Practical No.

:1 & 2
Aim: Evaluate different Circuit simulation tools for Circuit Simulation (Presentation).
List and compare different PCB layout design tools used for PCB Layout Design
(Presentation).

Theory: In this practical we will understand two types of circuit simulation & layout tools
described below.

An OrCAD Tutorial

1. Introduction
OrCAD is a suite of tools from Cadence company for the design and layout of printed circuit
boards (PCBs). This is the most popular tool in the industry. Its student version is freely
downloadable from the Cadence web site. This document is a fast track course in designing an
entire circuit board from start to finish. This will be a very small and simple circuit, but it will
demonstrate the major concepts and introduce the tools behind completing a PCB design. After
you have completed this tutorial, you will know all the steps needed to make PCBs using
OrCAD. This is not, however, a guide to the inner workings of the OrCAD interface. You should
use this document in conjunction with the online OrCAD help and tutorials.
Design process

The primary tool for entering schematics is Capture CIS. CIS stands for Component Information
System which provides a database of components to all Orcad tools. The hierarchy of a design
project is as follows.
PROJECT (.OPJ file)

DESIGN1(.DSN file) ……. DESIGN2(.DSN file)…….

SCHEMATIC1 SCHEMATIC2 SCHEMATIC1 SCHEMATIC2 SCHEMATIC3……

PAGE1 PAGE2 PAGE3 PAGE1 PAGE1 PAGE2 PAGE1 PAGE1 PAGE2

The components in schematics file consist of schematic symbols that are contained in various
libraries (“.olb” files). These files are located in the folder Orcad\Capture\Library. The output of
Capture is called “Netlist file”. It has a file extension “.mnl”. After entering schematics, we
export netlist to the other tools using ECO (Engineering Change Order) tool.
This netlist can be imported either in following two tools.
1. “Pspice” simulator for studying the electronic behavior in response to a stimulus.
2. “Orcad layout plus” tool for PCB layout. We need to create a new layout project
(Filename extension .max), define the technology i.e. capabilities of PCB fabrication
process and import the netlist. Then we define the board outline, place the components,
define the layer properties and do routing. The final output is “Gerber file” which can be
sent to a PCB fabricator.
Capture CIS
OrCAD Capture is used for design entry in schematic form, you can refer to OrCAD tutorial
“Learning Capture” for more details. For this, open the OrCAD Capture software, and then press
“Help” > “Learning Capture” from the menu bar with the mouse to open the learning tutorial. We
will start with a simple circuit.
Starting a New Schematic Project
To create a new project, first start OrCAD Capture and click File > New > Project. You will see
the following dialog box.

In the Name window, enter assignment1. Create a new folder assignment1 in the tutorial folder
and select it using the Browse button. Press OK. Another small dialog box appears for PSPICE
project creation. Choose the radio button corresponding to “Create a blank project”. Your screen
should look like this.
PLACING PARTS & MAKING CONNECTIONS - You are now ready to start placing the
electrical components for your design. Open the first page of your schematics and click the Place
Part icon on the toolbar on the right side of the screen. It is the second button from the top. You
will then get a dialog for choosing which part you want to place on your schematics.
Click on ANALOG in the Libraries window and R in Part List window. Press OK. The part select
window vanishes and a resistor symbol appears besides cursor. Click the cursor 2 times to place
resistors R7 and R9. Now press the “R” key to rotate the symbol through 90 degrees and place R8.
Right click the mouse and select “End Mode”. Notice that ORCAD has automatically labeled the
resistors as R1, R2 and R3. To change the name, double click on the name to invoke properties
dialog and change it. Similarly change the default value of 1K to 7, 6 and 6 respectively.
Now select VDC from the SOURCE library and place it on the left of the resistors.
Now we need to draw nets to make electrical connections between components. To do
this, click the Place Wire icon (third from top) and connect the components as shown in the
assignment1 schematics. You need to add ground connection. Click on ground tool (ninth from
top) and in the dialog box, select 0/SOURCE. Place it on the schematic and connect it to the
negative terminal of the battery.
Your schematic is now ready but before the simulation can start, you need to put probes on
the signals you want to display. For the voltage signal, you can click the icon “Voltage/Level
marker”; for the current signal, you can click the icon “Current marker” from that tool bar

PSpice Simulation
Now you can start to use PSpice to simulate your design. Press “PSpice” in the menu bar and choose
“New Simulation Profile”. A new window page will pop up, type the filename as assignment1 and
then click “Create”. When you are done, “Simulation Settings” window is shown as follows. There
are 8 different pages, only the “Analysis” page needs to modified now, keep the others at their
default state.
Operating Point Analysis (.OP)
In assignment 1, you need to compute the corresponding node voltages and branch currents, this can
be done by operating point (bias point) analysis. Firstly, choose “Analysis” page in the simulation
settings windows, then choose “Bias Point” from the Analysis type. Keep other options at their
default values and click “OK”.
After that, you can put your mouse pointer onto the net in the schematic that you want to probe. Now
you can start the simulation by clicking the “Run PSpice” icon (which looks like PLAY button).
When the simulation is finished, click on the menu Pspice > view output file to see the bias point.
Press the V button to display bias voltages and I button to display currents.
Steps for creating a PCB Layout file:///D:/bbit/PRACTICAL WRITEUPS/pcb/Steps for creating a PCB L...

Steps for creating a PCB Layout

1. Go to Start --> Programs -->OrCAD Release 9.1 -->Capture CIS

2. Go to File -->New -->Project...

3. Give a name for your project.

Select Analog or Mixed-signal Circuit Wizard.

Choose a folder for saving your project.

Click on OK.

4. For digital simulations Add (double click on) 7400.olb (conatins TTL ICs).
For analog simulations Add (double click on) opamp.olb (conatains Op-Amps including uA741) and diode.olb (contains diodes).

5. Now make the circuit in the schematic window.

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Do not place any input signals or voltage markers yet.

6. Now inside the project window, click on the .DSN file under Design Resources. Now click on Tools à Create Netlist…

7. In the dialog box shown below, select the Layout tab; then put a check mark against Run ECO to Layout; also note down the name
of the netlist file (.mnl) Eg. C:\OrCAD\Half_Adder.mnl.

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8. Click on OK to any message asking you to save.

9. Close Capture and start Layout from Start -->Programs -->OrCAD Release 9.1 -->Layout

Start -->

10. Open File -->New

In the Load Template Dialog, select the file :

“C:\Program Files\OrCAD\LAYOUT\DATA\_DEFAULT.TCH”

(Here C: may be D: or any other drive where OrCAD is installed)

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11. In the Load Netlist Source dialog, browse to the netlist file (.mnl) saved in step 7.

12. In the Save dialog, give any name to save your Layout project. OrCAD will give the extension .MAX to the board layout file.

13. The ECO utility will run and will close automatically if there are no errors in loading your netlist. Errors may occur if OrCAD does
not have the dimensions of the components you have used in the netlist. Then you can choose an alternative component of similar
size.

14. Now the PCB will appear with all the components (ICs, resistors etc) placed on it at suitable positions. Any pins to be connected
are shown connected with a yellow line. Initially all of these will be overlapping.

Now click on the Add/Edit Route button the toolbar :

Now you can click on any pin of an IC, if it is connected to any other pin, both the pins get highlighted. Now you can provide a
path between the pins on the PCB with the mouse.

Click on one pin and click at different points to mark the path towards the other pin. Clicking on the final pin finishes the path.
Make sure you click on all the pins to see if they are connected.

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Make sure that the paths are non-overlapping.

A sample finished PCB layout may look like this:

You can change some settings by opening Options -->Post Process Settings…

There is still some more work to do which is not mentioned here.

Bye.

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 Lab 3: Multisim & Ultiboard
INTRODUCTION
Multisim is a schematic capture and simulation application that assists you in carrying
out the major steps in the circuit design flow. Multisim can be used for both analog and
digital circuits and also includes mixed analog/digital simulation capability, and
microcontroller co-simulation. Simulating the circuits before building them, catches
errors early in the design flow, saving time and money. The Multisim’s user interface and
its main elements can be seen in Figure 1.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9 10 11 12 13
1: Menu bar 4: Standard toolbar 7. Main toolbar 10. Circuit window
2: Design toolbar 5: View toolbar 8. In use list 11. Spreadsheet view
3: Component toolbar 6: Simulation toolbar 9. Active bar 12. Scroll left/right
13. Instruments toolbar

Figure 1. Multisim’s interface

Ultiboard, fed from Multisim, is used to design printed circuit boards, perform certain
basic mechanical CAD operations, and prepare them for manufacturing. Ultiboard also
provides automated parts placement and layout.

LAB Exercise 1 – Digital Circuit

Objective:
Place, wire and simulate a digital circuit.

Procedure

In this exercise, you will place and wire the components in the circuit shown below.

VCC
5V

CA

U4

A B C D E F G H
U1 U2
R1
14 INA QA 12 7 A OA 13
1 INB QB 9 1 B OB 12
QC 8 2 C OC 11
2 11 6 10
J2 3
R01
R02
QD D OD
OE 9
V1 6
3
5
~LT OF 15
14
R91 ~RBI OG
7 R92 4 ~BI/RBO
100 Hz
5V Key = Space
74LS90N 74LS47D
U3A

LED1 2X8DIP
74LS08J 470 Ω
GND
R2
470Ω

GND

Figure 2. BCD counter

1. Select Start » All Programs » Applications » National Instruments » Circuit

Design Suite 0.1 » Multisim 10.1. A blank file opens on the workspace called
Circuit1.

2. Select File » Save As to display a standard Windows Save dialog. Name and save
the file in your Z drive.

3. Select Place » Component to display the Select a Component browser. Select

the group Indicators in the Group menu, and the Hex_display Family. Navigate
to the 7-segment LED display as shown below and click OK. The component
appears as a “ghost” on the cursor.
 Figure 3. Select a Component window

4. Place the remaining components in the workspace. The LED is in the Diode
Group. The voltage sources are in the Sources Group; Power sources family and
Signal voltage sources family. The resistors are in the Basic Group. The
integrated circuits are in the TTL Group. The pushbutton is in the
Electromechanical Group; Momentary switches family.

Note: as this is a digital circuit, you should use DGND as ground. For analog
circuits use the GROUND component.

5. You can adjust the properties of the components, such as the frequency of the
square wave, double clicking on them. Right click on a component to modify its
orientation.

6. To wire the circuit, click on a pin on a component to start the connection (your
pointer turns into a crosshair) and move the mouse. A wire appears, attached to
your cursor. Click on a pin on the second component to finish the connection.
Multisim automatically places the wire, which conveniently snaps to an
appropriate configuration. You can also control the flow of the wire by clicking
on points as you move the mouse. Each click “fixes” the wire to that point.
 7. Select Simulate»Run or press the Run button in the simulation toolbar to
simulate the circuit. As the circuit simulates the 7-segment display counts up and
the LED flashes at the end of each count cycle. The pushbutton is an interactive
component. Look what happen when it is pressed.

8. Save and close the circuit.

END OF EXERCISE 1.

LAB Exercise 2 – Transfer from Schematic to PCB

OBJECTIVE:
Transfer the schematic designed in Exercise 1 to a useable PCB layout using Ultiboard.

Procedure
1. Open the saved file from the end of Exercise 1.

2. Transfer the schematic design to Ultiboard 10 by selecting Transfer » Transfer

to Ultiboard 10.

Figure 4. Transfer Menu

3. Use the Save As dialog box to save the new Ultiboard file to your Z drive. Click
OK on the message box that appears.

4. Accept the default trace width and clearance that is given when Ultiboard opens.
Make sure that all fields are selected in the Import Netlist Action Selection
window and click OK. The program should look like Figure 5.

Figure 5. Voltage limiter

5. Select the Layers tab near the middle of the left of the screen. This lists the board
layers and other useful elements of the board. Double-clicking a particular layer
sets that layer as active. Double-click Board Outline from the list.

6. Right-click an edge of the yellow rectangle and select Properties from the menu
that appears. Under the Rectangle tab set the width to 2000 and the height to
1500. Click OK and notice that the yellow rectangle becomes much smaller. This
rectangle represents the area of the circuit board in which all of the components
and traces must fit.

7. The next step to PCB design is to layout the components. Double-click the
checkbox next to Ratsnest in the layers list. This removes the yellow lines that
connect all of the components together and simplifies the picture.

8. Begin placing the components inside of the yellow rectangle. Notice single brown
lines coming out of each component. These are Force Vectors and they point to
the most efficient place to put the component based on its necessary connections.
Use these as a guide for placement, but be careful because Force Vectors would
 ideally have all of the components stacked on top of each other in the middle of
the board.

9. There are many different ways this board could be laid out and it takes practice to
make efficient boards. Use Figure 6 as an example of where to put components, or
feel free to create your own unique layout.

Figure 6. Possible Component Layout

10. The next step is setting the up the routing parameters for laying out the copper
trace. Go to the Netlist Editor by selecting Tools » Netlist Editor. This tool
keeps track of all connections between pins on the board. Each set of pins
connected together are referred to as a Net. Use the dropdown menu in the Netlist
Editor to view the different Nets on the board. The tabs in the Netlist Editor
provide different information and options for the selected net.

11. To prepare the Nets for routing select the first Net from the list. Select the Misc
tab and check the box next to Copper Bottom. This tells the Autorouter that this
Net can be connected by placing trace either on the top of the board or the bottom
of the board.

12. In this case it is best if the Autorouter can use the top or bottom layers for all of
the Nets. To save time select the Nets tab from the group of tabs at the bottom of
the screen. Right-click one of the rows and choose Select All from the menu that
appears. Click inside one of the cells in the Routing Layers column. Check the
box next to Copper Bottom in the window that appears and click OK.

13. The board layout is ready for the Autorouter. Start the Autorouter by selecting
Autoroute » Start/Resume Autorouting. The Autorouter should only take
 seconds to place traces for the board. Notice that there are green and red lines that
appear. The green lines represent copper trace on the top layer of the board and
red lines represent copper trace on the bottom layer of the board. Figure 6 shows
an example of what the board from Figure 5 looks like after routing.

Figure 6. Routed PCB

14. It is important to cleanup and check the work of the Autorouter after use.
Excessive bends and sharp angles in the traces greatly increase the chances of
board failure during manufacturing and use. Take some time to look through the
traces and get a feel for dragging traces into more appropriate shapes and angles.
The Autorouter is never perfect and there are always traces that can be cleaned
up.

15. Once you are satisfied with the traces on the board Save and Close the design.

END OF EXERCISE 2.
 Practical No.:3
Aim: Create and save new schematic file with Project using circuit simulation software
(orcade).
Starting Capture
The Orcad Family installation process offers a default location for Capture and adds “Orcad Family
Release” to the Programs menu (available from the Start button).
To start Capture
1 From the Start menu, point to Programs and choose Orcad Family Release.
2 From the Orcad Family Release menu item, choose Capture.

The Capture session frame

Once you start Capture, you see the Capture session frame. You do all your schematic design and processing
within this window.
The minimized Session Log icon in the lower left portion of the Capture session frame is the session log.
The session log provides information about everything you have done in the current Capture session.
Detailed information about this window—and the other windows in Capture—The Capture work
environment. In Capture, each design that you open is in a separate project manager window. If you need
to work simultaneously with several designs, you can open them all, and each will have its own project
manager window. Depending on which type of window you have active (an active window is one whose
title bar is highlighted), certain buttons on the toolbar and certain items on the menus may be unavailable,
since you perform tasks and use tools based upon the type of window that is active. Also, the menus and
menu choices vary, depending on which type of window is active. The available menus and menu choices
also vary depending upon the type of project.
The project manager
The project manager provides a graphical display of a project’s resources by grouping them into appropriate
folders, as de
the design’s schematic folders and schematic pages, and a Design Cache folder that shows all the parts used
on the schematic pages. Capture automatically adds any schematic folders or schematic pages that you
create to the design folder. (In Figure 2, the design folder is named DESIGN3.DSN.) You can add other
files or information using the Project command on the Edit menu. For example, you can add an existing
VHDL file to the design folder and later attach the models within that VHDL file to hierarchical blocks on
a schematic page. For information about hierarchical designs, see Chapter 6, Design structure. The project
manager

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 1

 New project manager window
folder (in the Design Resources folder) shows the schematic part library files you’ve added
to the project using the Project command on the Edit menu.
processing tools. Generally, these files include bill
of materials reports and technology-specific netlists. Capture adds files to this folder when each is created.
Project manager tabs—File and Hierarchy
The project manager provides two ways to display a project’s resources. If you choose the File tab (shown
in Figure 3), the project manager displays all the project’s folders, schematic folders, and schematic pages.
These are displayed in a tree-like fashion. You can expand or collapse the tree by clicking the plus sign in
front of the icon. When that branch of the tree is expanded, the plus sign change to a minus sign. If you
choose the Hierarchy tab (shown in Figure 4), the project manager displays the hierarchical relationship
among the project’s schematic folders and schematic pages. For information about simple and complex
hierarchical designs,
In Capture v7.2 and earlier versions, Capture uses logical view and physical view to separate instance and
occurrence information. In Capture Release 9 and later, both instances and occurrences are together in a
single view. The project manager shows all occurrences in the Hierarchy tab.
Capture v7.2 and earlier require you to change view before creating a netlist for use with Orcad Layout. In
Capture Release 9 and later, the netlist tool provides an option to use either the instance properties or the
occurrence properties for creating a netlist.

File tab Hierarchy tab

The schematic page editor
In the schematic page editor, you can display and edit schematic pages. You can place parts, wires, buses,
and draw graphics.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 2

 Schematic page editor
The session log
The session log lists the events that have occurred during the current Capture session, including messages
resulting from using Capture’s tools. To display context-sensitive help for an error message, put the cursor
in the error message line in the session log and press 1. The ruler along the top appears in either inches or
millimeters, depending on which measurement system (U.S. or Metric) you have selected in the Windows
Control Panel. You can add tab settings to the ruler by clicking in the ruler bar and dragging the tabs to
different positions, or remove them by dragging them down into the session log window. Capture saves
your tab settings so that they reappear each time you start Capture.

Session log
Starting a project
A project file (.OPJ) stores pointers to a single design file (.DSN), and can also contain libraries, VHDL
files, and output reports associated with the design file. A design file contains one or more schematic
folders, in which there are one or more schematic pages. A design file also contains a design cache, which
is like an embedded library—it contains a copy of all the parts and symbols used on the schematic pages.
When a design is saved with the project file, information from the various Tools dialog boxes is also saved
in the project file.
To create a new project
1 From the File menu, choose New, then choose Project. The New Project dialog box appears.
2 Type a name for your new project in the Name text box.
3 Use the Browse button to select a new directory.
4 Select a project type in the Create a New Project Using group box, and click OK. Capture provides the
following project types:
—select this type of project if you intend to use your design with
PSpice. Follow the guidance of the Analog Mixed-Mode Project wizard to add the appropriate files to your
project.
PC board—select this type of project if you intend to use your design with Orcad Layout. Follow the
guidance of the PCB Project Wizard to add the appropriate files to your project.
—select this type of project if you intend to use your design with an FPGA or
CPLD EDA tool. Follow the guidance of the Programmable Logic Project Wizard to add the appropriate
files to your project.
—select this type of project if none of the other project types apply. Using this option,
Capture creates a basic project containing only the design file.
To create a new design
1 From the File menu, choose New, then choose Design.
2 The design opens in a new PCB project manager and a new schematic page displays. The first time you
save a new design, the Save As dialog box appears, giving you the opportunity to specify a drive and replace
the system-generated name.
To create a new schematic page
1 On the File tab of the project manager, select the schematic folder that requires a new schematic page.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 3

2 Click the right mouse button and choose New Page from the pop-up menu. A new schematic page appears
within the schematic folder you selected in step 1.
To create a new library
1 From the File menu, choose New, then choose Library.
2 The library opens in the project manager and a Library Cache folder is added to the project manager, or
the library opens in the existing open project manager and a library cache is added.
Opening existing projects, designs, libraries, and VHDL files
You can open an existing project, design, library or VHDL file. Existing schematic pages can only be
opened from within designs and libraries.
To open an existing project
1 From the File menu, point to Open, then choose Project. The Open Project dialog box displays.
2 Select a project (.OPJ) or type the name in the File name text box, then choose the Open button. The
project opens in the project manager.
To open an existing design
1 From the File menu, point to Open, then choose Design. The Open Design dialog box displays.
2 Select a design (.DSN) or type the name in the File name text box, then choose the Open button. The
design opens in the project manager.

Open project, design, and schematic page

To open an existing schematic page
1 In the project manager, select the File tab and double-click the icon of a schematic folder; this expands
the folder and reveals the schematic pages it contains.
2 Double-click on the icon of the schematic page you want to open. The schematic page opens in a
schematic page editor window.
Working with files in a project
Using the project manager, you can add or delete project files. You can add any file to your project,
including libraries and VHDL files. Files not in ASCII format, or a Capture generated format, may not
appear as expected when opened in Capture.
To add a file to your project
1 In the project manager, select the folder to which you want to add a file.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Project. The Add File to Project Folder dialog box displays.
3 Select the file you want to add and choose the Open button. The file is added to the project. Or
1 Drag the file from the Windows Explorer into the folder in the project manager.
To delete a file from a project
1 In the project manager, select the file you want to delete.
2 Press the D key. The file is removed from the project.
Saving projects, designs, and libraries

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 4

When the project manager window is active, you can save a new or existing project, design, or library. The
Save command saves all open documents referenced by the project, as well as the project itself. A Capture
design file (.DSN) is associated with a project file (.OPJ). Each time you use the Save As command from
the File menu to save a design file to another name or directory, you should also use Save As for the project
file. The Save As command saves files depending on what you have selected in the project manager.
raries are selected, Capture prompts you to save each file in turn.
-level folders (Design Resources or Outputs) are selected, and items other than designs or
libraries are selected, the Save As command is unavailable.
es are selected in the project manager, Capture prompts you to save the project.
To save a new design or library
1 With the design or library selected in the project manager, from the File menu, choose Save. The Save
As dialog box displays.
2 Enter a name for the design or library in the File name text box, specify a location, then choose the Save
button. The design or library is saved, and the project manager remains open. When you close the project,
Capture prompts you to save the project file.
To save an existing project
1 With the Design Resources or Output folder selected, choose Save from the File menu. The project is
saved, and remains open in the Capture session frame.
Closing a project
When the project manager window is active, you can close a project without quitting Capture, or you can
close and save your project as you quit.
To close a project
1 From the project manager’s File menu, choose Close Project. When you close a project, a dialog box
displays, asking if you want to save your changes.
To quit Capture
1 From the project manager’s File menu, choose Exit.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 5

 Practical No.:4
Aim: Use different options like wire, bus, junction, AC and DC voltage source, current
source, probe, pulse generator, ground, and probe etc. used in circuit simulation software
library.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 6

 Practical No.:5
Aim: Search , create and add the electronic component to the schematic file from the library
used in circuit simulation software.
Finding and Creating parts in a project
Using the Find command and a part property value, you can locate a part in a project, schematic folder, or
on a schematic page. In the Find dialog box, you enter a property value string and specify that you want to
find a part. Capture searches all the parts to find those with a property value that matches the string. If you
aren’t sure of the exact property value string, you can enter wildcard characters to constrain the search list,
then click OK. Valid wildcard characters are an asterisk (*) to match multiple characters and a question
mark (?) to match individual characters.
To find a part on a schematic page
1 Open the schematic page.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Find.
3 Enter the property value string that defines the part you want to search for.
4 Select Parts from the object types in the Scope area.
5 Click OK to start the search. Parts that have a property value matching the property value string of step 3
are selected on the schematic page.
To find a part in a project
1 In the project manager, select the schematic folder or schematic pages you want to search.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Find.
3 Enter the property value string that defines the part you want to search for.
4 Select Parts from the object types in the Scope area.
5 Click OK to start the search. Parts that have a property value matching the property value string of step 3
are listed in the browse window.
6 Double-click on the part in the browse spreadsheet to open the schematic page editor with the found part
displayed and selected.
Creating and Editing parts
In Capture you can create parts and add them to a new or existing library. You can also edit existing parts
in a library or on a schematic page. All of these processes are described in this chapter. To create or edit a
part, you use the part editor. There are many different ways to access the part editor: To create a new
part, open a new or existing library in the project manager with the library selected. From the Design menu,
choose the New Part command.
To edit an existing part, open a library in the project manager, then double-click on the part.
To edit a part instance on a schematic page, select it. From the Edit menu, choose Part.
Creating a new part
You can create your own custom parts and save them in a library. A custom part can be a single part, or it
can be a package that contains multiple parts. It can contain pins, graphics, text, and IEEE symbols.
Graphics must be within the part’s body, while text and IEEE symbols can be either inside or outside the
part’s body. Pins are attached to the part at the part body border, which defines the size and shape of the
region in which you create the part body. To create a part, you complete three processes:
Define the part.
Draw the part.
Place pins on the part.
Defining a part
Before you begin drawing a part, you must provide Capture with specific information about the part, such
as the part’s name. If the part is a multiple-part package, you can specify how many parts are in the package
and whether the part is homogeneous or heterogeneous. Once you provide this information, you can draw
the part, place graphics, and place pins.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 7

To define a new part
1 In the project manager, select the library you want to add the new part to.
2 From the right mouse button’s pop-up menu, choose New Part. The New Part Properties dialog box
appears.
3 In the Name text box, type a name for the part you are creating. You can use the default settings for the
other options on this dialog box, or you can change them to fit your requirements. For example, if this part
is a multiple-part package, enter the number of parts in the package. All fields on the New Part Properties
dialog box are described later in this section.
4 When the part is specified to your requirements, click OK. The part editor window appears, showing a
dashed outline, which is the part body border. Pins will be placed on the part outside of this region, touching
the part body border. The part’s value displays below the part, and the part’s reference displays above the
part. The part editor window’s title bar shows the name of the library, followed by the name of the part you
are creating.
5 To change the size and shape of the part body border, select the border and drag the selection handles
until the part body border is the size you want. You can resize the part body border later.
To draw the part

1 Once you have established the part’s border, you can use the drawing tools on the part editor’s tool palette
to draw the part and place text on the part. All graphics that make up the part must fit within the boundaries
of the part body border—with the exception of IEEE symbols and text. If you draw or place something
other than IEEE symbols or text outside of the part body border, the part’s border expands to encompass
the graphics.
To place pins on the part
1 You can add pins to the part using the pin tool or the pin array tool.
2 When you are done creating the part, you must save it. From the File menu, choose Save. If you are
creating this part in a new library that hasn’t yet been saved, the Save As dialog box appears, giving you
the opportunity to name the library file. If you are creating this part in a library that already exists, the part
is saved in that library.
New Part Properties dialog box

New Part Properties dialog box

Name The name of the part. This is used as the default part value when the part is placed on a schematic
page.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 8

Part Reference Prefix Specifies the part reference prefix, such as C for capacitor or R for resistor.
PCB Footprint The PCB physical package name to be included for this part in the netlist. Orcad Layout
uses this field to place the correct components on the printed circuit board.
Create Convert View Some library parts have a second form, such as a DeMorgan equivalent, as well
as the standard representation. Select this option to give the part a alternative view. If a part has a convert
view, you can switch between the part’s normal and convert views once the part is placed on a schematic
page.
Parts per Pkg Specifies the number of parts in the package.
Alphabetic or Numeric If the part is a multiple-part package, this specifies whether parts in the package
are identified by letter or number. For example:
U?A (alphabetic)
U?-1 (numeric—usually used for connectors)
Placing pins on a part
There are several ways you can place pins on a part. You can use the Pin command on the part editor’s
Place menu or the pin tool on the tool palette to place individual pins; or you can use the Pin Array command
on the Place menu or the pin array tool on the tool palette to place several pins at once. Pins will always
connect to the part body border (the dotted line around the part). If the edge of a part body coincides with
this border, pins can connect directly to the part body. However, if the part body is inside this border, you
can draw a line between the part body and the pin on the part body border to make the pin look as though
it connects to the part body.
To place a pin
1 From the part editor’s Place menu, choose Pin.
Or From the part editor’s tool palette, choose the pin tool. The Place Pin dialog box appears with default
settings.
2 Change any name, number, shape, or type settings you choose. When the pin is specified to your
requirements, click OK. If you create a power type pin, you have the option to set the pin to visible in the
Place Pin dialog box. If you set the pin to visible here, you will not be able to override this pin property
setting in the property editor. To make all pin names or numbers visible or invisible, double-click outside
the part in the part editor and set the properties in the User Properties dialog box to true to display them or
false to make them invisible.
3 Using the pointer, drag the pin to the desired location along the part body border.
4 Click the left mouse button to place the pin. You can place multiple instances of the pin by clicking the
left mouse button each time you want to place an instance of the pin. The pin number and name increment
automatically if they end with a number.
5 Choose End Mode from the right mouse button pop-up menu, or press E when you are finished placing
pins.
Place Pin dialog box

Place Pin dialog box

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 9

Name The name of the pin. If a pin connects to a bus, the pin should be named in the format busname
[range], for example A[0..3]. You can use two periods (..), a colon (:), or a dash (-) to separate the numbers
in the range. Bus pins are expanded into separate pins in a netlist, just as a bus is separated into separate
signals. To enter a pin name with a bar over it (indicating negation), type a backslash character after each
letter you want a bar over. For example, type R\E\S\E\T\ to define the name:
RESET
Number The pin’s number.
Width If a pin connects to a wire, select Scalar. If a pin connects to a bus, select Bus.
Pin Visible This option is only available for power pins. If the check box is selected, the pin is visible
when the part is placed on the schematic page. Otherwise, the pin is not visible on the schematic page. If
you make power pins visible in this dialog box, you cannot change this property in the property editor.
Shape The shape of the pin, as shown in Table 6.

Type The type of the pin, as described in Table 7.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 10

User Properties Displays the User Properties dialog box. You can use this dialog box to define additional
properties for the pin.
To place several pins at once
1 From the part editor’s Place menu, choose Pin Array. Or From the part editor’s tool palette, choose the
pin array tool.
The Place Pin Array dialog box appears. This dialog box is similar to the Place Pin dialog box, with these
exceptions:
The Starting Name and Starting Number text boxes are used to specify a name and pin number that is
incremented for each pin that is placed.
The Number of Pins, Increment, and Pin Spacing text boxes are used to specify how the pins are placed.
2 In the Starting Name text box, enter the name of the first pin. If the pin name ends in a digit (0–9),
subsequent pin names in the array will be incremented by the value in the Increment text box.
3 In the Starting Number text box, enter the number of the first pin. Subsequent pin numbers will be
incremented by the value in the Increment text box (if there is no value in the Increment text box, the pin
names are incremented by 1). If you leave the Starting Number text box blank, the pins are not numbered.
4 In the Number of Pins text box, specify how many pins you want to place.
5 In the Increment text box, specify the number by which you want to increment the pin name (if it ends
in a digit) and pin number for each pin in the array. If there is no value in the Increment text box, the pin
names are incremented by 1.
6 In the Pin Spacing text box, specify the number of grid units you would like between each pin.
7 If necessary, change the default settings for Shape and Type to fit your requirements, then click OK.
8 Using the pointer, drag the pin array to the desired location along the part body border, then click the left
mouse button to place the array. The array is positioned so that the first pin in the array is at the pointer.
9 When you are done placing arrays, choose End Mode from the right mouse button pop-up menu, or press
E.
Starting Name The name of the first pin in the array. If the name ends with a digit (0–9), each pin in the
array is incremented by the value specified in the Increment text box. For a name with a bar over it
(indicating negation), type a backslash character after each letter you want a bar over. For example, type
R\E\S\E\T\ to define the name: RESET
Starting Number The number of the first pin in the array. Each pin in the array is incremented by the
value specified in the Increment text box.
Number of Pins The number of pins in the array.
Increment The number by which to increment the pin name (if it ends in a digit) and pin number for each
pin in the array. This can be a negative number.
Pin Spacing The number of grid units between each pin in the array.
Shape The shape of the pins in the array, as described in Place Pin dialog box on page 12-220.
Type The type of the pins in the array, as described in Place Pin dialog box on page 12-220.
Pins Visible This option is available only for power pins. If this option is selected, the pins are visible
when the part is placed on the schematic page. Otherwise, the pins are not visible on the schematic page.
To make power pins visible for documentation purposes, from the Options menu, choose Design Properties.
Select the miscellaneous tab of the Design Properties dialog box that appears, and select the check box
(Display Invisible Power Pins (for documentation purposes).
To display invisible power pins throughout a design
1 From the project manager’s Options menu, choose Design Properties, then choose the Miscellaneous tab.
2 Select the Display Invisible Power Pins (for documentation purposes only) option, then click OK.
Editing an existing part
You can edit an existing part in the library in which it resides, or you can edit a part after it is placed on a
schematic page.
Editing a part in a library

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 11

Once you edit a part in a library, you can update existing projects with the new part using the Update Cache
or Replace Cache commands on the project manager’s Design menu.
To edit a part in a library
1 From the File menu, choose Open. A standard Open dialog box appears.
2 Choose the library containing the part you want to edit. The library opens, showing all its parts.
3 Double-click on the part you want to edit. The selected part appears in the part editor.
4 Edit the part. You can resize it, add or delete graphics or symbols, and add or delete pins. These processes
are all described in Creating a new part earlier in this chapter. You can also edit the part’s properties.
Editing properties is described in Chapter 2, The Capture work environment.
5 When you are done editing the part, you must save it. From the File menu, choose Save. The part is saved
in the library.
Editing a part on a schematic page
Once you edit a part on a schematic page, you can apply the edits to all instances of the same part in the
project, or you can apply the edits only to the particular part instance you edit.
To edit a part instance on a schematic page
1 Select a part instance on a schematic page.
2 From the Edit menu, choose Part. The library part that was used to define the part instance appears in the
part editor.
3 Edit the part. You can resize it, add graphics or symbols, and add or delete pins. These processes are all
described in Creating a new part earlier in this chapter. You can also edit the part’s properties.
4 When you are done editing the part, you must close it and save the changes on the schematic page. From
the File menu, choose Close.
A dialog box appears asking if you would like to:
Update only the part instance being edited (Update Current).
Update all instances of the part in the project (Update All).
Discard the edits to the part and return to the schematic page editor (Discard).
Cancel the close operation and return to the part editor to continue making changes to the part (Cancel).
After you choose a response, the part editor window closes. Depending on your response, the change is
reflected in the selected part or in all instances of the selected part. A new part (with _n appended to the
part name) appears in the design cache, indicating that the link to the library part no longer exists.
Editing part properties
Use these instructions when you need to edit properties for an individual part. When you need to edit
properties for several parts, you can save time by using the spreadsheet editor. For more information, see
Editing properties on page 2-29. Once you’ve added properties to a part on a schematic page, its properties
no longer match the properties of the same part residing in the library. This part is unique in that it has
properties assigned specifically to it that are not inherited from the library part definition. If you add a user-
defined property to one part in a homogeneous multiple-part package, all parts in the package inherit the
property and its value. If you add a user-defined property to one part in a heterogeneous multiple-part
package, the other parts in the package are not affected. You can also edit properties on part packages, in
which case the changes appear on every part in the package, and on every part instance.
To edit properties of a library part
1 With the part open in the part editor, choose Part Properties from the Options menu. The User Properties
dialog box appears.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 12

 User Properties dialog box
2 Make your changes in the dialog box and click OK. The changes are reflected in the library, but they are
not permanent until you save the part.
Default part properties
These are the default properties that are listed in the User Properties dialog box.
Implementation path The filename and directory to the child schematic.
Implementation type Specifies the implementation type: <none>, Schematic View, VHDL, EDIF,
Project.
Implementation The name of the child schematic part
Name The name and normal or convert view. This property is read-only.
Part Reference The part reference prefix and the reference designator. The reference designator for parts
is a question mark (?), indicating a part reference that is not annotated. The property is read-only.
Pin Names Rotate Specifies whether pin names rotate with the pins. Select True for rotated, False for
not rotated.
Pin Names Visible Specifies whether pin names are visible in the schematic page editor. Select True for
visible, False for invisible.
Pin Numbers Visible Specifies whether pin numbers are visible in the schematic page editor. Select True
for visible, False for invisible.
Reference The part reference prefix. This property is read-only.
Schematic The name of a part’s schematic folder. This property is read-only in the part editor. It is an
editable user property on parts in the schematic editor.
Schematic Library The name of a schematic folder’s library. This property is read-only in the part editor.
It is an editable user property on parts in the schematic editor.
Value The part value. If this is not specified when you place the part in a schematic folder, Capture uses
the part name.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 13

 Practical No.:6
Aim: Connect the electronic circuit using Place and route method used in circuit simulation
software.
Placing, Editing, and Connecting parts.
Capture includes libraries containing parts, power symbols, and ground symbols. You can place instances
of these objects on a schematic page. Once you place a part, you can edit its appearance, properties, or
location. Once you have placed a power or ground symbol, you can rotate it or edit its name. It also explains
how to connect these objects using wires and buses.

Schematic with power and ground symbols

Placing and connecting wires and buses
Two wires or two buses can be connected physically by the following methods:
If you begin or end a wire segment on a segment of another wire, as in a T-intersection, Capture adds a
junction and the wires are connected.
If you begin or end a bus segment on a segment of another bus, as in a T-intersection, Capture adds a
junction and the buses are connected.
If you begin or end a wire segment on a segment of another wire, as if to continue the same wire, Capture
treats it as one wire. The same is true of two bus segments. A wire and a bus can be connected in name only
by the following methods:
If you begin or end a wire segment on a segment of a bus, Capture adds a junction (if they T-intersect),
and they will be connected.
If you begin or end a bus segment on a segment of a wire, Capture adds a junction (if they T-intersect),
and they will be connected. Wires and buses, along with other parts and symbols in the project that are
logically connected via net names, form a net. When you place a wire, it is assigned a system-generated
netname, which you can replace with an alias or a different netname. Once a bus acquires a valid name or
alias, that name or alias defines the signals carried by the bus and connects those signals to the
corresponding nets. For example, the alias A[0:3] defines a four-signal bus and connects the four signals it
carries with nets A0, A1, A2, and A3. Like wires, buses can acquire names and aliases by two means:
Direct application of a net alias with valid bus name Electrical connection to a hierarchical port, off-
page. connector, or global bus pin with a valid bus name.
Placing wires
When you connect a wire to a pin, Capture provides visual confirmation of the connection by removing the
unconnected pin box on the pin. If two continuous wires cross at 90°, they are not electrically connected
unless you create a junction by clicking the left mouse button as you draw a wire across an existing wire.
You can determine whether wires or buses that cross each other are connected by the presence or absence
of a junction. Unless a junction is present, wires or buses that cross each other are not connected. If you
drag a net up to another net so that they touch, Capture adds a junction where the nets meet and the two
nets are connected. You can add a junction using the Place junction button on the schematic page editor’s
toolbar, or by choosing Junction from the Place menu in the schematic page editor. You can place junctions
anywhere on a wire or bus, but they only take effect when another object is connected at the junction’s

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 14

location. You can remove a junction by selecting the junction and pressing D, or by placing another
junction on top of the existing one.
To place a wire
1 From the schematic page editor’s Place menu, choose Wire.
Or Choose the wire tool on the schematic page editor’s tool palette.
2 Click the left mouse button to start the wire.
3 Move the mouse to draw the wire. Click the left mouse button if you want to place a vertex and change
directions.
4 Double-click to end the wire. The wire displays in the selection color.
Or Click on another wire. Clicking on another wire connects the two wires.
5 When you are done placing wires, choose End Mode from the right mouse button pop-up menu, or
press E.
Placing buses
A bus is a group of scalar signals (wires). Once the bus acquires a valid name or alias, then that name or
alias defines the signals carried by the bus and connects those signals to the corresponding nets. For
example, the alias A[0:3] defines a four-signal bus that connects the four bus signals to the individual wires
named A0, A1, A2, and A3. Net aliases on wires do not use brackets.
To place a bus
1 From the schematic page editor’s Place menu, choose Bus.
Or Choose the bus tool on the schematic page editor’s tool palette.
2 Click the left mouse button to start the bus.
3 Move the mouse to draw the bus. Click the left mouse button if you want to place a vertex and change
directions, or to connect to another bus as you pass over it. The bus is constrained to multiples of 90° unless
you hold down the S key while you draw the bus.
4 Double-click to end the bus, then click the Select button on the schematic page editor’s tool palette.
5 Highlight the bus and choose Net Alias from the Place menu. Enter an alias for the bus in the Place Net
Alias dialog box that appears, then click OK.
6 When you are done placing buses, choose the selection tool or press E to dismiss the bus tool. right mouse
button pop-up menu. You can also double-click the text. In theEdit Net Alias dialog box, you can change
the Alias, Color, Rotation, or Font. Click OK to apply changes.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 15

 Practical No.:7
Aim: Connect, simulate and test the RC, LC, and RLC based electronic circuit using circuit
simulation software.

R1

10.00V
100
V
V1 = 10v V1 10.00V
V2 = 0v V
C1
TD = 10ms
TR = 0ms 0.01microF
TF = 0ms 0V
PW = 0ms
PER = 100

0
C1

1000n
V V
V1 = 10v V1
V2 = 0v R1
TD = 10ms
TR = 0ms 1k
TF = 0ms
PW = 0ms
PER = 100
0

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 16

 Practical No.:8
Aim: Connect, simulate and test the Diode, Transistor, MOSFET based electronic circuit
using circuit simulation software.
Capture is a design entry program you need to prepare your circuit for simulation. This means:
placing and connecting part symbols,
defining component values and other attributes,
defining input waveforms,
enabling one or more analyses, and
marking the points in the circuit where you want to see results. Capture is also the control point for
running other programs used in the simulation design flow.

Files that PSpice generates

After reading the circuit file, netlist file, model libraries, and any other required inputs, PSpice starts the
simulation. As simulation progresses, PSpice saves results to two files—the data file and the PSpice output
file.
Waveform data file
The data file contains simulation results that can be displayed graphically. PSpice reads this file
automatically and displays waveforms reflecting circuit response at nets, pins, and parts that you marked
in your schematic (cross-probing). You can set up your design so PSpice displays the results as the
simulation progresses or after the simulation completes. After PSpice has read the data file and displays the
initial set of results, you can add more waveforms and perform post-simulation analysis of the data.
PSpice output file
The PSpice output file is an ASCII text file that contains: the netlist representation of the circuit, the
PSpice command syntax for simulation commands and options (like the enabled analyses), simulation
results, and warning and error messages for problems encountered during read-in or simulation. Its
content is determined by: the types of analyses you run, the options you select for running PSpice,
and the simulation control symbols (like VPRINT1 and VPLOT1, available in SPECIAL.OLB) that you
place and connect to nets in your design.
Simulation examples Example circuit creation
This section describes how to use Orcad Capture to create
the simple diode clipper circuit shown in Figure 2.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 17

 Diode clipper circuit.
To create a new PSpice project
1 From the Windows Start menu, choose the Orcad program folder and then the Capture shortcut to start
Capture.
2 In the Project Manager, from the File menu, point to New and choose Project.
3 Select Analog or Mixed-Signal Circuit Wizard.
4 In the Name text box, enter the name of the project (CLIPPER).
5 Use the Browse button to select the location for theproject files, then click OK.
6 In the Create PSpice Project dialog box, select Create a blank project.
7 Click OK.
To place the voltage sources
1 In Capture, switch to the schematic page editor.
2 From the Place menu, choose Part to display the Place Part dialog box.
3 Add the library for the parts you need to place: a Click the Add Library button.
b Select SOURCE.OLB (from the PSpice library) and click Open.
4 In the Part text box, type VDC.
5 Click OK.
6 Move the pointer to the correct position on the schematic page (see Figure 2) and click to place the
first part.
7 Move the cursor and click again to place the second part.
8 Right-click and choose End Mode to stop placing parts.
To place the diodes
1 From the Place menu, choose Part to display the Place Part dialog box.
2 Add the library for the parts you need to place:
a Click the Add Library button.
b Select DIODE.OLB (from the PSpice library) and click Open.
3 In the Part text box, type D1N39 to display a list of diodes.
4 Select D1N3940 from the Part List and click OK.
5 Press r to rotate the diode to the correct orientation.
6 Click to place the first diode (D1), then click to place the second diode (D2).
7 Right-click and choose End Mode to stop placing parts.
To move the text associated with the diodes (or any other object)
1 Click the text to select it, then drag the text to a new location.
To place the other parts
1 From the Place menu, choose Part to display the Place Part dialog box.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 18

2 Add the library for the parts you need to place:
a Click the Add Library button.
b Select ANALOG.OLB (from the PSpice library) and click Open.
3 Follow similar steps as described for the diodes to place the parts listed below, according to Figure 2. The
part names you need to type in the Part name text box of the Place Part dialog box are shown in parentheses:
resistors (R)
capacitor (C)
4 To place the off-page connector parts (OFFPAGELEFT-R), click the Place Off-Page Connector button
on the tool palette.
5 Add the library for the parts you need to place:
a Click the Add Library button.
b Select CAPSYM.OLB (from the Capture library) and click Open.
6 Place the off-page connector parts according to Figure 2.
7 To place the ground parts (0), click the GND button on the tool palette. pressS+por
8 Add the library for the parts you need to place:
a Click the Add Library button.
b Select SOURCE.OLB (from the PSpice library) and click Open.
To connect the parts
1 From the Place menu, choose Wire to begin wiring parts. The pointer changes to a crosshair.
2 Click the connection point (the very end) of the pin on the off-page connector at the input of the circuit.
3 Click the nearest connection point of the input resistor R1.
4 Connect the other end of R1 to the output capacitor.
5 Connect the diodes to each other and to the wire between them:
a Click the connection point of the cathode for the lower diode.
b Move the cursor straight up and click the wire between the diodes. The wire ends, and the junction of the
wire segments becomes visible.
c Click again on the junction to continue wiring.
d Click the end of the upper diode’s anode pin.
To change the values of the parts
1 Double-click the voltage label (0V) on V1 to display the Display Properties dialog box.
2 In the Value text box, type 5V.
3 Click OK.
To save your design
1 From the File menu, choose Save.
Running PSpice
When you perform a simulation, PSpice generates an output file (*.OUT). While PSpice is running, the
progress of the simulation appears and is updated in the PSpice simulation output window (see Figure 4).

PSpice simulation output window.

Performing a bias point analysis
To set up a bias point analysis in Capture
1 In Capture, switch to CLIPPER.OPJ in the schematic page editor.
2 From the PSpice menu, choose New Simulation Profile to display the New Simulation dialog box.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 19

3 In the Name text box, type Bias.
4 From the Inherit From list, select None, then click Create. The Simulation Settings dialog box appears.
5 From the Analysis type list, select Bias Point.
6 Click OK to close the Simulation Settings dialog box.
To simulate the circuit from within Capture
1 From the PSpice menu, choose Run. PSpice simulates the circuit and calculates the bias
point information.
To view the simulation output file
1 In PSpice, from the View menu, choose Output File. Figure 5 shows the results of the bias point
calculation as written in the simulation output file.
2 When finished, close the window. PSpice measures the current through a two terminal device into the
first terminal and out of the second terminal. For voltage sources, current is measuredfrom the positive
terminal to the negative terminal; this is opposite to the positive current flow convention and results in a
negative value in the output file.

R5
R2
100ohm
1k

Q1 V1
R1
V 100Vdc
1000ohm
V
Q2N3904
V

V3 R3
VOFF = 15v C1
VAMPL = 10v 10k
FREQ = 500Hz
100m
R4
100kohm

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 20

 Practical No.:9
Aim: Connect, simulate and test IC based electronic circuit using circuit simulation software.

10.00V
R3

7
1k U3 C1 V3
3 5 10v

V+
V
99.92mV+ OS2 0V
1000n
V2 6
VOFF = 0.1v R1 OUT
VAMPL = 0.1v 2 1

V-
- OS1 V
FREQ = 500Hz
1k 0V
uA741
100.1mV 1.102V
C2
4
R2
1000n
0V
10k

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 21

 Practical No.: 10
Aim: Calculate the Bias point and verify V- I characteristic (DC Analysis) curve of given
diode or transistor based circuitry using circuit simulation software.
To set up a DC stimulus
1 Place and connect one of these symbols in your schematic:

2 Double-click the symbol instance to display the Parts spreadsheet appears.

3 Click in the cell under the DC column to edit its value.
4 Define the DC specification as follows:

5 Click OK twice to exit the dialog boxes.

Nested DC sweeps
A second sweep variable can be selected after a primary sweep value has been specified in the DC Sweep
dialog box. When you specify a secondary sweep variable, it forms the outer loop for the analysis. That is,
for every increment of the second sweep variable, the first sweep variable is stepped through its entire range
of values.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 22

To set up a nested sweep
1 Under Options, select the Secondary Sweep box for the DC Sweep Analysis type.
2 Enter the necessary parameter values and select the appropriate check boxes to complete the analysis
specifications.
When a nested DC sweep is performed, the entire curve family is displayed. That is, the nested DC sweep
is treated as a single data section (or you can think of it as a single PSpice run). For the circuit shown in
Figure 58, you can set up a DC sweep analysis with an outer sweep of the voltage source VD and an inner
sweep of the voltage source VG as listed in Table 1.

Curve family example schematic

When the DC sweep analysis is run, add a current marker at the drain pin of M1 and display the simulation
results in PSpice. The result will look like Figure 59. To add a load line for a resistor, add a trace that
computes the load line from the sweep voltage. Assume that the X axis variable is the sweep voltage V_VD,
which runs from 0 to 5 volts. The expression which will add a trace that is the load line for a 50 kohm
resistor is: (5V-V_VD)/50K This can be useful for determining the bias point for each member of a curve
family as shown in Figure 60.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 23

 Practical No.: 11
Aim: Draw the Transient analysis curve of a given diode circuit using circuit simulation
software.
To do Transient analysis

Diode clipper circuit with a voltage stimulus.

To add a time-domain voltage stimulus
1 From Capture’s PSpice menu, point to Markers and choose Delete All.
2 Select the ground part beneath the VIN source.
3 From the Edit menu, choose Cut.
4 Scroll down (or from the View menu, point to Zoom, then choose Out).
5 Place a VSTIM part (from the PSpice library SOURCESTM.OLB) as shown in Figure 14.
6 From the Edit menu, choose Paste.
7 Place the ground part under the VSTIM part as shown in Figure 14.
8 From the View menu, point to Zoom, then choose All.
9 From the File menu, choose Save to save the design.
To set up the stimulus
1 Select the VSTIM part (V3).
2 From the Edit menu, choose PSpice Stimulus. The New Stimulus dialog box appears.
3 In the New Stimulus dialog box, type SINE.
4 Click SIN (sinusoidal), then click OK.
5 In the SIN Attributes dialog box, set the first three properties as follows:
Offset Voltage = 0
Amplitude = 10
Frequency = 1kHz
6 Click Apply to view the waveform. The Stimulus Editor window should look like Figure 15.
7 Click OK.
8 From the File menu, choose Save to save the stimulus information. Click Yes to update the schematic.
9 From the File menu, choose Exit to exit the Stimulus Editor.
To set up and run the transient analysis
1 From Capture’s PSpice menu, choose New Simulation Profile. The New Simulation dialog box appears.
2 In the Name text box, type Transient.
3 From the Inherit From list, select Schematic1-DC Sweep, then click Create. The Simulation Settings
dialog box appears.
4 Click the Analysis tab.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 24

 Stimulus Editor window.
5 From the Analysis list, select Time Domain (Transient) and enter the settings shown in Figure 16. TSTOP
= 2ms Start saving data after = 20ns
6 Click OK to close the Simulation Settings dialog box.
7 From the PSpice menu, choose Run to perform the analysis. PSpice uses its own internal time steps for
computation. The internal time step is adjusted according to the requirements of the transient analysis as it
proceeds. PSpice saves data to the waveform data file for each internal time step.
To display the input sine wave and clipped wave at V(Out)
1 From PSpice’s Trace menu, choose Add Trace.
2 In the trace list, select V(In) and V(Out) by clicking them.
3 Click OK to display the traces.
4 From the Tools menu, choose Options to display the Probe Options dialog box.
5 In the Use Symbols frame, click Always if it is not already enabled.
6 Click OK.

Transient analysis simulation settings.

Sinusoidal input and clipped output waveforms.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 25

 Practical No.: 12
Aim: Draw the Transient analysis curve of a given transistorized electronic using circuit
simulation software.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 26

 Practical No.: 13
Aim :Draw the Transient analysis curve of a given Analog IC741 based electronic circuit
using circuit simulation software.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 27

 Practical No.:14
Aim: Draw the Frequency response (AC Analysis) curve to check the functionality of RC,
LC and RLC based circuit using circuit simulation software.
AC sweep analysis
The AC sweep analysis in PSpice is a linear (or small signal) frequency domain analysis that can be used
to observe the frequency response of any circuit at its bias point.
Setting up and running an AC sweep analysis
In this example, you will set up the clipper circuit for AC analysis by adding an AC voltage source for a
stimulus signal (see Figure 18) and by setting up AC sweep parameters.

Clipper circuit with AC stimulus.

To change Vin to include the AC stimulus signal
1 In Capture, open CLIPPER.OPJ.
2 Select the DC voltage source, Vin, and press D to remove the part from the schematic page.
3 From the Place menu, choose Part.
4 In the Part text box, type VAC (from the PSpice library SOURCE.OLB) and click OK.
5 Place the AC voltage source on the schematic page, as shown in Figure 17.
6 Double-click the VAC part (0V) to display the Parts spreadsheet.
7 Change the Reference cell to Vin and change the ACMAG cell to 1V.
8 Click Apply to update the changes and then close the spreadsheet.
To set up and run the AC sweep simulation
1 From Capture’s PSpice menu, choose New Simulation Profile.
2 In the Name text box, enter AC Sweep, then click create.
The Simulation Settings dialog box appears.
3 Click the Analysis tab.
4 From the Analysis type list, select AC Sweep/Noise and enter the settings shown in Figure 19.
5 Click OK to close the Simulation Settings dialog box.
6 From the PSpice menu, choose Run to start the simulation. PSpice performs the AC analysis.
To add markers for waveform analysis
1 From Capture’s PSpice menu, point to Markers, point to Advanced, then choose db Magnitude of Voltage.
2 Place one Vdb marker on the Out net, then place another on the Mid net.
3 From the File menu, choose Save to save the design.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 28

 AC sweep and noise analysis simulation settings.
AC sweep analysis results
PSpice displays the dB magnitude (20log10) of the voltage at the marked nets, Out and Mid, in a Probe
window as shown in Figure 20 below. VDB(Mid) has a lowpass response due to the diode capacitances to
ground. The output capacitance and load resistor act as a highpass filter, so the overall response, illustrated
by VDB(out), is a bandpass response. Because AC is a linear analysis and the input voltage was set to 1V,
the output voltage is the same as the gain (or attenuation) of the circuit.

dB magnitude curves for “gain” at Mid and Out.

To display a Bode plot of the output voltage, including phase
1 From Capture’s PSpice menu, point to Markers, point to Advanced and choose Phase of Voltage.
2 Place a Vphase marker on the output next to the Vdb marker.
3 Delete the Vdb marker on Mid.
4 Switch to PSpice. In the Probe window, the gain and phase plots both appear on the same graph with the
same scale.
5 Click the trace name VP(Out) to select the trace.
6 From the Edit menu, choose Cut.
7 From the Plot menu, choose Add Y Axis.
8 From the Edit menu, choose Paste. The Bode plot appears, as shown in Figure 21.

Bode plot of clipper’s frequency response.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 29

 Practical No.:15
Aim: Draw the Frequency response (AC Analysis) curve to check the functionality of
Transistorized based circuit using circuit simulation software.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 30

 Practical No.:16
Aim: Draw the Frequency response (AC Analysis) curve to check the functionality of analog
IC based circuit using circuit simulation software.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 31

 Practical No.:17
Aim: Use the following options: netlist file, back annotation, Bill of material, single layer
PCB, double layer PCB, PTH, footprint, track width, mil, etc. and develop a complete project
file.
Creating a netlist
After you create a project, you can create a netlist to exchange schematic information with other EDA tools.
You can choose from more than 30 industry-recognized netlist formats. Your choice of netlist depends on
the destination application.
To create a netlist
1 In the project manager, select your design.
2 From the Tools menu, choose Create Netlist. The Create Netlist dialog box displays.
3 Choose a netlist format tab.
4 In the Netlist File text box, enter a name for the output file. If the selected format creates an additional
file (such as a map file or pinlist file), enter its filename in the second text box.
5 If necessary, set the Part Value and PCB Footprint combined property strings to reflect the information
you want in the netlist.
6 If necessary, set the format-specific options in the Options group box, and click OK to close the Netlist
Options dialog box.
7 Click OK to create the netlist.
Back annotating
Using Back Annotate, you can import changes created by external tools, such as a PCB layout application.
Capture uses a simple file format (see Swap file format on page 14-269) to allow gate swapping, pin
swapping, changing pins, and changing part references. If the external tool creates a back annotation file,
edit the file to match the format described in Swap file format in this section. Back Annotate only updates
occurrence property values. When should you use Back Annotate? After you’ve completed your schematic
design, or while you are routing a printed circuit board, you might discover that you can reduce via count,
track length, or routing complexity by exchanging two gates of one part. You would use the PCB layout
tool to rewire the board to exchange (or swap) the connections of U1A and U1B. To ensure that your project
reflects the rewired board, you create a swap file using the PCB layout tool and then run Capture’s Back
Annotate. When you look at the schematic page, you will see that U1A is where U1B was before, and vice
versa.
To back annotate
1 Generally, a swap (or back annotation) file is created by another application such as Orcad Layout.
Alternatively, you can create a back annotation file using a text editor, following the format described in
Swap file format later in this section.
2 To process only part of your project, select the pages to process in the project manager.
3 From the project manager’s Tools menu, choose Back Annotate.
Or Choose the Back Annotate tool from the toolbar. The Back Annotate dialog box appears.
4 Set the options in this dialog box as necessary. You can specify whether to process the entire project or
just the selected schematic pages. You can also specify the name of the swap file containing the gates and
pins to swap. These options are described in the section Back Annotate dialog box.
5 Use the Browse button to locate the current back annotation file. The Browse dialog box looks for a file
with an extension of .SWP, but any file extension can be specified.
6 When the dialog box has the settings you want, click OK. Capture swaps the gates and pins you specified.
PCB Footprint The PCB physical package name to be included for this part in the netlist. Orcad Layout
uses this field to place the correct components on the printed circuit board.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 32

 Practical No.:18
Aim: Synthesize and Transfer an electronic circuit using circuit simulation software to the
PCB layout design software.
Preparing to create a netlist
Annotating
After you place parts on a schematic page, all parts need to be uniquely identified using the Annotate
command on the project manager’s Tools menu. This tool assigns unique part references to each part in a
project. You use Annotate after you’ve placed all parts and before you use other Capture tools. You can
annotate incrementally (so that previously assigned part references are not changed), or you can annotate
unconditionally, changing all the parts across all the schematic pages processed. Using the Annotate tool,
intersheet references can be added to off-page connectors and hierarchical ports. Intersheet references
indicate the source and destination of schematic page and schematic symbols in your design.

Figure 70 Before annotation

After annotation
Checking for design rules violations
The Design Rules Check tool scans schematic designs and checks for conformance to basic design and
electrical rules. The results of this check are marked on the schematic pages with DRC markers, and are
also listed in a report. This makes it easy to locate and fix design or electrical errors. You can search for
DRC markers using the Browse command on the project manager’s Edit menu, and then double-click on
any item in the resulting list to go immediately to the location of the marker on your schematic page. Once
you are viewing the marker on the schematic page, you can display the marker’s text by double-clicking on
it. You can specify the conditions that cause errors to be generated. Optional checks performed by the
Design Rules Check tool include off-grid parts; unconnected nets, pins, ports, and off-page connectors;
identical part references; type mismatch parts; and design elements that are not compatible with Orcad’s
Schematic Design Tools (SDT 386+) product.
The Design Rules Check is helpful in preparing your project for use with other tools. For example, you can
use the Design Rules Check tool to catch problems such as bus contention or shorted power pins before
you generate a netlist to be used by simulation or synthesis tools. The Design Rules Check reports two
categories of electrical rules violations:
Errors that should be fixed.
Warnings of situations that may or may not be acceptable in your project.
Back annotating
Using Back Annotate, you can import changes created by external tools, such as a PCB layout application.
Capture uses a simple file format to allow gate swapping, pin swapping, changing pins, and changing part

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 33

references. If the external tool creates a back annotation file, edit the file to match the format described in
Swap file format in this section. Back Annotate only updates occurrence property values. When should you
use Back Annotate? After you’ve completed your schematic design, or while you are routing a printed
circuit board, you might discover that you can reduce via count, track length, or routing complexity by
exchanging two gates of one part. You would use the PCB layout tool to rewire the board to exchange (or
swap) the connections of U1A and U1B. To ensure that your project reflects the rewired board, you create
a swap file using the PCB layout tool and then run Capture’s Back Annotate. When you look at the
schematic page, you will see that U1A is where U1B was before, and vice versa.
To back annotate
1 Generally, a swap (or back annotation) file is created by another application such as Orcad Layout.
Alternatively, you can create a back annotation file using a text editor, following the format described in
Swap file format later in this section.
2 To process only part of your project, select the pages to process in the project manager.
3 From the project manager’s Tools menu, choose Back Annotate.
Or Choose the Back Annotate tool from the toolbar. The Back Annotate dialog box appears.
4 Set the options in this dialog box as necessary. You can specify whether to process the entire project or
just the selected schematic pages. You can also specify the name of the swap file containing the gates and
pins to swap. These options are described in the section Back Annotate dialog box.
5 Use the Browse button to locate the current back annotation file. The Browse dialog box looks for a file
with an extension of .SWP, but any file extension can be specified.
6 When the dialog box has the settings you want, click OK. Capture swaps the gates and pins you specified.
Back Annotate dialog box

Back Annotate dialog box

Creating a netlist
After you create a project, you can create a netlist to exchange schematic information with other EDA tools.
You can choose from more than 30 industry-recognized netlist formats. Your choice of netlist depends on
the destination application.
To create a netlist
1 In the project manager, select your design.
2 From the Tools menu, choose Create Netlist. The Create Netlist dialog box displays.
3 Choose a netlist format tab.
4 In the Netlist File text box, enter a name for the output file. If the selected format creates an additional
file (such as a map file or pinlist file), enter its filename in the second text box.
5 If necessary, set the Part Value and PCB Footprint combined property strings to reflect the information
you want in the netlist.
6 If necessary, set the format-specific options in the Options group box, and click OK to close the Netlist
Options dialog box.
7 Click OK to create the netlist.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 34

 Create Netlist dialog box
Preparing your Capture design for use with Layout
Preparing a Capture design for Layout is a two-part process. First, you must create a valid design. Then,
you need to create a netlist in an .MNL file format in Capture that you can read into Layout.
To prepare your Capture design
If you want to send part or net information from a Capture schematic design, add a user-defined property
with a name from the property tables and assign a value to the property. The property name must be in
uppercase, as given in the tables.
1 On your schematic page, select the objects you want to send to Layout, then right-click and choose Edit
Properties from the pop-up menu. The property editor appears.
2 Click the down arrow on the Filter by drop-down list to expand the list, and select Layout. The property
editor spreadsheet displays properties available in Layout. The property value cells for each object on the
schematic page appear white with hash marks, indicating that these properties are not yet assigned to the
part or net.
3 Assign values to the properties of the selected objects on the schematic by clicking on a cell, typing in
the value, and pressing R or clicking Apply. The hash marks disappear and the property is applied to the
object when you click Apply or close the property editor. The layer names and via names you use must be
among the standard Layout layer and via names. Pin numbers for pin names where no numbers exist must
match the pad names on the Layout footprint.
4 Assign PCB footprints to each of your schematic parts. Use only Layout footprint names, selecting from
those shown in the Orcad Layout Footprint Libraries, or those in your custom footprint libraries. Keep in
mind that Layout cannot accept PCB footprint names or par values that include spaces or tabs.
Creating a netlist for use in Layout
After you prepare your design in Capture and it is free from design rules violations, you can create a netlist
(.MNL) file for use with Layout. A copy of the LAYOUT.INI file must exist in the same directory as
CAPTURE.EXE to generate a netlist.
Loading a new netlist into Layout
You can bring Capture netlist information into layout in two ways:
Choose one of the AutoECO options to merge the netlist with the board file
Select the Run ECO to Layout option in Capture’s Create Netlist dialog box to automatically
communicate modifications to Layout If the board file is open in Layout when you update the netlist file,
Layout automatically displays a dialog box asking if you want to load the new netlist file. If the board file

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 35

is not open when the netlist changes, Layout prompts you to load the modified netlist when you re-open the
board file. Use the following procedure to forward annotate information from Capture to Layout.
In Capture
1 In the project manager, open the design for which you are going to create a netlist.
2 From the Tools menu, choose Create Netlist.
3 In the Create Netlist dialog box, choose the Layout tab.
4 Select the Run ECO to Layout option.
5 In the Netlist File text box, enter a name for the output file using an .MNL file extension.
6 Click OK. The Create Netlist dialog box closes and creates the .MNL file.
In Layout
7 From the session frames’s File menu, choose New.
8 In the Load Template File dialog box, select a technology file (.TCH), then click OK.
9 In the Load Netlist File dialog box, select the netlist file with the .MNL file extension that you created in
step 6, then click OK.
10 In the Save MAX Board dialog box, select a name for a new output file with a .MAX file extension,
then click OK. If AutoECO is unable to find a designated footprint, a dialog box opens so that you can link
footprints with components. For more information, see the Link Footprint to Component dialog box topic
in Layout’s online help.
Back annotating board information from Layout
When you add new parts to your Capture design, use the Incremental reference update option in the Update
Part References dialog box (as opposed to the Unconditional reference update option) when you update
part references. In Layout, you can back annotate board changes for Capture using the Orcad
Backannotation File (.SWP). Once the .SWP file is created, the current Layout file no longer contains swap
information. A copy of the board file is saved as BACKANNO.MAX.
To back annotate
1 From Layout’s Auto menu, choose Back Annotate. A dialog box appears that prompts you to save the
Layout design. Saving the design maintains the link between Layout and Capture.
2 From Capture’s Tools menu, choose Back Annotate. The Back Annotate dialog box appears.
3 Ensure that the Process entire design option is enabled.
4 Choose the Browse button, locate and select the back annotation file you created in Layout
(design_name.SWP), then click OK. The Layout information is back annotated to the design in Capture.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 36

 Practical No.:19
Aim: Search, create and add footprint of different electronic components to the PCB layout
design file.
Moving a design from Capture into Layout is a three-part process:
Create a valid Capture design with footprints that Layout supports.
Generate a netlist in the Layout format.
Create a Layout board file. You can also transmit information concerning parts, nets, and pins by creating
user-defined properties on the parts, nets, or pins.
Before you begin drawing a part, you must provide Capture with specific information about the part, such
as the part’s name. If the part is a multiple-part package, you can specify how many parts are in the package
and whether the part is homogeneous or heterogeneous. Once you provide this information, you can draw
the part, place graphics, and place pins.
To define a new part
1 In the project manager, select the library you want to add the new part to.
2 From the right mouse button’s pop-up menu, choose New Part. The New Part Properties dialog box
appears.
3 In the Name text box, type a name for the part you are creating. You can use the default settings for the
other options on this dialog box, or you can change them to fit your requirements. For example, if this part
is a multiple-part package, enter the number of parts in the package. All fields on the New Part Properties
dialog box are described later in this section.
4 When the part is specified to your requirements, click OK. The part editor window appears, showing a
dashed outline, which is the part body border. Pins will be placed on the part outside of this region, touching
the part body border. The part’s value displays below the part, and the part’s reference displays above the
part. The part editor window’s title bar shows the name of the library, followed by the name of the part you
are creating.
5 To change the size and shape of the part body border, select the border and drag the selection handles
until the part body border is the size you want. You can resize the part body border later.
To draw the part
1 Once you have established the part’s border, you can use the drawing tools on the part editor’s tool palette
to draw the part and place text on the part. All graphics that make up the part must fit within the
boundaries of the part body border—with the exception of IEEE symbols and text. If you draw or place
something other than IEEE symbols or text outside of the part body border, the part’s border
expands to encompass the graphics.
To place pins on the part
1 You can add pins to the part using the pin tool or the pin array tool. 2 When you are done creating the
part, you must save it. From the File menu, choose Save. If you are creating this part in a new library that
hasn’t yet been saved, the Save As dialog box appears, giving you the opportunity to name the library file.
If you are creating this part in a library that already exists, the part is saved in that library.
New Part Properties dialog box
Name The name of the part. This is used as the default part value when the part is placed on a schematic
page.
Part Reference Prefix Specifies the part reference prefix, such as C for capacitor or R for resistor.
PCB Footprint The PCB physical package name to be included for this part in the netlist. Orcad Layout
uses this field to place the correct components on the printed circuit board.
Create Convert View Some library parts have a second form, such as a DeMorgan equivalent, as well
as the standard representation. Select this option to give the part a alternative view. If a part has a convert
view, you can switch between the part’s normal and convert views once the part is placed on a schematic
page.

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 37

 Practical No.:20
Aim: Synthesize the PCB Layout of the given RC, RLC, diode or transistor based electronic
circuit with manual and auto routing technique using PCB design software.

PCB Layout of RC Circuit

PCB Layout of transistorized circuit

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 38

 Practical No.:21
Aim: Synthesize the PCB Layout of given analog IC741 based electronic circuit with manual
and auto routing technique using PCB design software.

PCB Layout of IC 741 based circuit

By K J Pithadiya & K S Patel 39