Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page i

Department of Criminology

DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE LEMERY MPS IN THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO. 18-311 ON THE YEAR
2017-2018

A thesis presented to the

The faculty of College of Criminology
Rizal College of Taal

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For The

Degree of Bachelor of Science In Criminology

By:

Banawa Vinsu Nyelle B.

Belo Kristopper Ian M.
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APPROVAL SHEET

The research entitled “DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE

LEMERY MPS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE

NO 18-311”, prepares and submitted by Vinsu Nyelle Banawa and Kristopper Ian

Belo in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Criminology, had been defended and passed the oral examination

given by the Panel of Examiners on February 13, 2019.

SPO1 CITAS L. CONTRERAS,RCrim MPA

Thesis Adviser

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

CECILIO M CASTILLO,RCrim,MSCJ
PSSUPT PNP (Ret)
Chairman

LEONILO P ANDAL, Juris Doctor GERALDINE S TRIMILLOS,RCrim,MSCrim

Member Member

Accepted and approval in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

CECILIO M CASTILLO,RCrim,MSCJ
PSSUPT PNP (Ret)
Dean
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers would like to extend their deepest and sincerest gratitude

to the following persons who are willingly provided encouragement, motivation

and support in the accomplishment of such study:

To our Almighty God for making this study possible and for inspiring

each of us the virtues of patience, perseverance, knowledge and wisdom ,giving

abilities to successfully perform each and every task and requirements needed to

finish this study, giving good health, giving us courage everyday to face and to

overcome problems together of his guide.

To Rizal College of Taal, their Alma Mater, for providing quality education

which neces

sary for the development of the study and providing knowledge’s that would be

very useful for us someday.

This study will not be made possible without the support, guidance and

encouragement of our thesis adviser, SPO1 Citas L. Contreras.

To the Police officers of Lemery Municipal Police Station , thank you

for giving time to answer questionnaire for our research.

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We would like to extend their heartfelt appreciation and deepest

gratitude to their panel members, Dean Cecilio M. Castillo, Mr. Leonilo P.

Andal, for the meaningful suggestions and recommendation to improve greatly

our research. And for our research to be useful to future researchers that may be

related with our study

They would also like to express their gratitude to their beloved parents, for

their unconditional love, moral and financial support, words of wisdom for

inspiring and believing in our capabilities to successfully accomplish our study.

To their classmate, for all the memorable memories we shared which

strengthen our friendship and for the sacrifices we went through, may we reach

our goals in life.

Thank you very much.

Vinsu Nyelle B. Banawa

Kristopper Ian M. Belo

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DEDICATION

The researchers would like to dedicate this study to the Almighty God who

gave them knowledge and strength for their everyday life, to our beloved families

and friends for the love and unselfish support and example over many years

which laid the foundation of discipline necessary to complete this work, to their

classmates, and instructors that provides unconditional support and guidelines

for our research to be effective.

The researchers would also like to dedicate this study to their fellow

criminology students, especially those in lower classes who still benefits from this

study.

The Researchers,

Vinsu Nyelle Banawa

Kristopper Ian Belo

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i

APPROVAL SHEET……………………………………………………... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………… iii

DEDICATION …………………………………………………………….. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………… vi-viii

LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………. x

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………... xi

Chapter I The Problem and its Settings

Introduction ………………………………………………… 1

Setting of the Study ………………………………………. 4

Theoretical Framework …………………………………... 6

Conceptual Paradigm…………………………………….. 8

Statement of the Problem ……………………………….. 9

Hypothesis …………………………………………………. 10

Scope and Limitation of the Study ………………………. 10

Significance of the Study …………………………………. 10

Definition of Terms ………………………………………… 11-1

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Chapter II Review of Related Literature and studies

Foreign Literature ………………………………………….. 14-25

Foreign Studies …………………………………………….. 25-41

Local Literature ……………………………………………. 41-44

Local Studies ……………………………………………….. 44-49

Synthesis of the Review Literature and Studies to the present

investigation………………………………………………… 50

Chapter III Method of Research and Procedure

Research Method ………………………………………... 55

Description of the Respondents ……………………….. 55

Research Instrument ……………………………………. 55

Validation of Instrument ……………………………. …. 56

Procedure in Gathering Data ……………………………. 56

Statistical Treatment of Data ………………………….. 57

Chapter IV Presentation, Analysis ad interpretation of data

I. Demographic profile of the respondents…………….. 58

II. Assessment on the Implementation of Municipal Ordinance

No. 18- 311……………………………………………. 59

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III.Possible Reason that Push Individuals to Continue Smoking

Despite Existing law It………………………………... 59

IV. The way of Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311

By the Law Enforcement…………………………... 60

V. SUMMERY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of findings ……………………………… 70

Conclusion………………………………………… 73

Recommendation…………………………………. 75

BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………… 77

APENDICES

Appendix A- The Questionaire……………………80

Appendix B- Image showing the researchers while conducting the

survey andinfoormal interview………………………………………88

Appendix C- Image showing the researchers while conducting the

group discussion………………………………………………………89

Appendix D- Letter to the respondents………..........90

Appendix E- Data gathered regarding the municipal ordiance no.

18-311 and Executive order no. 26…………………………………..91

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List of Tables

Table 1.1 Demographic profiles of the respondents………………….58

Table 1.2 Distributions of respondents according to their gender…..59

Table 1.3 Distributions of the respondents according to civil status..59

Table 1.4 Distributions of the respondents according to their length of their

service in the Pnp…………………………………………………60

Part II

Table 2.1 Assessment on the implementation of the ordinance regarding the

information dissemination………………………………………62

Table 2.1 Assessment of the implementation of the ordinance regarding the

apprehension of the violators…………………………………..63

Tables 2.3 Assessment of the implementation of the ordinance regarding the

deterrent effect…………………………………………………..64

Table 2.4 Assessment of the implementation of the ordinance based on the

construction of the law…………………………………………65

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Table 2.5 Summary of the Assessment on the difficulties

encountered by the lemery mps in the implementation of the municipal

ordinanace nno 08-311

Table 3 Possible reasons push individuals smoking in despite of existing

laws…………………………………………………………..64

Table 4 How does the law enforcement of the lemery implement the municipal

ordinance no. 18-311……………………………………….65

Table 5 What is the implication of this study to the future researchers

…………………………………………………………………66

List of figures

Figure 1 Map of the Lemery…………………………………………..5

Figure 2 Photo of the Lemery Mps……………………………………6

Figure 3 Conceptual Paradigm……………………………………….7

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ABSTARCT

Title: DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNETERD BY THE LEMERY MPS IN THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO. 18-
311

Authors: Vinsu Nyelle Banawa

Kristopper Ian Belo

Degree: bachelor of Science in criminology

Year: 2019

Adviser: SPO1 Citas L Contreras

This study aims to know the “Difficulties encountered by the Lemery Mps

in the implementation of the municipal ordinance no. 08-311” it aims to answer

the following:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of :

1.1 Age

1.2 Gender

1.3 Civil Status; and

1.4 Length of service

2. How do respondents asses the difficulties encountered by the Lemery

MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance no 18-311 in terms of:

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2.1 Information Dissemination;

2.2 Apprehension of Violators;

2.3 Deterrent Effect; and

2.4 Construction of Law?

3. What are the possible reasons that push individuals to continue

smoking despite existing laws against it?

4 How

does the law enforcement of the Municipality of Lemery implement the

municipal ordinance no 18-311?

5. What is the implication of this study to future researches?

Summary of findings

The researchers found out that:

1. In the demographic profile of the respondents, the most frequent in terms

of age, gender, civil status, and length of service as members of the PNP

are given below.

a. Majority of the respondents are at age bracket 31-43 while those

who are 44-56 years old are the fewest.

b. Majority of the respondents are male.

c. Majority of the respondents are married while those who are single

are very unusual and there were no live in and widowed/separated.

d.
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d. Majority of the respondents are currently serving as members

of the PNP for 5-10 years while the minority are those who are

presently serving for more than 30 years.

2. When it comes to the assessment on the difficulties encountered by the

Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311,

the following are the summary:

a. When it comes to the information dissemination, the most

moderately agreed is that there is an ineffective role of socio-

cultural institutions to influence citizens to depart from smoking in

line with the existing laws while it is undecided that there is a lack

of comprehensive plan to deliver information by a small number of

Lemery MPS personnel to a large number of populations including

coordination with other stakeholders/agencies.

b. When it comes to the apprehension of violators, the most

moderately agreed is that there is a lack of support to and

coordination with the Lemery MPS by the barangays and other

stakeholders to watch over large number of population in relation

to apprehension of violators of law against smoking while it is

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strongly disagreed that there are instances where violators corrupt

apprehending officers in order to let them free.

c. When it comes to the deterrent effect, the most strongly agreed are

the statements that there are instances that violators receive only a

warning or reprimand which does not frighten them to commit the

same violation and that there is a reality that small number of

apprehensions eliminates fear of being caught on the part of

violators.

d. When it comes to the construction of law, the most moderately

agreed is that the existing law against smoking does not impose

strict penalties against violators which makes it difficult to be

enforced while it is undecided that the existing law against smoking

is not comprehensive enough to tackle proper ways and the right

time and place to apprehend violators.

3. The most strongly agreed possible reason why people continue smoking

despite the existing laws against it is that the apprehension of violators is

not swift, frequent, and certain while the least agreed is that the

psychological gratification of smokers is greater than their fear of being

apprehended.
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4 When it comes to the way of implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311, it is moderately agreed that the law enforcement

conducts rigid surveillance of public places where smoking is persistent

and subsequently conducts police visibility while it is strongly disagreed

the law enforcement appoints civilians in different places who will arrest

people caught in the act of smoking and subsequently present them to

the former.

Conclusions

The researchers concluded that:

1. Majority of the respondents are at age bracket 31-43, male, married, and

presently serving as members of the PNP for 5-10 years.

2. The assessment of the respondents on the difficulties encountered by the

Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311

shows the following:

a. There is an ineffective role of socio-cultural institutions to influence

citizens to depart from smoking in line with the existing laws. As per

observation, the churches, work places, and even schools prohibit

only smoking in their vicinity but not influence the smokers to quit

from said activity.

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b. There is a lack of support to and coordination with the

Lemery MPS by the barangays and other stakeholders to watch

over large number of population in relation to apprehension of

violators of law against smoking. The police to population ratio

clearly shows that it is hard for the law enforcers to implement the

law against smoking and the fact that the barangay, socio-cultural

institutions, and other organizations have no coordination and

cooperation regarding the matter, the apprehension becomes

harder to achieve.

c. There are instances that violators receive only a warning or

reprimand which does not frighten them to commit the same

violation. According to Cesare Beccaria of the Classical School of

Criminology, the more swiftand certain the punishment is, the more

it deters others. An exact and certain punishment that will give

lesson to violators must be imposed. Another one is that there is a

reality that small number of apprehensions eliminates fear of being

caught on the part of violators. According to the Neo-Classical

School of Criminology, it is not the punishment that will deter but

the number of arrest. This might be true in a sense that even there

is a deterrent punishment but the law enforcers apprehend only few

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d. violators, the result will just be the same that violations

of laws against smoking will still prosper.

e. The existing law against smoking does not impose strict penalties

against violators which make it difficult to be enforced. In relation to

Paragraph 2-c, the current law against smoking should be

amended, imposing stiffer penalty.

3. The apprehension of violators is not swift, frequent, and certain. In

generalizing Paragraph 2, people tend to continue smoking despite the

existence of laws against it due to lack or even loss of fear of being

caught. The reasons are only few violators are apprehended and only

reprimand and payment of fines are imposed as punishment.

4. It is strongly disagreed the law enforcement appoints civilians in different

places who will arrest people caught in the act of smoking and

subsequently present them to the former. In the present society, the fact

that majority of the spectators of crimes do not want them be involved in

the prosecution makes it hard to deliver the so called citizen’s arrest.

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Recommendations

The researchers recommend to:

1. When it comes to the assessment of the respondents on the difficulties

encountered by the Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311:

a. Encourage the socio-cultural institutions not only to designate areas

for smoking but also to influence the people to quit from it.

b. Formulate strategic coordination plan between the law enforcers

and the barangays on how to effectively apprehend violators of

anti-smoking law like appointing someone to observe those

prospected violators.

c. To the law enforcers, conduct effective strategies that will surely

catch large number of violators in order for the would-be violators to

refrain from doing the same.

d. To the legislators/Sanggunian, amend the present municipal

ordinance against smoking by imposing stiffer penalties.

2. Let the would-be violators be aware that fear of being punished is greater

than their satisfaction and gratification to smoke as stated in the Classical

School of Criminology proponent Jeremy Bentham’s hedonism principle –

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the criminals will not continue to commit crimes if the costs are

greater than the benefits.

3. Encourage the citizens to cooperate in apprehending violators by offering

them benefits or rewards.

4. Conduct further researches to continue or support this study or for the

additional information regarding the implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311 of Lemery, Batangas.

\
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CHAPTER I

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

Smoking is the most common method of consuming tobacco, and tobacco

is the most common substance smoked. Many smokers begin

during adolescent or early adulthood. During the early stages, a combination of

perceived pleasure acting as positive reinforcement and desire to respond to

social may offset the unpleasant symptoms of initial use, which typically include

nausea and coughing. After an individual has smoked for some years, the

avoidance of withdrawal symptoms and negative become the key motivations to

continue. . Tobacco smoking in the Philippines affects a sizable minority of the

population According to a 2017 survey conducted, conducted under the auspices

of the Philippines’ Department of health, Philippine statistics office, world health

organization and the United States center for diseases control and prevention

28.3 percent of the population are current smokers that represents 19.3 million of

63.3 million adult Filipinos. According to the study supported by the world health

organization and Department of health of the Philippines smoking causes lot of

diseases and disabilities First, Lung cancer smoking is the number one cause of

lung cancer. Heart diseases one out of every five (5) heart is directly related to

smoking .Diabetes smoking cause (2) two types of diabetes. Liver cancer,

Smoking increases risk of developing liver cancer. Erectile dysfunction, smoking

builds up plaque in the arteries and obstruct blood flow. Ectopic pregnancy,
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Around eleven (11)%percent of these types of pregnancies

can be directly associated to smoking. Vision loss, studies have

shown that smoking increases the risk of cataracts and glaucoma. Tuberculosis,

If you have been treated for tuberculosis in the past smoking doubles your

chance of getting it again. Rheumatoid arthritis, Smoking increases your

likelihood of developing it. Colorectal cancer, those who smoke are more likely to

die from colorectal cancer. Second hand smoke, each year in the u.s causes

42,000 deaths from heart disease and 3400 deaths from lung cancer. Medical

care, it was reported that $289 billion dollars was spent on medical care smokers

in one year. Loss of years of life, People who smoke can lose more than 10

years of their lives. Stroke, smoking makes the blood thicker and more like to clot

that causes strokes. Bladder cancer, the number one risk factor for bladder

cancer is smoking. Cervical cancer, the risk of developing cervical cancer

doubles in women who smoke. Immune system, smoking depresses antibodies

and cells in the body that are supposed to help fight off invaders. Cleft palates’,

smoking during pregnancy increases the likelihood of having a baby with cleft

palate. Cancer treatment smoking increases the chances that a cancer treatment

will fail. Increased illness, smoking increases your chances that a cancer of

picking up common illness. Youthful appearance, smoking makes your skin look

older and more haggard and also discolors your fingernails and teeth. Money,

after (1) one year you will have saved a lot of money if you will quit to smoke.
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Time Quitting alleviates the worry about when you will be

able to smoke next. Smells, quitting will make your clothes and house

smell better. Family, secondhand smoke is dangerous. Animal testing, animals

were used to test the danger of smoking in America. Better sleep, smoking keeps

you from falling into deep sleep. Stronger bones, studies have shown that

smoking increases the risk of osteoporosis and fracture. Hearing loss, people

who smoke are more likely to suffer from haring loss. Vacations, England france

now only offers smoke0free bars and restaurants. Psoriasis, smoking can

increase the risk of developing psoriasis. Warmer hand and feet, poor circulation

Historically, smoking dates back to as early as 5000 BC in the America

and continues to be part of the activities of people today. The prevalence of

cigarette smoking continued to grow in the early 20th Century. It speaks for itself

that the same is a continuous tradition which can bring endless health issues due

to the growing production of tobaccos.

According to the study, smoking affects not only the smoker but also the

second hand and the third hand smokers. This is true if the smoker performs his

habit with other persons or without them but in a place where people always go.

In general, if smoking is performed without due care and responsibility, the

general population is affected.

The SIN TAX LAW stated in the Republic Act 10351 of 2012 increased the

excised tax on tobacco to gather a higher fund for universal health care. This is
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call to everyone to stop smoking and to encourage others to

quit, save money, and save lives. But, the present reality seems that

regardless of the amount, consumption of tobacco is still prevalent. Smokers still

continue to smoke, few are quitting but many are learning.

In view of the aforesaid statements, the municipality of Lemery issued a

Municipality Ordinance 18-311 otherwise known as an ordinance prohibiting the

use, sale, distribution and advertisement of cigarettes and other tobacco

products in certain places imposing penalties for violations thereof and providing

funds thereof and for other purposes. The researches aim to study the difficulties

encountered by the Lemery MPS in the Implementation of the Municipal

Ordinance No.18-311 in the Municipality of Lemery. This is because, despite the

existing ordinance, there are still a lot of people who smoke.

Setting of the Study

This study is conducted in the municipality of Lemery, Batangas. Lemery

is a 1st class urban municipality in the province of Batangas, Philippines.

According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 93,157 people. The

municipality has a land area of 109.80 square kilometers and politically

subdivided into 46 barangays.

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Figure 1

The Map of the Municipality of Lemery, Batangas

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Figure 2

Photo of the Municipal Police Station of Lemery

Theoretical Framework

In criminology, rational choice theory adopts a utilitarian belief that man is

a reasoning actor who weighs means and ends, costs and benefits, and makes a

rational choice. This method was designed by Cornish and Clarke to assist in

thinking about situational crime prevention. It is assumed that crime is purposive

behavior designed to meet the offender’s commonplace needs for such things as

money, status, sex and excitement, and that meeting these needs involves the

making of (sometimes quite rudimentary) decisions and choices, constrained as

these are by limits, ability, and the availability of relevant information.

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Rational choice is based on numerous assumptions, one of which is

individualism. The second is that individuals have to maximize their

goals, and the third is that individuals are self-interested. Offenders are thinking

about themselves and how to advance their personal goals. Central points of the

theory are described as follows:

- The human being is a rational actor.

- Rationality involves end/means calculations.

- People (freely) choose behavior, both conforming and deviant, based on their

rational calculations.

- The central element of calculation involves a cost benefit analysis: Pleasure

versus pain or hedonistic calculus.

- Choice, with all other conditions equal, will be directed towards the

maximization of individual pleasure.

- Choice can be controlled through the perception and understanding of the

potential pain or punishment that will follow an act judged to be in violation of the

social good, the social contract.

- The state is responsible for maintaining order and preserving the common good

through a system of laws.

- The swiftness, severity, and certainty of punishment are the key elements in

understanding a ruling class ability to control their citizens’ behavior.

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Jeremy Bentham founded traditional utilitarianism. His

version of the theory assumes that we can measure and add the

quantities of benefits produced by an action and subtract the measured

quantities of harm it will cause, allowing us to determine which action has the

most benefits or lowest total costs and is therefore moral. The utility Bentham

had in mind was not the greatest benefit for the person taking the action, but

rather the greatest benefit for all involved.

Figure 3

Conceptual Paradigm

To know the different

3.1 Information
problems that result to
Dissemination difficulties on the part of
3.2 Apprehension of the law enforcement in the
implementation of the
Violators
municipal ordinance No.
3.3 Reactions of the Law 18-311 in the municipality
Enforcement Towards the ASSESMENT of Lemery.
To know the things that
Violation
could be dine on how to
3.4 Deterrent Effect improve and strengthen
the effectiveness of the
aforesaid ordinance.
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As shown in the figure 3.1 Information dissemination, 3.2

Apprehension of the violators, 3.3, reactions of the law enforcement

towards the violation, 3.4 Deterrent effect. The researcher’s asses the following

to know the different problems that result to difficulties on the part of the law

enforcement in the implementation of the municipal ordinance No. 18-311 in the

municipality of Lemery and to know the things that could be dine on how to

improve and strengthen the effectiveness of the aforesaid ordinance

Statement of the Problems

This study aims to assess problems encountered by the Lemery MPS in

the implementation of municipal ordinance no 18-311.

Specifically, this study will seek answers to the following question:

1. What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Age;

1.2 Gender;

1.3 Civil Status; and

1.4 Length of Service?

2. How do respondents asses the difficulties encountered by the Lemery

MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance no 18-311 in terms of:

2.1 Information Dissemination;

2.2 Apprehension of Violators;

2.3 Deterrent Effect; and

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2.4 Construction of Law?

3. What are the possible reasons that push individuals to continue

smoking despite existing laws against it?

4 How does the law enforcement of the Municipality of Lemery implement

the municipal ordinance no 18-311?

5. What is the implication of this study to future researches?

Statement of the Hypothesis

1. There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of

the respondents and their assessment on the Difficulties encountered by the

Lemery MPS in the implementation of municipal ordinance no 18-311.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The Setting

The study will be conducted to the Municipality of Lemery, Batangas

The Subjects

The subject of the study is the Difficulties Encountered by the Lemery

MPS in the Implementation of Municipal ordinance no. 18-311.

The Respondents
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The respondents of this study are forty (40) police officers in the

Municipal Police Station of Lemery.

The Time Frame

The study is conducted in the period of one year first and second

semester of school year 2018-2019.

Significance of the Study

The Law enforcers - This study may give big contribution to our law enforcers

as to determine of what are the causes or difficulties that affects the Lemery MPS

in the implementation of the municipal ordinance No. 18-311 otherwise known as

the smoke free ordinance of Lemery Batangas. And what actions they could be

done to improve their performance through its implementation.

The community – This research will help the community for them to be aware

that there are existing laws against smoking in the municipality of Lemery and for

them not to be one of the violators of the said ordinance.

The Criminology Students – This study will help the criminology students by

having additional knowledge for them knowing what could be the difficulties of

the implementation of the Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311 as a future law

enforcer.

The Municipal Government - This Study will help the government to determine

of what are the deficiencies of the Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311 and how do
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they can improve it, what things should be added to improve its

effectiveness in the Municipality of Lemery, Batangas.

The Future Researchers – This Study will help the future researchers as a

frame of reference that will serve as a guide when they conduct research related

to this study.

Definition of Terms

Apprehension – As used in this study, the taking of a person into custody in

order that he may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.

Deterrent Effect – As used in this study, it is an effect giving fear to the others

what would happen to them if they do the same act.

Excised Tax – As used in this study, it refers to an indirect type of taxation

imposed on the manufacture, sale or use of certain types of goods and products.

Information Dissemination – As used in this study, an act of distributing,

spreading or broadcasting information by any means.

Ordinance – As used in this study a law or regulations made by a city or town

government.

Rational Calculator – As used in this study a principle developed by Jeremy

Bentham which states that a man continues to violate the law if in outweighing

costs and benefits the latter come heavier.

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Reaction Towards the Violation – As used in this study refers to

the actions of the law enforcement towards the violation which

includes paying of fine, warning, detention, imprisonment, prosecution or simple

reprimand.

Reprimand – As used in this study a reaction towards the violation of a law

where the offender is rebuked or reproached.

Second-Hand Smoke– As used in this study a smoke that has been exhaled or

breathed out by the person smoking.

Smoking – As used in this study a practice in which a substance is burned and

the resulting smoke breathed in to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream.

Third-Hand Smoke – As used in this study residual nicotine and other chemicals

left on indoor surfaces by tobacco smoke.

Tobacco – As used in this study a plant that produces leaves which are smoked

in cigarettes.

Utilitarianism – As used in this study a criminological theory advocated by

Jeremy Bentham which state that the greatest happiness of the greatest number

of people show that an act is a moral one.

Consensus- As used in this study a general agreement about something

Monetary- As used in this study of or relating to the money in a country’s

economy

Illegal- As used in this study, things that are not allowed by law
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Retailer- As used in this study, to sell (something) to customer for

their own use

Restrictions- As used in this study, a law or rule that limits or control something

Mechanisms- As used in this study, a piece of machinery; a mechanical part or

group of parts having a particular function

Municipal ordinance no. 18-311 – As used in this study, an ordinance

prohibiting the use, sale distribution and advertisement of cigarettes and other

tobacco product in certain places imposing penalties for violations thereof and

providing funds thereof for other purposes

Diseases- As used in this study, an illness that affects the person animal, plant.

Cancer - As used in this study, a serious disease caused by cells that are not

normal and that can spread to one or many parts of the body

Erectile- As used in this study, of or relating to an erection

Dysfunction – As used in this study, the condition of having poor and unhealthy

behaviors and attitudes within a group of people

Diabetes – As used in this study, a serious disease in which the body cannot

properly control the amount of sugar in your blood because it does not have

enough insulin
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CHAPTER 2
RELATED LITERATURE

Foreign Literature

Jay pan (2017) Exploring the intergenerational persistence of health

behavior: an empirical study of smoking from China t is of significance to

look into the intergenerational transmission of risk behavior to explain the

disparity of health. Our paper contributes to the literature by providing evidence

in the context of China, focusing on smoking behavior.

This paper studies the intergenerational transmission of smoking in the

context of China using a nationally representative dataset – the China Health and

Nutrition Survey (CHNS). The two-part model, the Tobit model, and the fixed

effects model are utilized for the empirical analysis, respectively

We found a strong intergenerational persistence of health behavior. That is,

parents’ smoking behavior is positively correlated with their children’s smoking.

Our study provides evidence of the intergenerational persistence of health

behavior in the case of smoking, in the world’s most populous country. This has

policy implications for the issue of intergenerational mobility and health

education, as well as for tobacco control in China.

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Nigel Driffield (2016)Regulation as Country‐Specific (Dis‐)Advantage:

Smoking Bans and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the

Tobacco Industry This paper seeks to examine the relationship between

smoking bans and the propensity of tobacco firms to engage in foreign direct

investment (FDI). Using international business theory based on the firm‐specific

advantage/country‐specific advantage (FSA/CSA) matrix, the authors show that,

contrary to what one may expect, smoking bans at home are an important

institutional intervention, reducing the propensity for firms to engage in FDI, even

to countries without a ban themBelow is a guide to some of the many laws that

protect Australians from the harms of smoking. For more detailed legal

information you can review

It is illegal to smoke:

o in enclosed public places (such as shopping centres, hospitals,

cinemas, theatres, pubs, clubs, restaurants)

o in outdoor eating areas, unless in a designated smoking area in

a liquor licensed premises

o between the flags at patrolled beaches

o in taxis, on buses and other public transport, with or without

passengers present

o in vehicles carrying children under age 17

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o near playground equipment

o on domestic flights and international flights

operated by Australian airlines

2. It is illegal to sell goods that look like cigarettes/cigars or in packaging that

resembles a cigarette/cigar package. That means the following cannot be

legally sold in WA:

o candy or chocolate cigars or cigarettes

o mints/lollies in a packet that looks like a cigarette packet cigarette

lighters that look like cigarettes

o e-cigarettes (it is also illegal to sell nicotine cartridges for e-

cigarettes)

3. It is illegal to sell cigarettes that are not sold in plain packaging

4. It is illegal for a retailer to display tobacco products, which means the

display case doors must be shut at all times unless reasonably open to

serve customers or to re-stock shelves and no cigarettes can be out on

display. There is a limited exception in WA for ‘specialist’ tobacconists,

which allows them to have a small display.

5. It is illegal for a retailer to sell individual cigarettes or split packs. Each

cigarette packet must contain at least 20 cigarettes.

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6. It is illegal to promote or advertise cigarette sales, smoking,

tobacco products or price discounts or to promote a tobacco product

or smoking generally – even under a sponsorship agreement.

7. It is illegal to give free samples, run competitions or award gifts and prizes

for selling or promoting smoking and/or tobacco products, including a

voucher, coupon, ticket or a chance for a prize–even if the item has no

monetary value.

Peter Jacobson (2017)Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation and

Enforcement How Are Tobacco Control Laws Implemented and Enforced?

During our interviews, respondents consistently distinguished between

implementation and enforcement. Enforcement relates to the narrow range of

potential sanctions contained in state legislation or local ordinances, such as

license removal, fines, or other penalties resulting from specific law enforcement

activity. On the one hand, enforcement refers to actions required by law that are

monitored by state and local officials. On the other hand, implementation is

viewed by respondents as a much broader term, encompassing educational

activities, dissemination of materials by stakeholders, and developing processes

to ensure compliance with state and local tobacco control laws.

State-Level Enforcement. The overwhelming consensus of our interviews

is that state clean indoor air laws are self-enforcing and that they will not be
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systematically enforced by state or local authorities. By self-

enforcing, we mean that people voluntarily comply with the law in the

absence of a proactive enforcement effort.

In our sample, enforcement of state clean indoor air laws is delegated to

local health departments in all states except California. The ironic result is that

we observed little difference in state-level activity between states with strong

statewide anti-tobacco laws, states that Summary xv preempt stronger local

ordinances, and states with no statewide antitobacco legislation.

Local-Level Enforcement. The willingness and ability of local agencies to

enforce state clean indoor air laws vary in our sample but are generally quite

limited. A major concern expressed by local health departments in New York,

Minnesota, California, and Illinois is that this amounts to an unfunded mandate.

Thus, few local agencies actively enforce state clean indoor air laws beyond

responding to complaints.

In several instances, including the city of Chicago and Suffolk and

Chatauqua Counties in New York, local health departments have opted to

enforce their own local ordinances instead of the state law. But like their state

counterparts, local agencies consistently rely on voluntary compliance. As with

the state clean indoor air laws, these local ordinances are self-enforcing.

In contrast to the implementation and enforcement of the clean indoor air

laws, states and localities in our sample have been much more aggressive in
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enforcing laws restricting youth access to tobacco. Perhaps

the primary difference is a consistent belief that teen access laws will

not be self-enforcing, thus requiring a greater enforcement effort than what is

needed for clean indoor air regulations. The applicable regulatory question is

what mechanisms work best to limit youth access to tobacco products.

Relationship Between Statewide Legislation and Local Ordinances

A critical strategy decision faced by tobacco control advocates is whether

to focus their efforts at the state or local level. This decision presents a clear

trade-off. Thus, statewide legislation offers the prospect of enacting a law that

provides a uniform level of protection, in the case of clean indoor air, to all of the

state’s residents. Ideally, from the anti-tobacco advocates’ point of view, the law

would be quite stringent and would also provide local communities with the

option of increasing the level of stringency by passing local ordinances (i.e., the

law would not contain any preemption provisions). Such a strategy provides an

efficient and effective route to xvi Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation and

Enforcement both controlling smoking in a wide range of public places, including

private work sites, and reducing minors’ access to tobacco.

The downside of this strategy is that, as we saw repeatedly in our seven

case studies, the tobacco industry possesses substantial political power at the

state level and has been enormously successful in either turning back bills that

they consider to be contrary to their interests or by insisting that any state bill
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include a preemption clause, such as those found in the

Illinois and Florida clean indoor air bills.

Suffice it to say that the debate among anti-tobacco advocates on the

preferred legislative strategy is far from settled. In our case studies, however, it

became evident that a complex interplay exists between statewide and local

laws, with each influencing the prospects and shape of the other. We found, for

instance, with the exception of some downstate New York counties, that local

communities were generally not inclined to pass clean indoor air ordinances in

states that had enacted statewide laws, even if there were no preemption

clauses in the bill that would have prevented them from doing so. Stakeholder

Roles in Enforcement and Implementation Anti-Tobacco Coalitions. Three

distinct themes characterize our interviews with anti-tobacco coalitions. First,

coalitions are organized around legislation. Their interest in implementation and

enforcement is secondary. Instead, government agencies play the central role in

implementation and enforcement efforts. Second, involvement in implementation

and enforcement tends to be on youth access restrictions rather than on clean

indoor air regulations. Third, all of the coalitions discuss the importance of

community education Summary xvii but tend to do so in vague, general terms,

rather than presenting a coherent educational program with defined objectives.

The Tobacco Industry. Although the tobacco industry continues to play a

dominant role in legislative matters, our results suggest that the industry plays a
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minor role in enforcement and implementation once laws are

enacted. To be sure, the industry tries to limit the effectiveness of

tobacco control legislation by restricting the range of potential enforcement

sanctions, but we found no evidence that the tobacco industry is involved in the

process of implementing or enforcing the laws.

Retail Merchants. Our interviews revealed considerable variation in the

involvement of retail merchants associations in tobacco control enforcement and

implementation. For the most part, retail merchants associations do not appear to

be involved in enforcement and implementation activities, but the Illinois Retail

Merchants Association (IRMA) is actively engaged in monitoring enforcement

efforts. Coalitions reported almost no interaction with retail merchants.

Government agencies indicated that retail merchants associations were

cooperative but rarely went beyond providing general information and,

sometimes, signs to members for display in stores. Not all associations in our

sample provided informational materials to members, and of those states in our

sample only Illinois (IRMA) had provided training or education to members.

Barriers to Effective Implementation and Enforcement

We focused a considerable portion of our discussions with the

respondents on identifying barriers to the effective implementation and

enforcement of tobacco control laws at the state and local levels. Several

unmistakable themes emerged that cut across states, local communities, and
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even type of tobacco control law (i.e., teen access or clean

indoor air). One such theme we found particularly surprising: The

relative salience of the smoking issue appeared to be low in comparison with

other public policy issues.

Implicitly or explicitly, respondents indicated that tobacco control often

failed to ignite the passions of state legislators or city council members or even of

the public at large. Many expressed their disappointment about the apparent

unwillingness of elected officials and xviii Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation

and Enforcement others to work tirelessly on enacting, implementing, and

enforcing increasingly stringent anti-tobacco measures.

A second barrier to more effective implementation and enforcement

frequently cited by respondents was resource constraints. The lack of adequate

resources for implementation efforts has resulted in delays in enforcing the law

and confusion on the parts of businesses and other affected parties. On the

enforcement side, inadequate resources have meant that many states and local

communities have undertaken no systematic and/or proactive initiatives to

enforce tobacco control laws, but rather have relied on “systems” that are almost

exclusively complaint-driven. Although the presence of strong social norms

against exposing individuals to passive smoke have by and large obviated the

need for states and locales to actively enforce clean indoor air laws, all evidence
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indicates that teen access laws are decidedly not self-

enforcing and that ongoing so-called “sting” operations are essential

to maintaining low illegal sales rates.

Discussion and Recommendations

Relationship Between Legislative Enactment, Implementation, and

Enforcement. During the course of this project, it became clear that the

distinction between enactment and implementation/ enforcement made by many

observers is an artificial one, and that in a very real sense, the two are

inextricably linked. Specifically, many of the respondents argued that the

enactment process itself— particularly in instances where that process was

protracted—served to change attitudes and social norms regarding the

importance of tobacco control measures. At least for the clean indoor air

measures, these changed social norms paved the way for a smooth

implementation process and minimized the need to embark on a vigorous

enforcement effort, thus leaving these laws to be primarily self-enforcing. We

found, however, that the strength of this relationship decreased when it came to

teen access laws.

Effective Enforcement Mechanisms. An overwhelming majority of

respondents made the same recommendation regarding increasing the

effectiveness of various enforcement mechanisms: Keep them simple. This

recommendation applied to both clean indoor air and teen access measures.
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Moreover, the respondents recommended that all aspects of

the enforcement mechanism—including where Summary xix authority

is vested, the structure of the penalties, the person within the establishment who

will be penalized, etc.—be detailed in the legislation or ordinance.

Clean Indoor Air. As we have already mentioned, clean indoor air laws are

for the most part self-enforcing in the sense that people are generally made

aware of the law through a variety of educational programs and media

campaigns and, in those rare instances where infractions occur, are reminded by

others that smoking is not permitted. If an individual smoker or establishment

refuses to comply with the law, then an administrative penalty should be imposed

on the offending party. Finally, an effort should be made to minimize the number

of exceptions to the law, since failure to do so will require costly hearings and

present tricky enforcement problems. As the number of exceptions grows, the

probability of violations appears to increase: Tobacco merchants can maintain

that the law does not apply to their establishments because they fall into an

exempt category.

Youth Access. Our case study results make it abundantly clear that an

ongoing enforcement effort—complete with routine compliance checks—is

essential for reducing the rate of illegal cigarette sales to minors. Additionally, we

found that to be effective, local ordinances must have a graduated penalty

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structure that starts with a moderate fine for the first offense

and escalates in severity with each subsequent offense.

We also believe that licensing cigarette vendors at the local level is a

critical ingredient to an effective enforcement program, for two reasons. First, as

we observed in several Minnesota locales, license fees can be used to finance

regular compliance checks, thus making the enforcement effort economically

self-sufficient. This, in turn, will ensure its long-run survival. Second, license

suspension for varying periods of time, depending on the number of prior

offenses, should xx Tobacco Control Laws: Implementation and Enforcement be

an integral component of the ordinance’s penalty structure, because even

substantial fines may, in some instances, fail to provide a substantial deterrent to

illegal sales. For chronic offenders, license revocation should also be an option.

Absence of a State-Level Enforcement Strategy by Anti-Tobacco

Advocates

To some extent, the lack of commitment that anti-tobacco forces have

shown toward implementation and enforcement issues is a reflection of the fact

that their resources are being directed toward enacting tobacco control

ordinances at the local level and fighting tobacco industry–led attempts to pass

state-level legislation that preempts local tobacco control ordinances. This

diversion of resources is the direct result of the tobacco industry’s strategy to

focus its attention at the state level and, specifically, on preemption. By

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substantially reducing, if not eliminating, the prospects of

passing stringent statewide legislation, this strategy has essentially

raised the costs faced by anti-tobacco activists to enact, implement, and enforce

tobacco control measures.

Sandra J,. (2016) Correlates and Outcomes of Posttransplant

Smoking in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Literature

Review and Meta-Analysis Despite smoking being an absolute or relative

contraindication for transplantation, about 11% to 40% of all patients continue or

resume smoking posttransplant. This systematic review with meta-analysis

investigated the correlates and outcomes associated with smoking after solid

organ transplantation. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO

from inception until January 2016, using state-of-the art methodology. Pooled

odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed for

correlates/outcomes investigated 5 times or more.Results Seventy-three studies

(43 in kidney, 17 in heart, 12 in liver, 1 in lung transplantation) investigated 95

correlates and 24 outcomes, of which 6 correlates and 4 outcomes could be

included in the meta-analysis. The odds of smoking posttransplant were 1.33

times higher in men (95% CI, 1.12-1.57). Older individuals were significantly less

likely to smoke (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.38-0.62), as were patients with a higher

body mass index (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.89). Hypertension (OR, 1.16; 95%

CI, 0.77-1.75), diabetes mellitus (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.15-1.78), and having a
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history of cardiovascular disease (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.77-

1.09) were not significant correlates. Posttransplant smokers had

higher odds of newly developed posttransplant cardiovascular disease (OR, 1.41;

95% CI, 1.02-1.95), nonskin malignancies (OR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.26-5.29), a

shorter patient survival time (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.79), and higher odds of

mortality (OR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.21-2.48).

Conclusions Posttransplant smoking is associated with poor outcomes. Our

results might help clinicians to understand which patients are more likely to

smoke posttransplant, guide interventional approaches, and provide

recommendations for future research.

Tobacco use, present in about 1 in 5 people aged 15 years or older in the

general population,1,2 is one of the main risk factors for a number of chronic

diseases, including cancer, pulmonary, and cardiovascular diseases. It kills

nearly 6 million people worldwide each year and continues to be the leading

global cause of preventable death.1-4

For solid organ transplant patients, smoking may be even more harmful. Due to

the need for lifelong immunosuppressive medication intake, transplant recipients

are already prone to infections, cancer and cardiovascular disease, and health

risks might be even further increased when smoking. Indeed, 2 reviews found

that smoking significantly increases the risk of renal fibrosis, malignancy, death-

censored allograft loss, and patient death in kidney transplant patients 5,6; hepatic
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artery thrombosis, biliary complications, and malignancy in liver

transplant patients6; and coronary atherosclerosis, malignancy, renal

dysfunction, all-cause, and cardiac death in heart transplant patients. 6 Corbett et

al,6 however, did not conduct a systematic review, and neither reviews used

meta-analytic techniques. They also did not make a clear distinction between

pretransplant and posttransplant smoking. Moreover, without calculating effect

sizes, it is hard to appreciate the true association of posttransplant smoking on

clinical outcomes.

In an attempt to prevent these adverse effects of posttransplant smoking,

international consensus guidelines recommend considering active tobacco

smoking or tobacco use within the last 6 months as a contraindication for lung

and heart transplantation,7-9 and strongly advise smoking cessation before kidney

and liver transplantation.10-12 However, studies show that a substantial number of

transplant patients continue or resume smoking posttransplant. More specifically,

a meta-analysis of 49 studies showed 3.4 cases of tobacco use per 100

transplant patients per year (adjusted for follow-up duration).13 A more recent

review showed that smoking recidivism rates after transplantation vary between

11% and 40%, depending on the definition of smoking and smoking detection

methods used.6

Bearing in mind the high prevalence of posttransplant smoking, it is of critical

importance to understand which individuals are at the greatest risk for sustained
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or resumed smoking, so that timely interventions can be

implemented. However, to date, few studies investigated correlates

of posttransplant smoking. In their systematic review, Dew and colleagues 13found

that pretransplant substance use (ie, tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use) was

strongly correlated with posttransplant substance use (r = 0.62; 95% confidence

interval [95% CI], 0.22-0.84). However, the authors did not look at tobacco use

separately, and given that the literature search was completed in 2005, it is

possible that more recent evidence provides additional insights on correlates of

posttransplant smoking.

Leemorse aura (2018)Nicotine and addiction beliefs and perceptions

among the US-born and foreign-born populations☆Little is known about

nicotine and addiction beliefs held by those who are foreign-born in the US and

how these beliefs are associated with acculturationand race/ethnicity. This study

attempts to address these research gaps. Data were analyzed from two cycles of

the Health Information National Trends Survey, HINTS-FDA 2015 (n = 3738) and

HINTS-FDA 2017 (n = 1736). HINTS-FDA is a tobacco-focused, cross-sectional,

nationally representative survey of US non-institutionalized civilian adults aged

18 years or older. We first assessed associations between foreign-born status

and beliefs about nicotine and addiction using weighted chi-square analyses.

Then, using only the foreign-born sample, we examined the associations of

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nicotine and addiction beliefs with race/ethnicity and

acculturation (i.e., English proficiency and U.S. tenure) using

weighted multiple linear regression. Results showed that, compared to US-born

respondents, foreign-born respondents were more likely to be concerned with

being addicted to nicotine and to believe that low nicotine cigarettes would have

much lower lung cancer risk than a typical cigarette. Among the foreign-born,

NH-Black and Hispanic respondents were more likely to see low nicotine

cigarettes as harmful and addictive compared to NH-White respondents. The

relationship between acculturation and nicotine beliefs was complex with lower

acculturation associated with elevated misperceived risk of nicotine and also

ratings of addictiveness. Further research among key subpopulations may inform

communication, education and dissemination strategies, especially

among vulnerable populations.

Foreign Studies

Garry king PH. (2016)Cigarette Smoking Among Native and Foreign-

Born African American To examine differences in current smoking status

and the number of cigarettes consumed daily between foreign and native-

born African Americans, and the impact of demographic and socio-

economic status (SES) factors on smoking behavior.: Data were obtained

from combining the 1990–1994 National Health Interview Surveys and consisted
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of 16,738 U.S. born and foreign-born African Americans

between 18 and 64 years of age. The statistical analysisincluded

cross-tabulations and weighted multiple logistic regression (MLR) using the

Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and the Survey Data

Analysis (SUDAAN) computer programs. Adjusted MLR analysis revealed that

native-born African Americans were more likely (odds ratio (OR) = 2.7, p < 0.001)

to be current smokers than foreign-born blacks. Within the native-born group,

smoking prevalence decreased with increasing education and income, but these

associations were not found for foreign-born blacks. Women in both groups were

less likely than men to be current smokers. Statistically significant differences

were not found between the two groups in the number of cigarettes smoked per

day.

This analysis of nativity and smoking behavior further demonstrates the

social diversity among African Americans and suggests the differential impact of

social and cultural factors on smoking behavior within racially classified social

groups. In areas where there are substantial numbers of foreign-born blacks,

researchers should consider differentiating smoking status by nativity. Though

differences in smoking prevalence were apparent for native and foreign-born

American Americans, prevention and cessation programs are needed for both

groups.
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Tomas K (2016) Tobacco smoking among dentists in Poland

Nicotine dependence is a reversible risk factor of numerous oral

cavity diseases. Dentist should be non-smoking and have knowledge

on diagnosis and treatment of nicotine addiction.

Material and methods

From October 2013 to March 2014 during 5 dental conferences dental

practitioners (881 persons) were given anonymous proprietary questionnaires on

nicotine use. 544 questionnaires were qualified for analysis, response rate 61.7%

Group of active nicotine users consisted of 72 persons (13.2% of respondents).

The average duration of smoking was 20 years and number of cigarettessmoked

daily was 15. Median level of nicotine dependence score 5 and predominance of

scores in the range of 4-6 on Fagerström test indicate that most frequent was

moderate dependence. As many as 44.4% of dentists in this group had no

attempts to quit the addiction.Non-smokers prevailed among

women, pedodontists and younger practitioners. Active nicotine users prevailed

in dentists above 44 years of age, male, dental surgeons and maxillofacial

surgeons. Up to 397 (73%) respondents declared they were never acquainted

with the basis for minimal anti-nicotine intervention.

The prevalence of nicotine addiction among Polish dentists is lower by 10%

compared to the general population, although in relation to current foreign

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studies its the average level. Main factors associated with active

nicotine use in this occupational group include male gender,

increasing age and surgical dental specialties. It should be intended to reduce

number of nicotine users among Polish dentists by 5%. For this purpose

professional anti-nicotine knowledge should be disseminated more.

Mendez Fl.(2017)Perceived enforcement of anti-smoking laws in bars

and restaurants of three Brazilian cities: data from the ITC-Brazil survey

Passive smoking causes severe and lethal effects on health. Since 1996 Brazil

has been moving forward in the implementation of anti-smoking legislation in

enclosed public spaces. This article aims to evaluate the perceived enforcement

of anti-smoking legislation in the cities of Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul State),

Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil, based on the results of the ITC-Brazil

Survey (International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project). The results of

the survey showed a significant reduction in the proportion of people who saw

individuals smoking in restaurants and bars between 2009 and 2013 in the three

cities surveyed. Concurrently there was an increase in the proportion of smokers

who mentioned having smoked in the outer areas of these facilities. These

results likely reflect a successful implementation of anti-smoking laws. Of note is

the fact that by decreasing passive smoking we further enhance smoking

denormalization among the general population, decreasing smoking initiation and

increasing its cessation.

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Thompson G(2016)One year of smoke-free bars and

restaurants in New Zealand: impacts and responses New

Zealand introduced a smokefree bars and restaurants policy in December 2004.

We reviewed the data available at December 2005 on the main public health,

societal and political impacts and responses within New Zealand to the new

laData were collected from publicly available survey reports, and from

government departments and interviews. This included data on smoking in bars,

attitudes to smokefree bars, bar patronage, socially cued smoking, and perceived

rights to smokefree workplaces

The proportion of surveyed bars with smoking occurring decreased from

95% to 3% during July 2004-April 2005. Between 2004 and 2005, public support

for smokefree bars rose from 56% to 69%. In the same period, support for the

rights of bar workers to have smokefree workplaces rose from 81% to 91%.

During the first ten months of the smokefree bars policy, there were only 196

complaints to officials about smoking in the over 9900 licensed premises. The

proportion of smokers who reported that they smoked more than normal at bars,

nightclubs, casinos and cafés halved between 2004 and 2005 (from 58% to

29%). Seasonally adjusted sales in bars and clubs changed little (0.6% increase)

between the first three quarters of 2004 and of 2005, while café and restaurant

sales increased by 9.3% in the same period. Both changes continued existing

trends. Compared to the same period in 2004, average employment during the
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first three quarters of 2005 was up 24% for 'pubs, taverns

and bars', up 9% for cafés/restaurants, and down 8% for clubs

(though employment in 'pubs, taverns and bars' may have been affected by

unusually high patronage around a major sports-series). The proportion of bar

managers who approved of smokefree bars increased from 44% to 60% between

November 2004 and May 2005. Bar managers also reported increased

agreement with the rights of bar workers and patrons to smokefreeenvironments.

The main reported concerns of the national and regional Hospitality Associations,

in 2005, were the perceived negative effects on rural and traditional pubs.

As in other jurisdictions, the introduction of smokefree bars in New

Zealand has had positive overall health protection, economic and social effects;

in contrast to the predictions of opponents.

Reiss katharina (2015 Factors associated with smoking in

immigrants from non-western to western countries – what role does

acculturation play? A systematic review We aimed to identify factors

associated with smoking among immigrants. In particular, we investigated the

relationship between acculturation and smoking, taking into consideration the

stage of the ‘smoking epidemic’ in the countries of origin and host countries of

the immigrants.

We searched PubMed for peer-reviewed quantitative studies. Studies

were included if they focused on smoking among adult immigrants (foreign-born)

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from non-western countries now residing in the USA,

Canada, Ireland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK, and

Australia. Studies were excluded if, among others, a distinction between

immigrants and their (native-born) offspring was not made

We retrieved 27 studies published between 1998 and 2013. 21 of the 27 studies

focused on acculturation (using bidimensional multi-item scales particularly

designed for the immigrant group under study and/or proxy measures such as

language proficiency or length of stay in host country) and 16 of those found

clear differences between men and women: whereas more acculturated women

were more likely to smoke than less acculturated women, the contrary was

observed among men.

Immigrants’ countries of origin and host countries have reached different

stages of the ‘smoking epidemic’ where, in addition, smoking among women lags

behind that in men. Immigrants might ‘move’ between the stages as (I) the (non-

western) countries of origin tend to be in the early phase, (II) the (western) host

countries more in the advanced phase of the epidemic and (III) the arrival in the

host countries initiates the acculturation process. This could explain the

‘imported’ high (men)/low (women) prevalence among less acculturated

immigrants. The low (men)/high (women) prevalence among more acculturated

immigrants indicates an.

Local Literature
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Mendiola M. (2016)Local adaptation for livelihood

resilience in Albay, PhilippinesLocal adaptation to climate change

is essential for vulnerable coastal communities faced with increasing threats to

livelihood and safety. This paper seeks to understand the micro-level enabling

conditions for climate change adaptation through a livelihood lens in a study of

six coastal villages in Bacacay in the province of Albay, Philippines. Albay is a

high-risk province due to hydro-meteorological and geophysical hazards. The

analysis of livelihood resilience utilizing the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach

shows that a soft adaptation strategy focusing on enhancing human and social

capital needs to be undertaken to increase adaptive capacity and build resilience

in the study area. Moreover, the micro-level variations in the villages suggest that

the understanding of local conditions is indispensable in planning and formulation

of appropriate adaptation strategies and actions at local level.

Chavez Chito.(2017)Enforcing the no-smoking ban a challengeIn May,

2017, President Duterte signed Executive Order No. 26, which will establish a

smoke-free environment in public and enclosed places in the countryThe country

has voluminous laws, many of them poorly implemented. Laws on violation of

zoning ordinances, no parking zones, anti-vending and no-dumping of garbage

ordinances, to name a few, are totally ignored.And now another law has been

signed – the no-smoking law signed by President Duterte last May. Advocates

against tobacco use heaved sighs of relief that the law would at least minimize, if
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not totally end, health woes resulting from cigarette

smoking.It is estimated that 150,000 Filipinos die every year, or

roughly 400 every day, from smoking, health experts said.Some 16 percent of

Filipinos aged 13-15 years old are current tobacco users, according to the 2015

Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS). The figure is higher than the 13.7 percent

tobacco use prevalence among the youth in the 2011 GYTS.Note that in small

stories around neighborhoods, cigarettes are still being sold. The market now

includes younger smokers, more of them females. And the higher price of

cigarettes seems to have minimal effect on sales as smokers continue to

purchase them despite the prohibitive cost.What is alarming is that stores within

the 50 meter range of schools are openly selling cigarettes even to teenagers,

mostly students.In a store located near a church and a school in Quezon City,

the owner admitted that cigarette sales aren’t as brisk as before, but

acknowledged that it remains an integral part of his business. When asked if he

realized that selling tobacco products is illegal within the 50-meter range of

schools, hes merely grinned and said: “In the Philippines, anything goes.”

“Ang no-smoking ban sa public place ay magandasapapelnga lang. Pero

sang tambakkamingnagtitinda ng sigarilyosalugarlang naming

walanamannangyayari. Malapitna election walanghulihanyan.

Tsakatekapaghinuliakodapat wag langako, dapatlahat kami na may illegal, (The

smoking ban in public places is good but it is only on paper. Elections are near,
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there won’t be arrests. And if they should make arrests, it

should be all of us selling cigarettes, not only me),’’ Reyes pointed

Meanwhile, Quezon City Mayor Herbert Bautista had ordered city police

officials to scour their respective areas and arrest arrogant and non-complying

store owners including those caught smoking in prohibited places. Declaring his

full support for the non-smoking campaign of the president, Bautista is set to

direct Garry Domingo, chief of the city’s Business Permit and Licensing Office

(BPLO), to revoke the permits of non-complying stores and establishments

At the corner of West Avenue and Times Street in Quezon City, a

cigarette vendor who has been in the area plying his trade for more than 15

years thinks he is not covered by the law on the non-smoking ban. He reasoned

out that selling cigarettes is better than being a kidnapper or holdupper. He got

peeved and ignored further inquiries when asked if his clients include students

and teenagers. It was later revealed by other vendors that he has relatives

known as “takatak boys’’ selling cigarettes and candies on the streets.

DILG reaction

In response to these reports, Department of Interior and Local

Government (DILG) officer-in-charge (OIC) CatalinoCuy admitted that enforcing

the anti-smoking ban in public has been a challenge for his office. Short of

admitting that much has to be done, Cuy vowed to constantly remind the local

government units (LGU) and the DILG regional offices to enforce the non-
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smoking law consistently.Cuy, realizing the urgency of

enforcing the smoking ban, noted that his office has not been remiss

of its duties citing that numerous directives have been sent to the concerned

parties.

To fully enforce the said law, Cuy said that the DILG has tapped the

services of the Philippine National Police (PNP) for this purpose.

Kriponno S (2018)'Heavy' enforcement of smoking ban causes

confusion at QC bar The presence of police officers armed with rifles in front of

a bar in Quezon City raised concerns among patrons and performers but district

police said they were part of a standard operation to enforce ordinances in the

city.

Posts about the heavily-armed officers had been circulating online over

the weekend, with social media users saying it seemed excessive to bring rifles

to enforce smoking and liquor bans.

A post by Twitter user @skinxbones showing pictures of police vehicles

parked in front of bar Catch272 in the Kamuning area of Quezon City has been

shared at least 87 times online.SAKA, in an online statement, said police arrived

in front of the bar in the middle of a fundraising solidarity gig by musicians who

were there to show support for the organization and to highlight farmers' issues.

"Ayonsahepenghumarapsaamin, angmahigitsandosenangpulis—may

mahahabangarmas pa angilan—nanaka-bulletproof vest, kasama ng

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tatlohangganglimang police mobile, ay naroon para

damputinangisangbisitangnakitanilangnaninigarilyosatapat

(According to the officer who talked to us, the more than a dozen police officers

— some of whom had long arms — in bulletproof vests, with three to five police

mobile patrol cars were there to pick up a guest seen smoking outside)," the

group also said.

Twitter user @skinxbones, in an online exchange, told Philstar.com that

the police vans arrived around 11:30 p.m. of July 14.

"They were saying it was because of the Quezon City ordinance that it

was not allowed to smoke or drink outside. It was excessive for whatever reason

they were saying," he said.

Police: Operation was standard

However, according to the Quezon City Police District's Kamuning Station,

the presence of police at the bar was part of Oplan Simultaneous Anti-Criminality

Enforcement Operations (SACLEO), a regular police activity that is also done in

other police districts.

"That's just natural. It would be natural for them to bring long arms,"

RamiloQuirino, a radio operator at the station, said in Filipino. He added those

detained during the operations are released the next day after being "verified."

According to news reports on other SACLEOs, this means checking whether

those apprehended have other pending cases.

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Quirino said that 17 people were detained Saturday night:

three violators of the nationwide smoking ban, nine apprehended for

riding motorcycles without helmets, and five caught drinking in public.

He added that police officers on motorcycles are armed with M16 rifles

since these are standard issue and are used whenever they go out at night.

Alimondo L(2017)Baguio intensifies anti-smoking law enforcement

BAGUIO City intensifies the enforcement of the anti-smoking ordinance to

encourage establishments to adapt being smoke-free.

DonnabelTubera, Medical Officer IV said they have trained barangay

officials to implement the ordinance.

“Since we have already Executive Order napinanghahawakannatin we are

not starting from scratch but we are banking on the previous experience. So far

how you know if we are complying, we see a lot of violators ibigsabihin we are

implementing the ordinance, ine-enforce siya.”

Aiming to safeguard public health and ensure well-being of citizens

against effects of tobacco consumption, smoking of vape and cigarettes.

Tubera said establishments should have a designated smoking area

outside the building. The area should be an open space without walls and a roof

and should strictly be 10 meters away from the entrance and exit points. The

area should not be larger than 10 square meters.

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The areas are also mandated to be just a smoking area

without while food and water nor services.

Tubera said “the impact of tobacco, it is getting money which should have

been spent to health, to the food ng isangpamilya at the same time it is killing

people. If you look at it, it is the killing property that we do not like that is why 50

percent die because of smoking.”

Studies shows tobacco use is a risk factor for six out of eight leading

causes of death where it remains epidemic as of today.

In a Filipino household which earns an average income of 5,100 peso a

month; expenses are broken down as follows; 1.6 percent for education, 1.3

percent for health but 2.6 percent for tobacco use.

Tubera said, “it is better to increase the tax. The poor are price sensitive

kapagtumaasangpresyo ng sigarilyohindisilamakabili because kada 10 percent

ng increase ng price mag de-decreaseang consumption niyan ng six percent.”

Mercado Ortiz G.(2016) Reverse smoking and palatal mucosal

changes in Filipino women. The habit of reverse smoking is practised in

various parts of the world including the Philippines. In this pilot,

community‐based, cross‐sectional study carried out in the region of Cabanatuan

City in the Philippines, 61 Filipina reverse smokers and 30 Filipina conventional

smokers were interviewed and clinically examined. Seven demographic variables

and twelve habit variables were compared in the two study groups.
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\The majority (96.7 per cent) of reverse smokers exhibited palatal

mucosal changes including leukoplakia, mucosal thickening, Assuring,

pigmentation, nodularity, erythema and ulceration. In comparison, only 26.7 per

cent of conventional smokers exhibited mucosal changes predominantly focal

pigmentation and mild erythema. This difference was statistically significant at a

X2 value of 47.28 (p<.001). Analysis of the other variables indicated that the two

study groups differed significantly with regard to age (p<.05), educational

attainment (p<.01), use of filtered versus non‐filtered cigarettes (p<.001) and

duration of smoking in years (p<.01).

Local Studies

Feliciano V. (2017) Smoking-attributable burden of lung cancer in

the Philippines In the Philippines, smoking is highly prevalent and tobacco

control policies fail to fully implement the WHO Framework Convention on

Tobacco Control provisions. To aid in policy change, intervention implementation,

monitoring and evaluation, this study aimed to provide the first internally

consistent and latest Philippine estimates of the following: disability-adjusted life-

years (DALYs) lost due to lung cancer; population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of

smoking; and smoking-attributable lung cancer DALYs.

This study applied the Global Burden of Disease and Comparative Risk

Assessment frameworks to secondary data, supplemented by expert opinion. A

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comprehensive internally consistent assessment of disease

epidemiology was conducted using DISMOD II and disease impact was

quantified as DALYs. PAFs were calculated using the smoking impact ratio and

Monte Carlo uncertainty analyses were conducted.For 2008, lung cancer

incidence and mortality estimates were 10 871 cases and 9871 deaths

respectively. Lung cancer accounted for an estimated 267 787 DALYs lost, 99%

of which were due to years of life lost. Overall, the PAF of smoking was 65% and

a total of 173 103 DALYs were smoking-attributable. There were increasing

trends in incidence, mortality and DALY rates with age. The majority of incidence

(72%), mortality (71%) and disease burden (72%) occurred among men, who

also had higher PAF estimates.Considerable health gains could be achieved if

smoking exposure were reduced in the Philippines. Strong enforcement of

measures like increasing taxation to the WHO-endorsed rate, expanding smoke-

free environments, and requiring large graphic warnings within a comprehensive

tobacco control programme is recommended.

Peruga Armando(2017)Advancing the enforcement of the smoking

ban in public places – Davao City, Philippines This is a case study conducted

by the World Health Organization on 2011Davao City is a leading example for

taking forward smoke-free agendas in the Philippines. In advance of the 2003

National Tobacco Control Law, the city council passed its Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance in 2002 and has actively promoted and enforced it. This
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case study examines Davao’s smoke-free agenda and how it

has been implemented. It discusses the impact of the law and lessons

learned.Conclusions and Lessons Lessons learnt The Davao Smoke-Free City

experience highlights a series of factors that have contributed to Davao’s

achievements. These provide important lessons for taking forward smoke-free

agendas. Key amongst these are: Political will and leadership. Mayor Duterte’s

leadership underlines the vital role that consistent political will from city leaders

plays in initiating and seeing through smoke-free legislation. Combined with

public statements, his unwavering stance has bolstered the implementation of

the law.

Effective guidance and supervision. The Smoke-Free Davao Coordinator,

who was also co-chair of the Task Force, had an influential role in providing

leadership and guidance - in terms of both strategic direction and implementation

– for different members of the Task Force. Building a wide partnership. Initially,

the Davao Anti-Smoking Task Force consisted only of representatives from local

government offices. In time, it came to include a wider partnership of health

professionals, religious leaders and other advocates tasked to conduct

awareness programmes and lectures in schools, workplaces and communities.

This valuable resource, formalised by the creation of the Association of Smoke-

Free Davao Advocates, enabled the reach and effectiveness of awareness

raising and inspection to be enhanced significantly.

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Intensive education and mass media campaigns. The Davao

experience highlights the importance of initiating intensive mass-

media campaigns and information drives in advance of legislation coming into

effect. It also emphasises the value of targeting different sectors of society to

raise awareness of the rationale for legislation and the provisions contained

within it. The Davao model shows how advocates can be deployed to raise

awareness and demonstrates how regular publicity of key messages can serve

as constant reminders to the wider population. In this context, securing support

from the WHO smoke-free city case study: Davao, Philippines 18 private sector

and NGOs in providing information materials enhanced the impact of campaigns.

Final remarks Davao’s smoke-free legislation was approved and came into effect

in advance of the national tobacco control law. It is also more protective against

exposure to second-hand smoke. Although, in 2009, Executive Order no.6

harmonised the national law and local ordinance, in practice, it has maintained its

protective approach. Nevertheless, an amendment to the national law to bring it

in line with the WHO FCTC would provide greater support to the Davao smoke-

free city programme and prevent it being undermined by continuing legal

challenges. In this context, however, the continued involvement, at the national

level, by the tobacco industry, as one of the members of the government’s Inter-

Agency Committee-Tobacco, is an impediment to a more protective smoke-free

national law.
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Notwithstanding these challenges, Davao city provides a

leading example of a city in the Philippines that has effectively

implemented smoke-free legislation and significantly reduced the extent that its

citizens and those visiting the city are exposed to second-hand smoke. Crucially,

it has demonstrated that smoke-free laws can work in the Philippines and it is

being held up as a model for other parts of Asia. Notable for its strong political

leadership, good co-ordination and, in particular, the development of an

extensive network of committed smoke-free advocates, large-scale information

dissemination and a willingness to enforce smoke-free status, the city has

remained committed to protecting the health of its people. As a result, for the

most part, smokers in Davao have “learnt to become responsible citizens”,

leading them to form the habit of smoking only in places were it is allowed.

Dayanghirang, the majority floor leader of the city council, observed that the

smoking ban resulted in major changes in behaviour to the point that it is hard to

see anyone smoking in public places anymore.

Cheruiyot Joan(2017)The Extent of Influence of Factors on Cigarette

Smoking Among Teenagers in Baguio City: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Although there are several studies conducted on teenage smoking,

the causes to become smokers in adolescence remain unclear. Several factors

were identified but the extent of its influence still obscure. Therefore, the purpose

of this study is to investigate the significant difference in the extent of influence of

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these identified factors when teens are group according to

gender and age group of 13 to 16 years old versus 17-19 years of

age. A questionnaire, in the form of a checklist was the primary tool used in the

data gathering relevant to the study. The questionnaire explored the extent of

influence of factors affecting smoking among teenagers in Baguio City. The

design used for this study was the quantitative research design. The subjects

were 100 students (Male and female) studying in Baguio City, Philippines. The

age bracket for subjects was 13-19 years for males and females. The sample for

this quantitative study was constructed by purposive sampling students in Baguio

City who were asked to voluntarily answer the questionnaire. Descriptive

statistics which included frequency, % distribution, average and weighted mean

was used. Average mean was used to determine the extent of influence of

factors on smoking among teenagers of Baguio City. Standard deviation and t-

test were used to determine the extent of influence when the teenagers were

grouped according to age and gender.

Results: The study found out that there was a significant difference in the

extent of influence of factors when the teenagers were grouped according to

gender, the females smoked more than the males. However, when grouped

according to age (13-16 & 17-19), there was no significant difference in their

extent of influence. The teenagers were very much aware of the effects of

cigarette smoking on the biological, physical and social implications. Despite this
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awareness, the drive to perform the behavior is strong.

Conclusion: Finding solutions to modify the belief on the identified

potent factor will alter the attitude in the performance of smoking behavior.

Successful cessation often requires multiple strategies since continuous smoking

is associated with several factors.

Guevarra j (2016). Tobacco control and gender in Southeast Asia.

Part 1 Philippines In the World Health Organization’s Western Pacific

Region, being born male is the single greatest risk marker for tobacco use. While

the literature demonstrates that risks associated with tobacco use may vary

according to sex, gender refers to the socially determined roles and

responsibilities of men and women, who initiate, continue and quit using tobacco

for complex and often different reasons. Cigarette advertising frequently appeals

to gender roles. Yet tobacco control policy tends to be gender-blind. Using a

broad gender-sensitivity framework, this contradiction is explored in four Western

Pacific countries. Part I of the study discusses issues surrounding gender and

tobacco, and analyses developments in the Philippines. Part II deals with

Singapore and Vietnam. In all four countries, gender was salient for the initiation

and maintenance of smoking, and in Malaysia and the Philippines was highly

significant in cigarette promotion. Yet, with a few exceptions, gender was largely

unrecognized in control policy. Suggestions for overcoming this weakness in

order to enhance tobacco control are made in Part II.

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Balla MM (2017)Mass media interventions for smoking cessation in

adultsCochrane Systematic Review Version published: 21 November 2017:

Balla MM. Mass media tobacco control campaigns can reach large numbers of

people. Much of the literature is focused on the effects of tobacco control

advertising on young people, but there are also a number of evaluations of

campaigns targeting adult smokers, which show mixed results. Campaigns may

be local, regional or national, and may be combined with other components of a

comprehensive tobacco control policy. To assess the effectiveness of

mass media interventions in reducing smoking among adults.

The Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group search strategy was combined

with additional searches for any studies that referred to tobacco/smoking

cessation, mass media and adults. We also searched the Cochrane Central

Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and a number of electronic databases.

The last search was carried out in November 2016Controlled trials allocating

communities, regions or states to intervention or control conditions; interrupted

time series. Adults, 25 years or older, who regularly smoke cigarettes. Studies

which cover all adults as defined in studies were included.

Mass media are defined here as channels of communication such as television,

radio, newspapers, billboards, posters, leaflets or booklets intended to reach

large numbers of people, and which are not dependent on person‐to‐person

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contact. The purpose of the mass media campaign must be

primarily to encourage smokers to quit. They could be carried out

alone or in conjunction with tobaccocontrolprogrammes.

The primary outcome was change in smoking behavior. This could be reported

as changes in prevalence, changes in cigarette consumption, quit rates, or odds

of being a smoker. Eleven campaigns met the inclusion criteria for this review.

Studies differed in design, settings, duration, content and intensity of intervention,

length of follow‐up, methods of evaluation and also in definitions and measures

of smoking behavior used. Among seven campaigns reporting smoking

prevalence, significant decreases were observed in the Luzon and visayas

statewide tobacco control campaigns compared with the rest of Philippines.

Some positive effects on prevalence in the whole population or in the subgroups

were observed in three of the remaining seven studies. Three large‐scale

campaigns of the seven presenting results for tobacco consumption found

statistically significant decreases. Among the eight studies presenting abstinence

or quit rates, four showed some positive effect, although in one of them the effect

was measured for quitting and cutting down combined. Among the three that did

not show significant decreases, one demonstrated a significant intervention effect

on smokers and ex‐smokers combine

There is evidence that comprehensive tobacco control programmers which

include mass media campaigns can be effective in changing smoking behavior in

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adults, but the evidence comes from a heterogeneous group of

studies of variable methodological quality. One state‐wide tobacco

control programmed showed positive results up to eight years after the

campaign. Another showed positive results during the period of adequate funding

and implementation and in final evaluation since the beginning of the

programmed. Six of nine studies carried out in communities or regions showed

some positive effects on smoking behavior and at least one significant change in

smoking prevalence. The intensity and duration of mass media campaigns may

influence effectiveness, but length of follow‐up and concurrent secular trends and

events can make this cure.

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present

Investigation

The data presented in the reviewed literature and studies show that

tobacco/cigarette smoking is widespread and chooses no age. It already became

part of the lifestyle of the citizens. Laws prohibiting the smoking of

tobacco/cigarette in certain places are passed to protect the health of the

citizens. This had something to do to eliminate the said activity. At present, there

are laws which stiffen the prohibition of the smoking of tobacco/cigarette where
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all public places are declared smoke-free areas. It also minimizes

even in a little number the smoking activities. Another proposal which

may also help decrease number of smokers is the continuous increase of the tax

imposed in the tobaccos where consumers are limited to purchase and to smoke.
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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Method

This chapter presents the research design, the respondents of the study,

the data gathering procedure and the statistical tools that will be used in the

study.

The researchers used the descriptive method to provide adequate and

accurate interpretation of findings and to know the problems encountered by the

Lemery Municipal Police Station in the implementation of municipal ordinance no

18-311. The process involved not only the mere gathering and tabulation of data,

but also the analysis and interpretation necessary for understanding and solving

the problem that was presented by the researchers.

Description of the Respondents

The respondents of this study are thirty (30) uniformed members of

Lemery Municipal Police Station. Personal data of the respondents were

disregarded due to the fact that the researchers already believed in their fitness

and qualifications on the research study.

Research Instrument

The researchers used a set of questionnaires to secure information

relevant to the study. The first part includes the demographic profile of the

respondents and the next part includes questions determining the assessment of
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the respondents on difficulties encountered by the Lemery

MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance no 18-311 in

terms of information dissemination, apprehension of violators, reaction of the law

enforcers, and its deterrent effect. It is followed with the questions discovering

the possible reasons that push individuals to continue smoking despite existing

laws against it. The last parts includes questions assessing how the municipality

of Lemery implements its Municipal Ordinance no 18-311 and its consequences.

After the questionnaire was constructed, it was submitted to their research

adviser for approval. Upon the distribution of the questionnaires to the

respondents, the researchers conduct informal interview with regards to the

latter’s answer.

Procedure in Gathering Data

The procedure in gathering data was through a survey where the

respondents are going to answer the questionnaire followed by an informal

interview conducted by the researchers. Data gathered were tabulated and

interpreted.

Statistical Treatment of Data

In the course of this study, the researchers made use of the following:

The frequency distribution was used to tabulate the result of the

respondents’ responses. This is one of the most common graphical tools used to
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describe a single population for it illustrates the tabulated

frequencies of each value or range of values.

The percentage was also used to find out the part of the whole in the

demographic profile of the respondents where the formula is:

P = f/n x 100

Where:

P – Percentage

F – Frequency

N – Total numbers of respondents

Another formula used is the average weighted means as given below:

AWM = ∑fx

where: AWM – Average Weighted Mean,

f – Frequency of each option,

x – Weight of each option,

∑fx – sum of the product of f and x, and

n – Total number of respondents.

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CHAPTER 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

This chapter presents the analyses and interpretations of data collected

on the survey on problems encountered by the Lemery MPS in the

implementation of Municipal Ordinance no 18-311.

I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents

Table 1.1

Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Age Bracket Frequency Percentage

18 – 30 7 18%

31 – 43 30 75%

44 – 56 3 7%

TOTAL 40 100%

Table 1.1 shows that majority of the respondents are at age bracket 31-43

comprising 75% of the total number of the respondents. On the other hand, the

least number of respondents are at age brackets 44-56 as with only 7%.

Whereas, respondents who are at age bracket 18-30 are found to be at the

median comprising 18%.

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Table 1.2

Distribution of the Respondents According to Gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 33 82%

Female 7 18%

TOTAL 40 100%

Table 1.2 shows that majority of the respondents are male comprising the

82% of the total number of the respondents. On the other hand, the remaining

18% are female.

Table 1.3

Distribution of the Respondents According to Civil Status

Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 10 25%

Married 30 75%

Live-in 0 0%

Widowed/Separated 0 0%

TOTAL 40 100%

Table 1.3 shows that majority of the respondents are married comprising

the 75% of the total number of the respondents. On the other hand, the
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remaining 25% are single and there are no live-in, widowed

or separated respondents.

Table 1.4

Distribution of the Respondents According to their Length of Service in the

PNP

Length of Service Frequency Percentage

5 – 10 years 22 55%

11 – 20 years 15 38%

21 – 30 years 2 5%

31 years and above 1 2%

TOTAL 40 100%

Table 1.3 shows that majority of the respondents comprising the 55% of

the total number are currently serving as members of the PNP for 5-10 years. On

the other hand, the least number of the respondents are those who are currently

serving as members of the PNP for 31 years and above, as evidenced by only

2% of the total.
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Weight (Vi) Verbal Range of average

interpretation weighted mean (WM)

5 SA Strongly Agree (4.20-

5.00)

4 MA Moderately Agree (3.40-

4.19

3 U Undecided (2.60-3.39)

2 D Disagree (1.80-2.59)

1 SD Strongly Disagree (1.00-

1.79)

VI Verbal interpretation

AWM Average weighted mean

Legends of the perception of criminology students on lthe Difficulties

encountered by the lemery mps in the implementation of the municipal ordinance

no. 18-311
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II. Assessment on the Implementation of Municipal Ordinance

No. 18-311

Table 2.1
Assessment on the Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311
Based on Information Dissemination
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. There is a lack of
comprehensive plan to
deliver information by a
small number of Lemery
0 15 0 25 0 2.75 U 3
MPS personnel to a
large number of
populations incl uding
coordination with other
stakeholders/agencies.
2. There is an
ineffective role of socio-
cultural institutions to
0 35 0 5 0 3.75 MA 1
influence citizens to
depart from smoking in
line with the existing
laws.
3. There is a lack of
budget to initiate or
sustain regular
campaign against
0 28 10 2 1 3.65 MA 2
smoking like seminars,
distribution of fliers and
leaflets, posting of
poster in conspicuous
places, and the like.
Composite Mean 3.40 MA
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Table 2.1 shows that, the most moderately agreed statement

is that there is an ineffective role of socio-cultural institutions to

influence citizens to depart from smoking in line with the existing laws, as

evidenced by an average weighted mean of 3.75. On the other hand, the

respondents are undecided when it comes to the lack of comprehensive plan to

deliver information by a small number of Lemery MPS personnel to a large

number of populations including coordination with other stakeholders/agencies,

with an average weighted mean of 2.75.

Table 2.2
Assessment on Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311
Based on Apprehension of Violators
Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. There is a lack of
support to and
coordination with the
Lemery MPS by the
barangays and other
stakeholders to watch 0 39 1 0 0 3.98 MA 1

over large number of

population in relation to
apprehension of
violators of law against
smoking.
2. There are instances
that violators are not 0 0 3 25 12 1.78 SD 2

apprehended if they
have personal
relationship with the
apprehending officers.
3. There are instances
where violators corrupt
apprehending officers 0 0 0 25 15 1.62 SD 3

in order to let them

free.

Composite Mean 2.46 D

Table 2.2 shows that majority of the respondents moderately agree that

there is a lack of support to and coordination with the Lemery MPS by the

barangays and other stakeholders to watch over large number of population in

relation to apprehension of violators of law against smoking, as evidenced by an

average weighted mean of 3.98. On the other hand, the statement that there are

instances where violators corrupt apprehending officers in order to let them free

is strongly disagreed, as given an average weighted mean of 1.62, verbally

interpreted as strongly disagree.

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Table 2.3

Assessment on the Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No.

18-311

Based on Deterrent Effect

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. There are instances

that violators receive
only a warning or
reprimand which does 0 40 0 0 0 4.00 MA 1.5

not frighten them to

commit the same
violation.
2. There is a reality
that small number of
apprehensions
0 40 0 0 0 4.00 MA 1.5
eliminates fear of
being caught on the
part of violators.
3. The form of reaction
towards violation of
smoking law varies like
reprimand, payment of
fines, and detention 0 18 10 12 0 3.15 U 3
which pushes citizens to
violate and consequently
to complain about
injustice in imposing
penalty.

Composite Mean 3.70 MA

Table 2.3 shows that the statements that there are instances that violators

receive only a warning or reprimand which does not frighten them to commit the

same violation and that there is a reality that small number of apprehensions

eliminates fear of being caught on the part of violators are the most moderately

agreed statements by the respondents, as evidenced by an average weighted

mean of 4.00. On the other hand, majority of the respondents are undecided in

the statement that the form of reaction towards violation of smoking law varies

like reprimand, payment of fines, and detention which pushes citizens to violate

and consequently to complain about injustice in imposing penalty, as given an

average weighted mean of 3.15.

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Table 2.4

Assessment on the Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No.

18-311

Based on Construction of Law

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. The existing law

against smoking is not
comprehensive enough
to tackle proper ways 0 20 0 20 0 3.00 U 3

and the right time and

place to apprehend
violators.
2. The existing law against
smoking does not impose
strict penalties against 0 40 0 0 0 4.00 MA 1
violators which make it
difficult to be enforced.
3. The existing law
against smoking is
vague and uncertain
when it comes to proper
038 0 2 0 0 3.90 MA 2
coordination with other
stakeholders/agencies
for its proper
implementation.
Composite Mean 3.63 MA
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Table 2.4 shows that the most moderately agreed statement when it

comes to the construction of law against smoking is that the existing law against

smoking does not impose strict penalties against violators which makes it difficult

to be enforced., as evidenced by an average weighted mean of 4.00. On the

other hand, majority of the respondents are undecided that the existing law

against smoking is not comprehensive enough to tackle proper ways and the

right time and place to apprehend violators, having an average weighted mean of

3.00

Table 2.5

Assessment on the difficulties encountered by the Lemery Mps in the

implementation of the municipal ordinance no. 18-311

Indicators AWM VI

2.1Information 3.0 MA

Dissemination

2.2 Apprehension of 2.46 D

violators

2.3 Deterrent effect 3.70 MA

2.4 Construction of law 3.63 MA

Total 3.19 MA
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Table 2.5 shows the result of the difficulties encountered by

the lemery mps in the implementation of municipal ordinance no.18-311. The

variable Deterrent effect has the highest composite mean of 3.70 with a verbal

interpretation of moderately agree. The variable Construction of law has the

second highest with a composite mean of 3.63 with a verbal interpretation of

moderately agree. The variable Information dissemination has the third highest

composite mean having 3.0 with a verbal interpretation of moderately agree. The

variable apprehension of violators has the lowest composite mean of 2.46 with a

verbal interpretation of disagree, generally the combined composite mean is 3.19

with the verbal interpretation of moderately agree.

III. Possible Reasons that Push Individuals to Continue Smoking Despite

Existing Laws against It

Table 3

Assessment on Possible Reasons that Push Individuals to Continue

Smoking

Despite Existing Laws against It

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. The apprehension
of violators is not 10 30 0 0 0 4.25 SA 1
swift, frequent, and
certain.
2. The
implementation of
the existing law
against smoking
becomes seasonal
0 37 3 0 0 3.92 MA 4
and not consistent
where it becomes
effective when new
but later on gradually
becomes
unimplemented.
3. The psychological
gratification of
smokers is greater 0 30 0 10 0 3.50 MA 5
than their fear of
being apprehended.
4. Those who obey
the law become
violators when they
observe that others 10 27 1 2 0 4.12 MA 2
still violate the
existing laws against
smoking but are not
apprehended.
5. There is a lack of
supplementary laws
to stiffen the existing
law against smoking 0 40 0 0 0 4.00 MA 3
like imposition of
limitations on selling
and buying of
cigarette.
Composite Mean 3.95 MA

Table 3 states that, the most observed and

strongly agreed possible reason why people continue smoking despite existing

laws against it is that the apprehension of violators is not swift, frequent, and

certain, as evidenced by an average weighted mean of 4.25. On the other hand,

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 69
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the least believed is that the psychological gratification of smokers is

greater than their fear of being apprehended, with an average weighted mean of

3.50, verbally interpreted as moderately agree

IV. The Way of Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311 by the

Law Enforcement

Table 4

Assessment on the Way of Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-

311 by the Law Enforcement

Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 AWM VI Rank

1. The law enforcement
conducts rigid
surveillance of public
0 40 0 0 0 4.00 MA 1
places where smoking is
persistent and
subsequently conducts
police visibility.
2. The law enforcement,
upon coordination with
other
agencies/stakeholders,
0 5 15 10 0 2.12 D 4
makes a watch list of
violators for surveillance
purpose and
subsequently for
apprehension.
3. The law enforcement
conducts surprise 0 27 0 13 0 3.35 U 2
operations to apprehend
violators in every
barangay.
4. The law enforcement
appoints civilians in
different places who will
0 3 13 24 0 2.48 D 3
notify them to respond
immediately whenever
there are people caught
in the act of smoking.
5. The law enforcement
appoints civilians in
different places who will
0 3 1 16 10 1.42 SD 5
arrest people caught in
the act of smoking and
subsequently present
them to the former.
Composite Mean 2.67 U

Table 4 states that, majority of the respondents moderately agree that the law

enforcement conducts rigid surveillance of public places where smoking is persistent

and subsequently conducts police visibility, as evidenced by an average

weighted mean of 4.00. On the other hand, majority of the respondents strongly

disagree that the law enforcement appoints civilians in different places who will

arrest people caught in the act of smoking and subsequently present them to the

former, given an average weighted mean of 1.42.

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, the conclusions drawn

from the findings, and the recommendation which are outgrowths of the findings

and the conclusions, which are all based on the analysis of the difficulties

encountered by the Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance

No. 18-311.

Summary of Findings

The researchers found out that:

4. In the demographic profile of the respondents, the most frequent in terms

of age, gender, civil status, and length of service as members of the PNP

are given below.

e. Majority of the respondents are at age bracket 31-43 while those

who are 44-56 years old are the fewest.

f. Majority of the respondents are male.

g. Majority of the respondents are married while those who are single

are very unusual and there were no live in and widowed/separated.

h. Majority of the respondents are currently serving as members of

the PNP for 5-10 years while the minority are those who are

presently serving for more than 30 years.

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5. When it comes to the assessment on the difficulties

encountered by the Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311, the following are the summary:

a. When it comes to the information dissemination, the most

moderately agreed is that there is an ineffective role of socio-

cultural institutions to influence citizens to depart from smoking in

line with the existing laws while it is undecided that there is a lack

of comprehensive plan to deliver information by a small number of

Lemery MPS personnel to a large number of populations including

coordination with other stakeholders/agencies.

b. When it comes to the apprehension of violators, the most

moderately agreed is that there is a lack of support to and

coordination with the Lemery MPS by the barangays and other

stakeholders to watch over large number of population in relation

to apprehension of violators of law against smoking while it is

strongly disagreed that there are instances where violators corrupt

apprehending officers in order to let them free.

c. When it comes to the deterrent effect, the most strongly agreed are

the statements that there are instances that violators receive only a
 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 72
Department of Criminology

d. warning or reprimand which does not frighten them to

commit the same violation and that there is a reality that small

number of apprehensions eliminates fear of being caught on the

part of violators.

e. When it comes to the construction of law, the most moderately

agreed is that the existing law against smoking does not impose

strict penalties against violators which makes it difficult to be

enforced while it is undecided that the existing law against smoking

is not comprehensive enough to tackle proper ways and the right

time and place to apprehend violators.

6. The most strongly agreed possible reason why people continue smoking

despite the existing laws against it is that the apprehension of violators is

not swift, frequent, and certain while the least agreed is that the

psychological gratification of smokers is greater than their fear of being

apprehended.

7. When it comes to the way of implementation of Municipal Ordinance No.

18-311, it is moderately agreed that the law enforcement conducts rigid

surveillance of public places where smoking is persistent and

subsequently conducts police visibility while it is strongly disagreed the

law enforcement appoints civilians in different places who will arrest

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 73
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8. people caught in the act of smoking and subsequently

present them to the former.

Conclusions

The researchers concluded that:

5. Majority of the respondents are at age bracket 31-43, male, married, and

presently serving as members of the PNP for 5-10 years.

6. The assessment of the respondents on the difficulties encountered by the

Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311

shows the following:

a. There is an ineffective role of socio-cultural institutions to influence

citizens to depart from smoking in line with the existing laws. As per

observation, the churches, work places, and even schools prohibit

only smoking in their vicinity but not influence the smokers to quit

from said activity.

b. There is a lack of support to and coordination with the Lemery MPS

by the barangays and other stakeholders to watch over large

number of population in relation to apprehension of violators of law

against smoking. The police to population ratio clearly shows that it

is hard for the law enforcers to implement the law against smoking

and the fact that the barangay, socio-cultural institutions, and other

c.
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d. organizations have no coordination and cooperation

regarding the matter, the apprehension becomes harder to achieve.

e. There are instances that violators receive only a warning or

reprimand which does not frighten them to commit the same

violation. According to Cesare Beccaria of the Classical School of

Criminology, the more swiftand certain the punishment is, the more

it deters others. An exact and certain punishment that will give

lesson to violators must be imposed. Another one is that there is a

reality that small number of apprehensions eliminates fear of being

caught on the part of violators. According to the Neo-Classical

School of Criminology, it is not the punishment that will deter but

the number of arrest. This might be true in a sense that even there

is a deterrent punishment but the law enforcers apprehend only few

violators, the result will just be the same that violations of laws

against smoking will still prosper.

f. The existing law against smoking does not impose strict penalties

against violators which makes it difficult to be enforced. In relation

to Paragraph 2-c, the current law against smoking should be

amended, imposing stiffer penalty.

7. The apprehension of violators is not swift, frequent, and certain. In

generalizing Paragraph 2, people tend to continue smoking despite the

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 75
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8. existence of laws against it due to lack or even loss of fear of

being caught. The reasons are only few violators are apprehended

and only reprimand and payment of fines are imposed as punishment.

9. It is strongly disagreed the law enforcement appoints civilians in different

places who will arrest people caught in the act of smoking and

subsequently present them to the former. In the present society, the fact

that majority of the spectators of crimes do not want them be involved in

the prosecution makes it hard to deliver the so called citizen’s arrest.

Recommendations

The researchers recommend to:

5. When it comes to the assessment of the respondents on the difficulties

encountered by the Lemery MPS in the implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311:

a. Encourage the socio-cultural institutions not only to designate areas

for smoking but also to influence the people to quit from it.

b. Formulate strategic coordination plan between the law enforcers

and the barangays on how to effectively apprehend violators of

anti-smoking law like appointing someone to observe those

prospected violators.
 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 76
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c. To the law enforcers, conduct effective strategies that

will surely catch large number of violators in order for the would-be

violators to refrain from doing the same.

d. To the legislators/Sanggunian, amend the present municipal

ordinance against smoking by imposing stiffer penalties.

6. Let the would-be violators be aware that fear of being punished is greater

than their satisfaction and gratification to smoke as stated in the Classical

School of Criminology proponent Jeremy Bentham’s hedonism principle –

the criminals will not continue to commit crimes if the costs are greater

than the benefits.

7. Encourage the citizens to cooperate in apprehending violators by offering

those benefits or rewards.

8. Conduct further researches to continue or support this study or for the

additional information regarding the implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311 of Lemery, Batangas.

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 77
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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alimondo L.(2017) Baguio intensifies anti-smoking law

enforcement
. (2017). Subic Bay News. Retrieve 7 feb 2019 , from
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Balla MM.(2016) Mass media intervention for smoking cessation in adults

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311X2017001505002&script=sci_arttext&tlng=pt

Chavez, C. (2017, December). Enforcing the no-smoking ban a challenge.

Retrieved 7 feb 2019, from https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/12/19/enforcing-the-no-
smoking-ban-a-challenge/

Cheruiyot, J., (2017). The Extent of Influence of Factors on Cigarette

Smoking Among Teenagers in Baguio City: A Cross-Sectional Study.
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from:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236990685_The_Extent_of_Influe
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Driffield N.(2015) Regulation as Country‐Specific (Dis‐)Advantage: Smoking

Bans and the Location of Foreign Direct Investment in the Tobacco
Industry retrived:: 7 feb 2019from:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12161

GaryKingPhDa (2016) Cigarette Smoking Among Native and Foreign-Born

African Americans Retrieved 7 feb 2019 from: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-
2797(98)00052-0

Jay P.(2017) Exploring the intergenerational persistence of health

behaviour: an empirical study of smoking from China Retrieved from:7
february 2019 from:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4480-8

Jacobson, P. D., & Wasserman, J. (2017). Tobacco Control Laws:

Implementation and Enforcement. Retrieved 7 feb 2019, from
https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/2006/MR841.p

Kriponno S.Philstar.com. (2018). 'Heavy' enforcement of smoking ban causes

confusion at QC bar. Retrieved 7 feb 2019 from
https://www.philstar.com/nation/2018/07/17/1834326/heavy-enforcement-
smoking-ban-causes-confusion-qc-bar
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LeeMorse A (2018)Nicotine and addiction beliefs and perceptions among the US-
born and foreign-born populations. Retrieved: 7 feb 2019
from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009174351830207

Peruga A..(2017) Advancing the enforcement of the smoking ban in public

places – Davao City, Philippines Retrieved 7 feb 2019 From:
https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/27/6/608.abstract

Reiss K (2015) Factors associated with smoking in immigrants from non-

western to western countries – what role does acculturation play? A
systematic review Retrieved 7 feb 2019 From: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12971-
015-0036-9

Sandra J.(2016) Correlates and Outcomes of Posttransplant Smoking in

Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Literature Review and
Meta-Analysis Retrieved; 7 feb 2019. From:
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utcomes_of_Posttransplant_Smoking.11.aspx

TomaszKonopka (2016) Tobacco smoking among dentists in Poland

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Thomson, G., & Wilson, N. (2016). One year of smoke-free bars and
restaurants in New Zealand: Impacts and responses Retrieved 7 feb 2019
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Mendiola M.(2016) Local adaptation for livelihood resilience in Albay,

Philippines Retrieved 7 feb 2019 from:
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Mercado Ortiz G. Reverse smoking and palatal mucosal changes in Filipino

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Feliciano V. (2017) Feliciano V. (2017) Smoking-attributable burden of lung

cancer in the Philippines Retrieved 7 feb 2019 from:
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 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 79
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Guevarra j (2016). Tobacco control and gender in Southeast Asia. Part 1

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Smoking Relapse: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Filipino Retrieved 7 feb
2019 from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-smoking-
cessation/article/motivation-cognitive-and-affective-factors-that-predict-smoking-relapse-a-
crosssectional-study-in-a-filipino-sample/73DA160A271130651E4B44BCD05DAAE3
 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 80
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APENDICES

“DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY THE LEMERY MUNICIPAL POLICE

STATION IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE NO.

18-311”

APPENDIX A

THE QUESTIONNAIRE

Just put a check ( ) on your answers.

PART I

Demographic Profile of the Respondents

1. In what age bracket do you belong?

___ 18-30

___ 31-43

___ 44-56

2. What is your gender?

___ Male

___ Female

3. What is your civil status?

___ Single

___ Married
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___ Live-in

___ Widowed/Separated

4. Length of service in as member of the PNP

___ 1-10 years

___ 11-20 years

___ 21-30 years

___ 31 years and above

Direction: Just put a check mark ( ) on the space that corresponds to your

answer. Please be guided with the given ratings below.

Number Mode Mean Ranges Verbal

Interpretation

5 4.20 – 5.00 Strongly Agree (SA)

4 3.40 – 4.19 Moderately Agree (MA)

3 2.60 – 3.39 Undecided (U)

2 1.80 – 2.59 Disagree (D)

1 1.00 – 1.79 Strongly Disagree (SD)

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 82
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Part II. Assessment on the Difficulties Encountered by the

Lemery Municipal Police Station in the Implementation of Municipal

Ordinance No. 18-311

Part II – A (INFORMATION DISSEMINATION)

5 4 3 2 1
Indiactors
SA MA U DA SD

There is a lack of comprehensive plan to deliver

information by a small number of Lemery MPS

personnel to a large number of population

including coordination with other

stakeholders/agencies

There is an ineffective role of socio-cultural

institutions to influence citizens to depart from

smoking in line with the existing laws

There is a lack of budget to initiate or sustain

regular campaign against smoking like seminars,

distribution of fliers and leaflets, posting of

poster in conspicuous places, and the like.

Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 83
Department of Criminology

Part II – B (APPREHENSION OF VIOLATORS)

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
SA MA U DA SD

There is a lack of support to and

coordination with the Lemery MPS by

the barangays and other stakeholders

to watch over large number of

population in relation to apprehension

of violators of law against smoking

There are instances that violators are

not apprehended if they have personal

relationship with the apprehending

officers

There are instances where violators

corrupt apprehending officers in order

to let them free

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 84
Department of Criminology

Part II – C (DETERRENT EFFECT)

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
SA MA U DA SD

There are instances that violators receive only a

warning or reprimand which does not frighten

them to commit the same violation

There is a reality that small number of

apprehensions eliminates fear of being caught

on the part of violators

The form of reaction towards violation of

smoking law varies like reprimand, payment of

fines, and detention which pushes citizens to

violate and consequently to complain about

injustice in imposing penalty

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 85
Department of Criminology

Part II – D (CONSTRUCTION OF LAW)

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
SA MA U DA SD

The existing law against smoking is not

comprehensive enough to tackle proper ways

and the right time and place to apprehend

violators

The existing law against smoking does not

impose strict penalties against violators which

makes it difficult to be enforced

The existing law against smoking is vague and

uncertain when it comes to proper coordination

with other stakeholders/agencies for its proper

implementation
 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 86
Department of Criminology

Part III. Possible Reasons that Push Individuals to Continue Smoking

Despite Existing Laws Against It

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
SA MA U DA SD

The apprehension of violators is not swift,

frequent, and certain

The implementation of the existing law against

smoking becomes seasonal and not consistent

where it becomes effective when new but later

on gradually becomes unimplemented

The psychological gratification of smokers is

greater than their fear of being apprehended

Those who obey the law become violators when

they observe that others still violate the existing

laws against smoking but are not apprehended

There is a lack of supplementary laws to stiffen

the existing law against smoking like imposition

of limitations on selling and buying of cigarette

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 87
Department of Criminology

Part IV. The Way of Implementation of Municipal Ordinance No.

18-311 by the Law Enforcement

5 4 3 2 1
Statements
SA MA U DA SD

The law enforcement conducts rigid surveillance

of public places where smoking is persistent and

subsequently conducts police visibility

The law enforcement, upon coordination with

other agencies/stakeholders, makes a watch list

of violators for surveillance purpose and

subsequently for apprehension

The law enforcement conducts surprise

operations to apprehend violators in every

barangay

The law enforcement appoints civilians in

different places who will notify them to respond

immediately whenever there are people caught

in the act of smoking

The law enforcement appoints civilians in

different places who will arrest people caught in

the act of smoking and subsequently present

them to the former

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APENDICES B

LETTTER REQUEST
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APPENDICES C

INTERVIEW GUIDE
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APENDICES D

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

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APENDICES E DATA GATHERED

Municipal Ordinance No. 18-311: An Ordinance prohibiting the use , sale ,

distribution and advertisement of cigarettes and other tobacco products in certain

places , imposing penalties for violations thereof and providing funds therefor ,

and for other purposes.

Executive Order No. 26: Providing for the establishment of smoke – free

environments in public and enclosed places.

Republic Act No. 8749: the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, prohibits

smoking inside enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means

of transport , and other enclosed areas, nd directs local government units to

implement the prohibition.

Republic Act No. 9211: the Tobocco Regulation Act of 2003, prohibits

smoking in certain public places, and prohibits the purchase and sale of

cigarettes and other tobacco products to and by minors and in certain places

frequented by minors and provides penalties for any violation of th prohibitions.

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CURRICULUM VITAE

PROFILE OF THE RESEACHERS

Kristopper Ian M. Belo

Wawa Ilaya, Lemery Batangas

09050746176

[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: bachelor of Science of criminology

Rizal college of Taal

CalleGliceriaMarelle Taal, Batangas

S.Y2018-2019-Under graduate

Secondary: Governor Feliciano Leviste Memorial

National High school

Equalidad St. Lemery Batangas

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 93
Department of Criminology

Elementary: R Venturanza Central

School

Wawa Ilaya Lemery Batangas

S.Y 2011-2012

Personal Background

Birth date : December 9, 1998

Birth place : Wawa Ilaya Lemery Batangas

Age : 20 years old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

I hereby certified that the above information is true and correct in accordance to my

knowledge and consent

KRISTOPPER IAN M. BELO

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 94
Department of Criminology

PROFILE OF THE RESEACHERS

Vinsu nyelle B. Banawa

Pamiga Agoncillo Batangas

09551771529

[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Tertiary: bachelor of Science of criminology

Rizal College of Taal

CalleGliceriaMarelle Taal, Batangas

S.Y 2018-2019-Under graduate

Secondary: Agoncillo College Inc.

Poblacion Agoncillo, Batangas

Elementary: Pamiga Elementary School

 Rizal College of Taal_____________________Page 95
Department of Criminology

Pamiga Agoncillo Batangas

S.Y 2011-2012

Personal Background

Birth date : July 2, 1999

Birth place : Batangas City

Age : 19 years old

Gender : Male

Civil Status : Single

Religion : Roman Catholic

Nationality : Filipino

I hereby certified that the above information is true and correct in accordance to my

knowledge and consent

VINSU NYELLE BANAWA