EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
PROJECT NAME : DESIGN,SUPPLY,ERECTION,TESTING & COMMISSIONING
OF NEW 132/11KV AIR INSULATED SUBSTATIONS AT
PAYRA AND EXTENSION OF 132KV BAYS AT EXISTING
PATUAKHALI 132/33KV SUBSTATION ON TURNKEY
BASIS.
CONTRACT NO : PGCB/132KV/PP/SS, DATE: 11-04-2018
EMPLOYER : POWER GRID COMPANY OF BANGLADESH (PGCB)
SUBSTATION NAME : PAYRA 132/11KV (AIS) GRID SUBSTATION.
CONTRACTOR : ENERGYPAC ENGINEERING LTD.
SUBMITTED BY : ENERGYPAC ENGINEERING LTD.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
BILL OF QUANTITY (BOQ) FOR EARTHING LAYOUT:
Description Unit Quantity
Size of Earthing conductor sqmm 150
Length of Earthing conductor on long side mtr 140.7
Length of Earthing conductor on short side mtr 119
Total area enclosed by Earthing Grid sqm 10509.15
Total length of Earthing conductor mtr 3400
Total no of Earth boring no’s 116
Length of each Earth boring mtr 3
Total length of Earth boring mtr 348
Depth of main earthing grid mtr 1
NOTES:
1. Earthing design & calculation is based on IEEE std. 80 (IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation
Grounding)
1. Calculation is based on considering the soil resistivity, ρ = 50 Ω-m.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
A) DESIGN PARAMETERS:
Description Symbol Value Unit
1. Length of earthing grid on long side. LX 140.7 mtr
2. Width of earthing grid on short side. LY 119 mtr
3. Total area enclosed by earthing grid. A 10509.15 sq. mtr
4. Soil resistivity as per field data. ρ 50 ohm-mtr
5. Surface layer resistivity. ρs 3000 ohm-mtr
6. Symmetrical earth fault current for sizing earthing If 40 KA
conductor.
7. Duration of fault current for sizing earthing tc 1 sec
conductor.
8. Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at 20◦C of subsoil αr 0.00381 per ◦C
ground grid conductor material.
9. Resistivity of subsoil ground grid conductor material ρr 1.78 micro ohm-cm
(20 ◦C).
10. Thermal capacity (per unit volume). TCAP 3.42 J/(cm³.◦C)
11. Maximum allowable (fusing) temperature. Tm 1084 ◦C
12. Design ambient temperature. Ta 40 ◦C
13. Diameter of earthing conductor d 13.8 mm
14. Reflection factor between different materials K -0.9672131148 N/A
resisvities.
15. Surface layer thickness. hs 0.1 mtr
16. Surface layer-derating factor. Cs 0.69482759 N/A
17. Duration of shock for determining allowable body ts 1 sec
current.
18. Maximum tolerable step voltage for 70 kg person Estep70 2120.6 volt
19. Maximum tolerable touch voltage for 70 kg person Etouch70 647.896 volt
20. Depth of subsoil ground grid conductors. h 1 mtr
21. Spacing between parallel conductors. D 6.5 mtr
22. Maximum distance between any two points on the Dm 187.5 mtr
grid.
23. Total length of earthing conductor. LC 3400 mtr
24. Length of each earth boring Lr 3 mtr
25. Total no. of earth boring. nr 116 no’s
26. Total length of earth boring. LR 348 mtr
27. Total effective length of grounding system including LT 3748 mtr
conductor & earth boring.
28. Effective length of LT=LC+LR for mesh voltage LM 3946.3 mtr
29. Effective length of LT=LC+LR for step voltage LS 2845.8 mtr
30. Earthing grid resistance Rg 0.204946992 Ohm
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
Description Symbol Value Unit
31. Fault current division factor (split factor) Sf 0.6 N/A
32. Symmetrical grid current (without dc offset) Ig 24000 A
33. Decrement factor for determining, Ig Df 1 N/A
34. Maximum grid current IG 24000 A
35. Ground potential rise GPR 4919.5 volt
36. Geometric factor n 14.73 N/A
37. Corrective weighting factor for earth electrodes on the Kii 1 N/A
corner of mesh
38. Corrective weighting factor for depth of burial Kh 1.414213562 N/A
39. Correction factor for grid geometry Ki 2.825 N/A
40. Geometric spacing factor for mesh voltage Km 0.621397 N/A
41. The maximum attainable touch voltage within a mesh EM 533.74372 volt
42. Geometric spacing factor for step voltage Ks 0.25055924 N/A
43. The maximum attainable step voltage ES 298.44276 volt
B) CALCULATION:
I) Calculation of Earthing Grid Conductor Size:
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 40), we get the required minimum conductor size,
By putting values from design parameters table we get,
143.198 sqmm
As per Technical Data Sheet (TDS), the minimum conductor size for the main earth and interconnections
between earth bars and the earth electrode system shall not be less than 150 sqmm.
Selected conductor size for earthing grid, Ac = 150 sqmm.
CONDUCTOR SIZE FOR EARTHING GRID = 150 sqmm.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
II) Calculation for Maximum Tolerable Step Voltage & Touch Voltage:
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 21), we get the reflection factor between different material resistivities,
By putting the values from design parameters table we get,
K = -0.9672131148
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 27), we get the surface layer derating factor,
By putting the values from design parameters table we get,
Cs = 0.69482759
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 30), we get the maximum tolerable step voltage (assuming avg. weight
of per person 70 kg)
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
Estep70 = 2120.6 volt.
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 33), we get the maximum tolerable touch voltage (assuming avg. weight
of per person 70 kg)
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
Etouch70 = 647.896 volt.
MAXIMUM TOLERABLE STEP VOLTAGE, Estep70 = 2120.6 VOLT.
MAXIMUM TOLERABLE TOUCH VOLTAGE, Etouch70 = 647.896 VOLT.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
III) Calculation of Earth Resistance of Earthing Grid System (Accurate Version/Schwarz
Equation):
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 54), we get the earth resistance of ground conductors,
By putting the values from design parameters table and below calculation we get,
R1 = 0.2059926 Ω.
Here, a’ =
Where, r = radius of the selected conductor = 0.0069 mtr.
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
a’ = 0.118
From IEEE standard 80 (Figure 25 (a) & (b)), we get the constant co-efficient,
K1 = 1.14088235
K2 = 4.7982353
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 55), we get the earth resistance of earth electrodes,
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
R2 = 0.2901241 Ω.
Here, cross sectional radius of an earth electrode, b = 0.008 mtr.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 56), we get the mutual earth resistance between the grid conductors
and the earth electrodes,
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
Rm = 0.1955097 Ω
Now from IEEE standard 80 (equation 53), we get the earthing grid resistance,
Rg = 0.2049 Ω
As per Technical Data Sheet (TDS), the calculated Earthing Grid Resistance, Rg should not be exceed 0.5
Ω.
EARTHING GRID RESISTANCE, Rg = 0.2049 Ω
Here, Earthing Grid Resistance, Rg < 0.5 Ω, hence the result is acceptable.
IV) Calculation of Maximum Grid Current:
Symmetrical earth fault current, If = 40KA (As per given document)
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 65), we get symmetrical grid current (rms),
By putting the values from design parameters table we get,
Ig = 24000 Amps.
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 64), we get the maximum grid current,
By putting the values from design parameters table and above calculation we get,
IG = 24000 Amps.
MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT, IG = 24000 Amps.
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
V) Calculation of Ground Potential Rise (GPR):
From IEEE standard 80, we get the ground potential rise (GPR),
By putting the values from above calculation we get,
GPR = 4919.5 volt.
Etouch70 = 647.896 volt.
GROUND POTENTIAL RISE (GPR) > MAXIMUM TOLERABLE TOUCH VOLTAGE
Since GPR exceeds Etouch70, therefore further design verification is necessary.
C) DESIGN VERIFICATION
VI) Calculation of Mesh Voltage (Maximum Attainable Touch Voltage within a Mesh):
Peripheral length of the grid, LP =
LP = 519.4 mtr
The geometric factor, na =
na = 13.09
The geometric factor, nb =
nb = 1.125457
The geometric factor, nc = 1 (For rectangular grid)
The geometric factor, nd = 1 (For rectangular grid)
The geometric factor composed of factors, n =
n = 14.73
For grids with earth electrodes along the grid perimeter or corners, corrective weighting factor for earth
electrodes on the corner of mesh,
Kii = 1
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 83), we get the corrective weighting factor for depth of burial,
Kh =
Kh = 1.414213562
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 89), we get the correction factor for grid geometry,
Ki = 2.825
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 81), we get the geometric spacing factor for mesh voltage,
Km = 0.621397
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 90), we get the effective length of (LC+LR) for mesh voltage,
LM = 3946.3 mtr.
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 80), we get the mesh voltage (maximum attainable touch voltage within
a mesh)
Em = 533.74372 volt.
Etouch70 = 647.896 volt.
EM < Etouch70
The maximum attainable touch voltage is less than tolerable touch voltage; hence, the
grid design is correct.
VII) Calculation of Maximum Attainable Step Voltage:
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 94), we get the geometric spacing factor for step voltage,
Ks = 0.25055924
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 93), we get the effective length of (LC+LR) for step voltage,
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EARTHING DESIGN & CALCULATION
LS = 2845.8 mtr.
From IEEE standard 80 (equation 92), we get the maximum attainable step voltage,
ES = 298.44276 volt.
Estep70 = 2120.6 volt.
ES < Estep70
The maximum attainable step voltage is less than tolerable step voltage; hence, the
grid design is correct.
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