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HANDOUT1 Variables

This document defines different types of variables that can be measured in quantitative research. It identifies independent variables as those that influence outcomes, and dependent variables as those that depend on the independent variables. Intervening variables mediate the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while extraneous variables unintentionally influence this relationship. Variables can also be classified based on their level of measurement as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Examples are provided to illustrate identifying independent and dependent variables in research questions and distinguishing between levels of variable measurement.

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Rosita C. Falible
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746 views2 pages

HANDOUT1 Variables

This document defines different types of variables that can be measured in quantitative research. It identifies independent variables as those that influence outcomes, and dependent variables as those that depend on the independent variables. Intervening variables mediate the relationship between independent and dependent variables, while extraneous variables unintentionally influence this relationship. Variables can also be classified based on their level of measurement as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio. Examples are provided to illustrate identifying independent and dependent variables in research questions and distinguishing between levels of variable measurement.

Uploaded by

Rosita C. Falible
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HANDOUT#1: VARIABLES IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

DEFINITION: A variable refers to a characteristic or attribute of an individual or an organization that can be measured or
observed.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES are those that cause influence or affect outcomes. They are also called treatment,
manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES are those that depend on the dependent variable. They are the outcomes or results of
the influence of the independent variables. They can also be called criterion, outcome, effect or response variables.
3. INTERVENING VARIABLES stand between the independent and dependent variables and they mediate the effects
of the independent variable on the independent variable.
4. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES are undesirable variables that influence the relationship between the variables that an
experimenter is examining.
5. CONFOUNDING VARAIBLES directly affect how the independent variable acts on the dependent variable. It can
muddle your results, leading you to think that there is cause and effect when in fact there is not.

EXAMPLES: Identify the IV (Independent variable) and DV (Dependent variable) in each of the following:

1. To what extent does texting decrease students’ grammatical competence?


2. What corrupt practices trigger off one’s resignation?
3. If students do well on a research methods test results may be due to their study preparation and/or their
organization of study ideas into a framework.
4. Individual positive self-esteem expands the number of friends of adolescents.
5. Determine the positive effects of Systematic Functional Grammar (SFG) on Intercultural Competence (IC).

VARIABLES ACCORDING TO LEVEL OR SCALE OF MEASUREMENT


1. NOMINAL VARIABLE -A nominal level of measurement is simply a matter of distinguishing by name, e.g., 1 = male,
2 = female. It is the least precise form of measurement.
Examples:
a. MEAL PREFERENCE: Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner
b. RELIGIOUS PREFERENCE: 1 = Buddhist, 2 = Muslim, 3 = Christian, 4 = Jewish, 5 = Other
2. ORDINAL VARIABLE -Ordinal refers to “order” in measurement. An ordinal scale indicates direction, in addition to
providing nominal information. Unlike nominal levels of measurement, ordinal measurement allows comparisons of
the degree to which two subjects possess the dependent variable.
Examples:
a. RANK: 1st place, 2nd place, ... last place
b. POLITICAL ORIENTATION: Left, Center, Right
c. RATING of ATTRACTIVENESS on a scale of 1 to 10

3. INTERVAL VARIABLE - provide information about order, and also possess equal intervals.
An example of an interval scale is temperature, either measured on a Fahrenheit or Celsius scale. A degree represents
the same underlying amount of heat, regardless of where it occurs on the scale. Measured in Fahrenheit units, the
difference between a temperature of 46 and 42 is the same as the difference between 72 and 68.

4. RATIO VARIABLE - the most informative level of measurement. It really just an “interval” measurement with the
additional property that it’s zero position indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. A ratio scale has an
absolute zero (a point where none of the quality being measured exists).
Examples
a. MEMORY – number of correctly remembered items from a LIST of words (if equal difficulty)
b. GPA: Grade point average

REFERENCES:
http://www.statisticshowto.com/extraneous-variable/
https://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/experimental/extraneous_variables.htm
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2, BY ESTHER L. BARACEROS

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