ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018

Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.

SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

I. OBJECTIVES

 To be able to build own FM Transmitter based on a given fixed frequency.

 To be able to know how to make a FM Receiver with a fixed non-commercial frequency.
 To be able to understand how FM Transmitter and Receiver functions.

II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Radio means sending energy with waves. In other words, it's a method of transmitting electrical
energy from one place to another without using any kind of direct, wired connection. That's why it's often
called wireless. The equipment that sends out a radio wave is known as a transmitter; the radio wave sent by
a transmitter whizzes through the air—maybe from one side of the world to the other—and completes its journey
when it reaches a second piece of equipment called a receiver.

When you extend the antenna (aerial) on a radio receiver, it snatches some of the electromagnetic
energy passing by. Tune the radio into a station and an electronic circuit inside the radio selects only the program
you want from all those that are broadcasting.
FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology.
Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over
broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing
radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use
the VHF frequencies. The term "FM band" describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated
to FM broadcasting.

AM and FM modulated signals for radio. AM (Amplitude Modulation) and FM (Frequency Modulation) are
types of modulation (coding). The electrical signal from program material, usually coming from a studio, is mixed
with a carrier wave of a specific frequency, then broadcast. In the case of AM, this mixing (modulation) is done
by altering the amplitude of the carrier wave with time, according to the original signal. In the case of FM, it is
the frequency of the carrier wave that is varied. A radio receiver (a "radio") contains a demodulator
that extracts the original program material from the broadcast wave.
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

What is an FM Transmitter?

The FM transmitter is a low power transmitter and it uses FM waves for transmitting the sound, this
transmitter transmits the audio signals through the carrier wave by the difference of frequency. The carrier wave
frequency is equivalent to the audio signal of the amplitude and the FM transmitter produce VHF band of 88 to
108MHZ.

Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

The following image shows the block diagram of the FM transmitter and the required components of the
FM transmitter are; microphone, audio pre amplifier, modulator, oscillator, RF- amplifier and antenna. There are
two frequencies in the FM signal, first one is carrier frequency and the other one is audio frequency. The audio
frequency is used to modulate the carrier frequency. The FM signal is obtained by differing the carrier frequency
by allowing the AF. The FM transistor consists of oscillator to produce the RF signal.

From the first days of wireless transmissions, engineers were bothered by the hissing, clicks, and grinding
noises caused by atmospheric electricity. Many radio pioneers, including Guglielmo Marconi and Lee De Forest,
made great efforts to reduce this so-called "static." They did achieve some success, particularly with innovative
antennas, but it was so modest in view of the efforts expended that most people considered the problem
unsolvable. Edwin H. Armstrong disagreed, but he did note that it "is a terrific problem. It is the only one I ever
encountered that, approached from any direction, always seems to be a stone wall." Yet he persisted, and a
decade later achieved success with his system of wideband frequency-modulation radio.

Frequency modulation is a different way of impressing an audio signal on a radio-frequency carrier wave.
In the usual technique, known as amplitude modulation (AM), the amplitude of the carrier wave is regulated by
the amplitude of the audio signal. With frequency modulation (FM), the frequency of the carrier wave is altered
by the audio signal. In other words, the frequency shifts down or up to mirror the changes in amplitude of the
audio wave.

In 1928 Armstrong turned to FM to solve the problem of static. He soon found it necessary to use a much
broader bandwidth than AM stations. Today a FM radio channel occupies 200 kHz, twenty times the bandwidth
of an AM channel. Doing this, however, gave not only relative freedom from static but also much higher sound
fidelity than AM radio offered. In 1933 Armstrong obtained four patents for his FM techniques and set about
gaining the support of RCA for his new system. RCA engineers were impressed, but the sales and legal
departments saw FM as a threat to RCA's corporate position. David Sarnoff, the head of RCA, had already
decided to promote television vigorously and believed the company did not have the resources to develop a new
radio medium at the same time. Moreover, in the economically distressed 1930s, better sound quality was
regarded as a luxury, so there was not thought to be a large market for products offering it.
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

Early experiments with FM Radio transmission

Armstrong did gain some support from General Electric and Zenith, but it was largely on his own that he
carried out the development and field testing of a practical broadcasting system. He gradually gained the interest
of engineers, broadcasters, and radio listeners, and in 1939 FM broadcasts were coming from about twenty
experimental stations. These stations could not, according to FCC rules, sell advertising or derive income in any
other way from broadcasting. Finally in 1940, the FCC decided to authorize commercial FM broadcasting,
allocating the region of the electromagnetic spectrum from 42 MHz to 50 MHz to forty FM channels. In October
of that year it granted permits for 15 stations. The first to begin operation was WSM-FM in Nashville, Tennessee.
Zenith and other manufacturers marketed FM receivers, and by the end of 1941 nearly 400,000 sets had been
sold.

The U.S. entry into the war brought a halt to both the granting of licenses for FM stations and to the
production of FM receivers. After the war FM broadcasting was dealt a severe blow when the FCC made one of
its most unpopular decisions to move the FM spectrum to the range from 88 to 108 MHz. This made obsolete
the 400,000 receivers as well as the transmitters of dozens of broadcasters. This re-allocation, however, allowed
for two and a half times as many channels, and the FM industry slowly recovered, though it did not enjoy rapid
growth until the late 1950s. In the late 1970s FM broadcasting surpassed AM in share of the radio audience, and
in the late 1980s its share had grown to three times that of AM broadcasting.

III. LIST OF MATERIALS/TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

 TRANSMITTER
Transistors:
Q1, Q2 – MH9016NPN RF Transistor
Capacitors:
C1 - 1uF/16V Electrolytic
C2, C7 -.01uF/50V Ceramic
C3 -22pF/50V Ceramic
C4 -10pF/50V Ceramic
C5 -100pF Mylar
C6 -50pF Trimmer
C8 -.04uF/50V Ceramic
C9 -1uF/50V Electrolytic
Resistors: (All are ¼ watt. +- 5% tolerance, carbon composition type)
R1, R4 - 22 kilo ohms
R2 -270 ohms
R3, R6 -1 kilo ohms
R5 -10 kilo ohms
Others:
T1 - Green IFT Transformer coil
L1 - Air Coil
No. 24AWG Solid copper wire- 1foot
EM60- FET Microphone
9V Battery Terminal, PCB, Soldering Lead.
ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

 RECEIVER
IC: CXA 2001
Inductor:
L1 - 3 Turns Coil
L2 - 4 Turns Coil
L3 - 5 Turns Coil
Resistors:
R1 -1 kilo ohms
R2 -180 ohms
R3, R4 - 6.8 kilo ohms
R5 -2.2 kilo ohms
R6 -18 kilo ohms
R7 -100 ohms
R8 -100 kilo ohms
Capacitors:
C1, C2 -1uF/50V
C3, C4, C5 -103
C6 -33uF/16V
C7 -220uF/16V
C8 -1uF/50V
C9 -10uF/25V
C10 -103
C11 -10.7(3p)
C12 -22pF
C13 -.01
C14 -10uF/25V
C15 -5oF
C16 -10.7(2P)
C17 -3.3uF/50V
C18 -22pF
C19 -18pF
C20 -150pF
C21 -18pF

 AMPLIFIER
IC:AN1516
Transistor:
Q1- C828
Resistors:
R1 -1 kilo ohm
R2 -330 ohms
R3, R4 -10 kilo ohms
R5, R6 -1 M ohms
R7 -5.6 kilo ohms
R8 -1 ohm
R9 -120 kilo ohms
R10, R11 -2.2 kilo ohms
R12 -3.3 kilo ohms
R13, R14, R15-12 ohms
R16 -39 kilo ohms
Capacitors:
C1 -300pF
C2 -222
C3, C4, C5, C6-.1
C7, C8 -.01
C9, C10 -4.7uF
C11 -100uF
C12 -10uF
C13. C14 -2.2uF
C15, C16 -220uF
C17, C18 -100uF
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

C19 -470uF
C20 -22uF
Potentiometer:
Bass
Treble
Volume

 POWER SUPPLY
Transformer 12 V 500mA
IN4001 Diode (4 pieces)
Switch
LED (Red)
1000uf Electrolytic Capacitor
470 ohm Resistor
0.1uf Ceramic Capacitor
IC7812
ALSO:
Soldering Iron
Soldering Lead
Multi tester
Pliers
Screw Drivers

IV. METHODOLOGY/PROCEDURE

PART 1

We need to check the components.

 We need to make sure that the components that will be used are in good and functioning condition.

PART 2

This part will be connecting of FM Receiver to the Power amplifier.

1. Make sure that the soldered parts are free from flux and well connected.
2. Connect the inputs and outputs to its designated connections.
3. Make sure that the connections are correct and neatly done.

PART 3

In this stage we will compute for the Resonant frequency and replace some components.

1. Compute for the resonance to know what components should be replaced in the tank circuit of the FM
Receiver and Transmitter.
2. After doing so, buy the components in the electronic shop and unsolder the components that should be
replaced. But before that, make sure that the FM Receiver is working properly before replacing it.
3. Based on the computations, arrange the air coil to its designated height to find the desired station.
4. Connect the transmitter to the receiver.

PART 4

The testing stage should be performed in a place where there is enough signal for the Radio to receive
enough signals and to be properly calibrated.

1. After setting up the antenna and turning on the input or placing the battery.
2. Tune the receiver to the designated frequency.
3. Then, after getting the desired frequency for the transmitter do it also in the receiver.
4. After getting the same frequency, test the microphone and audio jack and mount it in an acrylic glass.
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

V. EXPERIMENTAL CIRCUIT SET-UP

A. FM Transmitter Kit

B. FM Receiver Kit

C. Audio Power Amplifier

 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

VI. DATA/TABLE/RESULTS/COMPUTATION

ACTUAL CIRCUIT OUTPUTS

FM TRANSMITTER

FM RECIEVER
ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

POWER AMPLIFIER

POWER SUPPLY

ACTUAL COMPLETE FM TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

Computation :

We used the formula Fc=1/2𝜋√𝐿𝐶

For the computation of inductor we used the Application Called ElectroDroid to get the value of our inductor
when our Fc(Resonant frequency)= 103.9 MHz and the 2 Parallel capacitors are 18pf which is equal to 36pf
(Capacitors when parallel: 18pf+18pf=36pf).

We substitute the values and we get the value of the inductor which is:

L=65.179 nH

After getting the required value for the transmitter, we proceed to getting the value of inductor in the receiver
side. But unlike the transmitter, the receiver has a parallel inductor. To have a resonant circuit value, we need
to have a value of inductor that is equal to the inductor of the transmitter (which is L=65.179). So,to get the
inductance for the receiver we have this formula:

L(receiver)=2L*2L/2L+2L

= [2(65.179)] * [2(65.179)]/ [2(65.179)] + [2(65.179)]

=130.36 * 130.36/130.36 + 130.36

=65.179 nH

So we need 2 inductors that has a value of 130.35768 that is connected in parallel in the receiver to attain
resonance. The Capacitor in the receiver is also connected in parallel so we also need 2 18pf Capacitors which
is also equal to 36pf.

The inductor for the The computation for resonant

Receiver frequency

We also consider the fact that resonance occurs when XL=Xc as shown in the upper right picture.
1
Xc=2𝜋𝑓𝐶=XL=12𝜋𝑓𝐿

42.55Ω=42.55Ω
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

VII. OBSERVATION

VIII. ANALYSIS
The FM receiver and transmitter works in its consecutive stages wherein the signal from the free space
coming from the transmitter were being collected and being transformed into a hearable audio signal by the
receiver with the same frequency in accordance with the computed resonance frequency for both of its circuit.
In the telecommunication, the frequency modulation (FM) transfers the information by varying the
frequency of carrier wave according to the message signal. Generally, the FM transmitter uses VHF radio
frequencies of 87.5 to 108.0 MHz to transmit & receive the FM signal. This transmitter accomplishes the most
excellent range with less power. The performance and working of the wireless audio transmitter circuit is depends
on the induction coil & variable capacitor.
To generate the radio frequency carrier waves the FM transmitter circuit requires an oscillator. The tank circuit
is derived from the LC circuit to store the energy for oscillations. The input audio signal from the mic penetrated
to the base of the transistor, which modulates the LC tank circuit carrier frequency in FM format. The variable
capacitor is used to change the resonant frequency for fine modification to the FM frequency band. The
modulated signal from the antenna is radiated as radio waves at the FM frequency band and the antenna is
nothing but copper wire of 20cm long and 24 gauge. In this circuit the length of the antenna should be significant
and here you can use the 25-27 inches long copper wire of the antenna.
Using a transmitter to send audio signal to the receiver is good but due to its disadvantages: FM transmitter the
huge wider channel is required also, FM transmitter and receiver will tend to be more complex and Due to some
interference there is poor quality in the received signals. So I think I would prefer to use the convetional plug in
audio jack power amplifiers when playing music.
The transmitting process is relatively straightforward:
The microphone takes the voice in. This voice signal goes into an audio processor in order to create an
input signal. The input signal is combined with a carrier frequency that is generated by the voltage controlled
oscillator (V.C.O.). The result is a signal that carries our information but is not sufficiently powerful enough to be
transmitted up through an antenna. The signal is amplified through two different stages: The exciter stage
amplifies the signal power up one level of output. The power amplifier drives it up to another power output level,
now sufficient for the transmitter’s antenna.
And also the receiving process goes like this:
The transmission is captured by the receiver antenna and fed into an RF frequency selector. Then
transmission goes into a mixer where it’s combined with a carrier generated by a local V.C.O. The result is then
fed into an IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal amplifier. It reduces the frequency through a filtering process
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

that’s required to strip out the carrier more easily. The signal is demodulated. The result is fed into an audio
section which amplifies the results so that it can be fed into a speaker and heard by the user.
But for the transmission to take place in a fixed frequency, typical transmitters and receivers are being
modified through the changing of components depending on what frequency you want to transmit and receive
the cignal, this is where the resonant frequency comes in. In this particular project, we used parallel resonant
frequency for us to transfer signal from the transmitter to the receiver in a fixed frequency.
Resonance occurs when XL = XC and the imaginary parts of Y become zero. Then:

Parallel resonance equation

A parallel circuit containing a resistance, R, an inductance, L and a capacitance, C will produce a parallel
resonance (also called anti-resonance) circuit when the resultant current through the parallel combination is in
phase with the supply voltage. At resonance there will be a large circulating current between the inductor and
the capacitor due to the energy of the oscillations, then parallel circuits produce current resonance.
A parallel resonant circuit stores the circuit energy in the magnetic field of the inductor and the electric
field of the capacitor. This energy is constantly being transferred back and forth between the inductor and the
capacitor which results in zero current and energy being drawn from the supply.
This is because the corresponding instantaneous values of IL and IC will always be equal and opposite
and therefore the current drawn from the supply is the vector addition of these two currents and the current
flowing in IR.
Notice that at resonance the parallel circuit produces the same equation as for the series resonance
circuit. Therefore, it makes no difference if the inductor or capacitor are connected in parallel or series.
After using this formula, we get the resonant frequency of 103.9 MHz that we need. We modified the
Transmitter and Receiver Kit that we bought to make it compatible for audio transfer.
IX. CONCLUSION
We realized that in making FM receiver and FM transmitter the components must be appropriate and in
proper position. From the problem of FM receiver and transmitter particularly for finding signal that we should
need, we concluded that it is based in the LC tank circuit inductor and the capacitor that will determine the
connectivity of the transmitter and receiver, specially into the transmitter, varying inductor will have a huge effect
in finding a good signal because of its inductance through the electromagnetic coil which generate the field and
receive the resulting signal. LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking
out a signal at a particular frequency from a wide variety of signals in the free space.

X. RECOMMENDATION

1. You need to have knowledge in trouble shooting the FM receiver and transmitter to determine the damage
in case there is a problem on the circuit.
2. Circuit analysis is important although the schematic diagrams are given, when doing the actual Printed
Circuit Board soldering you should pay attention to the connections and the placements of the
components.
3. Checking of the components before it is used is also very important because it will determine your output,
faulty components means bad output or even no output at all. You should make sure that the components
to used are in good condition.
4. Be careful on using the soldering iron and make sure that it is placed in an area where there will be no
plastic or other things that you don’t want to melt.
 ECE303L1 AM RADIO RECEIVER MAY 25, 2018
Group No. 4 PROF. LEONARD A.
SBEE3A TUNGOL, GERONIMO,
QUINTO, CANARES CATCHILLAR

5. Solder the terminals properly and prevent over lead adding to also prevent unwanted connection. Get rid
of the flux by using cutter or mini drill.
6. Be patient in tuning the FM Receiver and Transmitter.

XI. REFERENCES

http://www.explainthatstuff.com

https://www.elprocus.com/making-of-fm-transmitter-circuit-working-application/

https://www.taitradioacademy.com/topic/how-does-an-fm-transceiver-work-1/

https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/accircuits/parallel-resonance.html