PAST-TENSE REGULAR VERBS
Group A: Voiceless Last Sound of the Infinitive
"-ed" as “T”
If the infinitive of the verb has a voiceless(unvoiced) sound at the end of it, such as p, k, s, ch , sh , f,
x, or h, you pronounce the "ed" ending as a "T." (Note the pronunciation in parentheses. It's the sound
that determines the group that a word belongs to, not always the written letter. For example, even
though dance ends with a -ce, its sound is that of an s, so it's in this voiceless group.)
* IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet)
After unvoiced sounds such as p, f, s, k, , and the final –ed is pronounced like t as in the word cat.
Note that the –e remains silent.
Spanish Infinitive Past Past "ed"
participle ending
as a "t."
preguntar / invitar / pedir /ɑːsk/ ask asked asked /t/
atacar / lanzarse (a) / criticar /əˈtæk/ attack attacked attacked
cocer al horno, hornear / resecar /beɪk/ bake baked baked /t/
reservar, hacer una reserva /bʊk/ book booked booked
cepillar / barrer / rozar /brʌʃ/ brush brushed brushed /t/
marcar, corregir / revisar, comprobar / /tʃek/ check checked checked /t/
averiguar / detener, frenar
cocinar, guisar, preparar (la comida), /kʊk/ cook cooked cooked /t/
cocer
rajar(se), agrietar(se) / hacer un /kræk/ crack cracked cracked /t/
chasquido, crujir / abrir, romper, cascar
/ contar chistes / forzar / resolver,
descifrar / sucumbir, caer
tener un accidente, chocar contra, /kræʃ/ crash crashed crashed /t/
colisionar / chocar (haciendo ruido ej.
Las olas) / caer con estrépito,
estrellar(se) / quebrar, fracasar /
bloquearse (un ordenador) / abrirse
camino/paso
bailar / mecer, agitar, mover /dɑːns/ dance(da:n danced danced /t/
s)
desarrollar / desarrollar(se), /dɪˈvel·əp/ develop developed developed
convertir(se) / contraer, adquirir/
aparecer / empezar a dar señales de /
revelar
cortar en dados / jugar a los dados /daɪs/ dice diced diced /t/
hablar sobre, discutir /dɪˈskʌs/ discuss discussed discussed
vestir, vestirse / preparar(comida- /dres/ dress dressed dressed /t/
ensalada) / vendar(herida)
dejar caer, tirar/ caer / dejar, /drɒp/ drop dropped dropped /t/
abandonar / escribir
escapar(se), librarse de / pasar /ɪˈskeɪp/ escape escaped escaped /t/
inadvertido / fugarse
expresar, expresarse / enviar por /ɪkˈspres/ express expressed express
correo urgente
acabar, terminar / llegar, clasificarse /ˈfɪn·ɪʃ/ finish finished finished /t/
arreglar / preparar(comida) / acordar, /fɪks/ fix fixed fixed /t/
fijar
adivinar, acertar / suponer, imaginar /ɡes/ guess guessed guessed /t/
ayudar, contribuir, ayudar (a calmar), /help/ help helped helped /t/
aliviar, servir / no poder evitar
dar una caminata; ir caminando, hacer /haɪk/ hike hiked hiked /t/
senderismo
esperar /həʊp/ hope hoped hoped /t/
presentar, introducir, iniciar en /ˌɪn·trəˈdjuːs introduce introduced introduced
/
contar chistes, bromear /dʒəʊk/ joke joked joked /t/
saltar; sobresaltar(se), hacer un /dʒʌmp/ jump jumped jumped /t/
movimiento repentino
besar /kɪs/ kiss kissed kissed /t/
llamar(en la puerta), golpear, tirar, hacer /nɒk/ knock knocked knocked /t/
caer
reír, reírse /lɑːf/ laugh(læf) laughed laughed /t/
cerrar con llave, encerrar, guardar bajo /lɒk/ lock locked locked /t/
llave
mirar / parecer / estar orientado a /lʊk/ look looked looked /t/
marchar, caminar, caminar deprisa /mɑːtʃ/ march marched marched
corregir, poner nota, señalar, poner una /mɑːk/ mark marked marked
señal, indicar, marcar, apuntar(notas)
hacer juego con, combinar con / hacer /mætʃ/ match matched matched
pareja, ir bien con / enfrentar /
relacionar
echar de menos, añorar / perder, /mɪs/ miss missed missed /t/
perderse, no oír / evitar / fallar, no
atrapar, no dar a / perder, llegar tarde a
/ lamentar, sentir / no asistir, faltar
mezclar, amasar , combinar, /mɪks/ mix mixed mixed /t/
relacionarse, mezclarse, juntarse
empaquetar / amontonarse, hacinarse, /pæk/ pack packed packed /t/
apiñarse / hacer las maletas, meter en la
maleta
aprobar, pasar, transmitir, traspasar, /pɑːs/ pass passed passed /t/
ceder, pasar al lado de, pasar(por), dejar
atrás, superar / transcurrir (el tiempo)
/ (judgement)juzgar; (sentence)dictar
sentencia
coger, levantar , recoger/ elegir, /pɪk/ pick picked picked /t/
escoger / forzar
practicar, ejercer / ensayar / /ˈpræk·tɪs/ practise practised UK practised UK
entrenarse, ejercitarse practice practiced US practiced US
apretar, pulsar, presionar, insistir /pres/ press pressed pressed /t/
exprimir, estrujar; prensar / planchar
pronunciar /prəˈnaʊns/ pronounce pronounced pronounced /t/
empujar, empujar (a), presionar, apretar /pʊʃ/ push pushed pushed /t/
/ pasar, traficar / abrirse camino
relajar(se), relajar, suavizar /rɪˈlæks/ relax relaxed relaxed /t/
hacer compras, comprar /ʃɒp/ shop shopped shopped /t/
resbalar, pasar, deslizar / decaer, /slɪp/ slip slipped slipped /t/
empeorar / moverse sigilosamente /
soltarse, escaparse/ escabullirse,
escurrirse
fumar, echar humo, ahumar /sməʊk/ smoke smoked smoked /t/
proveer de personal / proveer de /stɑːf/ staff staffed staffed
parar, dejar de, detener(se), parar(se), /stɒp/ stop stopped stopped /t/
impedir, evitar, detener, terminar /
apretar, cubrir / quedarse, permanecer
navegar por internet/la red, hacer surf /sɜːf/ surf surfed surfed
hablar, conversar tɔːk/ talk talked talked /t/
mecanografiar, escribir a /taɪp/ type typed typed /t/
máquina/ordenador
andar, caminar, ir a pie, pasear /wɔːk/ walk walked walked /t/
lavar(se), lavarse, lavar / chapotear; /wɒʃ/ wash washed washed /t/
batir (contra) / arrastrar, llevarse
mirar; observar, esperar; estar al /wɒtʃ/ watch watched watched /t/
acecho, estar al tanto, tener cuidado,
vigilar / esperar(to wait for (a chance,
opportunity etc)
trabajar, tener empleo, fabricar / /wɜːk/ work worked worked /t/
funcionar, dar resultados / progresar,
desarrollar /
Group B: Voiced Last Sound of the Infinitive
"-ed" as “D”
If the last sound in the verb is a voiced one, such as in l, v, n, m, r, b, v, g, w, y, z, ge , th and vowel
sounds, or diphthongs, then pronounce the "-ed" ending as "D." (Note the pronunciation in parentheses.
The sound determines the group that a word belongs to, not always the written letter. For example,
even though advise ends with an -se, its sound is that of the voiced z sound, keeping that word in this
"voiced sound" group.)
* IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) (ss o s depende -massage)
After voiced sounds such as b, g, v, z, , , m, n, ŋ, l, , and r the final –ed sound is pronounced like d
as in good. Note that the –e remains silent.
Spanish Infinitive Past Past Pronunc
participle iation
conseguir, lograr /əˈtʃiːv/ achieve achieved achieved /d/
admirar /ədˈmaɪə r
/ admire admired admired /d/
acordar/consentir, aceptar, coincidir, /əˈɡriː/ agree agreed agreed /d/
estar/ponerse de acuerdo, llevarse bien
asombrar /əˈmeɪz/ amaze amazed amazed /d/
divertir, divertirse, entretener, hacer /əˈmjuːz/ amuse amused amused /d/
reír
permitir, dar(dinero o consentimiento) /əˈlaʊ/ allow allowed allowed /d/
contestar / abrir(respuesta en una /ˈɑːn·sər/ answer answered answered /d/
puerta cuando se toca)
aparecer, llegar, parecer / comparecer /əˈpɪər/ appear appeared appeared /d/
ordenar, disponer, planear, arreglar, /əˈreɪndʒ/ arrange arranged arranged /d/
adaptar, organizar, concertar
llegar /əˈraɪv/ arrive arrived arrived /d/
batir, golpear, dar golpes (en) / estallar, /bæŋ/ bang banged banged /d/
detonar
creer, pensar /bɪˈliːv/ believe believed believed /d/
encajar, ir /bɪˈlɒŋ/ belong belonged belonged /d/
(with to)=pertenecer, ser propiedad
(de), ser miembro, formar parte de
(with with)= ir con
quemar, arder / grabar bɜːn/ burn burned burned /d/
respirar / soplar, revelar /briːð/ breathe breathed breathed /d/
Llamar, gritar, convocar, hacer una visita /kɔːl/ call called called /d/
/ marcar, declarar(in card games)
llevar, transportar, ser portador /ˈkær·i/ carry carried carried /d/
de(enfermedades por ej) / aguantar,
soportar, comportar
rodear, trazar un círculo /ˈsɜː·kl/ circle circled circled /d/
cambiar, cambiarse, cambiarse (de) / /tʃeɪndʒ/ change changed changed /d/
devolver / transformarse(with into)
limpiar /kliːn/ clean cleaned cleaned /d/
subir, escalar, ascender, trepar / entrar, /klaɪm/ climb climbed climbed /d/
salir, etc. con dificultad
cerrar / terminar, concluir /kləʊz/ close closed closed /d/
considerar, tener en cuenta, contemplar, /kənˈsɪd·ər/ consider considered considered /d/
reflexionar
confirmar /kənˈfɜːm/ confirm confirmed confirmed /d/
cubrir, (re)cubrir, /abarcar, /ˈkʌv·ər/ cover covered covered /d/
comprender, tratar / recorrer / tratar,
abarcar
llorar, gritar /kraɪ/ cry cried cried /d/
dañar, hacer daño a /ˈdæm·ɪdʒ/ damage damaged damaged /d/
describer, calificar, definir /dɪˈskraɪb/ describe described described /d/
no estar de acuerdo, disentir, discrepar, ˌdɪs·əˈɡriː/ disagree disagreed disagreed /d/
discutir / (with with)=sentar mal
determinar, establecer, decir /dɪˈtɜː.mɪn/ determine determined determined /d/
morir, morirse de ganas de / apagarse, /daɪ/ die died died /d/
desaparecer
secar, secar(se) /draɪ/ dry dried dried /d/
ganar, ganar(se), merecer /ɜːn/ earn earned earned /d/
animar, fomentar /ɪnˈkʌr·ɪdʒ/ encourage encouraged encouraged /d/
apreciar, disfrutar, disfrutar (de), gozar /ɪnˈdʒɔɪ/ enjoy enjoyed enjoyed /d/
(de)
entrar, entrar (en), inscribir(se), /ˈen·tər/ enter entered entered /d/
registrar, comenzar(empleo) / introducir
/ presentarse a, inscribirse en
exponer, revelar, descubrir /ɪkˈspəʊz/ expose exposed exposed /d/
explicar /ɪkˈspleɪn/ explain explained explained /d/
explorar, examinar, contemplar /ɪkˈsplɔːr/ explore explored explored /d/
llenar, llenar(se), satisfacer / /fɪl/ fill filled filled /d/
empastar(una muela) / inundar
seguir, entender /ˈfɒl·əʊ/ follow followed followed /d/
liberar, poner en libertad, deshacerse de, /friː/ free freed freed /d/
librarse de (with from or of)
asir, agarrar, coger, apropiarse de, /ɡræb/ grab grabbed grabbed /d/
arrebatar, echar mano a
ocurrir, pasar, acontecer / dar la /ˈhæp·ən/ happen happened happened /d/
casualidad; resultar que
honrar, condecorar / cumplir /ˈɒn·ər/ US honor honored honored /d/
UK honour
azadonar(cavar con el azadón), cavar /həʊ/ hoe hoed hoed /d/
abrazar, abrazar(se), pegarse a; /hʌɡ/ hug hugged hugged /d/
abrigarse
identificar /aɪˈden·tɪ·faɪ/ identify identified identified /d/
herir, lastimar, lesionar, hacer daño ˈɪn·dʒər/ injure injured injured /d/
imaginar, imaginar(se), suponer /ɪˈmædʒ·ɪn/ imagine imagined imagined /d/
entrevistar /ˈɪn·tə·vjuː/ interview interviewed interviewed /d/
encarcelar /dʒeɪl/ jail jailed jailed /d/
juntar, unir, hacerse socio de, afiliarse, /dʒɔɪn/ join joined joined /d/
reunirse con, unirse a, ingresar (en)
matar, asesinar, destruir / doler mucho /kɪl/ kill killed killed /d/
etiquetar /ˈleɪ·bəl/ label labelled labelled /d/
escuchar /ˈlɪs·ən/ listen listened listened /d/
vivir, sobrevivir, vivir de /lɪv/ live lived lived /d/
mentir /laɪ/ lie lied lied /d/
amar, querer / gustar, encantar /lʌv/ love loved loved /d/
dar masajes, masajear /ˈmæs·ɑːdʒ/ massage massaged massaged /d/
importar /ˈmæt·ər/ matter mattered mattered /d/
medir, evaluar /ˈmeʒ·ər/ measure measured measured /d/
mover(se), mudarse, trasladar / /muːv/ move moved moved /d/
conmover, emocionar
numerar, contar /ˈnʌm·bər/ number numbered numbered /d/
abrir, abrir(se), /ˈəʊ·pən/ open opened opened /d/
ordenar, mandar / pedir, encargar /ˈɔː·dər/ order ordered ordered /d/
manar, rezumar(Salir un líquido de un /uːz/ ooze oozed oozed /d/
cuerpo o del recipiente a través de sus
rendijas) /rebosar(inf)
planificar, proyectar / planear, /plæn/ plan planned planned /d/
proyectar, diseñar, hacer los planos de
jugar, jugar (a), representar, actuar / /pleɪ/ play played played /d/
ser representado / tocar / poner(a
song) / interpretar / competir (con)
gustar, agradar, contentar / placer, /pliːz/ please pleased pleased /d/
querer, dar la gana (coloquial)
pelar, pelarse, desconcharse /piːl/ peel peeled peeled /d/
representar, interpretar / realizar, /pəˈfɔːm/ perform performed performed /d/
ejecutar, efectuar / dar (buenos /
malos) resultados
arrastrar, tirar de, remar, ir hacia /pʊl/ pull pulled pulled /d/
llover /reɪn/ rain rained rained /d/
comprender; darse cuenta (de) / /ˈrɪə·laɪz/ realize realized realized /d/
realizar(se), cumplir(se) / sacar,
obtener, reportar /
recordar, acordarse de / dar recuerdos /rɪˈmem·bər/ remember remembered remembere /d/
de parte de alguien d
enfurecerse, rabiar / bramar; /reɪdʒ/ rage raged raged /d/
embravecerse (el mar) / hacer estragos,
arrasar; desarollarse ferozmente
reparar, arreglar /rɪˈpeər/ repair repaired repaired /d/
reanudar, continuar /rɪˈzjuːm/ resume resumed resumed /d/
salvar, rescatar / ahorrar, guardar, /seɪv/ save saved saved /d/
economizar / parar, impedir que se
marque un gol / archivar
compartir / repartir, dividir /ʃeər/ share shared shared /d/
afeitarse / pasar rozando /ʃeɪv/ shave shaved shaved /d/
firmar, hacer señas /saɪn/ sign signed signed /d/
esquiar /skiː/ ski skied skied /d/
cerrar(se) de golpe, estamparse /slæm/ slam slammed slammed /d/
resolver,solucionar /sɒlv/ solve solved solved /d/
permanecer, quedarse, alojarse /steɪ/ stay stayed stayed /d/
nevar /snəʊ/ snow snowed snowed /d/
estudiar, examinar, investigar mirar /ˈstʌd·i/ study studied studied /d/
detenidamente
demandar, solicitar el divorcio /suː/ sue sued sued /d/
resumir /ˈsʌm·ər·aɪz/ summarize summarized summarized /d/
viajar, ir, desplazarse /ˈtræv·əl/ travel travelled UK tavelled UK /d/
traveled US traveled US
intertar, probar / juzgar, procesar / /traɪ/ try tried tried /d/
poner a prueba
girar, dar media vuelta, girarse / dirigir; /tɜːn/ turn turned turned /d/
desviar / doblar(en la esquina) /
volverse, convertirse, transformarse /
pasar(turn to pag 5)
usar, utilizar / consumir, gastar /juːz/ use used used /d/
subrayar, destacar /ˌʌn·dəˈlaɪn/ underline underlined underlined /d/
descifrar, descodificar /ʌnˈskræm.b unscrambl unscrambled unscrambled /d/
ə
l/ e
dar la bienvenida a, acoger, recibir, /ˈwel·kəm/ welcome welcomed welcomed /d/
aplaudir, acoger con agrado
susurrar, cuchichear, murmurar, /ˈwɪs·pər/ whisper whispered whispered /d/
hablar/decir en voz baja
preocupar(se), preocupar / molestar, /ˈwʌr·i/ worry worried worried /d/
estorbar / acosar, perseguir, atacar
bostezar /jɔːn/ yawn yawned yawned /d/
Group C: T or D as the Last Sound of the Infinitive
"-ed" as “ID”
If the last sound in the infinitive verb is a t or d, pronounce the "-ed" ending as “ID.”
Note here that the –e is not silent and this final –ed sound adds another syllable to the end of
the verb.
One two two three
Syllable syllable syllable syllable
add add-ed de-cide de-cid-ed
exit exit-ed ob-ject ob-ject-ed
Spanish Infinitive Past Past Pronunc
participle iation
agregar, añadir, sumar /æd/ add added added /id/
aceptar, admitir /əkˈsept/ accept accepted accepted /id/
actuar, comportarse / actuar, /ækt/ act acted acted /id/
representar, fingir /
afectar /əˈfekt/ affect affected affected /id/
permitirse, darse el gusto de /əˈfɔːd/ afford afforded afforded /id/
detener, arrestar, capturar /əˈrest/ arrest arrested arrested /id/
asistir a, atender, prestar atención a, /əˈtend/ attend attended attended /id/
ocuparse de
reunir, recopilar, recoger, coleccionar, /kəˈlekt/ collect collected collected /id/
recolectar, acumularse
contactar, ponerse en contacto con /ˈkɒn·tækt/ contact contacted contacted /id/
Contar(#), tener importancia / /kaʊnt/ count counted counted /id/
considerar(se)
unir, enlazar, conectar, comunicar, /kəˈnekt/ connect connected connected /id/
asociar
completar, acabar, terminar / rellenar /kəmˈpliːt/ complete completed completed /id/
corregir /kəˈrekt/ correct corrected corrected /id/
crear, ocasionar /kriˈeɪt/ create created created /id/
decidir /dɪˈsaɪd/ decide decided decided /id/
defender /dɪˈfend/ defend defended defended /id/
exigir, requerir, demandar /dɪˈmɑːnd/ demand demanded demanded /id/
dividir, dividir(se), repartir /dɪˈvaɪd/ divide divided divided /id/
terminar /end/ end ended ended /id/
evacuar /ɪˈvæk.ju.eɪt/ evacuate evacuated evacuated /id/
ampliar, aumentar, dilatar, crecer / /ɪkˈspænd/ expand expanded expanded /id/
extender(se), expandir(se)
esperar; creer / suponer /ɪkˈspekt/ expect expected expected /id/
exportar /ˈek·spɔːt/ export exported exported /id/
salir de /ˈek·sɪt/ exit exited exited /id/
inundar, inundarse /flʌd/ flood flooded flooded /id/
graduar, graduarse, diplomarse en, /ˈɡrædʒ·u·ət graduate graduated graduated /id/
licenciarse en /
UK calificar / clasificar / (colores) /ɡreɪd/ grade graded graded /id/
degradar; tranformarse
odiar, detestar, aborrecer /heɪt/ hate hated hated /id/
cazar / buscar; perseguir /hʌnt/ hunt hunted hunted /id/
incluir /ɪnˈkluːd/ include included included /id/
inventar, inventarse /ɪnˈvent/ invent invented invented /id/
invitar, pedir /ɪnˈvaɪt/ invite invited invited /id/
aterrizar, desembarcar / acabar; ir a /lænd/ land landed landed /id/
parar
situar, ubicar, localizar /ləʊˈkeɪt/ locate located located /id/
necesitar, hacer falta /niːd/ need needed needed /id/
objetar(often with to), oponerse /ˈɒb·dʒɪkt/ object objected objected /id/
pintar /peɪnt/ paint painted painted /id/
plantar, plantarse, colocar / meter algo /plɑːnt/ plant planted planted /id/
a alguien para comprometerlo
entregar, hacer entrega de, presentar /ˈprez·ənt/ present presented presented /id/
(a), presentar, presentarse
fingir, simular, hacer como si /prɪˈtend/ pretend pretended pretended /id/
Imprimir, sacar una copia publicar, editar /prɪnt/ print printed printed /id/
/ estampar / escribir en mayúsculas
proteger, amparar /prəˈtekt/ protect protected protected /id/
proporcionar, proveer, suministrar, /prəʊˈvaɪd/ provide provided provided /id/
facilitar / mantener(with for)
recordar, recordar (a alguien) / /rɪˈmaɪnd/ remind reminded reminded /id/
recordar algo a alguien
alquilar /rent/ rent rented rented /id/
repetir, recitar;to say (something) one /rɪˈpiːt/ repeat repeated repeated /id/
has learned by heart
relatar, informar, informar (sobre), dar /rɪˈpɔːt/ report reported reported /id/
cuenta de/parte de / acusar, denunciar
/ presentarse, personarse
relatar, narrar / (with to) relacionar (se) /rɪˈleɪt/ relate related related /id/
con, con relación a /
respetar, admirar /rɪˈspekt/ respect respected respected /id/
descansar, reposar(se), descansar /rest/ rest rested rested /id/
sobre, apoyar(se), relajarse, estar
tranquilo / depender de /
corresponder(with with)
escoger, elegir, seleccionar /sɪˈlekt/ select selected selected /id/
reñir, regañar /skəʊld/ scold scolded scolded /id/
gritar /ʃaʊt/ shout shouted shouted /id/
patinar, deslizarse /skeɪt/ skate skated skated /id/
partir(begin), empezar, poner en marcha /stɑːt/ start started started /id/
notar/sentir el sabor, probar, degustar, /teɪst/ taste tasted tasted /id/
saber (a), saborear
Tartar, tratar (de) / invitar, convidar /triːt/ treat treated treated /id/
visitar, ir, estar de visita /ˈvɪz·ɪt/ visit visited visited /id/
esperar, aguardar / servir (with on) to /weɪt/ wait waited waited /id/
serve dishes, drinks etc (at table)
querer; desear / necesitar, precisar, /wɒnt/ want wanted wanted /id/
requerir / carecer (de); pasar
miseria/necesidad
desperdiciar, gastar, malgastar, /weɪst/ waste wasted wasted /id/
desaprovechar
