የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ

የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ

መመመመ THE MOST COMMON COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT ISSUES: PART I

March 31, 2017 by Charles B. Jimerson, Esq.

When entering into a commercial construction contract to build a commercial building, landowners should be aware of certain contract

issues that can cause future legal problems. This article is designed to address some of the more common issues seen in commercial

construction contracts, and what landowners should pay attention to before entering into any contracts for the construction of a
commercial building.

COMMERCIAL CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT ISSUES

The great majority of commercial construction contracts are tailored to benefit contractors and builders by shifting most of the project’s

costs to the landowner. Due to this, it is important that you understand the provisions of a commercial construction contract that are
most commonly at issue, and how with the help of independent counsel you can negotiate more agreeable terms that will better
allocate risks, diminish the likelihood of litigation, and equally spread financial burdens.

Although a commercial construction contract has innumerable provisions, not all of these provisions have an effect on your—or the

builder’s or contractor’s—rights. That being said, some of the most prominent provisions that may affect the construction process of
your commercial building are:

(1) Scope of Work/Performance Duties Provision

(2) Securing the Parties’ Performance Provision

(3) Payment Provision

(4) Project Changes and Change Orders Provision

(5) Delays Provision

(6) Indemnification Provision

(1) The Scope of Work/ Performance Duties Provision

A Scope of Work, also commonly referred to as a Performance Duties Provision, is meant to provide you and the builder or contractor

with a clear description of the work that is to be performed.

What the Scope of Work/ Performance Duties Provision Includes:

This provision describes your duties and responsibilities, the work that is going to be undertaken by the builder or contractor and how

that work is to be completed, and other duties and responsibilities of the builder or contractor. Additionally, this provision may describe
how you and the builder or contractor will handle unforeseen events; what quality of work and completeness is expected; and how the
commercial building design documents are going to be handled and interpreted.
Most Common Issues With the Scope of Work/ Performance Duties Provision:

The most common issue with this provision is that it will contain incomplete descriptions. The consequences of which are usually

incomplete or defective work, problems with coordinating responsibilities during the construction phase, and disputes concerning the
quality of the work.

If these issues arise during the construction of your building, usually litigation will be required to resolve them. This need to wait for

courts to handle the dispute will inevitably delay the construction of the building or in some cases, may result in the building never
being completed.

Preventative Measures:

It is possible for you to entirely prevent these disruptions or at least streamline their resolution before work on your building even

commences. To do this, it is imperative that you and independent counsel diligently review and cooperatively work with the builder or
contractor to develop a Scope of Work/ Performance Duties Provision that is mutually agreeable and includes things such as:

(a) Incorporation by reference to the project’s design documents and specifications;

(b) Assurances that your design documents and specifications are complete and clearly drafted;

(c) Assurances that the builder or contractor will meet the standards and specifications set out in your design documents;

(d) Descriptions of express warranties by the builder or contractor that the work they will be performing will meet the requirements set
out in the design documents and specifications;

(e) Descriptions of dispute resolution systems that will quickly and effectively handle any issues that arise during the construction
phase;

(f) Descriptions of heightened standards of workmanship that you expect the builder or contractor to meet; and

(g) Clear descriptions of how risk is allocated between you and the builder or contractor.

(2) Securing the Parties’ Performance Provision

The Securing the Parties’ Performance Provision is meant to detail the credit relationship between you and the builder or contractor.

What the Securing the Parties’ Performance Provision Includes:

This provision describes the monetary assurances that you and the builder or contractor make in order to assure performance of the

commercial construction contract. Specifically, it details the post payment and performance bonds that you will use to ensure that the
builder or contractor will continue to perform the work.

Likewise, builders and contractors use this provision to assure that you have the necessary capital to fund the project, and to insure

their work against possible non-payment. Typically, builders and contractors will use this provision to list the various methods that they
can employ to secure a monetary payment from you. In case of non-payment, some methods builders and contractors may be able to
insure themselves through pre-payment clauses for the work and mechanic’s liens.
Most Common Issues With the Securing the Parties’ Performance Provision:

The most common issue is that the builder or contractor will reach the credit limit amount that he allocated to you for the project and

will stop all work until you make payments or further assurances to extend the credit relationship. Alternatively, the builder or

contractor may reach the credit limit and instead seek the enforcement of a mechanic’s lien before offering you proper time to extend
the credit relationship.

Another possibility is that if the credit relationship is not clearly detailed, the builder or contractor may unexpectedly expand your

amount of credit, and perform extra work without your approval. This inevitably will lead to you being responsible for paying for the
extra work that you did not approve ahead of time.

These credit issues can usually be resolved between the parties, but will cause project delays during negotiations of how the project
will continue to be funded.

In the event that the builder or contractor exercised their rights to secure a mechanic’s lien ahead of time, litigation will be required.

This need for courts to handle the dispute will inevitably delay the construction of the building, and in the case that the builder or

contractor properly executed the mechanic’s lien; the lien on your property may actually prevent you from acquiring further financing
for the project.

Preventative Measures:

To avoid most of the issues listed above, it is best if you and independent counsel review and negotiate the terms and conditions of

this provision in order to tailor them to your ability to finance the project. Furthermore, to protect yourself from the builder or contractor

overreaching and performing extra work at your cost and without your consent, you should also make sure to set clear standards as to

when and how the credit limit can be altered. Last, in order to prevent a builder or contractor from exercising their rights to acquire a

mechanic’s lien before you can resolve a credit dispute, you and your independent counsel should create a system whereby the

builder or contractor needs to fulfill certain notification conditions, and allow you enough time to correct the dispute prior to the filing of
a mechanic’s lien.

(3) Payment Provision

The Payment Provision is meant to detail how you will be paying the builder or contractor.

What the Payment Provision Includes:

This provision is usually drafted as a schedule of values assigning a line item value for each of the identified items of work. As the

construction of your building progresses, the builder or contractor will periodically certify what amount of work has been completed in
accordance with this provision.

Depending on how much of the work has been completed, the builder or contractor will then apply to you for payment by providing you
with a detailed list of:

(1) the line items that have been fulfilled;

(2) their completion percentage; and

(2) the item value for that percentage of completion.

Upon receipt of this application, you are then responsible to follow the steps set out in this provision and make the payment to the
builder or contractor, minus any retained fees that the builder or contractor has already collected for a certain item of work.

Most Common Issues With the Payment Provision:

One of the most common issues with this provision is that it leaves out how the builder or contractor will certify what amount of the

work has been completed. The issue with this is that it gives great freedom to the builder or contractor to make its own determinations

as to what amount of the line items have been completed. This leaves you with no alternative but to accept their determination and
make the requisite payments.

However, in the event that you believe that the builder or contractor has erroneously estimated the amount of work completed or that

the work is defective and does not merit full payment, your withholding of payment may be viewed as a breach of contract. The

consequence of this is the builder or contractor is likely to cease performance and seek recovery for labor and materials already
furnished or continue performing and seek a larger judgment for contract damages.

Although these common issues can be resolved between you and the builder or contractor, your withholding of payment is likely to

cause a disruption to the building process. Additionally, it is likely to harm the business relationship between you and the builder or
contractor.

In the event that the issue cannot be resolved directly between you and the builder or contractor, it is almost guaranteed that the

builder or contractor will pursue litigation in order to recover any payments that you have not made. The builder or contractor is also

likely to pursue subsequent monetary damages that they may have suffered as a result of your withholding of payment, and will ask
the court to enter a judgment through which you will be responsible for paying the builder’s and contractor’s attorneys’ fees and costs.

Preventative Measures:

To avoid these issues, the best thing you can do is make sure that this provision details how the builder or contractor will assess the

completeness of a line item. Additionally, you and independent counsel can negotiate with the builder or contractor to include as part

of the provision a method by which disputes over completion of line items, and payment of those line items, can be handled without
resorting to litigation.

As an extra precautionary measure, it is advisable that you and independent counsel create an inspection system with the builder or
contractor whereby a mutually agreed upon independent specialist will inspect the payment application of the builder or contractor

before you are required to make any payments. By including this and similar precedent conditions, you may be able to assure that the

builder or contractor is not making applications for payments of line items that they have not yet met, and that the work itself is free of
defects.

(4) Project Changes and Change Orders Provision

The Project Changes and Change Orders Provision, which can be viewed as two separate provisions, is meant to detail how any

changes you or your architect make to the plans and specifications of the building will be handled by the builder or contractor.

What the Project Changes and Change Orders Provision Includes:

The Project Changes portion of the provision includes the method by which you can notify the builder or contractor of any changes to

the original specifications and plans. At its most fundamental point, this notification method is meant to allow the builder or contractor
time to reassess the costs that will be incurred as a result of the changed building plan.
The Change Orders portion of the provision prescribes the procedures that the builder or contractor may take in order to noti fy you of

any changes to the original project, budget, and/or schedule that the builder or contractor will need to adjust as a result of the changed
building plans.

Most Common Issues With the Project Changes and Charge Orders Provision:

The most common issue that arises involving this provision is that most commercial construction contracts will not include the Change

Orders portion of the provision. The result of this is that most builders or contractors will inflate their contract price in order to cover any
possible project changes that you or your architect may make prior to or during the construction of the building.

Although the builder or contractor commonly resolves this issue by inflating the contract price, it may lead to litigation if the builder or

contractor underestimated the cost of possible project changes. The unfortunate result of this is that the builder or contractor will likely

halt all construction once it has reached its contract price, and you will be required to litigate the builder’s or contractor’s breach of the
contract in order to receive complete performance of the contract.

Preventative Measures:

The easiest way to circumvent this issue is to include the Change Orders portion of the provision. By you and independent counsel’s

careful negotiation of the Change Orders portion of the provision, you may benefit by:

(a) Receiving less inflated bids from builders and contractors because of your willingness to allow them to recalculate the costs they
will incur as a result of any changed building plans;

(b) Save money in the long run because you will not be paying builders or contractors for construction contracts/bids that take into
account possible project changes that may never actually occur; and

(c) Most importantly, have a respectful working relationship with your builder or contractor because of your willingness to
acknowledge their concerns when bidding for commercial construction contracts.

(5) Delays Provision

The Delays Provision is meant to detail the procedures through which contractors can claim time extensions and/or damages for

events over which the contractor bears no responsibility.

What the Delays Provision Includes:

This provision typically insures that builders and contractors will be compensated for compensable events that delayed work on the

project. These compensable events are commonly referred to as “force majeure” and “Acts of God” events. The most common types

of events for which a builder or contractor may receive compensation despite the project’s delay include labor disputes, material
shortages, and actions taken by government agencies that resulted in delays to the project.

Similarly, this provision entitles a builder or contractor to monetary compensation for extra expenses the builder or contractor incurred

as a result of the delay. These extra expenses may include material price escalations, project acceleration costs, and costs associated
with extended project overhead costs.

Until recently, this provision also included what is commonly referred to as a “no-damage-for-delay” clause which was meant to restrict

builders and contractors from being able to request compensation for non-compensable events. However, due to the potential
monetary windfall to builders and contractors that this clause had, courts and legislatures have restricted their use in commercial
construction contracts.

Most Common Issues With the Delays Provision:

Regularly this Provision is drafted in a way that allows builders and contractors great freedom to unilaterally extend a projects timeline,

and still be compensated for both compensable and non-compensable delays. The consequence of this is that the project will take
longer to complete than what was originally expected, and you will be paying extra for the services of the builder or contractor.

The most common resolution of this issue involves you and the builder or contractor negotiating over whether a certain event or delay

to the project was caused by a compensable event. Depending on when this negotiation occurs, the project may be held at a standstill
until you and the builder or contractor can resolve the issue.

In the alternative, if you decide to not compensate a builder or contractor for delayed work, you may find yourself in litigation with the

builder or contractor. Inevitably, this will prolong the project if it is not yet completed and may cause you to incur otherwise
unnecessary legal expenses.

Preventative Measures:

With the use of careful drafting and negotiations with the builder or contractor, you and independent counsel can create a list of events

that are both compensable and non-compensable. This list, which should be included in this provision, will not only guarantee that

both you and the builder or contractor know exactly what delays or damages will be compensated for, but will insure that if a non-
compensable event occurs, the builder or contractor will know that they are fully responsible for any expenses incurred as a result of it.

In the alternative, if you choose to include a general “no-damage-for-delay” clause, it is advisable that you seek independent counsel
as the clause will need to meet state specific requirements or it will run the risk of being void and unenforceable.

(6) Indemnification Provision

The Indemnification Provision is meant to detail what responsibility you and the builder or contractor have for third-party judgments or
liabilities.

What the Indemnification Provision Includes:

In essence, this provision accounts for third-party claims that might arise during the course of the construction of the building, and is

meant to “indemnify” and “hold you harmless” from liability for these claims.

This provision customarily lists the most common third-party causes of action that may result during the course of the builders or

contractors work on the building. Some examples of claims that are listed in this provision include: damage or injury to third parties,
damage or injury to third parties’ property, and intellectual property infringement.

Most Common Issues With the Indemnification Provision:

The most common issue that arises involving this provision is that the builder or contractor does not indemnify you of all third-party
legal actions that may arise during the course of the project. The result of this is that you may find yourself in litigation with a third-party
for damages and harms that were caused to him or her by the builder or contractor.

Another common issue with Indemnification Provisions is that their terms are rendered void and unenforceable by state specific laws
that deal specifically with the regulation of Indemnification Provisions in commercial construction contracts.
The only way to resolve any issues that involve this provision is through litigation. Typically, it will require you to present your case to

the court and show that the commercial construction contract that you entered into with the builder or contractor indemnified you of the

action that is currently being claimed by the third-party. In the alternative, you may need to prove that the third-party should be
pursuing damages against the builder or the contractor because it was their actions that caused them harm.

In either event, if a third-party claim does arise, and that third-party brings suit, lengthy litigation is likely to ensue, and you may find
yourself owing large monetary damages for harms that you did not cause.

Preventative Measures:

One of the best precautionary steps to take in order to avoid a third-party claim because of a faulty Indemnification Provision is to

review insurance policies. Specifically, with the help of independent counsel, you should review the claims listed in the Indemnification
Provision, the possible claims that your insurance will cover, and what claims the builder’s or contractor’s insurance will cover.

After making a detailed assessment of all possible third-party claims, and more importantly which claims your insurance will cover, you

and independent counsel can then create a possible list of other third-party claims that may arise as a result of the builder’s and

contractor’s acts. With these extra claims in mind, you and independent counsel can then negotiate to include them in the

Indemnification Provision in order to indemnify yourself from liability for these extra claims. Alternatively, you can negotiate with the

builder or contractor to evenly distribute liability for claims that are not covered by your insurance, and even distribute the liability for
claims that neither you, nor the builder’s or contractor’s insurance will cover.

The last, and possibly the best, precautionary measure is to review your indemnification clause with the help of independent counsel in
order to make sure that its terms meet the standards laid out by state law, and that the clause will be held enforceable in court.

CONCLUSION

As the landowner and project financier, it is imperative to clearly set out your expectations prior to agreeing with a builder or contractor

to construct your building. By doing so, you can assure that the finished building will meet your expectations; you can avoid disputes
between you and the builder or contractor; and you can even save yourself a significant amount of money.

Although verbal assurances between you and the builder or contractor can help align your resources, at the end of the day a written

commercial construction contract is absolutely necessary to detail the relationship that you will be entering into. Even with the

numerous sample commercial construction contracts that exist today, at the end of the day you want to make sure that the one you

use has provisions tailored to meet your financial needs, and that it protects your interests. Though it is impossible to account for every

unforeseen event that may arise in the future, with the information provided in this publication, and the help of independent counsel,
you should now be able to begin negotiations towards a more favorable commercial construction contract.

By: Charles B. Jimerson Esq. and Edgar Sanchez, JD Candidate

CATEGORY: Florida Construction Industry Law Blog Practice Areas: Construction Law

← Benchwarmer Effect: The Sobering Reality of Coblentz Agreements

Construction Defects and
 1.

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Construction Contract Terminology

Important
Resources:
Construction contracts have many elements found in a basic business contract, however there are a nu

Abandonment
Arbitration
Bid
Bond
Breach
Cardinal
Change
Changed
Consequential
Default
Defects
Delays
Differing
Exculpatory
Flow
Incorporation
Indemnification
Liquidated
Miller
No dam
No
Notice
Payment
Payment
Pay-if-paid/pay-when-paid
Prevailing
Private
Public
Retention
Right
Scope
Schedule
Schedule
Stop
 Termination (for
Unenforceable
Warranty

These sites
maintained by
Scholefield P.C.

Abandonment - Can have different meanings. One type of abandonment is contract abandonment,

Another type of abandonment is where a contractor fails to perform the work on a project by either not
for sidciplinary action under B&P sect.1707.

Arbitration a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is for the resolution of disputes outside th
construction disputes imposed by contract terms.

Arbitration can be either voluntary or mandatory and can be either binding or non-binding. Non-binding
arbitrator remains totally removed from the settlement process and will only give a determination of lia

Bid Protests & Disputes - In public contracting, there are specific procedures dictated by Californ

Breach - One of the parties in a contract that does not fullfill their obligatory promise has breached. T
parties refuses to perform their obligations, one of the parties is unable to or will be unable to perform

Bonds & Surety A lot of people like to sum up a surety bond as insurance, but in reality, surety bon

Every contractor is required to get a bond in California. many projects require a bond of some form. Co

Cardinal change - A cardinal change is where ordered changes exceed the general scope of the con
the California Supreme Court. calling the two doctrines“fundamentally different.” According to the court
the contractor is only entitled to breach of contract damages for the additional work constituting a card

Change orders - a procedure that is defined in the contract to provide for modifications of the contr
due to the change order.

Changed conditions - A term that identifies anything that is different than at the time of the bid. I
condition is the impact it may have on the cost of the work or the delay in the schedule.

Conflicting Terms - Within a contract, terms that are in conflict with other parts of the same contr

Consequential damages - are damages that do not flow directly and immediately from an act bu

Differing site conditions - Where the construction site is not what it was understood to be at the
unforeseeable on the basis of all the information available to the contractor at the time of bidding.

Default - failure to perform specific terms of a contract obligation. Often used interchangeably with m
Defects - Subsurface deficiencies, construction deficiencies, material deficiencies, design deficiencies,

Delays - Based on the project schedule and the critical path, delays are anything that extends the pro

Design Delegation Clause. The contract may specify who is responsible for the design. If the const

Exculpatory clauses part of an agreement which relieves one party from liability. It is a provision

Flow-down Usually the Owner wishes to impose the same obligations on the contractor's subcontrac
may include pay-when-paid and pay-if-paid clauses.

Incorporation by Reference The construction contract itself typically does not explicitly address

Indemnification is a contractual promise in which one party agrees to protect another party from f

In most cases, indemnification applies only to situations in which the loss is caused by negligence rathe
common contract terms.

Liquidated Damages Liquidated damages clauses are another common feature of construction con
beyond the end date specified in the contract.

Miller Act - The Miller Act (1935) is a federal law that requires contractors performing public work pr
Since government construction projects are unable to protect themselves from non-payment with a trad

No Contract - Exactly what the words mean. That there is no contract between the parties. At least
services. There must be a mutually agreed to understanding of the intent of the obligation.

No Damage for Delay Clause. An exculpatory clause commonly included in construction contracts

Notice clause. In order to be paid for additional costs incurred in performance, a contractor must pro

Payment is the primary concern of most parties to a construction contract. The contract should clear

AIA Document A201-1997, Article 9 deals with payment. Article 9.2.1 requires the contractor to submit
owner pursuant to Article 9.4. By the certificate for payment, the architect certifies to the owner that, t
specific terms of each contract.

Pay if Paid, Pay When Paid Clauses. These clauses, are common, but are not enforceable under

Payment disputes - one of the parties believes that the payment procedures were not followed, or

Private Works Projects that do not fall into the definition as public works of Federal projects are typ
but are ultimately funded from public source.

Public Works Construction projects that derive their funding from the public. This includes municipa
public. There are state laws specifically for public works projects which all public works projects must fo

Federal projects are public works projects that derive their funding from federal sources. The Federal G

Prevailing wages Prevailing wage may include both wages and benefits. It encompasses the comp
 The Davis-Bacon Act all federal government construction contracts, and most contracts for federally ass

Retention is a portion of the contract price paid into an escrow account before substantial completion
protects against default by the owner.

The final payment is distinct from, the progress payments. In addition to the requirement that the work

Right to Stop Work The right to stop work is not the same as the right to terminate. While termin

Every construction contract should address the conditions under which each party has the right to stop

In order for the contractor to stop work for nonpayment, it must follow the specified procedures in the

Schedule (Project) All construction projects have a schedule. Small projects may have only an inf
or changes to the work, the the schedule often changes, and the critical path (CPM) may be affected, w

Schedule of values - Not to be confused with a project schedule, a schedule of values is an assign
values.

Scope of Work The contractor involved in a construction project has a scope of work. The scope of
And each subcontractor has a specific scope of work based on the trade.

It is very important to have the scope of work very explicitly defined because contractor or subcontract

The scope of work becomes important when the owner issues a change order, requiring that the contra

Any changed or extra work ordered by the owner which exceeds the scope of the contract work may in
work beyond the contractual scope of work.

Site Inspection Clause. A site inspection clause requires the contractor to inspect the work site to v
for differing site conditions.

Stop Notice gives the claimant a lien against undisbursed construction funds in the possession of eit
lender.

For private works of improvement, the Mechanic's Lien and Stop Notice are cumulative remedies which
projects, the Stop Notice and payment bond claims are cumulative remedies.

Termination for Cause or for Convenience. A construction contract can be terminated for cause or fo
performance, the law typically provides the terminated party with little recourse in the event of a termi
not the result of poor performance by the contractor, the law may provide the aggrieved contractor wit

Unenforceable - A valid contract where there is no legal remedy if there is a breach. A contract ma
in writing. Similarly, statutes of limitations, which limit the length of time available for legal action, may

Waiver of Consequential Damages Clause. Construction contracts also frequently include a m

clauses when costs arising from delays are characterized as consequential.

Warranties Warranties can be either express or implied. Contractors will be held to any express war
warranties are those that are understood to be in effect, even if there is nothing in writing. A contractor
የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ
 የየየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ
የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ
የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየየ

መመመ መመመመመመ መመመመ 1. መ10 መመመ መመመመመ መመመ መመመመ መመመመመመ መመመ መመመመመመ
መመመመ
I. መመመመ መመመ
የየየየየ የየ …………………………………
የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ ……………………………………
የየየየ የየየየ የየየ ……………………………………
የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ ……………………………………..
የየየየ የየየ የየየየ
የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ …………………………………………..
የየየየ የየየየየየየ የ.የ ………………………………………….
የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ (የየየየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ
)………………………………..

መመመመመመመ መመመመመ
 የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ ?
 የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየ ?
 የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ የየ ?
የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ?
የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ የየ ?
የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየ ?

የየየየ የየየ
የየየ የየየ የየ
የ30 የየየ የየየ
20-30
30-50
የ50 የየየ
የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ
የ/ የ5 የየየ የየየ
የ/ የ5-10 የየየ
የ/ የ10 የየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየ የየ የየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ
የየየየ
የየየየየ- የ10 የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ ? የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየየ ?
የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ ?
የየየየ የየ/የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየ
የየየ
የየየየ የየ
የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየ
የየየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየየ
የየየ የየየየየየየ

የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ

የየየየ የየ/የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ

የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየ
የየየ
የየየየ የየ
የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየ
የየየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየየ
የየየ የየየየየየየ

1. የየየየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየ ?

የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ
የየየየየየየ
የየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየ
የየየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየየየ
የየየየ
የየየ
የየየየ የየ
የየየየ
የየየ
የየየየየ
የየ
የየየየየ
የየ የየ
የየየ/የየ
የየየየየየ
የየየ

የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ

የየየ የየ የየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየየ የየየ
የየየየየ
የየ የየ
የየየ/የየ የየየየየየ
የየየ

2.የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየ ? የየ የየየየየ (የየየ)

3. የየየ የ2 የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየየየ ? የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ ?
4. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ ?
የ/ የየየ የየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ
የ/ የየየ የየየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየ
የ/ የየየ የየየ
5. የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ ?
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ
የ/ የየ የየየየየ

የየየየየየ የየየ
6. የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ ?
የ/ የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ
የ/ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየ
7. የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ/የየየየየየየ?
የ/ የየየየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየ
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየ
የ/ የየ የየየየ (የየ)
8. የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየ ?
……………………………………………………………………………………….
9. የየየየየየ የየየየ /የየየየየ የየየ
I. የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ ?
II. የየየየ የየ የየ የየየ የየየ ?
III. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ ?
IV. የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ?
V. የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ ?
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየ
I. የየየየ የየ ?
II. የየየየ የየ የየ ?
III. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ ?
IV. የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየ ?
V. የየየ
የ/ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየ
I. የየየ የየ የየየየየ የየ ?
II. የየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ ?
III. የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ (የየየየ)
የየየየየ የየየ የየየ ? የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ?
IV. የየ የየየየ የየየ ? የየ የየየየ የየየ?
የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ ?
የየ /የየየየየ
 I. የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ? የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ
የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
II. የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ ? የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ
የየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ?
የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ ? የየ
የየየየ የየየ ?........................................
የየ የየየየ የየየ ? ……………………………….
የየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ ?
 የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየየ የየየ
የ/ የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ ?
የ/ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ (የየ) የየየየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ
የ/ የየየየየ የየየየ
የ/ የየየ

የየየየየየ የየየየየ
1. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ?
የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ
የ የየ የየ የ የየየ የ
የየ (የየየ) የየየ
(የየ
የ)
የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ
የየየ የ የ
የየየ
የ
የየየ የየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየ የየ
የየ የየየየ
የየየ
የየየየየ
የየየየየየየ
የ
 የየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየ የየየየ
2. የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ
የየ የየ (የየ) የየ የየ
(የየ)
የየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ የየ የየ
የየየየ የየየየ
የየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየ የየየ (የየየየ)
የየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ
የየየ

የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ ?

የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የ.የ.የ….
የየየየ የየየየየየ (የየየየ)
የ/ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየየየ ? (የየ/የየ) የየ የየየ የየየ የየየ ?
የ/ የየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ? የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ
? (የየ/የየ)
የየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ ?
የ/ የየየየ የየየየየየየ? የየየ የየየ የየ ?
የ/ የየየ የየየ የየየ ? የየየየ?
የ/ የየየ የየ የየየየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ?
የየየየ (የየየየየየ የየየየየየ)
የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ
የየየየየየየየ የየ የየ የየየ የየ
የየየየየ የየየየ (የየየ) የየየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየየ
የየየ የየ የየየ
የየየ የየየ
የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ
የየየ የየ የየየ
የየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየ የየየ

የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ

የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ

የየየ የየ
የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ
የየየየ የየየየየ የየ
የየየየየ
የየየ የየ
የየየ/የየ የየየየየየ
የየየ

የየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ

የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ

መመመመመ መመመመመ
1. የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ ?
2. የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየየ?
3. የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየየ?
4. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ?
5. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ
6. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየ ?
7. የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየ?
8. የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ? (የየየየየ- የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ
የየየየ)?
9. የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየየየ?
1.1.1 የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ ?
1.1.2 የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየ የየየ ?
1.1.3 የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ
የየየ የየየየ?
1.1.4 የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ?
የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ
1. የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ?
2. የየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ?
3. የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየ ?
4. የየየየ የየየ የየየ የየ?
5. የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ?
6. የየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ ?
I. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየየ?
II. የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ?
III. የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ?
IV. የየየየየTየ የየየ የየ የየየየ?
V. የየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየ ? የየየየየ የየ ?
VI. የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ?
 VII. የየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ?
VIII. የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ? የየ የየ ?
IX. የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ?
X. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ?
XI. የየየየ የየየየየየየ? የየየየየ የየየየየየየ?

የየየየየየ/የየየየየ የየየየየ
1. የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ ? የየ/የየየየየ ?
2. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ?
3. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ ?
4. የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ?
5. የየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ?
6. የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየ የየ የየየየየየ?
7. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ?
8. የየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ?
9. የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ?
10. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ? የየ/የየየየየ
11. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ? የየ/የየየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየየየ
1. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ?
2. የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ ?
3. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ (የየየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየ) የየየየየ የየየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ?
4. የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ (የየየየየየየየየ የየ የ.የ.የ.. ) የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ
የየየ የየ? የየየየ የየየ ?
5. የየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ? የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ?
2. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ
የ1-5 የየየየየየየ
1. የየየ የየየየየየ
2. የየየየየየ
3. የየየየየ
4. የየየየየየ
5. የየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ/የየ
የየ የየ የየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየ

1.የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ

የየየየ የየየ

2.የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ የየ

የየ
3.የየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየ
የየየየየ የየ

4.የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየ

5.የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ

የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ

6.የየየየየ የየየየየየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ
የየ የየየየ የየ

የ.የ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ

የየየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየ
የየ የየ
1

3
 የየየ የየየየየ (የየየየ)

1. የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየየ? የየ የየ የየየየየየ?

2. የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ?
3. የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ ?

የየየየ 3 የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየ

1. የየየየየየ የየየየ WASH የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ?
2. የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ ?
3. የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየየየ ?
4. የ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
5. የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ?
6. የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ ?
7. የየየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ?
8. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ ?
9. የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ?
10. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ?
11. የየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየ/የየየየየየየየ (የየ) ?
12. የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ? (የየየየየ- የየየየየ የየየየየ?
የየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ?
13. የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየ ? የየየ ? የየየየ የየ ? የየየ የየየየየ ?
የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየ?
14. የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ?
የየ የየየየ ?
15. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ?
16. የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ ?
17. የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ ?
18. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ?
19. የየየየየ (የየየ) የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ?
20. የየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየ የየየየ?
21. የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ?
22. የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ ?
23. የየየየየየ የየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ ?
24. የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ?

የየየየ 4. የየየየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየየ

የየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ
1. የየ WASH የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየ?
2. የ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየ ? የየየ
የየየየየ ? የየየየ የየየየየ?
3. የየየየ የየየ 2 የየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ?
4. የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየ?
5. የየየየየ የየየየየ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ (MFIS) የየየ የየየየ
6. የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ? የየየየየ የየየየየየየ?
7. የ WASH sme’s የየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ (challenges) የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ?
8. የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ? የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ?
9. የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየየ?
10. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ?
11.
12. የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየ?
13.
14. የየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ( repatment installmenet)
15.
የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየ
የየየየ
የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ
የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ (instrument) 5 የየየየ የየየየ (personal observation) የየየየየየ
የየየየየየ
የየየየየ
1. የየየየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየ ?
2. የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ?
3. የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ?
4. የየየየ የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ?
5. የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ?
6. የ WASH የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ ?
7. የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ?የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ?
8. የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ? የየየየየ? የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየየየ?
የየ የየየየ
የየየየ የየየየየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየ የየየ
የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየ የየ የየየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ
የየ የየየ የየ የየ? የየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየ?
የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ? የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ?

የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ 6

የ FGD የየ የየየ
1. የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
2. የ WASH የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ
- የየየ
- የየየ የየ
- የየየ የየየየ የ.የ.የ..
3. የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ?
4. የየየ የየየየ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ ? የየ የየ የየየ
የየየየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየ?
5. የየየየየየየ የየየ የ WASH የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ?
6. የየየየ የየየየየየ የ WASH የየየየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ
የየየየየየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየየ ?
7. የ WASH የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ ?
8. የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
9. የ WASH የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ ?
10. የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየ? የየየ
11. የየየየየየ የ WASH የየየየየየየ የየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየየ ?
12. የ WASH የየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየየ የየየየየየየ ?
13. የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየ የየ የየየየ የየ የየየ የየየየ የየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየ የየየ?
14. የ WASH የየየየ የየየየ የየየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየ የየየየየ የየየ የየየየ ?
የየየየ የየየ የየ የየየ የየየየየ የየ የየየየየ የየየየየየ የየ የየየየየየየ የየየየየ የየየየ
የየየየየየየ የየየየየየየ
የየየየ
የየየየ የየየየየ የየየየየየየ