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Introduction to Statistics & Probability

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1) Statistics involves the collection, organization, and analysis of data through descriptive and inferential statistics. 2) Descriptive statistics deals with presenting data through tables, graphs, and other visualizations while inferential statistics involves using sample data to draw conclusions about populations. 3) Important statistical terms include population, sample, parameter, statistic, and random variables. Hypothesis testing uses statistical tools like the t-test to analyze sample data and determine if results support or reject a hypothesis.

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Ira Kyle Suplico Niangar
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100 views2 pages

Introduction to Statistics & Probability

This document provides an overview of key concepts in statistics including: 1) Statistics involves the collection, organization, and analysis of data through descriptive and inferential statistics. 2) Descriptive statistics deals with presenting data through tables, graphs, and other visualizations while inferential statistics involves using sample data to draw conclusions about populations. 3) Important statistical terms include population, sample, parameter, statistic, and random variables. Hypothesis testing uses statistical tools like the t-test to analyze sample data and determine if results support or reject a hypothesis.

Uploaded by

Ira Kyle Suplico Niangar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HYPOTHESIS

STATISTICS
TESTNG
A branch of mathematics that deals with Sampling & Sampling Distribution
collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
Statistical Tool:
presentation of data.
A good survey research: valid, reliance, and accurate

Two Branches of Two Important Terms t-test for dependent sample


Statistics  Population
Refers to the totality of observations
or elements wita set of data.
Descriptive Statistics
Deals with the collection and presentation of data  Sample
(such as tables, graphs, diagrams, and other Refers to one or more elements taken t- test for paired samples
measures that would describe the data). from a population.

Inferential Statistics
Involves making estimates and drawing right
conclusions from the statistical analysis that has PARAMETERS VS. STATISTICS
been performed using descriptive statistics.

NCR and NPR Parameter is a measurable characteristic of a population. Decision rule:


Statistic is a measurable characteristic of a sample.  Reject Ho - t - value > C.V
In NCR and NPR, C stands for Combinations, and P  Do not reject Ho - t - value < C.V
stands for permutations. Now for combinations,
it is the number of ways you can pick r objects out of n.
Steps:
In permutations, it is the number of ways you can pick
r objects out of n and then arrange them. NPR = ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS
selecting r from n and then arranging the r. 1. Ho & Ha

2. Test/ tool of ( alpha level) degrees of freedom


Random Variables Estimation is the process used to calculate
the population parameters. 3. Compute t-value

A rule that assigns a numerical value or a characteristic to 4. Decision reject/ not reject
an outcome of an experiment.
5. Conclusion
-Two Categories-

1. Discrete Random Variables


2. Continuous Random Variables
Mean is average of a given set of data.
Variance is sum of squares of differences between all
numbers and means.
Standard deviation is square root of variance. It is a
measure of the extent to which data varies from the
mean.

Normal distribution is a continuous random

variable whose graph is a bell- shaped curve.

Standard Normal Curve is a normal distribution Statistics


with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.
And
PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL CURVE Probability
1. 1st curve is bell-shaped.
2. It's curve is symmetrical
3. The graph is asymptotic to y- axis
4. The mean, median and mode coincide at the center.
5. The distribution is unimodal
6. The total area under the curve is 1
7.the shape of the curve will depend on the value of the mean and the
standard deviation.

Ira kyle S. Niangar

Gas 11 - B

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