2017 IEEE PES-IAS PowerAfrica
Prevention of Voltage Collapse on the Nigerian 330
kV Grid Network Using Under-Frequency Load
Shedding Scheme
Adaji,Ibrahim Raji, Abdul-Latif .G.
Tsado, Jacob
Power System Planning Department Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department
Transmission Company of Nigeria Federal University of Technology
F.C.T Abuja, Nigeria. Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.
[email protected]Abstract—Study on use of UFLS scheme in the prevention of system stability has been recognized as an important problem
voltage collapse on Nigerian 330 kV network. The network was for secure system operation since the beginning of last
modelled using PSS/E. Three simulation cases were considered: century [3]. Power system stability is the ability of an electric
case one determined the network convergence status, case two power system, for a given operating condition, to regain a
considered AC contingency study to see the network weak points state of equilibrium after being subjected to a physical
and case three dealt with the situation of voltage collapse as
disturbance, with most system variables bounded so that
occurred on the grid on 27th May, 2013 and the effect of using
UFLS scheme on the network to prevent the collapse. The practically the entire system remains intact [4].
results obtained showed that the network frequency declined to One type of system instability which occurs when the system
49.2 Hz and the voltages at the various buses without UFLS is heavily loaded is voltage collapse [5]. New preventive
relays fell below 0.8 pu while with the use of UFLS scheme, the control schemes are needed that can also include special
network was stable after shedding 15% of the load at each load protection schemes that could isolate those areas with
bus, this was reflected on the bus voltage magnitudes which rose reactive power deficiencies [6].
above 0.9 pu and the network frequency was restored to 50 Hz. Voltage instability is a major issue in the Nigerian national
grid and this has led to several system collapses as a result of
Index Terms—Contingency Analysis, Governor Control (GC),
Underfrequency Load Shedding (UFLS), Voltage collapse, Voltage the voltage collapse. The national grid has recorded an
Instability. average of thirty five system collapses a year over the past ten
years [7]. This poses great challenge to the economic
I. INTRODUCTION development and industrialization of the country.
Under frequency load shedding schemes are implemented as
The power system of any country plays an important role in a last resort in nearly every power system to avert system-
the economic growth and development of that nation. wide blackouts [8].
Therefore, its stability needed to be maintained even when Different techniques are available for implementing the load
subjected to large low-probability disturbances so that shedding scheme, the three main categories of load shedding
electricity can be supplied to consumers with high level of schemes are conventional/traditional load shedding, semi-
reliability and safety. In the case of the Nigerian power adaptive load shedding and adaptive load shedding [9]. The
system there have not really been full stability of the system, traditional load shedding is the most common among the
as it has been characterized by incessant collapses. The three techniques above because of its simplicity and it does
economic implication of power outages, much more power not require sophisticated relays. The conventional load
system collapse can never be over emphasized. Short shedding technique is mostly applied to smaller power
blackouts which occur several times a year in the US add up systems and utilities that are not automated [10].
to an annual estimated economic loss between US$ 104 and
US$ 164 billion [1]. Also Italy was crippled in 2003 by a tree
that fell on a power line [2], after only hours of a blackout, it
was estimated that the loss of food sales amounted to 50 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
million Euros and the loss of frozen food, a further 70 million The transmission lines data used for the modelling of the
Euros. However there are no record to show the consequence Nigeria 330 kV network was collected from Power System
of power system collapse but it causes are evident. Power Planning, Research and Development Department (PSP, R &
978-1-5090-4746-8/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 533
2017 IEEE PES-IAS PowerAfrica
D) of Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) while the be termed the critical lines in the network. This lines are
generator and load data were collected from National Control termed the critical lines because loss of any of this lines
Centre (NCC), Oshogbo. The network modelling was based normally leads to instability in the Nigerian Network.
on the generation capacity and loadings on the network, the Case 3: Dynamic simulation
day voltage collapse occurred. The voltage collapse that In this section, dynamic studies were carried out to simulate
occurred on 27th May, 2013 at 23:00 hrs resulting from loss the voltage collapse that occurred on the network as a result
of generating units at Geregu generating station as a result of of disturbance on the critical line and the subsequent loss of
fault which led to cascade tripping was considered. Therefore generation at Geregu generating station. Underfrequency load
the generator and load data collected from the hourly record shedding relays were introduced in the network to see it use
sheet of the generating units on bar at 22:00 hrs was used. in preventing voltage collapse. The study only considered the
A. Power system model effect of UFLS for preventing voltage collapse when all the
generating units are on governor control mode (GCM).
The modelling and simulation study of the Nigeria 330 kV,
In this case, the data required to carry out the dynamic studies
33 bus network with all the respective hydro and thermal
were entered into the PSS/E software to perform the dynamic
stations was carried out using PSS/E software. Figure 1.0
simulations, the disturbance that led to the voltage collapse
shows the Nigeria 330 kV network as at 2013. It consists of
was initiated to see the network response in terms of the bus
thirty-three (33) buses, thirteen generating stations (13) and
voltage and frequency, the underfrequency load relays were
fifty-four (54) transmission lines. The modelling starts from
also modelled and applied on the system to see how they will
the single line diagram of the Nigeria 330 kV network
help in preventing the system from voltage collapse.
comprising generators, transmission lines and loads.
The study uses the GENROU and GENSAL built-in-models C. Voltage collapse simulation
in PSS/E model library to model the generating units. The In order to simulate the voltage collapse, a fault was
excitation control system used for the modelling are selected initiated on the Ajaokuta bus for 12 milliseconds;
from the model library and includes; exciters (SEXS) and this led to tripping of the Ajaokuta-Lokoja line and
Governors (HYGOV & TGOV). GENROU represents a the subsequent tripping of the generating units at
round rotor generator model with quadratic saturation while Geregu power plant because of its proximity to the
GENSAL represents the salient pole generator model with Ajaokuta bus, this resulted in generation loss of 382
quadratic saturation on the d-axis. The hydro units on the MW. Before initiation of the fault, the network was
network are modelled as GENSAL while the thermal units run for 1.38seconds to give the steady state of the
are modelled as GENROU. network, after the fault was initiated and cleared, it
B. Study Cases was again run for 15 seconds to get the post-
disturbance state of the network. The modelled
With the 330 kV network modelled, the simulations to be
network was again simulated with the network load
carried out on the modelled network involves three cases
buses equipped with the UFLS relays and the same
in order to study the effect of the Underfrequency load
sequence of events that led to the voltage collapse
shedding scheme in prevention of voltage collapse.
initiated.
Case 1: Base case
This has to do with the steady-state simulation of the D. Under frequency load shedding
modelled network to see its convergence status using the A simple three step under frequency load shedding
various load flow techniques. This modelled network is (UFLS) system was implemented using the PSS/E
termed the base case, it is ensured that there is no violations library dynamic model LDSHBL. The triggering
on the network in form of overloaded lines and generators criterion is purely based on frequency and the rate of
and ensuring that the statutory limit of the 330 kV voltage is change of frequency was not used. The UFLS
also maintained, the statutory limit of the 330 kV voltage in implemented in the study has been parameterized
per unit is 1.1 and that of the minimum is 0.9 per unit at a with practical values; the LDSHBL configuration is
frequency of 50Hz. indicated in Table I.
Case 2: N-1 Ac contingency simulation
This has to do with simulation of the Ac contingency Table I: LDSHBL configuration
(ACCC) to determine the weak links in the network that will FREQUENCY SHED PICK-UP
throw the network into instability thus resulting into voltage STAGE THRESHOLD LOAD TIME
collapse, only single contingency was considered due to the 1 49.8 Hz 15% 0.1 s
nature of the national grid, by single contingency (N-1) we 2 49.5 Hz 8% 0.2 s
mean the loss of any transmission line, transformer or 3 49.3 Hz 5% 0.3 s
generating unit.
These studies are only performed on the transmission lines,
the transmission lines that will lead to voltage instability will
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2017 IEEE PES-IAS PowerAfrica
9300 ONITSHA 330 1.0416 8.93
9400 KANO 330 0.9632 -24.7
9500 JOS 330 1.0403 -26
9600 GOMBE 330 1.0374 -33.4
9700 YOLA 330 1.0241 -36
9800 ALAOJI TS 330 1.0438 16.81
9900 AFAM 330 1.045 17.37
10000 JALINGO 330 1.033 -36.6
10100 GWAGWALADA 330 0.9269 -12.8
10300 GANMO 330 1.038 -8.36
10400 AYEDE 330 1.026 -5.64
10500 AJA 330 1.0229 -0.16
Figure 1: Single Line Diagram of Nigeria 330 kV Network 10600 OKEARO 330 1.0102 -1.79
10700 AKANGBA 330 1.0026 -2.64
III. SIMULATION RESULTS 10800 SAPELE 330 1.0637 6.84
Simulation result for case 1: 10900 IBOM GS 330 1.045 17.1
The Nigerian 330 kV network was modelled and the iterative
11000 ALAOJI GS 330 1.0445 17
solution was obtained using the fixed slope decoupled
Newton-Raphson iteration method. The modelled network 11100 OKPAI P.S 330 1.0275 10.87
converged in five iterations when simulated with fixed slope 11200 NEW HAVEN 330 1.0227 7.25
decoupled Newton-Raphson iteration technique. From the
11300 GEREGU GS 330 1.02 7.1
simulated network it was observed that none of the
transmission lines and power plants was overloaded and the 11400 AJAOKUTA 330 1.0254 4.7
voltages at each bus were within their acceptable range. This 11500 LOKOJA 330 0.9916 -0.44
thus defined the base case for the case one. An average
11600 KATAMPE 330 0.9279 -15.9
transmission capacity (ATC) of 3425 MW and a total load
capacity (TLC) of 3345 MW were achieved as shown in 11700 IHOVBOR NIPP 330 1.0722 1.04
Figure 2. The ATC of 3425 MW corresponds to the 11800 BIRNIN KEBBI 330 0.9372 -19.2
generation obtained on the network at 22:00 hrs, an hour prior
to the system collapse that occurred on 27th May, 2013 at
23.00 hrs. The voltage profiles at each bus for the base case
are shown in Table II. These voltages falls within the
acceptable voltage range.
Table II: Base Case Voltage Profile
Bus Base Voltage Angle
No Bus Name kV (pu) (deg)
1000 EGBIN 330 1.025 0
2000 IKEJA W 330 1.0063 -2.36
3000 BENIN 330 1.0607 5.86
4000 OMOTOSHO 330 1.045 5.21
5000 OLORUNSOGO 330 1.025 -4.11
6000 OSOGBO 330 1.0429 -6.72
7000 JEBBA 330 1.0451 -8.43
Figure 2: Total Generation Capacity and Load in the Modelled System.
8000 SHIRORO 330 1.018 -15.4
9000 KAINJI 330 1.04 -9.18
9100 KADUNA 330 1.0183 -18.9
9200 DELTA 330 1.05 6.8
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2017 IEEE PES-IAS PowerAfrica
Simulation result for Case II:
This case has to do with the contingency studies to know the
weak parts of the modelled network that will cause system
instability whenever a fault or outage occurs on any of the
transmission lines. This was achieved by carrying an N-1
contingency study, the simulated contingency results obtained
is shown in Table III. Table III gives a summary of the
critical transmission lines in the network that can lead the
system into voltage instability.
From the summarized contingency result shown in Table III, it
can be seen that all the three transmission lines that connect
the various buses did not converge, these lines are Shiroro- Figure 3: Voltage Profile for Gwagwalada Bus
Katampe line, Gwagwalada – Lokoja line and Ajaokuta-
Lokoja line, they all blew up. This means the network voltage
would collapse anytime any of these lines are subjected to
disturbance. Circuit 8000-11600 is the Shiroro-Katampe line,
circuit 10100-11600 is the Gwagwalada-Lokoja line and
circuit 11400-11500 is the Ajaokuta-Lokoja line.
These three transmission lines are termed the critical lines and
thus formed the weak part of this network. If any of these
lines are subjected to disturbance as a result of any
contingencies, it could lead to total system collapse if control
measures were not carried out. From the analysis carried out
on the modelled network, whenever disturbance occurs in any
of the critical lines stated above, the voltage effect mostly Figure 4: Voltage Profile for Lokoja Bus
affect the buses in the northern area of the grid. This is as a
result of deficiency in generation compared to the southern
area of the grid with numerous generating plants, the voltages
on this buses on the northern area of the grid tends to collapse
thus throwing the whole network into partial or total blackout.
Table III: N-1 Contingency Report
MISMATCH
(MVA)
CONTINGENCY
LABEL
CONDITION BUS SYSTEM TERMINATION
SINGLE 8000- Iteration limit Figure 5: Voltage Profile for Gombe Bus
11600(2) 736.6 2501.8 exceeded
SINGLE 10100-
11500(1) 295 445.3 Blown up
SINGLE 11400-
11500(1) 152.3 766.85 Blown up
Simulation result for case III:
The results obtained from the simulation of the voltage
collapse as a result of fault at the Ajaokuta bus leading to the
tripping of Ajaokuta-Lokoja line and the tripping of the
generation units of 382 MW from Geregu plant are shown in
Figure 3 to Figure 8.
Figure 6: Voltage Profile for Kaduna Bus
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2017 IEEE PES-IAS PowerAfrica
rose to 50.05 Hz, before it finally stabilized at 50 Hz, and the
system did not collapse.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper considered the use of underfrequency load
shedding scheme as one of the measures to prevent the
incessant voltage collapses being experienced on the Nigerian
330 kV network. The Nigerian 330 kV network was modelled
and simulated with a generation capacity of 3425 MW which
correspond to the generation recorded on the network at 22:00
hrs on the said day the network collapsed. Simulation of
Figure 7: Voltage Profile for Birnin-Kebbi Bus voltage collapse and its prevention using UFLS relays which
shed loads in order to balance the generation- load demand
were carried out, thereby improving the voltage profiles at
various buses and the network frequency are presented in this
paper. Thus the Nigeria 330kV network stability will be
improved if the UFLS relays are installed and activated to
operate on the network with most of the generating units being
on governor control.
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