recovery

position as against 64.5% students in this study. The majority of students

in this study knew management of victims with hypoglycemic attack

sufficiently with rate of 95.5% compared to 61% in Kuwait University

study. Victims in case of unconsciousness and breathing by 68.2% against

16.5% in Kuwait University study.After the awareness program which was

submitted to the students in this study, significant improvement was

shown in the knowledge of the majority of the first aid questions. This is

in agreement with Abd El- Hay et al. and Bolling et al. [9] who reported

that first aid training resulted in improvement of the knowledge and

attitude of the students. Some knowledge didn’t show statistically

 21

improvement and this could be attributed that regular workshops were

needed for the students and refresh their knowledge continuously.

According to the study of Dr. Moawiah Khatatbeh (2016) , Faculty

of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan, his study has

aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge about the first aid process among

the university students in Jordan. The study population consisted of

students of the 14 scientific and unscientific faculties at Yarmouk

University, Jordan. Data were obtained via questionnaires from 883

students. The majority of participants were females (65.9%) with mean age

(standard deviation) of 19.9 (2.6) years. Only 29.2% of students had

previous first aid experience. When asked, only 11% of students knew the

normal respiration rate of an adult in 1 min. Results revealed that female

students, having previous first aid experience, and being a student of the

health sciences and scientific colleges were the only factors had significant

statistical associations with better level of first aid knowledge. The

students’ knowledge about first aid is not at an adequate level. It would be

advisable that first aid course be handled as a separate and practical

course at secondary school level.

According to the study of Chitkara School of Health Sciences (2017),

Chitkara University, Punjab, India Non-experimental Descriptive Survey

i.e.; research survey design was undertaken to assess the knowledge

among health assigned teachers in selected schools of Dehradun city,

 22

Uttarakhand, from 16 may 2016 to 21 may 2016. The data was collected

using socio demographic questionnaires and structured knowledge

questionnaire from 40 study subjects selected by purposive sampling

technique to assess their knowledge on first aid. The data collected was

analyzed by using inferential statistics. Findings shows the majority of

health assign teachers were having average knowledge regarding first aid

i.e.; 31 (77.5%) and 5 (12.5%) were having good knowledge and 4 (10%)

were having poor knowledge regarding first aid. The present study was

carried out among the teachers of government school regarding the

knowledge on First Aid Management in school teachers. A total number of

40 teachers were taken for the study. The analysis of the data was done

using the frequency test and Chi-square test in SPSS.A non-experimental

study was carried using purposive sampling technique, 40 samples of

Government school teachers were taken. Results shows that majority of

the teachers were having average knowledge about the first aid i.e. 12.5%

has good scores, 77.5% has average and 10% has poor scores.Most of the

participants in the study were females (married) of the age group between

31 yrs to 40 yrs residing mostly in semi urban areas with a post graduate

degree with the income of above 30,000 rupees.

According to the College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh,

KSA (2018), the present study has demonstrated that the overall

knowledge of undergraduate medical students in the College of Medicine,

King Saud University was 47%, which is relatively inadequate and needs
 23

to be addressed, taking into account the frequent but devastating

emergency situations that we encounter in our lives. We believe that first

year medical students’ inadequate first-aid knowledge is related to the lack

of first-aid training courses implemented in the curriculum throughout

the five years of medical college as well as to the students’ lack of interest

in participating electively in extracurricular first-aid training programs.

Implementing mandatory first-aid programs and courses is becoming a

necessity not only in medical colleges but also in other colleges and even

at school level. Raising the awareness of first aid among the general

populace through campaigns, brochures, and advertisements might be a

helpful contribution to minimize the possible harm, to help decrease the

mortality and morbidity rates, and to promote recovery in minor incidents

Local

According to Lynn Castro (2010), the purpose of the study was to

assess the first aid knowledge of coaches of youth soccer and to assess the

decision making ability of those coaches in hypothetical athletic

situations. The study investigated coaches with passing scores on the First

Aid Assessment test (FAA) and first aid and CPR certification; years of

coaching experience and scores on the FAA; the difference between years

of coaching experience and return to play; the relationship between first

aid and CPR certification and education level and the scores on the FAA

and education level. Coaches completed a FAA test, Game Situation Data
 24

Sheet (GSDS), and a brief demographic information sheet. Thirteen

(11.4%) coaches out of 114 coaches earned a passing score on the First

Aid Assessment test. Of the 114 coaches that completed the demographic

data sheet, 31 (27%) reported being current first aid certified and 24 (21%)

reported being current CPR certified. Of those 55 coaches, only 13 coaches

passed the FAA test. This shows that coaches currently certified in first

aid and CPR were more successful in passing the FAA an injured athlete

to competition are dependent upon the game situation and the rank of

player involved (starter, backup, or bench player).

According to Resureccion N. Arevallo (2010), The purpose of this

study was to determine the knowledge of emergency situations and the

safety of the crew among marine engineering students and instructors of

John B. Lacson Foundation Maritime University-Molo, Iloilo City. The data

of this descriptive research were gathered using the interview method. The

respondents of this study were the 30 randomly selected marine

engineering instructors and students who had been on-board. The

findings revealed that the most prevalent answers on emergency cases

were the following: stop the spreading of casualty getting worse, follow the

assigned task on the ship station bell, look for the bulletin board, attack

the accident and report to the chief mate or chief engineer, assist the OIC

and wait for further instruction. The breakage of cylinders of main engine

which produces fire and heavy smoke in the engine room, fir on the engine

room area, abandon ship, stop the engine, blackout, and man over board
 25

were the common situations occurred on board. The most common

experiences on board were emergency drill, mechanical trouble in engine,

abandon ship, electrical black out, and flooding.

According to International Journal of Mental Health Systems (2010),

the develop guidelines for how a member of the Filipino public should

provide mental health first aid to a person who is suicidal. The guidelines

were produced by developing a questionnaire containing possible first aid

actions and asking an expert panel of 34 Filipino mental health clinicians

to rate whether each action should be included in the guidelines. The

content of the questionnaire was based on a systematic search of the

relevant evidence and claims made by authors of consumer and carer

guides and websites. The panel members were asked to complete the

questionnaire by web survey. Three rounds of the rating were carried and,

at the end of each round, items that reached the consensus criterion were

selected for inclusion in the guidelines. During the first round, panel

members were also asked to suggest any additional actions that were not

covered in the original questionnaire (to include items that are relevant to

local cultural circumstances, values, and social norms). Responses to

these open-ended questions were used to generate new items. The output

from the Delphi process was a set of agreed upon action statements. The

Delphi process started with 138 statements, 48 new items were written

based on suggestions from panel members and, of these 186 items, 102

met the consensus criterion. These statements were used to develop the
 26

guidelines appended to this paper. The guidelines are currently being

translated into local languages. There are a number of actions that are

considered to be useful for members of the public when they encounter

someone who is experiencing suicidal thoughts or engaging in suicidal

behaviour. Although the guidelines are designed for members of the

public, they may also be helpful to non-mental health professionals

working in health and welfare settings.

According to the Psychological Association of the Philippines (2015),

from their research, The Application and Adaptation of Psychological First

Aid: The Filipino Psychologists’ Experience After Typhoon Haiyan, the

researchers examined examined the experiences, adaptations,

observations, and insights on the use of Psychological First Aid (PFA) in

the Philippines.

Nineteen PFA providers who were trained in the basics of PFA from

three major cities in the Philippines took part in this study. Respondents’

knowledge about PFA was consistent with the core principles of promoting

a sense of safety, calm, self- and community efficacy, connectedness, and

instilling a sense of hope. The delivery of PFA was adapted to the Filipino

culture through the use of local counseling models, a group-based set-up,

and the use of mindfulness and relaxation techniques. The respondents

highlight the perceived efficacy in using and adapting PFA to support

Filipino survivors after a disaster like Typhoon Haiyan.

 27

The past decades have seen a growing regularity of disasters as well

as an increase in research on the appropriate psychosocial support

interventions for disaster survivors. The Intervention Pyramid for Mental

Health and Psychosocial Support for Emergencies proposed by the Inter-

Agency Standing Committee (IASC; 2007) suggests that the most basic

intervention for all survivors is ensuring their well-being and safety. Once

basic needs are ensured, there may be a need to provide interventions that

will help survivors who have mild to moderate psychological reactions to

the disasters they have experienced. These interventions may include

community and family response services such as family tracing and

reunification, community healing ceremonies, mass communication on

constructive coping methods, supportive parenting programs, formal and

non-formal education activities, provision of livelihood, and activation of

social networks (i.e., women’s groups and youth clubs). Beyond these

interventions, the pyramid describes a third layer of interventions that

provide individual, family, or group interventions (focused but non-

specialized care) to a smaller number of survivors who may still be

experiencing mild to moderate health disorders.

This may include psychological first aid (PFA) or basic mental health

care. At the top of the pyramid are specialized services (i.e., psychological

or psychiatric support) that are provided by psychologists and/or

psychiatrists to survivors experiencing significant difficulties in daily

functioning. Psychological first aid or PFA is a practical support process

 28

for survivors that includes assessing their needs and concerns and helping

them address these by connecting them to the right information, relevant

services, and applicable social support. As a psychosocial support

intervention, it involves comforting people, helping them feel calm, and

boosting their self-efficacy (World Health Organization [WHO], War

Trauma Foundation, & World Vision International, 2011).

It is humane and non-intrusive as providers listen to people but do

not pressure them to talk. Unlike professional counseling or psychological

debriefing, PFA does not ask survivors to analyze what happened to them

and put time and events in order. Given the increasing evidence that

psychological debriefing is counterproductive and slows down the natural

recovery of disaster survivors, and the literature on the positive impact of

PFA, it is now the preferred psychosocial intervention during the post-

disaster emergency phase (WHO et al., 2011).

Although there is some research on the use and impact of PFA in

the West, there has been no study thus far on the use of PFA in the

Philippines. Therefore, this current study seeks to fill in the gap by looking

at how PFA is used in the country. Moreover, given the growing consensus

on the importance of utilizing culturally sensitive and evidence-based

interventions in emergency situations (IASC; 2007), we describe how

Filipino PFA providers have contextualized the delivery of PFA in the

 29

aftermath of Super Typhoon Haiyan. Finally, we also present these

providers’ perceived utility and benefits of PFA.

According to the Division of Basic Medical Sciences (2017), Faculty

of Medicine, National University of Science and Technology, While burns

take seconds to occur, the resulting injuries result in pain and undesirable

long-term (often lifelong) effects. The study was carried out to determine

the practices, beliefs, and sources of information related to burns and first

aid among caregivers of children who present to hospital with burn injuries

in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out over a period of 3

months at 2 central hospitals in Harare (Parirenyatwa Group of Hospitals

and Harare Central Hospital). A questionnaire was administered to the

caregivers of children, aged 0 to 60 months and admitted to the burns

wards, to elicit information on the circumstances of the burn injury and

the first aid methods which were administered.

Results. Out of the 50 children who were recruited, 54.0% were

females and the mean age was 29.5 months (SD = 15.5). As first aid for

the burn injuries that brought these children to hospital, 30 (60.0%) of the

caregivers cooled the burn with cold running water. Some caregivers

applied eggs, margarine, or traditional herbs as first aid. Other first aid

practices reported by the caregivers included the use of urine and crushed

cockroaches (n = 40; 80.0%), while 20 caregivers (40.0%) used aloe vera

 30

gel. About half of the caregivers received first aid information mainly from

family members and very few indicated that the information was obtained

from mass media (n = 3; 6.0%).

Conclusions. The first aid measures used by the majority of

caregivers were either incomplete or inadequate. Although some caregivers

had adequate knowledge of what to do after an injury, there still was

widespread use of alternative therapies in burn management.

 31

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, locale of the

study/research environment, respondents of the study, the research

instrument, data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment of the

data gathered.

Research Design

Under the quantitative approach, the Descriptive Research Design was

used in this study. This research study focused to gather information from

the students using random technique under the Probability Sampling

through the use of questionnaires as the instrument in order to achieve

the purpose of this study – which is to determine the Knowledge of Senior

High School Students in PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y. 2018-

2019 towards Basic First Aid Skills during Emergencies and to determine

the answers of the respondents to further understand their knowledge

towards basic first aid skills.

Locale of the Study/Research Environment

PHINMA University of Pangasinan was the locale of the study. It is located

at Arellano Street, Dagupan City, Pangasinan. Particularly this study was

conducted to the Senior High School Department, specifically Senior High

 32

School Students. It was chosen by the researchers because of the diversity

of its students which is the focus of this study.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study are the Senior High School Students of

PHINMA University of Pangasinan for the School Year 2018-2019. The

researchers gathered information using random sampling technique from

20 Grade 11 STEM Students, 20 Grade 11 ABM Students and 10 Grade

11 GHT Students. Same goes to Grade 12 students wherein the

researchers handed out questionnaires to 20 STEM Students, 20 ABM

Students and 10 GHT Students. The number of students per grade level is

equal – 50 Grade 11 Students and 50 Grade 12 Students for a total of 100

respondents.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers distributed questionnaires to the respondents in order to

determine the knowledge of the Senior High School Students towards

Basic First Aid Skills during Emergencies.

Data Gathering Procedure

Seeking Permission to conduct the study. The researchers’ first job is

to ask the permission of the Senior High School Principal to allow the

researchers to survey the respondents, which are the Senior High School

students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y 2018-2019, by

answering the questionnaire that are prepared by the researchers.

 33

Preparation of Questionnaire. The researchers made a questionnaire

prior to the sub-problems from the research.

Data Processing Method. The researchers conducted a survey to the

sample. The researchers passed the questionnaires to the respondents

inside their classrooms during their free time and are asked to answer the

questionnaire truthfully. The researchers collected the papers and

carefully tallied the data. After this procedure, the gathered data are

prepared for the statistical treatment.

Statistical Treatment of Data/ Data Analysis

Percent Formula was used to determine the extent of knowledge on Senior

High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan towards Basic

First Aid Skills during Emergencies.

𝑓
Percent Formula: P = x 100 %
𝑛

Where: P= Percentage

f= Frequency

n= Number of Respondents
 34

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the following data

gathered from the research questionnaire relative to the research subjects

of this study.

This chapter discusses the extent of knowledge of Senior High

School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y 2018-2019

towards Basic First Aid Skills during emergencies. The data gathered from

this chapter are obtained from the answers of the respondents, who are

the Senior High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan,

from the questionnaire given by the researchers. The researchers used the

percentage formula in order to determine the extent of knowledge of Senior

High School Students towards basic first aid skills during emergencies.

The data are presented using tables in accordance to the sequencing

of the sub-problems under the Statement of the Problem portion in

Chapter 1.

The following are the sub-problems:

1. What are the factors of basic first aid?

2. How do Senior High School students react during emergencies?

3. What should a knowledgeable student do during emergency

 35

TABLE 1

Factors of Basic First Aid for Senior High School Students

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(f) (P %)

A. Increasing Risks 9 9%

of Injury

B. Reduced Level 6 6%

of Survival

C. To avoid Death 7 7%

D. A Manner to 78 78 %

Save a Life

TOTAL 100 100 %

Table 1 presents the factors of having adequate knowledge about

basic first aid skills for the respondents. It showed that there are a total of

100 respondents for this study. The table also showed that the least

number of respondents to answer to is option B, reduced level of survival,

which only gained 6% of the total percentage but it’s not that far from the

other 2 options which are options A and C which gained 9% and 7% of the

total percentage respectively. While the most answered option is option D,

a manner to save a life, which gained 78% of the total percentage.

 36

TABLE 2

Immediate Reactions of Students when faced with Emergencies

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(f) (P %)

A. Seek for 45 45%

somebody’s help

B. Don’t Panic 44 44 %

C. Leave the 3 3%

emergency

scene as soon

as possible

D. Shout out loud 8 8%

so somebody

will know where

you are

TOTAL 100 100 %

Table 2 presents the immediate reactions of Senior High School

Students when faced with emergencies. It showed that there are a total of

100 respondents for this study. The table also showed that the least

number of respondents to answer to is option C, leave the emergency scene

as soon as possible, which only gained 3% of the total percentage but it’s
 37

not that far from option D, shout out loud so somebody will know where

you are, which gained 8% of the total percentage. While the most answered

option is option A which gained 45% of the total percentage but option B

was close to the percentage of option A wherein this option gained 44% of

the total percentage. These options only have 1% difference.

TABLE 3

Actions a Knowledgeable Student/First Aider should do During

Emergencies

FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

(f) (P %)

A. Do basic first aid 79 79 %

during a certain

emergency

B. Survey the 7 7%

Scene

C. Be able to check 5 5%

if the scene is

safe

D. Leave the scene 9 9%

immediately

TOTAL 100 100 %

 38

Table 3 presents the actions a knowledgeable student/first aider

should do during emergencies. It showed that there are a total of 100

respondents for this study. The table also showed that the least number

of respondents to answer to is option C, be able to check if the scene is

safe, which only gained 5% of the total percentage but it’s not that far from

options B and D which gained 7% and 9% from the total percentage

respectively. While the most answered option is option A, do basic first aid

during a certain emergency, which gained 79% of the total percentage.

 39

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study. It also drafts the

conclusions and recommendations based on the findings.

Summary

This study aimed to determine the extent of knowledge of Senior

High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y 2018-2019

towards Basic First Aid Skills during emergencies.

To accomplish the goal of the study, the researchers conducted a

survey using questionnaires to determine the extent of knowledge of Senior

High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y 2018-2019

towards Basic First Aid Skills during emergencies. The first thing that the

researchers did was to seek permission from the principal in order for the

researchers to conduct the study. Second was to make the survey

questionnaire. The third step was to hand out the questionnaires that are

answered by the respondents. After they answered the questionnaires, the

researchers collected their papers. The last but not the least step was to

check the answers of the respondents that was immediately tallied by the

researchers.

To treat the data, the statistical technique that was used for the

analysis and interpretation of the data is the percentage formula.

Percentage Formula was used to determine the extent knowledge of Senior

 40

High School Students of PHINMA University of Pangasinan S.Y 2018-2019

towards Basic First Aid Skills during emergencies.

Findings

The following are the findings of the research study.

1. Table 1 presents the Factors of Basic First Aid for Senior High School

Students. Table 1 showed that there are 100 respondents. The most

answered option is option D, a manner to save a life, which gained 78% of

the total percentage while the least number of respondents to answer to is

option B, reduced level of survival, which only gained 6% of the total

percentage. While 9% of the total percentage gained by option A, Increasing

Risks of Injury and 7% of the total percentage gained by option C, to avoid

death.

2. Table 2 presents the immediate reactions of Senior High School

Students when faced with emergencies. Table 2 showed that there are 100

respondents. The most answered option is option A, seek for somebody’s

help which gained 45% of the total percentage while the least number of

respondents to answer to is option C, Leave the emergency scene as soon

as possible, which only gained 3% of the total percentage. While 44% of

the total percentage gained by option B, Don’t Panic and 8% of the total

percentage gained by option D, Shout out loud so somebody will know

where you are.

 41

3. Table 3 presents the actions a knowledgeable student/first aider should

do during emergencies. Table 3 showed that there are 100 respondents.

The most answered option is option A, do basic first aid during a certain

emergency which gained 79% of the total percentage while the least

number of respondents to answer to is option C, be able to check if the

scene is safe, which only gained 5% of the total percentage. While 7% of

the total percentage gained by option B, Survey the scene and 9% of the

total percentage gained by option D, leave the scene immediately.

Conclusion

Based on the findings presented, the following conclusions have been

derived:

1. The researchers found that most of the students do basic first aid for it

is the most efficient way to save a life. This means that the students

are aware that the main factor of first aid is to save one’s life.

2. The researchers conclude that most of the students will seek for

somebody’s help when faced with emergency. Also, the students are aware

for not panicking during emergencies.

3. A knowledgeable first aider will immediately survey the scene but,

researchers found out that the students will apply basic first aid

immediately during a certain emergency.

 42

4. In conclusion, The Senior High School students of PHINMA University

of Pangasinan have adequate knowledge about basic first aid skills during

emergencies for they have answered the right steps in performing basic

first aid when faced with emergencies.

Recommendations

Based from the findings and conclusion above, the researchers have

recommendations to the following entities:

1. All strands on senior high school must take basic first aid

knowledge/education, not just to limit it on health course students on

knowing basic first aid.

2. Students should engage themselves on learning the basic first aid

techniques to efficiently use it on unexpected emergency situations.

3. They must participate basic first aid training programs in order to

improve their fundamental knowledge and skills of life saving.

4. For the teachers, students must be guided to enhance their knowledge

towards basic first aid.

5. For schools, they should allow and initiate such kinds of programs for

students to be enriched with knowledge that they can utilize for future use.