Gateway College of Architecture and Design
Lesson Plan 2
Structure II
Bending stresses
12/20/2014 Neeraj Kumar 1
Content
• Introduction
• Simple bending or pure bending
• Assumptions in the theory of simple bending
• Neutral layer (or Neutral axis)
• Bending equation
• Moment of Resistance (MR or M)
• Section modulus (Z)
• Illustrative examples
Instructional Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
• Explain the concept of simple bending, bending stress and
assumptions in simple bending.
• Explain Neutral axis, Moment of Resistance (MR) and Section
modulus (Z).
• Solve the problems related to bending, MR and Z
Introduction
• As we’d discussed earlier, the stress produced in a body to resist the bending
moment are known as bending stress.
Pure bending or Simple bending
Assumptions in the theory of simple bending
• The material of beam is homogenous and isotropic.
• The section of a beam, which is plane before bending will remain
plane after bending.
• The value of Young’s modulus of elasticity is the same in tension and
compression.
• The beam material is stressed within its elastic limit and thus obeys
Hooke’s law.
Neutral Axis (Neutral layer)
• Neutral axis of a beam is the axis at which the stress is zero. It is
written as N.A.
• Neutral axis is always passes through the centroid of the cross-
section of beam and is parallel to the base of the cross-section.
• The fibres of the beam in bending are in a state of tension on one
side of the N.A. and compression on the other side.
Bending Equation
• The equation of bending is:
M/I = σb/y = E/R
where,
M = B.M. or Moment of Resistance of the section in Nmm.
I = MOI of the section about N.A. in mm4
σb= Bending stress at distance y from N.A. in N/mm2
y = distance of fibre from N.A. in mm
E = Young’s modulus of elasticity in N/mm2
R = Radius of curvature of N.A. in mm
Moment of Resistance (MR)
• When a beam is subjected to BM, the section above and below N.A.
develops internal forces or stresses of opposite nature.
• These internal stresses or forces have certain moments about N.A.
• The algebraic sum of these moments is equal and opposite to the bending
moment acting on the section thus keeping the section of beam in
equilibrium.
• The sum of moments of the internal forces about N.A. is known as the
Moment of Resistance.
• MR is equivalent to Max BM in the beam.
• From bending equation, we have
M/I = σb/y
or M = (σb/y)xI
or M = σb x Z
where Z is called Section Modulus.
Section Modulus (Modulus of Section)
• Section Modulus is the ratio of MOI of a section about the N.A. to the
distance of the outermost layer from the N.A. It is denoted by Z.
Hence mathematically, Z = I/y
Note: Section Modulus is of practically greater use than the MOI. The
strength of the beam section depends mainly on section modulus.
Section Modulus of various shapes
1. Rectangular section
Z = I/y
MOI of rectangle about its N.A.
I = bd3/12
y = distance of outermost layer
from N.A. = d/2
hence, Z = (bd3/12)/(d/2)
Z = bd2/6
Similarly, find the section
modulus of Hollow rectangular
section, circular section, hollow
circular section etc.
Illustrative examples
1. A steel plate of width 60mm and of thickness 10mm is bent into a
circular arc of radius 10m. Determine the maximum stress
induced and the bending moment (or Moment of resistance)
which will produce the maximum stress. Take E = 2x105N/mm2.
Solution- width of plate, b = 60mm
thickness of plate, t = 10mm
MOI, I = bt3/12 = 60x103/12
= 5000mm4
Radius of curvature, R = 10m = 10000mm
Using the relation,
σb/y = E/R
σb = E.y/R
Contd.
Stress will be maximum, when y is maximum. But y will be
maximum at the top layer or bottom layer.
y = t/2 = 10/2 = 5mm
hence, σb = E.y/R
= 2x105x5/10x10000 = 100N/mm2
again using relation,
M/I = E/R
M = ExI/R
= (2x105x5000)/(10x103)
= 100x103Nmm = 100Nm.
Contd.
2. A rectangular beam 100mm deep and 75mm wide is simply
supported over a span of 6m. It carries a UDL of 4000N/m over
the whole span. Calculate the max bending stress developed in
the section at:
i) supports
ii) 1.5m from the supports
iii) mid span of the beam
Contd.
Solution- depth of beam, d = 100mm
width of beam, b = 75mm
max bending stress will be at the extreme fibre i.e. d/2 from NA in all the
cases.
now, section modulus for rectangular section,
Z = bd2/6
= 75x1002/6 = 125000mm3
reaction, RA = RB = total load/2
= 4000x6/2 = 12000N
i) Bending stress at supports:
BM at supports (A or B), M = 0
Bending stress, σb = M/Z = 0
Contd.
ii) Bending stress at 1.5m from supports:
BM at C (1.5m from A), M = 12000x1.5-4000x1.5x (1.5/2)
= 13500Nm = 13.5x106 Nmm
Bending stress, σb = M/Z = 13.5x106/125000
= 108 N/mm2
iii) Bending stress at mid span of beam:
BM at D (mid span), M = wl2/8
= 4000x62/8
= 18000Nm = 18x106 Nmm
bending stress, σb = M/Z = 18x106/125000
= 144 N/mm2
