SYSTEM IV

IODINE - PHOSPHOROUS ACID.

 -108-

(i) Introduction.

The reaction between phosphorous acid and iodine

can be represented by the following equation:-
H
3 P 0 3 + I 2 +H 2° " H 3 P 0 4 + 2 H I
As has been stated in System II (page 70), this reaction
proceeds at an extremely slow rate in acid medium and is
negligible for all practical purposes in a heterogeneous
system. The reaction proceeds with a measurable rate,
however, in an alkaline medium. I have carried out the
reaction in two buffers, namely, sodium bicarbonate and
disodium hydrogen phosphate.
(ii) Experimental.
The general arrangement of the apparatus is the
same as used in the first three systems.
As in the case of the System II, the volume of
the aqueous phase employed for'the reactions was through-
out 500 c.cs. The reaction was found to proceed at a
measurable speed at temperatures of 50 C. and higher.
The concentrations employed were small because even as
small concentrations as 0.01 N gave reproducible results.
The same proceedure as was employed in System II was
followed carefully.
Reagents.
(1) Phosphorous acid;- This product wag prepared *
by Scherin^-Kahlbaum. Its purity was estimated by accu-
rately weighing out an equivalent amount and dissolving
 -109-

the saire in pure dj stilled water. A slight excess over

the calculated quantity required for neutralisation of

sodiun: bicarbonate solution was added to this and the

the fixture was kept in a glass stoppered bottle. An

excess of standard aqueous iodine solution was added to

the fixture and the bottle was kept over for a day. The

excess iodine was then titrated against standard sodium

thiosulphate solution. A blank reading with the sarre

voluir.e of iodine solution was also taken. It was observed

that the amount of iodine consulted agreed exactly with

the theoretical amount.

A standard solution of phosphorous acid was

prepared by titration against N/10 sodium hydroxide solu-

tion using phenolpthalein as an indicator. The neutra-

lization proceeds in two stages.

(I) H3PO3 + NaOH - NaH 2 P0 3 1- H 2 0

(II) NaH 2 P0 3 + NaOH » NagHPOj+HgO
The acid salt formed in the first stage iirparts a pink

colouration to the titre and marks the end point, 10 c.cs.

of ltf/10 acid thus requiring 5 c.cs. of N / 1 0 sodium hy-

droxide for 50 per cent neutralisation. The normality

was also confirmed by using excess of aqueous iodine

solution in bicarbonate and phosphate buffers and ti-

trating the excess iodine against standard thiosulphate

solution. The results were identical and the strength's

by the two rcethos

 -110-

agreed exactly by the two methods. A stock solution

of 0.1 N strength was thus prepared and was preserved

in a well-stoppered bottle.

Sodium bicarbonate and disodium hydrogen HJliLS-

phate:- The products manufactured by the British Drug

Houses were used. Both these salts were 'Analar'

quality.

The rest cf the substances were the same as

were used in System II.

(iii) Preparation of buffer solutions of

p_ho_sp_horous acid.

An approximately 0.1 N solution of bicarbonate

was prepared by dissolving a suitable amount in pure

distilled water. This solution was then standardised

against exact 0.1 N hydrochloric acid by using methyl

orange an an indicator. A stock solution was prepared

and kept in a stoppered bottle.

The solution of sodium hydroxide employed to

standardise the phosphorous acid had been standardised
agair.st the hydrochloric acid employed for the prepara-
tion of standard bicarbonate solution.

A measured volume of the standard phosphorous

acid solution was taken in a beaker, the volume depending
upon the concentration desired. To this an equivalent—
volume of the standard bicarbonate solution was added
and the solution was heated to expel the carbon dioxide
 -in-

formed in the neutralisation. The solution was then

cooled and diluted to 500 c.cs. The concentration of

the buffer was changed by changing the volume of the

bicarbonate solution.

In case of the reactions bufferred by disodium

hydrogen phosphate, a known amount of the salt was accu-

rately weighed out and dissolved in the phosphorous acid

solution and the fixture was then diluted to the desired

volume.

(iv) Infinity reading; estimations; calculations.

The course of the reaction was studied by with-

drawing 10 c.cs. of the aqueous phase and estimating the

hydriodic acid generated at known intervals of time, the

acid being soluble in the aqueous phase alone. 10 c.cs.

of the aqueous layer were withdrawn at known time inter-

vals froir the start of the reaction and about one c.c.

of saturated ferric aminoniurn sulphate (indicator) was

added. In the case where high concentrations of the

buffers were employed requisite volume of 0.1 N sulphu-

ric acid was added to prevent any precipitation of the

insoluble silver salts (carbonate or phosphate). 10

c.cs. of exact 0.01 N solution of silver nitrate were

then added. This quantity was fixed after preliminary

experiments so as to bring about complete precipitation

o: the liberated hydriodic acid. The excess of silver

 -112-

nitrate was then titrated against 0.02 N ammonium thio-

cyanate solution. The titration was carried out in a

stoppered bottle of about 100 C.CB. capacity and the

bottle was shaken vigorously from time to time during

the course of titration. The change from yellow to buff

marked the end point. The readings of 0.02 1\ thiocya-

nate were then converted to those of 0.01 IT. The

difference between the initial reading of thiccyanate

with 10 c.cs. of 0.01 II silver nitrate (blank reading)

and the successive readings gave the value of x. The

values of a and x are expressed throughout this reaction

in terms cf c.cs. of 0.01 If ammonium thiccyanate although

the actual titrations were carried out against 0.02 N

thiocyanate for the 0.01 N solution was found to be un-

suitable to offer pronounced end points.

For determining the infinity reading of the

phosphorous acid solution employed for the reaction, a

method similar to the one used in System II was emplo-

yed for the reasons stated on pages 69-70. 10 c.cs. of

the buffered phosphorous acid solution used for the

reaction were introduced in two bottles separately and

an excess of standard aqueous iodine solution was added

to each. The bottles were well-stoppered, left over

for a day in the dark and the excess of iodine was

estimated by standard tliiosulphate solution. T-he'

contents of the second bottle were estimated for iodine
 -11.3-
two 'aoura aftsr the first to ensure accuracy. In. all

cases the two rebuilds agreed exactly with each other.

The amount n iodine consumed by the acid was determined

and hence the total acid. The strengths in terms of

the standard thiosulphats were then expressed in tei*ms

of 0.01 U thiocyanate by a proceedure similar to the

one followed in Syst-.-r II (page 71).

The initial reading in the case of iodine solu-

tion in iQonochlorbeozene -«as obtained by the sarce method

used in the earlier systems.

The iollo?ang conditions are common foi* all

the experiments carried out in this Systems -

Volume of the aqueous phase 500 c.cs.

Volume of the non-aqueous phase 500 c.cs.

Solvent for .iodine -- Monochlorbenze1-' a.

Aqueous solution withdrawn for

estimation .. .. .. 10 c.cs.

Distilled water added after

each withdrawal •• •• 10 c.cs.

Other conditions are specified on the top of

the respective tables.

(v) Results.
 -114-

(A) REACTIONS I If BICARBONATE BUFJj'SK

(1) Variation in the concentrationof iodine.

Concentration of phosphorous acid 0.01 N.

Infinite reading for the acid 10 C.CSJ

Concentration of the buffer .. 0.01 N.

Speed of stirring . . 150 r.p.rc.

Temperature .. . . . . 50°C.

These conditions are common for Table Nos. 91 to 93.

Table No f 91
Concentration of iodine 0.01 N.

Time i n C.cs.of H/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) NH4cirs(x)
60 0.90 9.10 1.568
90 1.30 8.70 1.546
120 1.50 8.50 1.525
150 1.80 8.20 1.475
180 2.10 7.90 1.308
210 2.30 7.70 1.244
240 2.40 7.60 1.142

Mean of last 6 1.373

 -115-

Table No. 92
Concentration of iodine 0.02 N.

"i
Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 10 3
minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.5 8.5 2.706

90 2. 0 3.0 2.476
120 2.5 7,5 2,394
150 2.9 7.1 2.280
18 0 3.3 6.7 2.217
210 3.7 6.3 2.198
240 4.0 6.0 2.125

Mean of last 6 2."281

Table No.93
Concentration of iodine 0.03 N.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.9 8.1 3.427

90 2.5 7.5 3.193
120 3.2 6.8 3.210
150 3.7 6.3 3.077
180 4.2 5.8 3.016
210 4.6 5.4 2.931
240 4.. 9 5.1 2.802

Mean of last 6 3.038

(Higher concentrations of iodine could not be employed
for iodine was observed to diffuse into the aqueous phase
after about 2 hours due to the increasing concentration""
of the hydriodic acid generated in the reaction)
 -115-

Sunmary o f _rea'Jlt_s 'with variation in

Table No.94

Time Values of k X 1 0 u wit.a iodine concentration

in
minutes 0.01 N 0.02 N 0.03 N

60 1. 56d 2.7 06 3.427

90 1.546 2.475 3.193
120 1.5:25 2.39 4 3.210
150 1.475 2.28 0 3.077
180 1.308 2.217 3.016
210 1.244 2.198 2.931
240 1.342 2.125 2.802

Mean* 1.373 2.281 3.038

* Mean of last 6.

mi

(2) Variation in the concentration of phosphorous acid.

Concentration of iodine 0.01 N.

Initial reading of iodine 10 c.cs.

Speed of stirring .. 150 r.p.rc.

Temperature. . . . . 50 C.
The velocity constants are calculated with respect
to iodine.
These conditions are common for Table Nos. 95 to 97.
 -117-

Table No.95
Concentration of phosphorous acid 0.02 N.
Infinity reading for the acid 20 c.cs.

Time i n C . c s . o f N/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.3 8.7 2.319

90 1.8 8.2 2.203
120 2.3 7.7 2.176
150 2.7 7.3 2.095
180 3.1 •3.9 2.054
210 3.4 5.6 1.777
240 3.8 5.3 1.923

Mean of last 6 2.038

Table No.96
Concentration of phosphorous acid 0.03 N.
Infinity reading for the acid 30 c.cs.

Time i n C . c s . o f N/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.5 8.5 2.706

90 2.1 7.9 2.617
120 2.7 7.3 2.619
150 3.2 6.8 2.568
180 3.7 6.3 2.558
210 4.1 5.9 2.510
240 4.5 5.5 2.488

Mean of last 6 2.560

 -118-

Table No. 9.7

Concentration of phosphorous acid 0.05 N.
Infinity reading for the acid 50 c.cs.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 2.0 8.0 3.714

90 2.7 7.3 3.493
120 3.3 5.7 3.333
150 4.0 6. 0 3.401
130 4.6 5.4 3.411
210 5.1 4.9 3.393
240 5.5 4.5 3.324

Mean of last 6 3.392

Summary of the results with variation in the
concentration of phosphorous acid.
Table No.98

Time in Values of k x 10 with H3PO3 concentration

minutes 0.01 N** 0.02 N 0.03 N 0.05 N

60 1.568 2.319 2.7 06 3.714

90 1.546 2.203 2.617 3.493
120 1.525 2.176 2.619 3.333
150 1.475 2.095 2.568 3.410
180 1.308 2.054 2.558 3.411
210 1.244 1.777 2.510 3.393
240 1.142 1.923 2.488 3.324
Mean* 1.373 2.038 2.560 3.39 2
i - • - - — • - • • — _ - » . - —

* Mean of last 6.
** Reproduced from Table No.91 where the velocity
constants with respect to iodine and the acid are same.
 A-

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 -120-

Table ^o.9S

Temperature: 55°C.

TJ.ine i n C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.2 3.8 2.127

90 1.6 3.4 1.935
120 2.0 3.0 1.856
150 2.3 7.7 1.740
130 2. 5 7.4 1.665
210 2.9 7.1 1.640
240 3.1 5.9 1.545

fcean of last 6 1.730

T a b l e I j o . 100

Temperature 60°C.

Time in C.cs.of N/100

ct - X k x 103
minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.3 8 .7 2.319
90 1.9 8 .1 2.338
120 2.4 7 .6 2.282
150 2.6 7 .2 2.189
180 3. 2 6 ,8 2.135
210 3.5 6 .5 2.048
240 3.7 6 .3 1.923

Mean of last 6 2.153

 -121-

Table No.101

Temperature 65 C.

Time in C o s . of ":T/100
•I. i :l U t e 3 MH4C.-i3(x.) a - x k x 10"
(t)

60 1,7 8, 3. 100
90 2.3 7. 2. 927
120 2.8 7. 2, 735
150 3.2 6. 2. 568
180 3,5 6, 2. 384
210 3.3 6, 2. 296
240 4.0 6.0 2.125

Mean of last 5 2.505

Table No.102
Temperature 70°C.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 103

rcinutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.9 8.1 3.506

90 2.6 7.4 3.342
120 3.2 6.8 3.210
150 3.6 6.4 2.972
180 3.7 6.3 2.564
210 3.8 6.2 2.274
240 3.9 6.1 2.057

Mean of last 6 2.736

 -122-

Summary qf.,_th_e results with variation in temperature.

Table No.103

Tirfe V a l u e s of k x 1 0 3 a t temperatures k6 0°C. k

65°C. k
7 0°C.
in -
rciiiu- 50°C. 55°C. 60°C. 65°C. 70°C. k
50°C k
55°C. k
60°C.
tes

60 1.5.68 2.127 2.319 3.100 3.506 1.48 1.46 1.51

90 1.546 • 1.935 2.338 2.927 3.342 1.51 1.51 x.43

120 1.525 1.856 2.282 2.735 3.210 1.50 1.47 1.41

150 1.475 1.740 2.189 2.558 2.972 1.48 1.47 1.36

180 1.308 1.665 2.135 2,384 2.564 1.63 1.43 1.20

210 1.244 1.640 2.048 2.296 2.274 1.65 1.40 1.10

240 1.142 1.545 1.923 2.125 2.057 1.68 1.37 1.07

The values of temperature coefficients decrease

at higher temperatures. The bicarbonate employed as a

buffer^ is juat sufficient in concentration to neutralise

the phosphorous acid. At higher temperatures the rate of

reaction is greater liberating larger quantititjs of hydri-

odic acid which exerts retarding influence on the further

progress of the oxidation by decreasing the pH of the

aqueous phase. Hence the temperature coefficients fall with

time. No valuable inferences can be drawn froro the values

obtained.
 -123-

(4 ) Variati o_n __ i-: tho, concentration of the buffer.

As has been already stated, the reactions so far

were carried o,ut in the presence of sodium bicarbonate with

concentration just sufficient to bring about exact neutra-

lisation of the phosphorous acid employed for the reactions.

The reactions were carried out in the presence of increa-

sing concentrations of bicarbonate and its e-ffect on the

extent of the reaction v,as studied.

Concentration of phosphorous acid 0.01 N.

Infinity reading of the acid .. 10 c.cs.

Concentration of iodine •• •• 0.01 N.

Speed of stirring .. .. .. 150 r.p.rc.

Temperature .. 50 C.

These conditions are corercon for Table Nos. 104 to 106.

Table No*104

Concentration of the buffer 0.02 N.•

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.0 9.0 1.756

90 1.5 8.5 1.804
120 1.9 8.1 1.754
150 2.2 7.8 1.654
180 2.5 7.5 1.592
210 2.8 7.2 1.563
240 3.0 7.0 1.485

Mean of last 6 1.659

 -124-

Table No.105

Concentration of the buffer 0.03 N,

Time i n C . c s . o f N/100
a - x k x 103
minutes (t) NH 4 Cx\ T 3(x)

50 1.3 8-. 7 2.319

90 1.7 8.3 2.057
120 2.2 7.8 2.06 7
150 2.5 7.5 1.915
180 2.8 7.2 1.820
210 3.1 6.9 1.766
240 3.3 6.7 1.666

Mean of last 6 1.883

Table No.106

Concentration of the buffer 0.04 N.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 k x 103

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.3 8 ,7 ,319
90 1.7 8 .3 ,057
120 2.2 7 ,8 ,057
150 2.5 7 ,5 ,915
180 2.8 7 ,2 .820
210 3.1 6 ,9 ,766
240 3.4 6.6 ,730

Mean of last 6 1.894

 -126-

Table No.108

Speed of stirring
200 r.p.m.

Time in G . c s . o f N/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) N"n40^13 ( x )

50 0.9 9.1 1.571

f 'J 1.3 8.7 1. 546
12 0 1. 5 8.5 1.353
15 0 1.7 8.3 1. 240
id-J 2.0 8.0 i . 235
210 2.3 7.7 1.248
240 2.4 7.6 1.142

Mean of last 5 1.29 4

Table No.109

Speed of stirring 250 r.p.ra.

Time i n C . c s . o f K/100
a - x k x 1Q3
minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 0.9 9.1 1.571

90 1.4 8.6 1.674
120 1.6 8.4 1.451
150 1.9 8.1 1.403
18 0 2.1 7.9 1.305
210 2.3 . 7.7 1.244
240 2.4 7.6 1.142
_ .,

Mean of last 5 1.371

 -127-

Suffiniary of the r e s u l t s with v a r i a t i o n in

the speed of s t i r r i n g .
Table No.110

Time Values of k x 10^ with speed of stirring

in
Minutes 150 r.p.m. 200 r.p.ro. 250 r. p. u!.

60 . 1.563 1.571 1.571

90 1.546 1.545 1.574
120 1.525 1.353 1.451
150 1.470 1.240 1.402
130 1.308 1.235 1.305
210 1.244 1.248 1.244
240 1.142 1.142 1.142

Mean* 1.373 1.294 1.371

* Mean of last 6.

It will be noticed frow Table No. 110 that the

speed of stirring exerts no influence on the rate of the
reaction. This naeans that the observed rate of the reaction
is governed by the chemical change at the interface which
is slower than the rate of diffusion. The reaction rate
is thus dominated by the activation of the reacting
molecules at the interface.

mmmmm
(6) Effect of the addition of foreign substances.

Speed of stirring 150 r.p.m.

Other conditions are the same as those for the
previous reactions.
 -128-
Table No.Ill
Na2S04 in the aqueous phase 0.05 M.

Time in C .C3 .of N/1000 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 0.9 9.1. 1.568

90 1.3 6.7 1.546
120 1.5 8.5 1.525
150 i.a 8.2 1.321
18 0 2.0 8.0 1.235
210 2.2 7.8 1.181
240 2.4 7.6 1.142
» . _ « • — —

Mean of last 6 1.325

Table Mo.112
Phenanthrene in the non-aqueous phase 20 gms.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a -x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 0.9 9.1 1.568

90 1.3 8.7 1.546
120 1.5 8.5 1.525
150 1.8 8.2 1.321
180 2.0 8.0 1.235
210 2.0 7.8 1.181
240 2.3 7.7 1.087

Mean of last 6 1.316

The mean values of k x 10 with (l) 0.05 M sodium
sulphate, (aqueous pha3e)> (2) with 20 gram3 of phenan-
threne in the non-aqueous phase and (3) without any foreign
substance are 1.325, 1.316 and 1.373 respectively. These
values show that the foreign substances exert no influence
on the extent of the reaction.
 -129

(BJ REACTIONS IN PHOSPHATE BUFFER.

(1) Variation in the concentration of the phos•

uhate buffer.

Concentration of phosphorous acid C.01 >x

Infinite reading of the acid .. 10 c.cs.

Concentration of iodine .. .. 0.01 N

Speed of stirring .. .. 150 r.p.a.

Temperature 50°C.

These conditions are COIMEOII for Table Nos. 113 to 115.

Table No.113
C o n c e n t r a t i o n of NagHPC^ 0 . 0 1 M.

Time in C.cs.of N/100 a - x k x 103

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 0.7 9.3 1.207

90 1.0 9.0 1.170
120 1.3 8.7 1.133
150 1.5 8.5 1.085
180 1.7 8.3 1.008
210 1.9 8.1 1.002
240 2.1 7.9 0.981

Mean of l a s t 6 1.063
 -130-

J a b l e >To . 1 1 4

Concentration of N a 2 H P 0 4 0 . 0 2 M.

Time in C. ca.of il/100 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) UH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.0 9.0 1.756

90 . 8.5 1.674
1 (T
120 * 8.3 1.550
150 a. 3 e.o 1.555
13 0 2.3 7.7 1.447
210 2.6 7.4 1.432
240 2.3 7.2 1.368

1
Mean of last 5 .504

Table No.115
Concentration of ^a2HP04 0.05 M.

Time in C.cg.of N/100 a - x k x 10 3

minutes (t) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 0.9 9.1 1.571

90 1.3 8.7 1.546
120 1.7 8.3 1.550
150 2.0 8.0 1.555
180 2.3 7.7 1.447
210 2.5 7.4 1.432
240 2.8 7.2 1.358
— . • - . . —

Mean of last 5 1.500

 -131-

Surnrnarv he r e s u l t s w i t h v a r i a t i o n in the
conc6:itration of t h e p h o s p h a t e buffer.

T a b l e No.116

Time Values of k x 10^ with !Ta2HP04 concentration

in 0.01 M 0.02 M 0.05 M
minutes

60 1.207 1.756 1.571

90 1.170 1.574 1.546
120 1.133 1.550 1.550
150 1.085 1.555 1.555
18 0 1.008 1.447 1.447
210 1.002 1.432 1.432
240 0.981 1.368 1.368

Mean* 1.063 1.504 1.500

* Mean of la3t 5.

It is seen from Table No.116 that the maximum

velocity i3 attained with 0.02 M disodium hydrogen phos-
phate and beyond this concentration the buffer exerts no
influence on the extent of the reaction.

(2) Temperature effect in presence of phosphate buffer.

Concentration of the phosphate buffer 0.01 M.

Other conditions are the same as those for the

previous experiments.
 -132

Table^NjOj.r?

Terope r a t u r e 6 0° G.

Time i n C . c a . o f U/100 a - x k 10 l
•ni:iute3 ( t ) NH 4 CNS(x)

60 1.0 9.0 756

90 1.4 8.6 67 4
120 1.3 8.2 6 44
150 2.1 7.9 570
180 2.4 7.6 519
210 2.7 7.3 497
240 3.3 7.0 1.485

li'ean of l a s t 6 1.565

Table No.118
Temperature 70°C.

Time i n C . c s . o f tf/100
a - x k x 103
minutes ( t ) NH 4 CNS(z)

60 1.6 8.4 2.901

90 2.2 7.8 2.757
120 2.8 7.2 2.735
150 3.2 6.8 2.568
180 3.7 6.3 2.558
210 4.1 5.9 2.509
240 4.4 5.6 2.413

Mean of l a s t 6 2.590
 -133-

Suinmary of tne___res_ul_t_s_ w i t h v a r i a t i o n in_ t e m p e r a t u r e .

T a b l e No.119

Time Values of k x 103 at temp. k

6 0°G. k
70°C.
m
*50°C. 60°C. 70°C. k
50°C. k
60°0.
mi nu t e s

60 1.207 1.755 2 . 9 01 1.45 1.65

90 1.170 1.674 2.757 1 . 43 1.65

120 1.133 1.544 2. 7 35 1.45 1.56

150 1.085 1.570 2.568 1.45 1.64

180 1.008 1.519 2.558 1.51 1.68

210 1.002 1.49? 2 . 5 09 1.50 1.67

240 0.981 1.485 2.413 1.51 1.52

* Reproduced from Table No.113.

The values of the temperature coefficients

at 60°C./50°C. and 70°C./60°C. are 1.50 and 1.65 respe-
ctively. The concentration of the buffer employed being
rather low, no valuable inferences can be drawn from the
values obtained.

@mmm
 -134-

SurriiJiarv.

The following is the summary of the important

features of the reaction investigated in this System:-

(1) The chemical reaction at the interface is

slower than the rate of diffusion and
hence the increasing concentrations of the
reaetants give higher values of the
velocity constants.

(2) The reaction velocity is independent of

the speed of stirring.

(3) The foreign substances in either phases

exert no influence on the extent of the
reaction.

(4) The values of the temperature coefficients

are lower than the normal values of a.
chemical reaction (2.00) this being due to
the rather low concentrations of the
bicarbonate and phosphate buffers employed,

(5) The reaction rate is influenced by the

concentrations of the buffers upto an
optimum value beyond which the rate of
the reaction is unaffected,

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