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Perfect Number

A perfect number is a positive integer equal to the sum of its proper divisors. The only known form of even perfect numbers is of the form 2^n-1(2^n-1), where 2^n-1 is a prime number. It is unknown whether there are any odd perfect numbers or if there are infinitely many even perfect numbers.

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48 views13 pages

Perfect Number

A perfect number is a positive integer equal to the sum of its proper divisors. The only known form of even perfect numbers is of the form 2^n-1(2^n-1), where 2^n-1 is a prime number. It is unknown whether there are any odd perfect numbers or if there are infinitely many even perfect numbers.

Uploaded by

VikashKumarBhagat
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PERFECT NUMBER

Vikash kumar
2017mas1023
Msc mathematics
Definition
A perfect number is a positive integer equal to
its aliquot sum.

I.e.
A perfect number n is a positive integer such
that
σ(n) = 2n
Where

σ:ℕ→ℕ
Is a sigma function ( σ(n)=sum of all positive divisor of n ).
Theorem of Even perfect number
Euler theorem:
Let a ∊ ℕ be an even perfect number then a
is in the form

2n-1(2n-1)

where 2n-1 is prime number.


Euclid theorem:

If 2n-1 is prime,then number of the form

2n-1(2n-1)
is perfect.
Cataldi-fermat theorem
If 2n-1 is prime , then n itself is prime.

Converse not true.


Proposition :
Every even perfect number ends in either 6 or 8.

Proof:
Every prime greater than 2 is of the form 4m+1or4m+3.

Case 1: n=4m+1
N=2n-1(2n-1)=24m(24m+1-1)=16m(2.16m-1)≡6m(2.6m-1)≡6(12-1)
≡6(mod10)

Case 2: n=4m+3
N=4.16m(8.16m-1)≡4.6(8.6-1)≡4(8-1)≡8(mod10)
Result:
1. If P is a odd prime and k is an integer
then Pk Can’t be perfect.
Representation of perfect number in binary form:

If N=2n-1(2n-1) is perfect and N is written in base 2


(binary form),then it has 2n-1 digits,the first n of
which are unity end the last n-1 are zero.

Example:
1. 6=21(22-1)
6=1102

2. 28=22(23-1)
28=111002

First noted by josef studnička.


Perfect number can be written as
sum of cubes.
If N = 2n-1(2n-1) is perfect for n>2 then

N = 13+33+...+(2(n-1)/2-1)3.
Some more things..
● As of january 2018, 50 even perfect
number is known.
● The largest even perfect number known
is 27723916(27723917-1) with 46,498,850
digits.
● It is unknown whether there are
infinitely many perfect number or not.

● It is unknown whether there is any odd


perfect number or not.
Matlab Program to check perfect number

Command:
n=input('enter number ')
for i=1:n
j=1;
sum=0;
while(j<i)
if mod(i,j)==0
sum=sum+j;
end
j=j+1;
end
if sum==i;
i
end
end
Reference

● Elementary number theory


-David M.Burtron

● wikipedia.
Thank you!

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