1. General Malaysia was once ruled by the British and as a result priages in Malaysia have traditionally been designed to British standard. Throughout the years various revision of the British standard and modification on the application of the standard to guit Malaysian condition has been carried out resulting in pridges being designed to various loading and design specifica- tion. Even today various standard has been used in bridge design JKR Bridge Design Manual for example, adopted BS153 as its design standard while the current applicable British Standard is BS 5400 which is used by some bridge designers in Malaysia. For the purpose of this study the design criteria to be applied are based on JKR bridge design practice except where the specification is not clear then The Japanese Bridge Design Specification will suffice, The design criteria covers the following aspect of design: — Geometric design standard Bridge clearance Bridge width Bridge loading Design method Material and allowable stress Superstructure design Substructure design Applicable bridge design standard bevaresag Geometric Design standard. The geometric design standard to be applied in this study is based on the JKR "ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN) 8/86". The summary of the design standard is as follows:~ ; 70 - 100 Km/Hr - Design speed. lane. 3.5m Lane width fo: - Shoulder (general area) ..... 3.0m (mountainous area). 1.5m ~ Sidewalk... eee. eee esse eee ee eee s 2.0m - Vertical Clearance (over road).. 5.0m (over rail).. 6.5m = CrOSSEALL. ee esse eeeeeeeereee renee 2658 - Superelevation rates(max)......., 0.10 m/m - Horizontal radius (min.)....-. 465m - Vertical Gradient......s.ss+++ oe3. Briage Width. tn the study, design standard of R5 road is applied in principle. However the width of the bridge depends on whether thore is side walk or not. The difference between this two type of bridge width requirements is shown in the Figure N~1 and N-2 below; Figure N-i Normal Bridge Cross-section seas roa pore u Figure N-2 Cross-Section of a Bridge With sidewalk KERB) SIDE SIDE); _KERB WALK wack 7200 2009 4. Free Board. Hydraulic analysis shall be carried out based on DID Hydro- logical procedures (either Hp No.5, Hp No.11 or Hp No.4). the free board requirement is not clearly stated in the JKR bridge Design Manual, thus the recommendation given in the Japanese bridge design Specification is adopted. For this study the soffit of the bridge deck shall be designed such that it is above the designed flood level with a free board as tabulated in Table N-1- eet N-2Gable N~i Free Board For Bridge over River size of Design flood River flow Q,(cumec) Small river Q, < 500 Medium river | 500 < Qf < 2000 Big river Q > 2000 5, Bridge Loading Loads acting on the bridge structure includes Dead Load, Live Load, Load due to centrifugal force, Tractive/Braking Force, collision load on bridge parapet, collision load on bridge sup- port, Wind Load, Load due to creep, shrinkage and temperature; buoyancy or uplift force and Forces of Stream Current and Debris. Since the study is only concerned on the preliminary design, the bridge loading which is not critical to all type of bridges in the study will not be considered in the analysis. Hence the load to be considered shall be limited to the following type of load- ings!- Dead Loads. Primary Live Loads. Tractive/Braking force. Centrifugal force Collision load on bridge support Collision load on bridge parapet Pedestrian load (sidewalk loading) Load due to temperature. Forces due to stream current, debris and floating log. Forces due to earth pressure. bette tsetse (1) Dead Loads The unit weight of bridge construction material as given in Table N-2 below may be used for calculation of the dead load:- Table N-2 The Unit Weight of Bridge Construction Material Material Unit Weight (KN/ cu. i) Reinforced Concrete 25 Prestressed Concrete 25 Asphalt Pavement 23 Steel or Cast Steel 71 Cast Tron 7 Alluminium Alloys 28 Timber 8 Stone masonry 27 Bituminous water proofing material 11 Compacted sand, earth or gravel 19 Loose sand, earth or gravel 16@he unit weight of ancillary bridge construction material as given in Table N~3 below may be used for calculation of superin- posed dead loa Table N-3 The Unit Weight of Ancillary Bridge Construction Material Material Unit Weight 100mm nom.dia. water main | 0.24 (kN/m) i5omm nom:dia. water main | 0.46 (kN/m) 200mm nom.dia. water main | 0.73 (kN/m 250mm nom-dia. water main | 1.13. (KN/m 300mm nom.dia. water main | 1.47 (kN/m 380mm nom.dia. water main | 2.08 (kN/m) 10.0m high Lamp Post 2.31 (KN 12:0m high Lamp Post. 1:71 (KN RC Parapet + Handrail 7.32 (N/m) Std.Kerb + Handrail 4.21 (N/m Std:Kerb Divider 1.80. (KN/m: (2) Primary Live Loads Live load to be applied in the study shall be LTAL loading which is applied on each notional lane. Details of the applica- tion of the LTAL is as follows:~ - Notional Lanes. The width of each notional lane is fixed at 2.5m within the carriageway of the structure. Only integer numbers of the no- tional lanés shall be used. Areas of the carriageway not covered by the notional lanes shall be loaded with the minimum pedestrian loading of 5 kN/m?. - LYAL Leading. LTAL Loading consists of a uniformly distributed Load and a Knife-Edge Load combined, or a twin wheel load. The Nominal Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL) to be applied on a 2.5m lane width is as shown in Table N-4 below:- Table N-4 LTAL Load For various Loaded Length Loaded Length | PAL L(m) (kN/m/Lane) Ls 20m w= 176.8+E06 20m < L < 40m w = (93,644,16+L) +L 4om < Ls 50m w = 260-16 where: "DE" is the Loaded length in meter and "w" is the load intensity in kN per meter of notional lane width. entThe KEL per notional lane width shall be taken as 100 kN. No aispersal shall be assumed for UDL and KEL. Twin nominal wheel load alternative to UDL and KEL consist of two 112 kN wheels spaced at 1.8m apart. Each of the wheel is uniformly distributed over a circular or square contact area with effective pressure of 1.1 N/mm? (i.e. 360 mm diameter and 320mm side effectively). The wheel load is dispersed at spread~to-depth ratio of 1 horizontal to 2 vertical through asphalt and 1 hori~ zontal to 1 vertical through structural concrete. - Application of LTAL Loading. The UDL and KEL loads shall be applied on two notional lanes so as to give the worst effects on the structure. The rest of the notional lanes shall be loaded with 0.6 times LTAL UDL and KEL as illustrated in Figure N-3 below. The carriageway width shall be taken as the width between raised herbs. In the absence of raised herbs, it is the width between safety fences, less set back of 0.6m. Figure N-3 Application LTAL UDL and KEL Load [— PARAPET Full LTAL UoL Full LTAL UOL 0.6 LTAL UoL, 12,0 0.6 LTAL UBL PEDESTRIAN LOAD — RAISED KERB NOTE: LANE LOADINGS ARE INTERCHANGEABLE FOR THE MOST SEVERE EFFECTS (3) Load Due To Temperature. Load effect due to temperature difference can generally be ignored in the preliminary design. However the following data may be used if required ~ The overall bridge temperature shall be taken as 20°C. ~ Coefficient of thermal expansion for structural steel and for concrete shall be taken as 12x10°and 10x10 respectively. smoot N-5(4) Centrifugal Load centrifugal load on curved bridges shall be applied on any two notional lane at 50m centres acting radially at the surface of the road and parallel to it. The centrifugal force shall be determined as follows:~ _ 30000 (r#150) centrifugal force (kN) where F, = Radius of curvature of lane (m) x Each load F, shall be either taken as a single load or subdivided into two parts of '/, F, and %, F, at 5 m centres longi- tudinally, whichever gives the lesser effect. A vertical live load of 300 kN, distributed uniformly over the notional lane for a length of 5m shall be considered to be acting together with each F, and coincide with it. Where the centrifugal load is subdivided, the vertical live load shall be subdivided in the same proportions. (5) Collision Load on Bridge support The nominal collision loads on bridge support at bridges over the highway are given in Table N-5 below together with their direction and height of application. Table N-5 Collision Load on Bridge support Load Load type of — [normal parallel {point of application load to the to the Jon bridge support. eranamitted|carriageway|carriageway below (kM) [below (kN) Load JAny one bracket transmitted) 150 50 attachment point or, from guard for free standing rail fences, any one point 0.78m above carriage~ way level. Residual JAt the most severe load above 100 100 point between im and guard vail 3m above carriageway level. Bridge supports shall be capable of resisting the load transmitted from the guard rail applied simultaneously with theresidual load above the guard rail. Loads normal to the car~ riageway are to be considered separately from loads parallel to the carriageway. No other primary live loads is required to be considered on the bridge. (6) Collision Load on Bridge Parapet Elements supporting bridge parapet shall be designed to resist loads due to vehicle collision with the parapets. ‘The noninal load shall be as given in Table N-6 below:~ fable N-6 Collision Load on Bridge Parapet Collision load on parapet Type of parapet High level Normal level containment containnent, Concrete | Moment 25 kNm/m | Moment 12.5 kNm/m Metal Force 50 kN Force 25 kN For concrete parapet the moment shall be applied uniformly at the parapet base. The transverse collision force on metal parapet shall be applied equally between the number of effective longitudinal members and acting at the centroid of the members. The associated primary live load to be applied shall be twin wheel load of 112 KN each spaced at 1.8m apart. (7) Sidewalk Loading Sidewalk loading to be used in the study shall be taken as 5 KN/m? for span length up to 50m. {8) Tractive/Braking Force. The longitudinal load resulting from traction or braking of vehicles shall be applied at the road surface and parallel to it in one notional lane only. The nominal tractive/braking load shall be taken as follows:— = B+L + 200 (KN); ( but not more than 450 kN ) where; L is Loaded length (m). (9) Forces of stream current, Debris and Floating Log. - Force due to Stream current All piers ana other parts of the structure which are subjected to the forces of flowing water, or debris shall be as~ sessed accordingly. The force induced shall be calculated as Amefollows:~ The forces induced by flowing| P= Keve-a water shall be taken to be acting at 0.6H from river bed| where : P Pressure (KN). v Maximum current velocity (m/s). A = Vertically projected area of pier (n*). H Depth of water (m). K Constant determined by the shape of the pier as shown in table N-7 below. Table N-7 Resistance Coefficient of Bridge Pier Shape of the end of bridge pier focing the stream Constant O 0-07 Te or | 7 : eee 0:04 See <> | oz = Force due to debris blockade. Where blockage by debris is likely to occur, allowance shall be made for hydrodynamic forces acting on the minimum depth of 1.2m of debris. The length of debris blockage affecting any pier ‘shall be taken as half the sum of the adjacent ‘spans. However, for minor bridges, the debris loadings need not be considered if the free board over the maximum flood level is more than 1.5m. The pressure P, induced by the debris on the pier shall be taken as follows; P= 0,.517-V2 — (KN/m?) Where V is the approach flow velocity (m/s). - Forces due to log impact Where floating logs are likely, the force exerted by 10 tonne logs traveling at normal stream velocity shall be assessed. However the force due to log impact shall not be applied concur- re N-erently with debris force. The force due to log impact shall be calculated as follows; P= O.UWeV (t) Where : W= Weight of log (10 Tonne) Vv = Normal stream velocity (m/s) (10) Forces due to Earth Pressure. structures which retain earthfills shall be assessed to withstand pressure as given by Rankine's formula. In normal bridge design, because horizontal granular backfill is often used behind abutments, ground water conditions can be ignored. The earth pressure acting on the abutment depends on whether the abutment is movable type or not and also the type of soil. For preliminary design the following formula shall be used:- ~ Barth pressure acting on movable walls; (a) Sandy soil PL = Keren + Keg Py = Kytreh + Keg (b) Cohesive soil PL = Ky rh = 2+e+vK, + Kg Py = Kyrech + 2-c-vK, + Kya (2) Barth pressure acting on fixed wall; PL = Kersh + K, where; r = Bulk density of earth (kN/n*). Active earth pressure (kN/m?). Passive earth pressure (kN/m?). Coulomb's active earth pressure coefficient. Coulomb's passive earth pressure coefficient. Coefficient of earth pressure at rest. Height of abutment (m). = Soil cohesion (kN/m?). = Surcharge (KN/m?). Ayo woman The internal angle of friction of granular backfill materi- al behind abutments shall be assumed to be 30°. Live Load sur~ charge for suitable material properly consolidated shall be taken as 20 KN/m.Design Method Applied. The assessment of the existing bridges and rehabilitation work jointed directly to the existing bridges shall be in accorq- ance with elastic design method (allowable design stress method), while for an adding sidewalk which is not attached to the exist~ ing bridge or a completely new bridge for rehabilitation by total replacement, the design shall be carried out using ulti- mate limit design method. The reasons for adopting these two different design methods in the preliminary design are : = All the study bridges were designed to BS153 which follows the elastic design principal. ~ Quality of materials used in the study bridges is scattered (i.e. strength variation is very wide) Thus, it is safe to apply elastic design method for the assessment and the rehabilitation design. However, quality of material and accuracy of design for an independant structure can be controlled properly within very low tolerance, Therefore, it is rational to apply ultimate limit design method only for an independant structure which will not be attached to the existing bridge. The elastic design method shall be based on the guidelines given in JKR Bridge Design Manual, while for ultimate limit design the provisions prescribed in BS5400 shall be applied. 7. Bridge Planning (Applicable to only total bridge replacement) - Determination of Bridge Length The clearances of a bridge controls the bridge's length as indicated in the following. From the intersection of ordinary water level and ground surface as shown in the sketch below, the proposed slopes of protection work follow the slope of the bank as Close as possible, having in mind not to constrict the area of the water way required. Then the top of roadway elevation was determined based on the Design Flood Water Level (DFWL). @he distance between the intersections of the slopes of protection work and the top of roadway elevation represents the length of bridge required, which is the total distance between the back of backwalls. Minor adjustments shall be made, if necessary, to suit the length of standard type of superstucture to be adopted. neente N-19Free board under a bridge shall be determined taking into consideration the necessary space needed for river navigational vays and maintenance, etc. The river administrative clearance from the bottom of the bridge girder or beam to design flood water level will vary from 0.5m to 1.5m depending on the size of river. )F BRIDGE REQUIRED BACKWALL~ — FACE OF BACKWALL—— ~BACKWALL ‘TOP OF ROADWAY IROER Fi BOTTOM OF GIRDER eee, gle 3 WL “o store —2 SLOPE The design elevation of the bottom of bridge girder shall not be lower than the highest water level plus the free board. Free board (below the bridge) - For non navigable river; generai clearance between D.F.W.L. and the bottom of the lowest nember of superstructure shall comply with the requirement stated in Table N=1. vertical Clearance (Navigable river); The DID or Marine Department shall be consulted for determining the minimun hori- zontal and vertical clearances under a bridge before preparing the final design and plans of the proposed bridge. - Applicable Bridge Types To select. the applicable types of superstructure, substruc- ture and foundation, the basic and important factors to be taken into consideration shall include economical construction, stabil- ity and safety, shorter construction period and ease of mainte- nance and operation. Aas N-uFigure N-4 Applicable Types of Concrete Bridge Figure N-5 Applicable Types of steel Bridge rie Sin LENGTH Tm) rea sg ae soe ooo 1S AS BEN GS Me o_o o_o 0 S e Pe Hee STEEL TBEAM Mon-Cor aaa! i See — nf [aaves: xoeautcoms) | Somd | See ne [asurce rave onoen | opment H as asonTWOUS PLATE GiROEh { { a JSSIMPLE coMP GIRDER lesmeue vox singe feowrasovs coun einen ‘ox imac 85 a. cowriiaus Tauss fietasoaen onioae J2caoie STAYED aioER Figure N-4 and Figure N-5 show the relationship between the superstructure type and the span length based on the samples of bridges. ‘The following items are fundamental in the selection of superstructure types : - Reinforced concrete structures are initially considered except for special requirements of steel structure because of easier naintenance. - Reinforced concrete beam and steel I-beam types are applicable for short span length (10m to 15m). - Prestressed concrete girder, and steel plate girder types are applicable for medium span length (20m to 50m). ent N-2_ prestressed concrete box girder, steel through truss and xanger girder types are to be applied for long span Jength, (60m to 150m). Figure N-6 Applicable Types of Pier 7 rea 3030 a peif conume TYPE 2 zl REMARKS peal (stony ell [pox] R010. FRAME TYPE moe | te'Sronee Seep pal wa, TYPE meee ho Pecreere| pos] waut TPE {1 STOREY? = Figure N-7 applicable Types of Abutment Fee a ena ps|omm wef sl aa] sem cravinry | 4g a3) rare 7 A A ea pote & & ee as} wox TPE po iS) aor] gusvamine : 1 WALL TYPE Figure N-6 and N-7 show the applicable substructure types in accordance with the required structural height of a bridge. The Selection of substructure types is based not only on specified figures but also on the following considerations : - Reinforced concrete structures, the cross section of pier column in the river is circu- jar or elliptical and rectangular shape with no re~ oe) N=13stricted conditions. - Non sliding of the back fill materials behind abutment structure is considered in the selection in the abut- nent type to avoid the approach settlement. Figure N-8 Applicable Types of Foundation =p DEPTH DEPTH Um) USABLE [S01 CONDITION Tyre : 1020 30 40 50 60 70 60 90 9 DIAL) [eLavey[Sanoy| Beet = pele y jos~os| A a 3 joss-os| A | A | roa] sree pire Pe a as-o0| O | 0 r-3[ cast ruace weasmo| f or a [re [ eamrn acer «dS [ions [oO | x | ‘aevenst cincutavion oma] = to-tz] Oo | x come dG rene = p= pacunarie easson | § eee OO: appuceme A consonne X nor tt Figure N-8 shows the applicable foundation types in accord- ance with the required effective depth to sustain the upper- structures. The following are considered in selecting the foun- dation type - Possible construction depth is studied in consideration of soil conditions. - The advantageous type is considered for works above water e.g. reverse circulation drill pile. = The prefabricated pile types are advantageous when the bearing stratum is within a shallow range. 8. BSuperstructure Design. In principal, JKR standard design of superstructure shall be applied if applicable. ‘The design method and manners of the superstructures such as Reinforced Concrete, Prestressed Concrete and Steel Structure shall be based on the provisions prescribed in BS5400. Ares No9, Substructure Design The present practices of substructure design in Malaysia is paged on BS8004. Since foundation design is universal and for practical purpose, Standard Specification of Highway Bridges in Japan for substructure design is adopted in this manual. Thus, followings are presented for reference. ‘The substructure could be founded on spread footing, caisson or pile. In general the type of foundation could be classified accordance to table N-8 and N-9 below. Table N-8 Classification of spread Footing and Caisson Foundation Type of Ratio of D,/B Foundation Spread footing Dy/B s 1/2 caisson Dy/B > 1/2 Effective embedded depth Shorter width of foundation fable N-9 Classification of Caisson and Pile Foundation ‘Type of Pile or Caisson foundation Characteristic caisson B.bsd Short pile 1 3 where; L = embedded length of caisson or pile (m) & = characteristic value of caisson or pile =‘vkD/4ET (m') EI = flexural rigidity of caisson or pile (kNm?). D = Diameter of caisson or pile (m). k = coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction of caisson or pile (kN/m) note:- 1.'k' for caisson shall be taken as a mean value from ground surface to the point of % depth. 2.°k! for pile shall be taken as a mean value from ground surface to the point of '/, depth. oanIn principle the foundation shall be designed so that it is stable against bearing, overturning and horizontal movement. (1) Footing Foundation The depth of footings shall be determined depending on the type and characteristic of the foundation material. In general, for footing not founded on rock, the base of footing should be founded at depth preferably not less than 1.2m below the strean bed for abutment and 1.8m for pier. This preferred minimum depth shall be increased depending on the site condition. For assess- ment and preliminary design purposes and where subsoil data is not available, the assumed bearing capacity and angle of internal friction fora broad basic soil type shall be as given in the Table N-10 and N-11 respectively. Table N-10 Allowable Bearing Pressure For spread Footing Type of Allowable Bearing Bearing Material Pressure kN/m? consistency ordinary |Recommended Range for use Alluvial Soil Soft o - 80 50 Medium 100 - 200} 150 Very stiff to hara|200 - 400 250 Homogeneous inorga-} Soft 50 - 80 50 nic clay, sandy Medium to stiff {100 - 300] 200 or silty clay very stiff to hara]300 - 500) 300 Fine to Medium Loose 100 - 200] 100 Sand Medium Dense 200 - 300 200 very Dense 300 - 400} 300 Gravel, gravel-sand Loose 200 - 300 200 mixtures, boulder~ Medium Dense 400 - 600 400 gravel mixtures Very Dense 600 - 800 zoo | Table N-11 angle of Internal Friction For A broad Basic soil Ty! “Type of Angle of friction | Bearing Material Alluvial Soil 25 ~ 30 Moist Sand 30 ~ 35 Submerged Sand 25 - 30 Gravel ce 4 35 = 40 ect N-16In the preliminary design of footing, an appropriate safety factor has to be applied. The allowable bearing capacity of the footing shall not be more than 1/3 the ultimate bearing capacity of the ground. The horizontal reaction of the foundation shall not exceed 1/1.5 of the passive resistance of the ground. ‘The spread footing shall have the safety factors of 1.5 against sliding. The sliding resistance at base of footing shall be obtained as follows:~ H, = CA + Vetan @ where; = Maximum sliding resistance (t) cohesion of foundation and ground (t/m?) friction angle between foundation and ground (°) effective loaded area (m?) Hy ec ® A V = vertical load (t), excluding buoyancy (2) Pile Foundation. Generally the pile should penetrate not less than 3.0m into hard cohesive or dense granular material. In addition to that, for pile bents type pier, the pile should penetrate not less than \, of the total length of pile. The bearing capacity of pile shall be estimated based on the following formula; Ra = {(Ru ~ Ws)/n} + Ws - W where; R, = Allowable load carrying capacity of pile (t). n'" = Safety factor (refer to Table N-12). W, = BEf. wt of soil replaced by the pile (t). W = BE£, wt of pile and earth in it (t). R, = Ultimate bearing capacity of pile (t) = qAtudi,f, a’ = Cross-sectional pile tip. q, = Ultimate bearing capacity per unit area at pile tip. u* = Circumference of the pile. 1, = Penetration Length of pile/depth of stratum where skin friction is considered (m). f, = Maximum skin frictional resistance (t/m?). Table N-12 Pile safety Factor Type of Safety Factor Pile (ny Load Bearing Friction In case of driven piles, the ultimate bearing capacity per unit area at the pile tip may be estimated from figure N-9 below; an N-i7Pigure N~9 Chart For Calculating The Ultimate Bearing Capacity of The Ground at Pile Tip Per unit area ad) 1 18 EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF PENETRATION INTO BEARING STRATUM PILE DIAMETER cl In figure N-9 above 'g,/N? is given as a function of the ratio of the length of the of the pile embedded into the bearing stratum. The bearing capacity shall be taken as the sum of the end bearing capacity and skin friction capacity. In general, the bearing stratum could be considered to be ~good' when N-value for sand and gravel exceeds 30 and for cohesive soil N value is above 20 (ie q, exceeds 0.4 N/mm?). The following formula shall be used to calculate N to be used for estimating the bearing capacity of a driven pile (ie. based on Figure N-9 above). ae MLN) 2 where; N = .N value of the ground for design (but < 40) N, = N value of pile tip. N, = Mean N value within the range of 4D upward from pile- tip. (If N value tend to decrease from pile tip downward, the mean value within the range of 2D from the pile tip shall be taken for N,). The equivalent penetration length shall be taken as the distance from the pile-tip to the point where the two equal areas surrounded by the N-value distribution curve and the line of fi. the friction force depends on the type of pile and soil. The maximum friction force in Table F-13 below may be used for preliminary design. sob NeusTable N13 skin Friction Force Soil Type Skin friction force (t/m?) cast in place | Cast in place d@riven Sandy Soil N/5 ( < 10) N/2 (< 12) | Cohesive soil c or N c/2 or N/2 Note; © = cohesion of the ground surrounding the pile and it may be assumed to be % of the unconfined compres~ sive strength of the undisturbed soil sample. For preliminary design the N value need not be modified. The minimum distance between the centers of the piles in the outermost row and the edge of the footing may be 1.25 times the pile diameter in the case of driven piles and equal to the pile diameter in the case of cast-in-place concrete piles. The centre to centre spacing of both type of pile shall be 2.5 times the diameter of pile. (3) Caisson Foundation. In the preliminary design of caisson foundation, the verti- cal loads shall be supported at the base of the caisson only. The allowable bearing capacity may be obtained based on the following formula:- conn) G, = U/ne (ay ~ 7°D,) + 7,1D, Gy = CN, + Ber BIN, + 1y-Dy-N, where} Allowable bearing capacity (t/m?) Ultimate bearing capacity (t/m*) Safety factor = 3 = Cohesion of the soil at base of caisson (t/m?) bulk density of ground at base of caisson (t/cu.m) bulk density of earth surrounding the caisson shape factor of the base of caisson as in table N-14 effective embedded length Ni,Ny/N, = Coefficient of bearing capacity (Fig.F-10) N-19Figure N-10 coefficient of Bearing Capacity 300, 200}——|- too J Ny —cortticiont of nearing capacity lo 1026 30740 45 —+Haternal frletlon angle (0 Table N-i4 Shape Factor of the Base of Caisson Shape [Shape factor of various shape of caisson factor | strip | square oval Circular a | 20 1.3 1+ -0.3B/L 1.3 B 1.0 0.6 a= 0.4B/n | 0.6 where; B = width of the total side Diameter of caisson (m) e 4 width of front side of caisson (m) note; If B/L > 1 than B/L shall be taken as unity. The allowable horizontal bearing capacity of ground shall be similar to footing design. 10. Load Combination. + Allowable design method Load combination for allowable stress design shall be as specified in BS 153-Part 3B and as summaries in the Table N~15 below:~ eos N-20Table N-15 Load Combination For Allowable stress Design Toad woading | Incremental _ Combination coefficient for allowable stresses 1 Deb 1.00 2 DILAPSS 1.25 ees: DILtCS+S 1.25 4 DIL+CP+s 1.25 5 D+L#CL4S 1.25 6 DéLABR+S 1.25 Dead Load. Live Load. Centrifugal force. Collision load on bridge support. Collision load on bridge parapet. Collision load due to log impact. Tractive/Breaking force. Stream current debris. Based on engineering judgement, forces from load combination 2, 3 and 4 is not critical for all bridges in the study. There- fore for the purpose of preliminary design and assessment of bridges in the study, only load combination 1, 5 and 6 will be used. - Ultimate Limit Design For the purpose of design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS), the load combination given in Table N-16 below shail be considered: -Table N-16 Load Combination At ULS And Appropriate Partial Factor, fy, No Load Combination Loading 1 | b(Concrete)| 1.15] 1.15 | 1.15) 4.15 | 1.15) 1.15 (Steel) 1.05{ 1.05 | 1.05] 1.05 | 1.05| 1.05 2 | sipn 1.75] 2.75 | 1.78| 2.75 | 1.75] 1.75 a | 8 1.10] 1.20 ~ | 1.10 | 1.10] 1.10 1.50/2.s0t = [1.258[ 3.25] 2.25 - | 1.50 -| - - - 6 cs - - 1.25| =~ - - 7 | oP - - - {aes | - - 8 cL - - -| - 1.25] - 9 BK - - -| - - | 2.25 Note; \'; Live load to be applied shall be the appropriate live load as described in (4) above. V: Live load to be applied shall be the appropriate live load as described in (6) above. SIDL : Superimposed Dead Load 11. Material And Allowable stress (1) Allowable stress Design whe allowable stresses for reinforced concrete design shall be as specified in BE 1/73 and for steel design shall be as specified in BS 153 : Part 3B. - Concrete The allowable compressive stresses and allowable shear stress of concrete shall be as given in Table N-17 below. N29Table N-17 The Allowable Conpressive and shear Stress of Concrete oT i | Pernissibte stresees in concrete i | loss of concrete } i jamin pa | specified 28 day | compression | [Bond | abe ewe Oe mt | Direct | Bending | [ Werage | tocol | po | Nn ne ee at th 1 30 | 76 | 1 | 0.87 | too | 147 | ———_ jt | 63 | 83 | 0.80 f 090 | 1.36 | fp tt 1 es }os7 | 7s | oe | 00 | var | | 2 { 5.1 | 67 | 070 | 0.80 | 1.20 | SEER: Notes: ~ i! is applicable for the assessment in the study. + Steel Reinforcement ‘The permissible stresses in steel reinforcement shall be as given in Table N-18 below; Table N-18 The Permissible Stresses in Steel Reinforcement ‘| rermissipie stresses in rebar (N/mm?) Type of Mild Steel Bars JAl1 cold work 77-8 hot rolled Stress ¢ = 40nml @ > 40mm {high yield bar Tensile stress other than in ahear 140 125 230 reinforcement Teneile stress in shear reinforcemont. That is stirrups and main bsre, 140 125 178 bent up to resist shear Compressive stress 12s 110 175 Ranga of etress 265 235 325- Structural steel. The permissible stresses in structural steel shall be as given BS 153:Part 3B which is summaries in Table N-19 below; gable N-i9 The Permissible stresses in structural steel armiseible Stresses — (N/mm?) steel | Yield erade | Stress Bonding Direct / i —faxial on (n/mm2) fprate @ [roiled | plate leffec- | shear Holle’ [section | Girder [tive X- section Aces. ais | a4 | ass | 426 | t29 80 eraae | 230 | aso | 192 | 13s | ase as aa | 2as | ago | asa | age | aan 9 2eol® | 183 173 165 aes 107 Grade | 325 | 232 | 202 | 191 | 292 | a20 so | 340 | 222 | 210 | 200 | 200 | 26 ass | as2 | ais | 209 | 209 | ast Geaae | 400 | 261 | 267 | 295 | 235 | 148 ss | ais | 2 | ase | 20a | 2a | ase ax0 | zen | 26s | 253 | 253 | 359 aso | 208 | are | 265 167 Note : “is applicable for the assessment in the study except Samarahan Bridge. 2 is applicable to Samarahan Bridge. (2) Ultimate Limit state Design ~ Conerete. The design strength of materials for ultimate limit state are expressed in terms of the 'characteristic strength' of the material multiplied by 1,, the partial safety factor for mate rial. o Extreme fibre stress in compression, f,.--.-0,67£,,/™ © (rf, shall be taken as 1.5) ents N-24© Ultimate Bearing stress, fyvesseeeeeeeee eee OE, o Ultimate shear stress,V, shall be as follows; where; , = Area of Longitudinal rebar bi = Breadth of web or rib of member. a” = Effective depth of tension rebar, f,, = Characteristic concrete cube strength. rete 1.25 - Reinforcing steel. o The ultimate tensile strength, f, = 0.8f,/m © (7, shall be taken as 1.15) © Characteristic strength of reinforcement, f, is as follows; Mild steel......6e High Yield steel. +250 N/mm? . +410 N/mm? ~- Structural steel. Nominal yield stress for steel complying with Bs4360 is as follows:- Steel | Nominal Yield stress (N/sq.mn, Grade t < 16mm 16mm < t < 40mm 40 235 225 43 2758 265 50 355 345 55 450 430 reat x12. Design standard. In deriving the design criteria, the JKR bridge Design Manual is referred, In addition, reference were also made to Bs 153, BE 1/73, BS 5400 Part 1,2,3,and 4; and Specification for Highway Bridges published by Japan’Road Association.APPENDIX ~ O RESULTS .OF ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT _ON EACH EXISTING _ BRIDGEAPPENDIX — O RESULTS OF ANALYTIC ASSESSMENT ON EACH EXITING BRIDGE goto ano Unit Sectional REMARKS pose Force __ as ROB [Sab | Nima | Bonding Moment in Rebar Eee EEE Eee Diatl Robar Bean ‘Nimmo | Bending Moment [Dead Load |DeadLoad|” Ratio +A | sural | _o9) “12688] +286 go No, 0015149 ‘Sige Typ 506 Bilge Typaat | Werting | Aiowabla [Roto Type | Mamber | unit sectors) | svescus | svosces |) REMARKS Force A e SEE [Bucklo |" Winwa| Banding Momaat [G8] a7 363] Plato za Main eam’ | Winn [Banding Moment | 760) va 6a [Dead Load [Dead toad] alo 7 cot THA | sua |) & 3) 6-aa a Pier a ‘22ag6[ 25266) +126) “Type of ‘Sectional AEMARKS: Force — Se] sie ‘Waa? | Bending Moment ‘357 Wain Rebar an ve2|_140_| _ ~40.| Dist, Rebar ‘Box Gidar |Win | Bancing Moment woof 142 ‘Main Beam | Nimm2 | Bencing Moment era} 140 fSaadToad | Pato | vita | ow ae a {B-AYA 4 s2a29] +78) ** a Append-OREMARKS: rifain Rebers Dist, Rebaro (Bead ond] Deadtoad] Rao HA | + LTAL A 8 ‘o0ni] zie] +195 pe of | Weng Type | Member | Unt sections | Stessee | Svessor | (x) | REMARKS | _Ferce A SBE [Sib Wind | Bending Moment eas | 59 i ‘tainbean | Wine | Bendingomen | 131.0] oe Peet = TBaad toad | HA ae 7 A. ~ iat WA | easton Fares | over Bdge No, _ 300546560 _ ‘Bidge Type RB an Type of ‘Aliowsble | Ratio oo i Member | unt | Sectonst REMARKS E __Foree Res | Slab ‘Nimm2 | Bending Moment ‘Main Rebars: po | lowviReowe | Wan Bean | Nom? | Bending Moment Main Rebar Pror Kil | Roacton Foree Appond-O o-2“pect a Type | Member | Unit Seetona! REMARKS Fotce L S56 Sa Wimand | Bonainghionsat | 58 Wain Rebare = BH ‘0201 | Dievi Robes WainGean | Nimine | Gerding Moment | 1450 Ree] Sab ‘imma | Boraingiionent | vor] ao 278 Wain Reba 7 13] 140. ‘eam Tana | Bonding Moment | 1020| 140 [Goad Lond a Fi 5 Silegatio ‘Bridge Type Brags Waiking | Atowabie [ fate Tyee | Manber | Unt esses 9 ReneAnKs t s GS“) Sas mn vara] B16 =207] Main aber | _ssral_ 210 =2n0| Oui. Raber Wain Bean |Win? iz) 140| 209) Top Fibre <1 43) >00| =| Botom Ft — [Bexdtad [Beaded] 7 ena | ura |e j— te 4, 5 e-8a 7 7 WA Renaion Farce] 80703) suey” +59) Note <1; The alctive prostossing feces taken om JAR ORGNO, ‘STD BOSIIVC ditea Novernber 1878 on19110 203 Tre al nit Sections Fores Fea Sam ‘inm2 | Bonding Moment 5m span) Wain Baan | Rim | Bending Moment sW7as| ‘am span <1 se ‘0m spe [ m 7 Beadtoat +UTAL 7 B ESpeEEEEE a WAT renston Farce 2608 2770 Note: <1 Theancatement made bavad on bending moment compalions between HA and TAL Loading ‘Apperd-O‘Riwwabie Eee siresses REMARKS © 736 Walaaber 140 Dist. Reber a aan A [Dead Lond | UTA . ier onstn ve 3758 “ypeat | Woking | Aowabio | Rais “pe | Member | unt | seston — | stectes_| Susues | _ 6) REMARKS Fore a 8B [Waa Bean [Wan [Bang Monat [853] ea real ST T |idead Load [Dead Load | Ratio Ha | stra | _o0) Le a | Fer Ta Renae ass] aay Note: <1 The assessment made based on bending moment comps between HA and LTAL loosing, ‘Type ot ‘Working EEEEEt soriena | Sree | ewan ani of Foe a 6 | Aye | a FE an eas | Wind” Bang amen [783] SYA an Rar [beadUand bead Tond | Rado tia | sual | 9 |e eae Far oe a Tipe of at seston co | Renan Foe aoe | Cc ‘eit | Being Mors"| ota] ad |= a obar toro] a0 “21 Dit Reber oo on [Bead Load [Bead Load | Ratio ira | sural |) Bel oben | B=ATA Far ‘a088| ia8s0[ +79 popend-0Bridge No. 208001070 Bilao ato Type | Member £8). REMARKS | A-EyB J a ‘a5 [Beate | Similar to Bridge Plato No. 181140 ‘alin Beam i058 bem | |_(%)__} G-AiK out KN [Reaction Force 753] +78 ‘Bridge | “Type of ‘Working | Allowable | Rato Type | Mombar | Unit soctonal | Stresses | Stasses | (2) REMARKS i | Fores. A 8 Ao. 368 | Buco = = | Simiarto Bdge Piste ____| Wo. se 140, ‘Main Baan | Nimma | Bonding Moment Tia) ie [GeadLoad)DeadLoad)~ Ratio aHa | sua | gy _Bxidgo No. ‘risgo Type ‘ridge Type ot Working | Aiowable [Rao ‘ype | Mombe ) Unit sectonst | sressea | stestes | (4) REMARKS Force A 8 ‘SC [Sib ‘Winm® [Banding omen | 127.9) 140 | 2435] 160 ainGaan | nm? | Bandng Moment | 140.0) 142 jl 4 Dead toed |Deadtoad| ato saa | sua | oo 7 = J * 51 6-AA | as Bier Wa | Roacton Farce | 15580) 18058) +180) Append-0peat) Wane srevon | Stes wares tage — Loa at ‘Banding Moment 148.8 ‘Wain Rebar me | tsa Dati roar Tering ast | tor ,~ a oe Dead Load|Dead Load) Ratio: Pia | rua | ay eee ‘KN | Reaction Force 38464 30766) 2 ‘samavahan ‘SBC /RCB “Working Stesseo Unit ‘Sia ‘Nimma | Bonding Moment 12a] tt 2709! Hain Beam _|_Ninma | Beneing Momeot | ~ 20509] CB] Main Beam | Nimm2” [Bencing Moment | 1220] ‘Type of sectoral ewan rose ‘Bending Moment “a0, 140 | 96.4] MainRebar 1200] i400] —7.3 Dt Roba ~ —_—— Bencna aro — | a le 4 Fai ia | eaten Fea | Eu] ies] oa | : J ‘Append-OAPPENDIX ~ P SUMMARY _OF BRIDGE _ASSESSMENTAPPENDIX-P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSHENT ‘ube Copnie = oun sos = ade over * Spatng = wabot Beane inate covet ~ = Jo Gung at cot tspeanacre 1 Coast cc = eam ste < paberenorreepatng | Sab eit — 1 fiber enponus andweaing | Aloe = cance og 1 Mota ai stn = Brame > Madegot ogc ganage | Extn of ranape ps Poe Leong Caps ote ie = None = |) FamstonaDoteet, “ene = L 1 (Bae ioines [oR (mi fay Deterioration Detect Garon, pat detaivaton | Albeo | Wanerieax mash dict ptto }o Removal ot metané repeating land water sian fdlh of antenarce = Garon, pact aeteraion } Buck pate = Wate lak and acke sand water tan ‘aitonanes ——— — Fiskng taster = Abate tna goa ora Jo Concrete Unig te abutments ca. Leacing Capacty Dotet inadequate tt pate ~ Levey ot 8b Jo neptcenen yy Reo. sib = tnadoauaie > stesibeam = eee oy of sa ost ey Functonatbetect a Taeetio Pa = Badge wie = Tovar ndnoattenake — | Adega wa obo Hye Datos, psouring | Per = heen scoung Jo natataton et ne bed proecton 1) = Avatwant |= Local eourng | tnetston ot oro protection at 8A) Note: <1 Atursoplacement of bacta late by RC. Ss of which eablation teases rt fe tb, ‘aibooms have adequate LYAL ud eayng capecy because of fecha ad eetebaton a ‘Cosecon, pat deeoraton | Steotbor get 1 Repsining wise sian © Steattox gbder Wier at throug a 1. Replacement of expascion an = ide tasting now = friar comeete Jo Pateting = Faking, Fa = sib ett = Advanced earonaton Goring of ab sth © pan eacns = Abimente = Deena ceterent ovate Jo Peptaement ol Abuuner by toca soning | fon ol ow abun (Gop Fane Type) f) Lasing Gapacty Ovect Tnagequate : Bice ploe bonding at eam cit £8) Funstonal Ooleet, 2 Toate pedestrian | psdge wien = Toonanowardaasitewate [0 Adcingsidowan. (9) Wydrauts Doeot pectesing ge opsning | Bdge Opening = Sedimentation Jo Widening wer charra win slope protecton = Loeatasouingandiiee | Chanel erage ts tcaedatbightet ner [0 Changing channel aigstnt by bank erosion gh ot) Recommendation: W ezems Fi te waked above Beyond ecanome ehataon, Thus line shuty requtedselactecenamicaloplnam rehabain planing possible Pons epacoment ot bp. aot Pa(iia 237200 — ‘naan Osis ~ tenghoaint cack = rere (142) + teedequate conse cover 0. Cenctote ting deere tack = Henny core Repatteg |= ack ab eat - Foo worimanenip Je Patening = Wits etain a cecimontaion | enige sos > Jo Replacement of expansion a = Pet datacaton| > atbeaine = 2 Repainna Jo Eten of aiateoge pps Loading Capaciy Hone = 2) Feat Daeot one. 9) mpsrae Dsteet ev plge tare Poorman ~ tna ooting deh Jo Raconstuctin of ope poten ‘woend bath abut [inidge i: 917000 [set bg ae ‘GH Benaton Osea | geist oiton Fag Spaling kMaey Gar |= Grane dara, Hala Beare, oar worrsanehie boat teen Jo PateNng Sal of Deck tad feou and Po Cabo expoave |~ Coes bears, Malo Grams |= Submayged and chide atzct 0 Rikngol Grade ‘et gpan 1 88 = Wate stain = Badge eat = Delestve expansen int > eracemen of expanelon oats (2) Loating Capacity Detect nee = 0) Fucoona Datct Hone (9 Meat Daten =" subrnrganen = Geamwt Span 189 = Inadequate bridge clemance fo Ralngot rade tbat ead epane Jo nrtazaen ot ot protection Washes way Fost pitecon of Era le = Verte cack = Conetete wate encase ‘BeldiedFshakaon Fa ‘Geterivaen Dtoot Vertes eack = Poses et pen 4 > eden and protective couthg vente ence = Po Beam of Span 1, 6 1 iigatereracte © Fra cop pare > noon and Protective cath = Langitudnaleracke ~ imental pes late ea an Mos = Beem wee expansion jt = sera and ce = asm wade ‘enention oa arainage nes © Provlon of water dep (2) tenting Cepzey Detect inadequate enpnly or BM, |~ Man bears of2 ah ‘ype bidge = caneennation ote fod — ©) Fane Doeet “iene (Hara Dao oat P-2APPENDIX~P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSMENT io Bitnton bat PMtoney comb wet tang ~ Poor weneatip > Pashing tothe deticveprton dang orek ond rebar tnadequaieccecseto cover Yo Totsleanrot ag ones aa oie attack = Water tia = Water te vaugy deectve [> tytn ot expan ft ronan let Je) Loading Copa Dott none ey Fanotonal tact Syoveat to pedestavan = Bikge wise. TooNmowand novidewak | > Adding ede walt atom eges eMart Detect = Proton ature = Slope protection tlt pth ot oundaton |. Resonetsto ot spe poteton aba abuts 37 [ge Longin REM —— [Ne'voSpan 76] (ips roeenee [ome ong e Bates Genes “Beicied tao Pan] i)“ Batarraton Delt SNVeretorack(co2mm) | ~ Atbouns | sivintage eo the aston Protetbesoateg | ney comb.tabarexpeaure | Beam est Span 0, Poor worn sna fo Patching Inadequate covert erat = Inadoguatetngi ot ainege [0 Exenson et danage ps soe fd sping = Water Stain and moss o nstatatono water op at cctv oa (@) eating Capacy Daost wipadegua capecty for. | Main beam of2ceer po © Stel plats bonding 02 aser ‘ype beige () Fonotonat Detect, “Hens = (8) Mydrene Detect teadaguat toe bom = Inscanuate blige openieg [© Excevaten of on ea banks fd snairecton ot ope protect = Leen ecoutng = Per 8e = idee otsetedatnatral | lutaeno ered protection = Fgh benkeroson ~ Upsieam > Meandering er jatauen ot ep doe apse cn ahaa Pa gs a aie a ig igo 3 — TV Drie [a “Deteroatan Does! = Rabarexponur ard apallog © Banar exposure and fing ~ Garbenaten 2 Guning tenets = Geneon btm ange and (| 0 Patching lo allastcve poston fobs dav toearonaton Jo Coating oven sutser Plate dopo = Abutiente = infeersotarortnadoqune [> Parl ing to abetm enang 2) Loading Capasty Detect tena for Functional Dntect Here fo) vyonte Bote, HoneAPPENDIX-P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSMENT —hbarEspcaue, wesrand—] Altboans Aoreton de sate dow pm ting — Fling and Rar Expecwe | Stab sott = Aoasin doo wae oe G)Loating Copa Detect inadequate ~ beams ~ ston as — 3) Funtlona otek “Hee (a) diate tect = Submerged bese ote: <+ Oredgiag and eveinent We ofthe channel we bang cased cutby O10. Thue bag ct a oteton tgs lng Yo Inreace the dg oping nat requ, Ce a CT Tei} Sete Rehatatos Pn [iige Looe = Haney smb. aig and wear | sts amt = Por workmanship o Pathog watt aa > stabeott = Inadequate dain 2 Proven of watt dp = Boastve expansion its [0 Replacement ol expanston it = Longiutnatcrecteand | ~ FUeand cross need 1 eadegunt concetesover Jo. TabLeaerete ng ‘ing td chert ato fey Loading Capac tet inadequate = 108 = tomtequste amount dettbuton | Sis pate bonding eet oh war song bogtudna wide crac Tied abuts = Hoth abutments = Contoidateneetiamantand |e Consteton of ig are tater salt woven ype abutments fay Function oe fod Upset ato “Hove be EEE EE aS Seat (Gigs No, sa0 Tea waging [00 "Dewstraion Defect = Lengtudna ack = emesis 82 = Inadequate comrand oherte |e Conctetaingtphee Fratng and orack = Prrciesehead and abutment |= Poorworkmanenb,cotien | Patong = Wats mtn | stn ond = Watrioak inouph detective |e Rapacrant ot expansion ts sugars fens = Wor in and ne = Cantera = Wing wat top trata ot watt op 2 oat Copucy Doest None (©) Function Oseet “None = (9) Hyrauto Detect at P-4APPENDIX-P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSMENT Raia] ‘lemon Bales Leasing Capacty Date = nb ste nor} evens bets Jo rowan ot water prootayer entopatsh = ectog and Honey Comb |= Abutment £ Pet ~ Poor wesimanship crit | Patching fal taking ans honey = wan | Too nauen 0 Wdsringet Cusagouny toad Capac Deect ig a OSS [ve a Ra —— [ge ype THOS [oar aa [itgotangin 28m YH open a ss er eam Tag akan Pia Baran Dio = Porc, paeg, honey cmb, fo ta ct otter carat, oor werman- | Propoked conc ting wih ting ana bar exposure {hip andtmdeguteconete | abar(Dtibute bar ont) onsen of water otter ‘top ft rr ad = nag. tebutpaue — |o croend erandaburmant |e notereocite and poor [o Patching toatenactva won onmarahip ay (9) Faneiona Detect (0 Hydra dete Pa ear: Toe [aide tage mT ean) re esate in "Daas Oct Goran, pantcetrzraten | Al beams | vasartesiiiangh bse pity [0 Remevalt ustandfpxning rack srternes ‘oston spat detoterato]- Bac pae ~ Wir ak and ket Lees ctecnsnemasic. |= Sutce ef buinet — Metres tac] Jo Pastaecncrt a 2) Loan capac onc — pace pe — tes sity ote sm Lf tenet es Sieben > ee ny oe ost apacoment ol bucks pt by RE obo which aban Iersane iy ‘tthe a albums have edeguate LTAL lod oarylng epachy because of eet lh eros lout an compost eee, PosAPPENDIX-P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSMENT Ty Baterovaon Dotact = Paint eter, couoden |= Alain bere = Water leak though andl [> Repsnng nd wae eae ~ Broke Pate = Wate teak ough oad = spies = Inttrconctete 0 Conerat ting (2) Loading Capecty Dooet = teadegure ~ Lees gy ott ox = tnadeauate = uete pate Sets gy lab beam leo Aaplaomnontby LC Se €) Functional Detet () Mydraute Deter None Yous Aa eplacemsnte Bill Piao by RC. Hi of which habitation tens ty of ta, a bene ave adequate TAL ud caring capi because ofc othe lll loed datbulon carldee, Bait: 1960 [ikige tangih Om (age ns eect Ta ig Panag [iige ype 8 [otra Sa ee, = co Gelaciod faba Fas_) ‘Betoeaton Osfoct *"Gancaon, gaint taderation | altveama | waieraak svovgh pnt akot {> Repaingng seawater siah rmantonance o> tnvtstatn of partion nt = Spang. exporediabar | Dek stds of 69300 ~ Ioasequateconcatecorer~ = Garbonaton = itsrena ete otmala So Canine tng by gunting wh et ‘clonal bse (2) oating capaety Detect > Predeion af eroxe bears et ~Tradeguate ~ Deck stab = londeguate bare cena 6pan 10). Funedonat Detect, “None = (0) Hysraut Ostoot None gs Baba ae Sa esags Wp Vo bo oe ——_[ ge ng 2c7iw [Heat pan 7d) ______ Bateot — Member Gace ‘Belacied Fushabiltation Pia Deicraton Osfct = Canela, paint domleraton | Allboorne - J} Fepatntna ‘wate ete = Yodo ongludhaerck |= lab lat : Rebar oxpoaue, ating | ~ Seal : © Werte = Expansion flat = Ontece jt Jo Peplacernont of expat jt cation, pam demeraton }~ Pereotunn = Abrasion and ck of altenancel| 0 Concrete prtecden thing 1 ‘tel ptr column lor Leasing capacity Watoct = Exonety inadequate = Aabeame | tnadequate cect modutis |] tnstalation of addons beans = inadequate = ect Sib = inadequate amount ofvebar-—-l]o Replacement by RC. Seb fo Furesoeat tect Nowe | | (Hydra Datoct ad ~"eronon Rig td eae Bank = Bisgeecaton attightetrver |. Construction of lao protein ‘etme sight aie bank (07~ auexm Apel P-6APPENDIX-P SUMMARY OF BRIDGE ASSESSMENT ~ Inadequate dnibotonobar | nadequste atinaton bar = Ineaaqute esten moss Fanci Daest “wena a) tera Detet aged 0 Ebony tection 2 Bonding tes glte 1 lsinant of eae by gh team bt sao ERT) Bate I ae : Bios Retina Pan] 5” terran Ostet Porch Beam web stepane tuntape Cree 2 Epon tvebon Spasing a Fisting = Crone beam ateptn 29 Poor wrist etching Leasing Capac Daeet eo. Fentena ba stone Hie teat pn taston Tanah Merah | ~ Pavement = Loos outs 9 Recenstsen sep noneon ‘ie fe tna ovement wth oct peteton (ona leah Se)APPENDIX — Q SUMMARY OF BRIDGE REHABILITATION PLAN COVERING _216 STUDY BRIDGESi C= Sa = | | ER miennonen| | o ed ' estes cee oe —i \ | 2 | FJ 7 a {| bos - wena Ho | | 2 | ae eel 2 ms | |e ‘ ew | len STE ees] same ; mmm (nmeanl—ney! | (eae « meet a titeeeteeeeaoe ae ae | | Hise Hears s aay os 2 3 2/2 | \ ei eee i erie en 1 re UT TS SE rs WRATEACS ——T i ECEE spo ean i Saks j (0 sacoo avsnonMiazwaeyii GH : i ob hy tH aeEe €R S88 see 4a} 5EE GRR GEE eERfaReeREE © jie EEE h FRED EO mmm TEETS TS] aa 8 [8 ie is r f i I wo lee | a les | us atexs)a-aov | t {4H (ee gous tetered tye tsa SO) NHC pase stove r ESTE OSE TE too ssHincas west) Wana Wa WCB (ure1e)3-a0v | tebe us ur yam ay tv Ys DO Prd ace Ta ee (wee a a ua enna se ad _eaczi anos werd ests eee De sR (Coe oe WETS aba “quecat (say ara wae i miu (80) ayn syd Ta yer ES Ta, =e ees | me a pang feomeclane] emo | ome | ome Sancee aa ueeeee ‘oa (a ‘S35GIUS AGNIS 912 DNINSAOD NVid NOLLVINIavHad DIYS 4O AUVs D-XIGNZad¥mI Taoe ‘uo a tr en vor an 800 ue sev | ie oy wicuae eres aide eo =A WOE treet wu rte yon ‘Sa00IUG AGNIS Ste ONIUSAOD NVId NONLWITIGVHSE 3OGIU@ JO ANVAWNS D-XIGNadd¥vee eae ee cas! ete Thefe le fla | ae | mel Th Te Les | me wet rte leter be le be P| t a ees ses 6 +t +e Jee nas : lela fw le eas | ! wf be Lela ae Le fe eaoin naa ou seed nan tn bu | : stove gota ner ae | (eas) coe oe ws. on ai - Crs { “wb ve-vay und urge aaa 68 aw Jew Le lov | aus ner a 3 = een Ser sedate Eee el Lame an oa [Sora] & ft SSDGUE AGAIS 912 ONIUSAOD NVid NOLLVINGVHaH B3OGIUG 40 AUVNWNS D-XIGNSdevI 0 meojea en tl ‘SDGIUE AGAIS 912 ONTHSAOD NV NOLLVINIaVHaa AOGIUG 40 AUYWWINS O-XIGNadd¥ ieee ; ft feceased ‘ens sero TROT ETE, (wrepsnia-aor aR romans | enucromenrn | ‘SSDGIUE AGAIS 912 DNIUAAOS NV1d NOILVINIavHae BOGIUa JO ANVINWNS D-XxIGNadav(urns) sao fas arenes (on 9 rege weve wor ate win) na | t TED WICIRN CHU NIT WENT BOE ELEY ST wees ens om (arb svar no aver ay es 4d BO 7 Tae a NCL (WH a Ue Looe vou ana ‘rte Souls ae) ames f sar rar mola es: t (2 wor tw be wos est a HE | T V monnis | am, ares wom Tmo [xwaluealmea [stam | an wom $35GING AGAIS 812 ONTUSAOD NVid NOIVITIWEaT BOGIUG JO AUVAWNS O~XIGNSdd¥a on SSDGIUE AGNLS S1z ONINSAOD NVig NOLLVIMIGVHIE BOGIUE 40 AUVWNS D-XIGNSdev Q-9‘S30 GI8B AGNIS 912 ONIUSAOO NVTd NOILVIMISVH3E 3SQIg 40 AUVAWNS D-XIGNSdd¥ Q-10‘SOGRuG AGNES 942 ONIUSAOO NVId NOILWITMAVHSE BOQIUG 40 ANVWWNS D-XIGNaddvAPPENDIX — R BACKUP DATA __FOR COST _ ESTIMATEAPPENDIX-R1 APPENDIX-R2 APPENDIX-R3 rea TABLE_OF CONTENTS UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MA'TERTAL AND EQUIPMENT 2.0.00. eeeeceereeeeeceeeeeeees REL EXAMPLE CALCULATION SHEETS OF UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS FOR SEVERAL WORK ITEMS .........2++ R= 7 COST ESTIMATE OF EACH STUDY BRIDGE (216 BRIDGES) ... seeeteeeeeeeee ROLLAPPENDIX — R1 UNIT RATE LABOUR, MATERIAL _AND_ EQUIPMENTAPPENDIX—R1 UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MATERTAL AND EQUIPMENT LABOUR UNIT RATE eee Seine a 80.00 [Foreman Man Per Da Charge Hand ‘Man Por Day Skilled Labour Man Per Day_| ‘Common Labour Man Per Day Steel Labour Man Per Day Welder Man Per Day __| Carpenter _Man Per Day | Bar Bender _Man Per Day_ | Concrete Worker Man Per Day ‘Man Per Day ‘Man Per Da} Man Per Day Mechanic Man Per Day Electrician ‘Man Per Day Asphait Layer Man Per Da __[ Pavement Worker Man Per Day Pipe ‘Man Per Daj Plant Operator “Man Per Day_| Driver Man Per Day REF, NO. ‘DESCRIPTION, UNIT. MO1_| Diesel Oi Fuel Litre ‘M02__| Gasoline | Litre ‘M03 | Lubricant Litre “M04 _| Portland Cement _| Ke Mos | Admixture M06 _| Reinforcement Steel _ ‘MO7_| Wire Mesh (100 x 100) M08_| PCStrand Wire M09 | PC Anchor 12—-RT 155 M10 _| Shealth Cable 35mm | MII _| Plywood, t=1/2% marine | M12 _| Plywood, = 1.2", ordinary MI3__| Timber, Yakal 4° DIA, 18’ Long 7 " DIA, 18° Long MIT | PCPile (350x350) PC Pile (400 x 400APPENDIX—R1 UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION ‘Sand ‘Aggregate Boulders | Selected Soi | Ctayey Soit ‘Sand Bag (20 kg/sack)_ ‘Crusher run H=Shaped Steel ‘Angle Steel Steol Plate Steel Sheet Plc _ Acetylene Gas | Oxygen Gas Bituminous Material Asphalt Paint (anti-corrosion) 8) Copon 8048 Red Oxide ') Copon 8048 Aluminium ©) Polyurethane Finish Primer || spo = Epoxy Resin Mortar a) Barra Mortar L |b) Barrafer ©) Construction Grout ) Barra Emulsion 57 ¢) SB303C Silica Sand 3S joint Cut Off Joint ‘Joint Sealant (Paltox) BL seal Dish Sand Paper (150#30)_ Dish Sand Paper (150#16) 10.00 10,00 ‘Thinner 5.65 General Purposes ‘Thinner TP 1001 Drill Tip No $00 |_MaG Pipe for injection (Aluminium) [No Pipe for air release (Aluminium) | No 800, 8.00 _Ma8 Electrode Kg 3.00| M49 ‘Diamond Saw ae Purchase, oH 1500.00,APPENDIX—R1 UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT SCRIPTION, Separator _ No, [ Square pipe i Spacer __| Jack base | clamp _ Pipe Joint Formoil 1 Tocboard No PVC pipe 50 DIA. m "PVC pipe 150 DIA. m “PVC pipe 200 DIA. m ‘M64 _| Bonding wire t Straightrun asphalt fi Asphalt emulsion f DESCRIPTION Bulldozer (D4) 7 Bulldozer (D6) Bulldozer (D7) Bulldozer (D8) ‘Wheel Loader ‘Wheel Loader | Wheel Loader Wheel Loader (Crowler crane Crower erane Crowler crane E15_| Mobile Crane | Mobile Crane Mobile Cr af Hour Hy Mobile Crane at Hour 71.50 E Mobile Crane ae 100.00 Tat Dump TruckAPPENDIX--R1 UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT Bituminous Mixing Plant Asphalt Plant 100 TPH Macadam Roller Ton ~_| Steet Wheel Roller = 9 Ton Steel Wheel Roller 10-12 Ton Rubber Tire Roller 12-13'Ton Vibratory Roller i Ton Vibratory Roller 9'Ton Vibratory Roller _[2Ton. £32 _| Portable Compactor Grader_ ___.| 25m bade MotorGrader_ | 3-Tmblade | ‘Agigator Truck 2.0 cuan/hr Concrete Truck Mixer 5.0 cum Concrete Mixer 2.0 cus Concrete Mixer 03 comihr _ “Portable Batcher Plant 30 cu.nvhr ‘Hand Mixer __[ His DIAOStkw E41 | Concrete Pump 30cum/hr | A2_| Generator Set 30 kw E43__| Generator Set ___| 50 = 100K E44 | Portable Air Compressor 10m3__ oe He 7 ‘Smt Concrete saw 25em, Concrete Cutter —__| 250m DIA ‘Concrete Breaker 30 ke | Vibrator 30mm | Leg Hammer 30g, 7 06 - 08eum 25Ton 60 kw Pick hammer Jack Hammer) | 7 kg Pile Driver 35 Ton Reserve Circulting Drill Sets__| 800 — 1.5mm | Vibration Drill __[ 14 DIA, 04 kw Electrical Drill | 20 DIA, O.86kw Submersible Pump 150mm DIA | ‘Submersible Pump 100mm DIA_ Welding Machine 2004APPENDIX~--R1 UNIT RATE OF LABOUR, MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT [EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION | —SPEGHIC [UNIT —TUNTTRATET Max. 25mm Day | pee) ebay at 150 DIA, Lkw | Purchase _| [REENO mporary Bolts Purchase Torgue Ws Purchase 300.00 | $'Tonne 68 | Grout Injection Too! (EEE Day £69 _| Vibro Plate Oks “Day Tamper Day ‘Asphalt Finisher “Hour Belt Conveyor : Day ‘Chipping Machine _ Day Paver~BK 175 or Hour ‘91.00 equivalent (120’TONAIR) Paver — BK 165 or Hour 8450 ‘equivalent (100 TON/IR) Dish sander (150mm DIA 1.1kW) Remarks: These data are based on market research in K.L., December, 1991APPENDIX — R2 EXAMPLE CALCULATION SHEETS OF UNIT PRICE ANALYSIS FOR SEVERAL WORK _ ITEMS Note: This appendix consist of composition of pay items per one brridge and derivation of unit ptice for several items of those. Fig. R—1 and Fig. R~2 show composition of pay items for, Bridge No. 00341800. While Table R—1 ~ R~3 indicate unit price derivation from trial calculation with using production rate derived in Japan to calibrated calculation with using modified production rate.COMPOSITION OF PAY ITEMS FOR BRIDGE NO. 00341800 FIGURE R-1 "Bige No co00 P| and Widening | ipreR-2) Retaliation fajRanonee mere [ey ABUT MENT] (Gotan Typ) TcoMnon TEMPORARY @ sian @ GIRDER (o PER WORKS ; i ad le | ASE al alle oa008TPs00 ‘ON SOGNI HOS SWELI AVd JONOLLISOAWOO = 7-H AUNT“Tele RA Derivation of Unt ae for Surface Courto Work im © | | | cs m3 Tet Ty i “Tale R-2 Derivation of Us Price for Concrete Work e_st Tere ahr @2s0 nd rn at ew edna = 3 2 ee Se — oe =e a ie frames Wet mets set nahin Fa Tl tat enteric inte 1088 eae ero rma = ry 3] EF R-10APPENDIX — R3 COST ESTIMATE OF EACH STUDY BRIDGE (216 BRIDGES) R-ueneeeeeee sm eRe seer lee aise} otic wie sheeerielesseilebe ri ag ates, RRSESE