Hooke's law:
A law stating that the strain in a solid is proportional to the applied stress within the elastic
limit of that solid.
F = -KX
Newton's first law:
An object at rest remains at rest, or if in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity
unless acted on by a net external force.
Newton's second law:
The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the
magnitude of the net force, in the same direction as the net force, and inversely proportional
to the mass of the object.
F = ma F proportional to A , F inversely proportional to M
Newton's third law:
If an object A exerts a force on object B, then object B must exert a force of equal magnitude
and opposite direction back on object A.
Law of conservation:
In physics and chemistry, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an
isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. This law means that
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred
from one form to another.
Momentum:
The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass
and velocity.
P=MV
Torque:
Torque is the twisting force that tends to cause rotation. The point where the object rotates is
known as the axis of rotation.
T = F x D and its unit is Newton meter
Refraction:
Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.
The refraction of light when it passes from a fast medium to a slow medium bends the light
ray toward the normal to the boundary between the two media.
Black hole:
A black hole is a region of space-time exhibiting gravitational acceleration so strong that
nothing—no particles or even electromagnetic radiation such as light—can escape from it.
The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform space-
time to form a black hole.
Pascal's law:
Pascal's law basically states that any pressure applied to a fluid inside a closed system will
transmit that pressure equally in all directions throughout the fluid. This law is the basic
principle that causes hydraulic power in heavy construction machines to work.
Archimedes' principle:
Archimedes' principle states that the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body
immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid
that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the
displaced fluid.
Aqua regia:
is a mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) andnitric acid (HNO3) at a ratio of either 3:1 or 4:1. It is
a reddish-orange or yellowish-orange fuming liquid. The term is a Latin
phrase, meaning "king's water". The name reflects the ability of aqua regia to dissolve the
noble metals gold, platinum, and palladium.
Impedance:
The ratio of a sinusoidal voltage to a sinusoidal current is called "impedance". This is a
generalization of Ohm's Law for resistors. We derive the impedance of a resistor, inductor,
and capacitor. The inductor and capacitor impedance includes a term for frequency, so the
impedance of these components depends on frequency.
Note: Impedance is the ration of voltage to current in inductor, resistor and capacitor.
Critical angle:
So the critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence that provides an angle of refraction of
90-degrees. Make particular note that the critical angle is an angle of incidence value. For the
water-air boundary, the critical angle is 48.6-degrees.
Ohm’s Law:
Ohm's law. (ōmz) The law stating that the direct current flowing in a conductor is directly
proportional to the potential difference between its ends. It is usually formulated as V = IR, where V is
the potential difference, or voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance of the conductor.
Snell's law:
the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is constant for all incidences in
any given pair of media for electromagnetic waves of a definite frequency.
Charle’s Law:
Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law that describes
how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement ofCharles's law is: When the
pressure on a sample of a dry gas is held constant, the Kelvin temperature and the volume
will be in direct proportion.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VELOCITY & ACCELERATION:-
Velocity and acceleration are the two key concepts which are always discussed while studying
motion. Velocity can be understood as the speed of a moving body in a particular direction
whereas acceleration is any change in the velocity of the object, with respect to time.
DIFFERENCES VELOCITY VS ACCELERATION:
VELOCITY
• The velocity of an object refers to the speed in a specific direction..
• Velocity is nothing but the rate of change of displacement. On the other hand..
• Velocity determines the speed of the moving object along with the direction of
motion..
• Velocity is calculated as displacement divided by the time taken in which it takes
place..
• The unit of measurement of velocity is meter per second (m/s)..
ACCELERATION
• Acceleration implies any change in the velocity of the object with respect to time..
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
• Acceleration ascertains the speed of change in velocity of the moving object over a
period of time.
• Acceleration can be calculated as: change in velocity divided by the time taken
while the change took place.
• The standard unit of acceleration is meter per second squared (m/s2)..
Boyle’s Law:
Boyle's law is a gas law, stating that the pressure and volume of a gas have an inverse
relationship, when temperature is held constant.
Viscosity:
is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It describes the internal friction of a moving fluid. A
fluid with large viscosity resists motion because its molecular makeup gives it a lot of internal
friction.
Relationship between viscosity and temperature:
When temperature of liquid is increased the intermolecular force between them gets weak
hence viscosity reduces. But in case of gas the viscosity increases due to increasing kinetic
energy of gas molecules hence they offer difficulties for molecules to pass through them.
Doppler effect:
is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance
between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing
the wave (watcher or observer). Another word for "causer" is "sender".
Sublimation:
is a chemical process where a solid turns into a gas without going through a liquid stage. An
example of sublimation is when ice cubes shrink in the freezer.
Lenz’s Law:
A principle stating that an electric current, induced by a source such as a changing magnetic
field, always creates a counterforce opposing the force inducing it. This law explains such
phenomena as diamagnetism and the electrical properties of inductors.
Bulk modulus:
Is a modulus associated with a volume strain, when a volume is compressed.
The formula for bulk modulus is bulk modulus = - (pressure applied / fractional change in
volume). ... So as with all module we'll define the bulk modulus as the pressure that we
applied divided by the fractional change in volume.
Diffraction:
Refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit. It
is defined as the bending of waves around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture
into the region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture.
Inertia:
Newton's first law of motion states that "An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion
stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force." ... Inertia: the resistance an object has to a change in its state of motion.
The speed of light:
299 792 458 m / s
Speed of sound:
Speed of sound in air is about 343 meters per second (1,235 km/h; 1,125 ft/s; 767 mph; 667
KN), or a kilometer in 2.9 s or a mile in 4.7 s.
Law of electrostatics:
Law of electrostatics First law: Like charges of electricity repel each other, whereas unlike
charges attract each other. Second law: According to this law, the force exerted between two
point charges.
Resonance:
Definition of Resonance - "The increase in amplitude of oscillation of an electric or
mechanical system exposed to a periodic force whose frequency is equal or very close to the
natural undamped frequency of the system."
Isothermal process:
An isothermal process is a change of a system, in which the temperature remains constant.
Adiabatic process:
An adiabatic process occurs without transfer of heat or mass of substances between a
thermodynamic system and its surroundings. In an adiabatic process, energy is transferred
to the surroundings only as work.
Difference between mass and weight:
There is a basic difference, because mass is the actual amount of material contained in
a body and is measured in kg, gm, etc. Whereas weight is the force exerted by the gravity on
that object mg. Note that mass is independent of everything but weight is different on the
earth, moon, etc.
Difference between heat and temperature:
Heat and temperature are related to each other, but are different concepts. Heat is the total
energy of molecular motion in a substance while temperature is a measure of the average
energy of molecular motion in a substance. ... Temperature does not depend on the size or
type of object.
Allotropes:
The term allotrope refers to one or more forms of a chemical element that occur in the same
physical state. ... Allotropes may display very different chemical and physical properties. For
example, graphite and diamond are both allotropes of carbon that occur in the solid state.
Entropy meaning in chemistry:
In chemistry, entropy is represented by the capital letter S, and it is a thermodynamic
function that describes the randomness and disorder of molecules based on the number of
different arrangements available to them in a given system or reaction.
Entropy meaning in physics:
Entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature that is unavailable
for doing useful work. Because work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount
of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or randomness, of a system.
